OBO-Edit 1.101 30:11:2009 11:56 gene_ontology 1.0 gifman cvs version: $Revision: 1.470 $ definition Candida GO slim Generic GO slim GOA and proteome slim PIR GO slim Plant GO slim Yeast GO slim Prokaryotic GO subset subset_property has_alternative_id has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_format_version has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym in_subset shorthand OBO_REL:part_of gene_ontology part_of part_of part_of The production by an organism of new individuals that contain some portion of their genetic material inherited from that organism. Wikipedia:Reproduction reproductive physiological process biological_process GO:0000003 reproduction GO:0000003 The production by an organism of new individuals that contain some portion of their genetic material inherited from that organism. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0198506732 The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair. biological_process GO:0000012 single strand break repair GO:0000012 The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair. http://www.ultranet.com/~jkimball/BiologyPages/D/DNArepair.html A multimeric enzyme complex, usually a dimer or an octamer, that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water. enolase complex cellular_component GO:0000015 phosphopyruvate hydratase complex GO:0000015 A multimeric enzyme complex, usually a dimer or an octamer, that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. biological_process GO:0000018 regulation of DNA recombination GO:0000018 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm. autophagosome biosynthesis autophagosome formation PAS formation biological_process GO:0000045 autophagic vacuole formation GO:0000045 The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm. PMID:9412464 The fusion of an autophagic vacuole with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. fusion of autophagosome with lysosome biological_process GO:0000046 autophagic vacuole fusion GO:0000046 The fusion of an autophagic vacuole with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. PMID:11099404 The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins. citrulline metabolism biological_process GO:0000052 citrulline metabolic process GO:0000052 The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins. ISBN:0198506732 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins. protein docking during protein import into nucleus protein docking during protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus protein docking during protein-nucleus import protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus, docking protein-nucleus import, docking biological_process GO:0000059 protein import into nucleus, docking GO:0000059 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins. GOC:isa_complete PMID:7878057 The vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, through the nuclear pore and across the nuclear envelope. protein import into cell nucleus, translocation protein translocation during protein import into nucleus protein translocation during protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus protein translocation during protein-nucleus import protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus, translocation protein-nucleus import, translocation biological_process GO:0000060 protein import into nucleus, translocation GO:0000060 The vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, through the nuclear pore and across the nuclear envelope. GOC:jl GOC:vw ISBN:0198506732 A microtubule-based process that occurs only during M phase of the cell cycle. M-phase specific microtubule process biological_process GO:0000072 M phase specific microtubule process GO:0000072 A microtubule-based process that occurs only during M phase of the cell cycle. GOC:mah The cell cycle regulatory process by which progression through the cycle can be halted until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage. Reactome:212094 Reactome:221853 Reactome:230421 Reactome:238463 Reactome:245004 Reactome:249905 Reactome:252621 Reactome:255806 Reactome:259199 Reactome:262557 Reactome:265381 Reactome:268515 Reactome:274237 Reactome:280705 Reactome:282912 Reactome:286730 Reactome:69620 Wikipedia:Cell_cycle_checkpoint biological_process GO:0000075 cell cycle checkpoint GO:0000075 The cell cycle regulatory process by which progression through the cycle can be halted until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 A signal transduction pathway, induced by DNA damage, that blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slows the rate at which S phase proceeds. Wikipedia:DNA_damage_checkpoint Wikipedia:Postreplication_checkpoint DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in cell cycle arrest biological_process GO:0000077 DNA damage checkpoint GO:0000077 A signal transduction pathway, induced by DNA damage, that blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slows the rate at which S phase proceeds. PMID:11891124 The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine. sulfur amino acid metabolism sulphur amino acid metabolic process sulphur amino acid metabolism biological_process GO:0000096 sulfur amino acid metabolic process GO:0000096 The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine. sulfur amino acid anabolism sulfur amino acid biosynthesis sulfur amino acid formation sulfur amino acid synthesis sulphur amino acid biosynthesis sulphur amino acid biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0000097 sulfur amino acid biosynthetic process GO:0000097 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine. GOC:ai The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds. MetaCyc:PWY-781 sulphate assimilation sulfate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction by an oxidoreductase, acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor sulphate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulphate reduction by an oxidoreductase, acting on sulphur group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor biological_process GO:0000103 sulfate assimilation GO:0000103 The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds. GOC:jl Any complex formed of proteins that act in nucleotide-excision repair. cellular_component GO:0000109 Note that process information is included in the term and definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. nucleotide-excision repair complex GO:0000109 Any complex formed of proteins that act in nucleotide-excision repair. PMID:10915862 A protein complex that possesses histone deacetylase activity. HDAC complex cellular_component GO:0000118 histone deacetylase complex GO:0000118 A protein complex that possesses histone deacetylase activity. GOC:mah A protein complex that enables the RNA polymerase II-general RNA polymerase II transcription factor complex to react to transcriptional activator proteins; also enhances the level of basal transcription. Wikipedia:Mediator_(coactivator) S mediator complex TRAP complex cellular_component GO:0000119 mediator complex GO:0000119 A protein complex that enables the RNA polymerase II-general RNA polymerase II transcription factor complex to react to transcriptional activator proteins; also enhances the level of basal transcription. PMID:10384286 PMID:11114191 PMID:8187178 PMID:9396788 PMID:9774831 A transcription factor complex that acts at promoters of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase I. cellular_component GO:0000120 RNA polymerase I transcription factor complex GO:0000120 A transcription factor complex that acts at promoters of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase I. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter biological_process GO:0000122 negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter GO:0000122 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. GOC:go_curators A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity. histone acetylase complex cellular_component GO:0000123 histone acetyltransferase complex GO:0000123 A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity. GOC:mah A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that contains Spt8 (in budding yeast) or a homolog thereof; additional polypeptides include Spt group, consisting of Spt7, Spt3, and Spt20/Ada5, which interact with the TATA-binding protein (TBP); the Ada group, consisting of Ada1, Ada2, Ada3, Ada4/Gcn5, and Ada5/Spt20, which is functionally linked to the nucleosomal HAT activity; Tra1, an ATM/PI-3 kinase-related protein that targets DNA-bound activators for recruitment to promoters; the TBP-associated factor (TAF) proteins, consisting of Taf5, Taf6, Taf9, Taf10, and Taf12, which mediate nucleosomal HAT activity and are thought to help recruit the basal transcription machinery. Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase complex cellular_component GO:0000124 SAGA complex GO:0000124 A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that contains Spt8 (in budding yeast) or a homolog thereof; additional polypeptides include Spt group, consisting of Spt7, Spt3, and Spt20/Ada5, which interact with the TATA-binding protein (TBP); the Ada group, consisting of Ada1, Ada2, Ada3, Ada4/Gcn5, and Ada5/Spt20, which is functionally linked to the nucleosomal HAT activity; Tra1, an ATM/PI-3 kinase-related protein that targets DNA-bound activators for recruitment to promoters; the TBP-associated factor (TAF) proteins, consisting of Taf5, Taf6, Taf9, Taf10, and Taf12, which mediate nucleosomal HAT activity and are thought to help recruit the basal transcription machinery. PMID:10637607 PMID:17337012 A large multiprotein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity and is involved in regulation of transcription. The composition is similar to that of the SAGA complex, but includes fewer Spt and Ada proteins, and more TAFs. PCAF histone acetylase-associated complex cellular_component GO:0000125 PCAF complex GO:0000125 A large multiprotein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity and is involved in regulation of transcription. The composition is similar to that of the SAGA complex, but includes fewer Spt and Ada proteins, and more TAFs. PMID:10637607 A transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIB contains the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and two Pol III-specific proteins, B'' and BRF. cellular_component GO:0000126 transcription factor TFIIIB complex GO:0000126 A transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIB contains the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and two Pol III-specific proteins, B'' and BRF. GOC:mah PMID:11433012 A transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIC contains three conserved subunits that associate with the proximal Pol III promoter element, and additional subunits that associate with sequence elements downstream of the promoter and are more diverged among species. cellular_component GO:0000127 transcription factor TFIIIC complex GO:0000127 A transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIC contains three conserved subunits that associate with the proximal Pol III promoter element, and additional subunits that associate with sequence elements downstream of the promoter and are more diverged among species. GOC:mah PMID:11433012 Protein complex that plays a role in determining cell polarity by directing the localized assembly of actin filaments at polarization sites; in Saccharomyces the polarisome includes Bni1p, Spa2p, Pea2p, and Bud6p. cellular_component GO:0000133 polarisome GO:0000133 Protein complex that plays a role in determining cell polarity by directing the localized assembly of actin filaments at polarization sites; in Saccharomyces the polarisome includes Bni1p, Spa2p, Pea2p, and Bud6p. PMID:14734532 PMID:14998522 PMID:9632790 The Golgi cisterna closest to the endoplasmic reticulum; the first processing compartment through which proteins pass after export from the ER. cellular_component GO:0000137 Golgi cis cisterna GO:0000137 The Golgi cisterna closest to the endoplasmic reticulum; the first processing compartment through which proteins pass after export from the ER. ISBN:0815316194 The Golgi cisterna farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum; the final processing compartment through which proteins pass before exiting the Golgi apparatus; the compartment in which N-linked protein glycosylation is completed. cellular_component late Golgi GO:0000138 Golgi trans cisterna GO:0000138 The Golgi cisterna farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum; the final processing compartment through which proteins pass before exiting the Golgi apparatus; the compartment in which N-linked protein glycosylation is completed. ISBN:0815316194 late Golgi GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. cellular_component GO:0000139 Golgi membrane GO:0000139 The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. GOC:mah A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where secretory vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals. Wikipedia:Exocyst Sec6/8 complex cellular_component GO:0000145 exocyst GO:0000145 A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where secretory vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals. PMID:9700152 Interacting selectively with a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor) protein. SNAP receptor binding molecular_function GO:0000149 SNARE binding GO:0000149 Interacting selectively with a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor) protein. PMID:12642621 A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) and other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex. cellular_component GO:0000151 ubiquitin ligase complex GO:0000151 A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) and other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex. PMID:9529603 A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the nucleus. cellular_component GO:0000152 nuclear ubiquitin ligase complex GO:0000152 A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the nucleus. GOC:mah A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the cytoplasm. cellular_component GO:0000153 cytoplasmic ubiquitin ligase complex GO:0000153 A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the cytoplasm. GOC:mah A heterodimer with protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity that is polycation-stimulated (PCS), being directly stimulated by protamine, polylysine, or histone H1; it constitutes a subclass of several enzymes activated by different histones and polylysine, and consists of catalytic and regulatory subunits. cellular_component GO:0000159 protein phosphatase type 2A complex GO:0000159 A heterodimer with protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity that is polycation-stimulated (PCS), being directly stimulated by protamine, polylysine, or histone H1; it constitutes a subclass of several enzymes activated by different histones and polylysine, and consists of catalytic and regulatory subunits. GOC:mah ISBN:0198547684 A protein complex that possesses magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase (AMD phosphatase) activity, and consists of a catalytic subunit and one or more regulatory subunits that dictates the phosphatase's substrate specificity, function, and activity. cellular_component GO:0000164 protein phosphatase type 1 complex GO:0000164 A protein complex that possesses magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase (AMD phosphatase) activity, and consists of a catalytic subunit and one or more regulatory subunits that dictates the phosphatase's substrate specificity, function, and activity. GOC:mah GOC:ssd Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways. Reactome:109869 Reactome:211967 Reactome:221732 Reactome:230313 Reactome:238351 Reactome:244909 Reactome:249802 Reactome:252619 Reactome:255804 Reactome:259197 Reactome:262555 Reactome:268509 Reactome:274234 Reactome:280703 Reactome:286727 Wikipedia:MAPK_cascade Wikipedia:Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase ERK/MAPK cascade MAP kinase cascade MAP kinase kinase kinase cascade MAPK cascade MAPKKK cascade during sporulation (sensu Fungi) MAPKKK cascade during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces) biological_process MAPK signaling MAPK signalling GO:0000165 MAPKKK cascade GO:0000165 Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways. GOC:mah PMID:9561267 Catalysis of the hydroxylation of sphingolipid long chain bases. molecular_function GO:0000170 sphingosine hydroxylase activity GO:0000170 Catalysis of the hydroxylation of sphingolipid long chain bases. PMID:9556590 A ribonucleoprotein complex that cleaves the rRNA precursor as part of rRNA transcript processing. It also has other roles: In S. cerevisiae it is involved in cell cycle-regulated degradation of daughter cell-specific mRNAs, while in mammalian cells it also enters the mitochondria and processes RNAs to create RNA primers for DNA replication. RNase MRP complex ribonuclease mitochondrial RNA processing complex cellular_component GO:0000172 ribonuclease MRP complex GO:0000172 A ribonucleoprotein complex that cleaves the rRNA precursor as part of rRNA transcript processing. It also has other roles: In S. cerevisiae it is involved in cell cycle-regulated degradation of daughter cell-specific mRNAs, while in mammalian cells it also enters the mitochondria and processes RNAs to create RNA primers for DNA replication. GOC:sgd_curators PMID:10690410 PMID:14729943 PMID:7510714 Complex of 3'-5' exoribonucleases found in the nucleus. eukaryotic exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex nuclear exosome (ribonuclease complex) nuclear exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex cellular_component GO:0000176 nuclear exosome (RNase complex) GO:0000176 Complex of 3'-5' exoribonucleases found in the nucleus. PMID:10465791 Complex of 3'-5' exoribonucleases found in the cytoplasm. cytoplasmic exosome (ribonuclease complex) cytoplasmic exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex prokaryotic exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex cellular_component GO:0000177 cytoplasmic exosome (RNase complex) GO:0000177 Complex of 3'-5' exoribonucleases found in the cytoplasm. PMID:10465791 Complex of 3'-5' exoribonucleases. exosome (ribonucleasease complex) exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex cellular_component GO:0000178 Note that this term should not be confused with 'exosome' used in the context of vesicles released from multivesicular bodies. exosome (RNase complex) GO:0000178 Complex of 3'-5' exoribonucleases. PMID:10465791 Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase. positive regulation of MAP kinase kinase kinase activity positive regulation of MAPKKK activity activation of MAP kinase kinase kinase activation of MAPKKK during sporulation (sensu Fungi) activation of MAPKKK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces) biological_process GO:0000185 activation of MAPKKK activity GO:0000185 Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase. PMID:9561267 The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKKK. positive regulation of MAPKK activity Reactome:110049 Reactome:211601 Reactome:221376 Reactome:230014 Reactome:238032 Reactome:244648 Reactome:249583 activation of MAP kinase kinase activity activation of MAP/ERK kinase kinase activation of MAPKK during sporulation (sensu Fungi) activation of MAPKK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces) biological_process GO:0000186 activation of MAPKK activity GO:0000186 The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKKK. PMID:9561267 The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK. Reactome:112409 Reactome:212039 Reactome:221803 Reactome:230377 Reactome:238416 Reactome:244963 Reactome:249842 Reactome:252574 Reactome:255755 Reactome:259149 Reactome:262506 Reactome:268461 Reactome:274183 Reactome:280656 Reactome:286675 MAPK activation activation of MAP kinase activation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Fungi) activation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces) biological_process GO:0000187 activation of MAPK activity GO:0000187 The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK. PMID:9561267 Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase. termination of MAPK activity inactivation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Fungi) inactivation of MAPK during sporulation (sensu Saccharomyces) biological_process GO:0000188 inactivation of MAPK activity GO:0000188 Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase. PMID:9561267 A complex that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron. cellular_component GO:0000214 tRNA-intron endonuclease complex GO:0000214 A complex that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron. EC:3.1.27.9 The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane. vacuolar hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase V1 domain cellular_component GO:0000221 Note that this domain generally consists of eight subunits. vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain GO:0000221 The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane. GOC:mah PMID:16449553 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0000226 microtubule cytoskeleton organization GO:0000226 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GOC:mah A chromosome found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. nuclear interphase chromosome cellular_component GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome GO:0000228 A chromosome found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. GOC:mah A chromosome found in the cytoplasm. cytoplasmic interphase chromosome cellular_component GO:0000229 cytoplasmic chromosome GO:0000229 A chromosome found in the cytoplasm. GOC:mah Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell. cellular_component GO:0000235 astral microtubule GO:0000235 Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell. ISBN:0815316194 A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome. cellular_component GO:0000242 pericentriolar material GO:0000242 A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome. GOC:clt ISBN:0815316194 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions. biological_process GO:0000245 spliceosome assembly GO:0000245 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions. PMID:9476892 A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell. mitochondrial DNA mtDNA cellular_component mitochondrial genome GO:0000262 mitochondrial chromosome GO:0000262 A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell. GOC:mah The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. mitochondrial division biological_process mitochondrial proliferation GO:0000266 mitochondrial fission GO:0000266 The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. PMID:11038192 A generic term for parts of cells prepared by disruptive biochemical techniques. cellular_component GO:0000267 Note that this term refers to disrupted cells, and does not necessarily correspond to any specific structure(s) in an intact cell. cell fraction GO:0000267 A generic term for parts of cells prepared by disruptive biochemical techniques. GOC:ma The catalytic sector of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled. hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, F1 sector proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1) (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0000275 mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1) GO:0000275 The catalytic sector of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled. GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:10838056 All non-F1 subunits of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral mitochondrial inner membrane proteins. hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, F0 sector proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(0) (sensu Eukaryota) proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o) (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0000276 mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o) GO:0000276 All non-F1 subunits of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral mitochondrial inner membrane proteins. GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:10838056 Integral to that fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes; require detergents, such as Triton X-100, to be released from membranes. cellular_component GO:0000299 Note that this term refers to disrupted cells, and does not necessarily correspond to any specific structure(s) in an intact cell. integral to membrane of membrane fraction GO:0000299 Integral to that fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes; require detergents, such as Triton X-100, to be released from membranes. PMID:10512869 Peripheral to that fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes; can be extracted from membrane fraction with high concentrations of salt or high pH. cellular_component GO:0000300 Note that this term refers to disrupted cells, and does not necessarily correspond to any specific structure(s) in an intact cell. peripheral to membrane of membrane fraction GO:0000300 Peripheral to that fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes; can be extracted from membrane fraction with high concentrations of salt or high pH. PMID:10512869 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals. response to AOS response to ROI response to ROS response to active oxygen species response to reactive oxidative species response to reactive oxygen intermediate biological_process GO:0000302 response to reactive oxygen species GO:0000302 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals. GOC:krc A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion. biological_process GO:0000303 response to superoxide GO:0000303 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion. GOC:krc ISBN:0198506732 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion. biological_process GO:0000305 response to oxygen radical GO:0000305 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion. GOC:krc ISBN:0124325653 Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are heterodimeric enzymes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner. CDK holoenzyme cellular_component GO:0000307 cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex GO:0000307 Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are heterodimeric enzymes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner. GOC:krc PMID:11602261 A ribosome contained within a subcellular organelle. cellular_component GO:0000313 organellar ribosome GO:0000313 A ribosome contained within a subcellular organelle. GOC:mcc The smaller of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome. cellular_component GO:0000314 organellar small ribosomal subunit GO:0000314 The smaller of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome. GOC:mcc The larger of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). cellular_component GO:0000315 organellar large ribosomal subunit GO:0000315 The larger of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). GOC:mcc A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases. cellular_component GO:0000323 lytic vacuole GO:0000323 A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases. GOC:krc Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O2 = 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde. EC:1.13.11.6 MetaCyc:1.13.11.6-RXN Reactome:23302 UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0633 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxygenase activity 3-hydroxyanthranilate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase activity 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase activity 3-hydroxyanthranilic oxygenase activity molecular_function 3HAO GO:0000334 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase activity GO:0000334 Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O2 = 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde. EC:1.13.11.6 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.6 3-hydroxyanthranilate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) EC:1.13.11.6 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.6 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.6 3-hydroxyanthranilic oxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.6 3HAO EC:1.13.11.6 The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome. biological_process GO:0000387 spliceosomal snRNP biogenesis GO:0000387 The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome. GOC:krc ISBN:0879695897 The lipid bilayer surrounding an autophagic vacuole, a double-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered. autophagosome membrane cellular_component GO:0000421 autophagic vacuole membrane GO:0000421 The lipid bilayer surrounding an autophagic vacuole, a double-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered. GOC:isa_complete A protein complex that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity. cellular_component GO:0000428 DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex GO:0000428 A protein complex that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity. GOC:krc A complex that contains kinase activity directed towards the C-terminal Domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for initiation at RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of the 5-subunit core (Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p and Tfb4p), Ssl2p, and TFIIK (Kin28p, Ccl1p, and Tfb3p). All of the subunits have equivalents in humans: the 5 subunit core is composed of XPD, p62, p55, p44, p34; the equivalent of the TFIIK subcomplex is composed of MO15, Mat1, and a cyclin; the human equivalent of Ssl2p is XPB. cellular_component GO:0000439 core TFIIH complex GO:0000439 A complex that contains kinase activity directed towards the C-terminal Domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for initiation at RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of the 5-subunit core (Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p and Tfb4p), Ssl2p, and TFIIK (Kin28p, Ccl1p, and Tfb3p). All of the subunits have equivalents in humans: the 5 subunit core is composed of XPD, p62, p55, p44, p34; the equivalent of the TFIIK subcomplex is composed of MO15, Mat1, and a cyclin; the human equivalent of Ssl2p is XPB. GOC:krc PMID:14500720 PMID:7813015 A complex which is part of both the general transcription factor TFIIH and the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. It is composed of the tightly associated 5 subunit core TFIIH subcomplex plus one additional, more loosely associated subunit. The subunits are well conserved from yeast to humans. In S. cerevisiae, the 5-subunit core is composed of Rad3, Tfb1, Tfb2, Ssl1, Tfb4 and the loosely associated subunit is Ssl2p (also called Rad25). In humans, the 5 subunit core is composed of XPD, p62, p55, p44, p34 and the loosely associated subunit is XPB. cellular_component GO:0000441 SSL2-core TFIIH complex GO:0000441 A complex which is part of both the general transcription factor TFIIH and the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. It is composed of the tightly associated 5 subunit core TFIIH subcomplex plus one additional, more loosely associated subunit. The subunits are well conserved from yeast to humans. In S. cerevisiae, the 5-subunit core is composed of Rad3, Tfb1, Tfb2, Ssl1, Tfb4 and the loosely associated subunit is Ssl2p (also called Rad25). In humans, the 5 subunit core is composed of XPD, p62, p55, p44, p34 and the loosely associated subunit is XPB. GOC:krc PMID:14500720 PMID:7813015 A multiprotein kinetochore subcomplex that binds to centromeric chromatin and forms part of the inner kinetochore. It helps to recruit outer kinetochore subunits that will bind to microtubules. In humans, it consists of MIS12, DSN1, NSL1 and PMF1. Mis12 complex cellular_component GO:0000444 MIS12/MIND type complex GO:0000444 A multiprotein kinetochore subcomplex that binds to centromeric chromatin and forms part of the inner kinetochore. It helps to recruit outer kinetochore subunits that will bind to microtubules. In humans, it consists of MIS12, DSN1, NSL1 and PMF1. GOC:krc PMID:14633972 PMID:16585270 Interacting selectively with nucleic acid via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target nucleic acid molecule. Wikipedia:Base_pair molecular_function GO:0000496 Note that with respect to annotation, "base pairing" and its child terms are intended to be used to annotate the activity of gene products composed of nucleic acid, presumably RNA, to interact with other nucleic acid molecules via base pairing. Internal base pairing with itself is considered part of the secondary structure of the molecule and is not within the scope of GO function. base pairing GO:0000496 Interacting selectively with nucleic acid via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target nucleic acid molecule. GOC:krc A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation. This complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core. proteasome complex (sensu Eukaryota) 26S proteasome cellular_component GO:0000502 proteasome complex GO:0000502 A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation. This complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core. GOC:rb An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to an acceptor phosphatidylinositol, the first step in the production of GPI anchors for cell surface proteins. The complex contains PIG-A, PIG-C, PIG-H, PIG-Q, PIG-P, and DPM2 in human, and Eri1p, Gpi1p, Gpi2p, Gpi15p, Gpi19p, and Spt14p in budding yeast. GPI-GlcNAc transferase complex GPI-GnT complex GPI-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase complex cellular_component GO:0000506 glycosylphosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GPI-GnT) complex GO:0000506 An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to an acceptor phosphatidylinositol, the first step in the production of GPI anchors for cell surface proteins. The complex contains PIG-A, PIG-C, PIG-H, PIG-Q, PIG-P, and DPM2 in human, and Eri1p, Gpi1p, Gpi2p, Gpi15p, Gpi19p, and Spt14p in budding yeast. GOC:kp GOC:rb PMID:10944123 PMID:15163411 The unwinding, or local denaturation, of the DNA duplex to create a bubble around the site of the DNA damage. Reactome:208565 Reactome:218172 Reactome:235389 Reactome:242666 Reactome:247842 Reactome:251415 Reactome:254509 Reactome:257677 Reactome:261330 Reactome:272410 Reactome:278451 Reactome:73934 biological_process GO:0000717 nucleotide-excision repair, DNA duplex unwinding GO:0000717 The unwinding, or local denaturation, of the DNA duplex to create a bubble around the site of the DNA damage. GOC:elh PMID:10197977 The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage. Reactome:211584 Reactome:221360 Reactome:238017 Reactome:244631 Reactome:249570 Reactome:252375 Reactome:255531 Reactome:258905 Reactome:262280 Reactome:273941 Reactome:280420 Reactome:73941 biological_process GO:0000718 nucleotide-excision repair, DNA damage removal GO:0000718 The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage. GOC:elh PMID:10197977 The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T, and C-C dimers by the recognition and removal of the damaged DNA strand from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. biological_process GO:0000720 pyrimidine dimer repair via nucleotide-excision repair GO:0000720 The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T, and C-C dimers by the recognition and removal of the damaged DNA strand from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. GOC:elh The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule. Reactome:212096 Reactome:221855 Reactome:230426 Reactome:238484 Reactome:245027 Reactome:249917 Reactome:252628 Reactome:255811 Reactome:259208 Reactome:262566 Reactome:265387 Reactome:268519 Reactome:274245 Reactome:280711 Reactome:282918 Reactome:286734 Reactome:288398 Reactome:289894 Reactome:290425 Reactome:73888 HRR Rad51-dependent recombinational repair Rhp51-dependent recombinational repair homologous recombinational repair biological_process GO:0000724 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination GO:0000724 The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule. GOC:elh PMID:10357855 Rad51-dependent recombinational repair GOC:mah The repair of damaged DNA that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA. Wikipedia:Recombinational_repair biological_process GO:0000725 recombinational repair GO:0000725 The repair of damaged DNA that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA. GOC:elh The repair of damaged DNA that does not require the exchange of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA. biological_process GO:0000726 non-recombinational repair GO:0000726 The repair of damaged DNA that does not require the exchange of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA. GOC:elh The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang. Reactome:83897 biological_process GO:0000729 DNA double-strand break processing GO:0000729 The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang. PMID:10357855 Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template. DNA repair synthesis Reactome:76011 biological_process GO:0000731 DNA synthesis during DNA repair GO:0000731 Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template. PMID:10357855 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides. DNA breakdown, endonucleolytic DNA degradation, endonucleolytic endonucleolytic degradation of DNA biological_process GO:0000737 DNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic GO:0000737 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides. GOC:elh GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides. DNA breakdown, exonucleolytic DNA degradation, exonucleolytic exonucleolytic degradation of DNA biological_process GO:0000738 DNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic GO:0000738 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides. GOC:elh GOC:mah The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. cell fusion cell-cell fusion biological_process GO:0000768 syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion GO:0000768 The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. GOC:mtg_muscle GOC:tb The region of a chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome. chromosome, centric region cellular_component centromere chromosome, pericentric region GO:0000775 chromosome, centromeric region GO:0000775 The region of a chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome. GOC:elh GOC:kmv A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules. Wikipedia:Kinetochore cellular_component GO:0000776 kinetochore GO:0000776 A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules. GOC:elh A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of a condensed chromosome and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules. cellular_component GO:0000777 condensed chromosome kinetochore GO:0000777 A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of a condensed chromosome and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules. GOC:elh The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome. condensed chromosome, centric region cellular_component condensed chromosome, centromere condensed chromosome, pericentric region GO:0000779 condensed chromosome, centromeric region GO:0000779 The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome. GOC:elh GOC:kmv The region of a condensed chromosome in the nucleus that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome. condensed nuclear chromosome, centric region cellular_component condensed nuclear chromosome, centromere condensed nuclear chromosome, pericentric region GO:0000780 condensed nuclear chromosome, centromeric region GO:0000780 The region of a condensed chromosome in the nucleus that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome. GOC:elh GOC:kmv The terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins. cellular_component telomere GO:0000781 chromosome, telomeric region GO:0000781 The terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins. GOC:elh A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome. cellular_component GO:0000782 telomere cap complex GO:0000782 A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome. GOC:elh A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome in the nucleus that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome. cellular_component GO:0000783 nuclear telomere cap complex GO:0000783 A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome in the nucleus that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome. GOC:elh The terminal region of a linear chromosome in the nucleus that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins. nuclear chromosome, telomere cellular_component GO:0000784 nuclear chromosome, telomeric region GO:0000784 The terminal region of a linear chromosome in the nucleus that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins. GOC:elh The ordered and organized complex of DNA and protein that forms the chromosome. cellular_component chromosome scaffold GO:0000785 chromatin GO:0000785 The ordered and organized complex of DNA and protein that forms the chromosome. GOC:elh A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures. Wikipedia:Nucleosome cellular_component GO:0000786 nucleosome GO:0000786 A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures. GOC:elh The ordered and organized complex of DNA and protein that forms the chromosome in the cytoplasm. cellular_component GO:0000789 cytoplasmic chromatin GO:0000789 The ordered and organized complex of DNA and protein that forms the chromosome in the cytoplasm. GOC:elh The ordered and organized complex of DNA and protein that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. cellular_component GO:0000790 nuclear chromatin GO:0000790 The ordered and organized complex of DNA and protein that forms the chromosome in the nucleus. GOC:elh A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin. Wikipedia:Euchromatin cellular_component GO:0000791 euchromatin GO:0000791 A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin. GOC:elh A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin. Wikipedia:Heterochromatin cellular_component GO:0000792 heterochromatin GO:0000792 A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin. GOC:elh A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure. cellular_component cytoplasmic mitotic chromosome metaphase chromosome mitotic chromosome GO:0000793 Note that this term can be used to annotate gene products that localize to a mitotic chromosome in an organism that undergoes an 'open mitosis' in which the nuclear envelope breaks down during mitosis. condensed chromosome GO:0000793 A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure. GOC:elh A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure that remains in the nucleus. cellular_component meiotic chromosome nuclear mitotic chromosome GO:0000794 Note that this term and its children can be used to annotate gene products that localize to a mitotic chromosome in an organism that undergoes a 'closed mitosis' in which the nuclear envelope does not break down during mitosis and for gene products that localize to a meiotic chromosome. condensed nuclear chromosome GO:0000794 A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure that remains in the nucleus. GOC:elh A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Wikipedia:Synaptonemal_complex cellular_component GO:0000795 synaptonemal complex GO:0000795 A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. GOC:elh A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation. 13S condensin complex cellular_component SMC complex GO:0000796 condensin complex GO:0000796 A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation. GOC:elh The core heterodimer of a condensin complex, a multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation. 8S condensin complex Smc2-Smc4 complex cellular_component GO:0000797 condensin core heterodimer GO:0000797 The core heterodimer of a condensin complex, a multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation. GOC:elh A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in the condensation of chromosomes that remain in the nucleus. cellular_component GO:0000799 nuclear condensin complex GO:0000799 A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in the condensation of chromosomes that remain in the nucleus. GOC:elh A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase. cellular_component axial element GO:0000800 lateral element GO:0000800 A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase. GOC:elh A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex found between the lateral elements. cellular_component GO:0000801 central element GO:0000801 A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex found between the lateral elements. GOC:elh A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex that spans the regions between the lateral elements and connects them. cellular_component GO:0000802 transverse filament GO:0000802 A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex that spans the regions between the lateral elements and connects them. GOC:elh A chromosome involved in sex determination. cellular_component GO:0000803 sex chromosome GO:0000803 A chromosome involved in sex determination. GOC:elh The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the X chromosome are present in each somatic cell of females and one copy is present in males. Wikipedia:X_chromosome cellular_component GO:0000805 X chromosome GO:0000805 The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the X chromosome are present in each somatic cell of females and one copy is present in males. GOC:mah ISBN:0582227089 The sex chromosome present in males of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex; generally, the sex chromosome that pairs with the X chromosome in the heterogametic sex. The Y chromosome is absent from the cells of females and present in one copy in the somatic cells of males. Wikipedia:Y_chromosome cellular_component GO:0000806 Y chromosome GO:0000806 The sex chromosome present in males of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex; generally, the sex chromosome that pairs with the X chromosome in the heterogametic sex. The Y chromosome is absent from the cells of females and present in one copy in the somatic cells of males. GOC:mah ISBN:0582227089 A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome. Wikipedia:Origin_recognition_complex ORC origin of replication recognition complex cellular_component GO:0000808 origin recognition complex GO:0000808 A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome. GOC:elh An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. Consists of two soluble subcomplexes of highly charged coiled-coil proteins and is required for sorting and/or concentration of multivesicular body (MVB) cargoes. Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport cellular_component GO:0000815 ESCRT III complex GO:0000815 An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. Consists of two soluble subcomplexes of highly charged coiled-coil proteins and is required for sorting and/or concentration of multivesicular body (MVB) cargoes. GOC:rb PMID:12892785 PMID:12900393 The developmental process by which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. cellular morphogenesis biological_process GO:0000902 cell morphogenesis GO:0000902 The developmental process by which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:clt GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. biological_process GO:0000904 cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation GO:0000904 The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GOC:go_curators A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components. Reactome:211912 Reactome:221676 Reactome:230265 Reactome:238302 Reactome:244868 Reactome:249758 Reactome:252506 Reactome:259076 Reactome:262434 Reactome:265269 Reactome:268395 Reactome:282835 Reactome:286599 Reactome:68884 Wikipedia:Cytokinesis biological_process GO:0000910 cytokinesis GO:0000910 A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components. GOC:ai The process of making a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a barrier septum are not able to exchange intracellular material. septation formation of barrier septum biological_process septin assembly and septum biosynthesis septin assembly and septum formation GO:0000917 barrier septum formation GO:0000917 The process of making a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a barrier septum are not able to exchange intracellular material. GOC:clt The process of physically separating progeny cells during cytokinesis; this may involve enzymatic digestion of septum or cell wall components. rotokinesis biological_process GO:0000920 cell separation during cytokinesis GO:0000920 The process of physically separating progeny cells during cytokinesis; this may involve enzymatic digestion of septum or cell wall components. GOC:clt Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules. cellular_component GO:0000922 spindle pole GO:0000922 Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules. GOC:clt A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins. Gamma-tubulin complexes are localized to microtubule organizing centers, and play an important role in the nucleation of microtubules. The number and complexity of non-tubulin proteins associated with these complexes varies between species. cellular_component GO:0000930 gamma-tubulin complex GO:0000930 A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins. Gamma-tubulin complexes are localized to microtubule organizing centers, and play an important role in the nucleation of microtubules. The number and complexity of non-tubulin proteins associated with these complexes varies between species. GOC:clt PMID:12134075 A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes. gamma-tubulin large complex (sensu Schizosaccharomyces) cellular_component GO:0000931 gamma-tubulin large complex GO:0000931 A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes. GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:12134075 The region of a condensed chromosome kinetochore closest to centromeric DNA; in mammals the CREST antigens (CENP proteins) are found in this layer; this layer may help define underlying centromeric chromatin structure and position of the kinetochore on the chromosome. inner kinetochore plate cellular_component inner centromere core complex GO:0000939 inner kinetochore of condensed chromosome GO:0000939 The region of a condensed chromosome kinetochore closest to centromeric DNA; in mammals the CREST antigens (CENP proteins) are found in this layer; this layer may help define underlying centromeric chromatin structure and position of the kinetochore on the chromosome. GOC:clt PMID:10619130 PMID:11483983 The region of a condensed chromosome kinetochore most external to centromeric DNA; this outer region mediates kinetochore-microtubule interactions. outer kinetochore plate cellular_component GO:0000940 outer kinetochore of condensed chromosome GO:0000940 The region of a condensed chromosome kinetochore most external to centromeric DNA; this outer region mediates kinetochore-microtubule interactions. GOC:clt PMID:11483983 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism. age-dependent response to AOS age-dependent response to ROI age-dependent response to ROS age-dependent response to active oxygen species age-dependent response to reactive oxidative species age-dependent response to reactive oxygen intermediate biological_process GO:0001315 age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species GO:0001315 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism. GOC:jh PMID:12044938 The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. It does not occur during cholinergic synaptic transmission. Instead, acetylcholine is enzymatically degraded in the synaptic cleft. neurotransmitter recycling neurotransmitter import neurotransmitter reuptake neurotransmitter import into glial cell neurotransmitter import into neuron biological_process GO:0001504 neurotransmitter uptake GO:0001504 The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. It does not occur during cholinergic synaptic transmission. Instead, acetylcholine is enzymatically degraded in the synaptic cleft. ISBN:0123668387 neurotransmitter import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter. biological_process GO:0001505 regulation of neurotransmitter levels GO:0001505 Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine that occurs in the synaptic cleft during synaptic transmission. acetylcholine breakdown in synaptic cleft acetylcholine degradation in synaptic cleft biological_process GO:0001507 acetylcholine catabolic process in synaptic cleft GO:0001507 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine that occurs in the synaptic cleft during synaptic transmission. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell. biological_process GO:0001508 regulation of action potential GO:0001508 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb Naturally occurring peptide that is an opioid (any non-alkaloid having an opiate-like effect that can be reversed by naloxone or other recognized morphine antagonist). These include Leu- and Met-enkephalin, dynorphin and neoendorphin, alpha, beta, gamma and delta endorphins formed from beta-lipotropin, various pronase-resistant peptides such as beta casamorphin, and other peptides whose opiate-like action seems to be indirect. molecular_function GO:0001515 opioid peptide activity GO:0001515 Naturally occurring peptide that is an opioid (any non-alkaloid having an opiate-like effect that can be reversed by naloxone or other recognized morphine antagonist). These include Leu- and Met-enkephalin, dynorphin and neoendorphin, alpha, beta, gamma and delta endorphins formed from beta-lipotropin, various pronase-resistant peptides such as beta casamorphin, and other peptides whose opiate-like action seems to be indirect. ISBN:0198506732 A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential. voltage gated sodium channel complex voltage-dependent sodium channel complex voltage-sensitive sodium channel complex cellular_component GO:0001518 voltage-gated sodium channel complex GO:0001518 A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential. ISBN:0198506732 Structure or material found in the flagella of mammalian sperm that surrounds each of the nine microtubule doublets, giving a 9 + 9 + 2 arrangement rather than the 9 + 2 pattern usually seen. These dense fibers are stiff and noncontractile. outer dense fibre cellular_component GO:0001520 outer dense fiber GO:0001520 Structure or material found in the flagella of mammalian sperm that surrounds each of the nine microtubule doublets, giving a 9 + 9 + 2 arrangement rather than the 9 + 2 pattern usually seen. These dense fibers are stiff and noncontractile. ISBN:0824072820 Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. Wikipedia:Angiogenesis blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels biological_process GO:0001525 angiogenesis GO:0001525 Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. ISBN:0878932453 Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins. extended fibrils cellular_component fibrillin GO:0001527 microfibril GO:0001527 Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins. http://www.xrefer.com/entry/490235 Interacting selectively with lipopolysaccharide. endotoxin binding LPS binding molecular_function GO:0001530 lipopolysaccharide binding GO:0001530 Interacting selectively with lipopolysaccharide. PMID:11079463 Combining with interleukin-21 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-21 receptor activity IL-21R molecular_function GO:0001532 interleukin-21 receptor activity GO:0001532 Combining with interleukin-21 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-21 receptor activity GOC:mah An insoluble protein structure formed under the plasma membrane of cornifying epithelial cells. cellular_component GO:0001533 cornified envelope GO:0001533 An insoluble protein structure formed under the plasma membrane of cornifying epithelial cells. PMID:11112355 Interacting selectively with beta-amyloid peptide/protein and/or its precursor. molecular_function GO:0001540 beta-amyloid binding GO:0001540 Interacting selectively with beta-amyloid peptide/protein and/or its precursor. GOC:hjd Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth. Reactome:110498 biological_process GO:0001558 regulation of cell growth GO:0001558 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth. GOC:go_curators Any process whereby external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time. interpretation of external signals that regulate cell growth regulation of cell growth by detection of exogenous stimulus regulation of cell growth by sensing of exogenous stimulus regulation of growth by exogenous signal regulation of growth by exogenous stimuli regulation of growth by exogenous stimulus regulation of growth by external signal regulation of growth by external stimuli regulation of growth by external stimulus biological_process GO:0001560 regulation of cell growth by extracellular stimulus GO:0001560 Any process whereby external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time. GOC:dph A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan. response to protozoa response to protozoon biological_process resistance to pathogenic protozoa GO:0001562 response to protozoan GO:0001562 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan. GOC:ai Combining with a phorbol ester to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0001565 phorbol ester receptor activity GO:0001565 Combining with a phorbol ester to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai PMID:10506570 Phorbol ester/diacylglycerol binding proteins that do not have intrinsic kinase activity. molecular_function GO:0001566 non-kinase phorbol ester receptor activity GO:0001566 Phorbol ester/diacylglycerol binding proteins that do not have intrinsic kinase activity. PMID:10506570 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. biological_process GO:0001568 blood vessel development GO:0001568 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. GOC:hjd The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues. ganglioside metabolism biological_process GO:0001573 ganglioside metabolic process GO:0001573 The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues. ganglioside anabolism ganglioside biosynthesis ganglioside formation ganglioside synthesis biological_process GO:0001574 ganglioside biosynthetic process GO:0001574 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving globosides, globotetraosylceramides, ceramides containing a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1,3)-Gal-alpha(1,4)Glc(I). Globosides are the major neutral glycosphingolipid in normal kidneys and erythrocytes. globoside metabolism biological_process GO:0001575 globoside metabolic process GO:0001575 The chemical reactions and pathways involving globosides, globotetraosylceramides, ceramides containing a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1,3)-Gal-alpha(1,4)Glc(I). Globosides are the major neutral glycosphingolipid in normal kidneys and erythrocytes. ISBN:0198506732 The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. bitter taste detection perception of bitter taste, detection of chemical stimulus perception of bitter taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory detection of bitter taste sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of bitter taste sensory transduction of bitter taste sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of bitter taste biological_process GO:0001580 detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste GO:0001580 The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. GOC:go_curators The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. perception of sweet taste, detection of chemical stimulus perception of sweet taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of sweet taste sensory detection of sweet taste sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of sweet taste sensory transduction of sweet taste sweet taste detection biological_process GO:0001582 detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sweet taste GO:0001582 The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. GOC:go_curators Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0001588 dopamine receptor coupled via Gs GO:0001588 Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah ISBN:0953351033 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds dopamine and has the pharmacological characteristics of classic D5 receptors. molecular_function GO:0001589 dopamine D5 receptor activity GO:0001589 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds dopamine and has the pharmacological characteristics of classic D5 receptors. IUPHAR_RECEPTOR:2260 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds dopamine and has the pharmacological characteristics of classic D1 receptors. molecular_function GO:0001590 dopamine D1 receptor activity GO:0001590 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds dopamine and has the pharmacological characteristics of classic D1 receptors. IUPHAR_RECEPTOR:2252 Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0001591 dopamine receptor coupled via Gi/Go GO:0001591 Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah ISBN:0953351033 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds dopamine and has the pharmacological characteristics of classic D3 receptors. molecular_function GO:0001592 dopamine D3 receptor activity GO:0001592 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds dopamine and has the pharmacological characteristics of classic D3 receptors. IUPHAR_RECEPTOR:2256 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds dopamine and has the pharmacological characteristics of classic D4 receptors. molecular_function GO:0001593 dopamine D4 receptor activity GO:0001593 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds dopamine and has the pharmacological characteristics of classic D4 receptors. IUPHAR_RECEPTOR:2258 molecular_function GO:0001594 trace-amine receptor activity GO:0001594 Combining with neuromedin U to initiate a change in cell activity. NMUR activity molecular_function GO:0001607 neuromedin U receptor activity GO:0001607 Combining with neuromedin U to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai molecular_function GO:0001616 growth hormone secretagogue receptor activity GO:0001616 Combining with a virus component to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0001618 viral receptor activity GO:0001618 Combining with a virus component to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:dph Combining with lysosphingolipid or lysophosphatidic acid to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0001619 lysosphingolipid and lysophosphatidic acid receptor activity GO:0001619 Combining with lysosphingolipid or lysophosphatidic acid to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:dph Combining with a cysteinyl leukotriene to initiate a change in cell activity. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are leukotrienes that contain a peptide moiety based on cysteine. CysLT receptor molecular_function GO:0001631 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor activity GO:0001631 Combining with a cysteinyl leukotriene to initiate a change in cell activity. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are leukotrienes that contain a peptide moiety based on cysteine. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 Combining with leukotriene B4, LTB4, to initiate a change in cell activity. Leukotriene B4 is also known as (6Z, 8E, 10E, 14Z)-(5S, 12R)-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraen-1-oate. BLT receptor molecular_function GO:0001632 leukotriene B4 receptor activity GO:0001632 Combining with leukotriene B4, LTB4, to initiate a change in cell activity. Leukotriene B4 is also known as (6Z, 8E, 10E, 14Z)-(5S, 12R)-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraen-1-oate. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 A G-protein coupled receptor that interacts with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. PACAP receptor pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptor pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein receptor activity pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating protein receptor activity molecular_function pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor activity pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor activity GO:0001634 pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor activity GO:0001634 A G-protein coupled receptor that interacts with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. GOC:dph GOC:tb pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein receptor activity GOC:dph GOC:tb Wikipedia:CALCRL CGRP receptor molecular_function GO:0001635 calcitonin gene-related polypeptide receptor activity GO:0001635 G protein chemoattractant receptor activity molecular_function GO:0001637 G-protein chemoattractant receptor activity GO:0001637 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds glutamate and is linked to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium signaling system. phospholipase C activating metabotropic glutamate receptor activity molecular_function Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activity GO:0001639 PLC activating metabotropic glutamate receptor activity GO:0001639 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds glutamate and is linked to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium signaling system. PMID:9016303 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds glutamate and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. adenylyl cyclase inhibiting metabotropic glutamate receptor activity molecular_function GO:0001640 adenylate cyclase inhibiting metabotropic glutamate receptor activity GO:0001640 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds glutamate and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. GOC:dph A G-protein coupled receptor that is activated by trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD) and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. molecular_function GO:0001641 group II metabotropic glutamate receptor activity GO:0001641 A G-protein coupled receptor that is activated by trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD) and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. GOC:dph A G-protein coupled receptor that is activated by L-AP-4 and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. molecular_function GO:0001642 group III metabotropic glutamate receptor activity GO:0001642 A G-protein coupled receptor that is activated by L-AP-4 and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. PMID:9016303 A structure found most metazoan nucleoli, but not usually found in lower eukaryotes; surrounded by the dense fibrillar component; the zone of transcription from multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is in the border region between these two structures. fibrillar centre cellular_component GO:0001650 fibrillar center GO:0001650 A structure found most metazoan nucleoli, but not usually found in lower eukaryotes; surrounded by the dense fibrillar component; the zone of transcription from multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is in the border region between these two structures. PMID:10754561 A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains newly synthesized preribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and a collection of proteins. cellular_component GO:0001651 dense fibrillar component GO:0001651 A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains newly synthesized preribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and a collection of proteins. PMID:10754561 A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains nearly completed preribosomal particles destined for the cytoplasm. cellular_component GO:0001652 granular component GO:0001652 A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains nearly completed preribosomal particles destined for the cytoplasm. PMID:10754561 Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity. endogenous peptide receptor activity exogenous peptide receptor activity molecular_function GO:0001653 peptide receptor activity GO:0001653 Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight. Wikipedia:Eye_development biological_process GO:0001654 eye development GO:0001654 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight. GOC:jic GOC:jl A homeostatic process by which an organism modulates its internal body temperature. Wikipedia:Thermoregulation thermoregulation biological_process GO:0001659 temperature homeostasis GO:0001659 A homeostatic process by which an organism modulates its internal body temperature. GOC:jl thermoregulation GOC:dph GOC:tb A rise in body temperature above the normal, often as a response to infection. pyrexia Wikipedia:Fever biological_process GO:0001660 fever GO:0001660 A rise in body temperature above the normal, often as a response to infection. GOC:jl A conditioned aversion to a specific chemical compound as a result of that compound being coupled with a noxious stimulus. Wikipedia:Conditioned_taste_aversion Wikipedia:Taste_aversion biological_process GO:0001661 conditioned taste aversion GO:0001661 A conditioned aversion to a specific chemical compound as a result of that compound being coupled with a noxious stimulus. GOC:dph PMID:9920659 An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat. behavioural fear response biological_process GO:0001662 behavioral fear response GO:0001662 An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat. GOC:dph PMID:9920659 Interacting selectively with a G-protein-coupled receptor. G protein coupled receptor binding G protein coupled receptor ligand G-protein-coupled receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0001664 G-protein-coupled receptor binding GO:0001664 Interacting selectively with a G-protein-coupled receptor. GOC:ceb GOC:dph A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. response to hypoxic stress response to lowered oxygen tension biological_process GO:0001666 response to hypoxia GO:0001666 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. GOC:hjd Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. ameboid cell migration amoeboid cell migration amoeboidal cell migration biological_process GO:0001667 ameboidal cell migration GO:0001667 Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. GOC:dph A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome. Wikipedia:Acrosome cellular_component GO:0001669 acrosome GO:0001669 A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome. ISBN:0124325653 ISBN:0198506732 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds dopamine and has the pharmacological characteristics of classic D2 receptors. molecular_function GO:0001670 dopamine D2 receptor activity GO:0001670 A G-protein coupled receptor that binds dopamine and has the pharmacological characteristics of classic D2 receptors. IUPHAR_RECEPTOR:2254 The nucleus of a male germ cell, a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes, and its descendents. male germ cell nucleus (sensu Metazoa) male germ-cell nucleus male germ-cell nucleus (sensu Metazoa) cellular_component GO:0001673 male germ cell nucleus GO:0001673 The nucleus of a male germ cell, a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes, and its descendents. GOC:hjd GOC:mtg_sensu http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The nucleus of the female germ cell, a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes, and its descendents. female germ cell nucleus (sensu Metazoa) female germ-cell nucleus female germ-cell nucleus (sensu Animalia) cellular_component GO:0001674 female germ cell nucleus GO:0001674 The nucleus of the female germ cell, a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes, and its descendents. GOC:hjd http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi. biological_process GO:0001675 acrosome formation GO:0001675 The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi. GOC:hjd The chemical reactions and pathways involving histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. histamine metabolism biological_process GO:0001692 histamine metabolic process GO:0001692 The chemical reactions and pathways involving histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. histamine anabolism histamine biosynthesis histamine formation histamine synthesis biological_process GO:0001694 histamine biosynthetic process GO:0001694 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0001704 formation of primary germ layer GO:0001704 The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation. GOC:go_curators The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0001705 ectoderm formation GO:0001705 The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation. GOC:go_curators The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0001706 endoderm formation GO:0001706 The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation. GOC:go_curators The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. biological_process GO:0001708 cell fate specification GO:0001708 The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. GOC:go_curators Process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment. Wikipedia:Cell_fate_determination biological_process GO:0001709 cell fate determination GO:0001709 Process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment. ISBN:0878932437 The process by which a cell becomes committed to become part of the mesoderm. mesoderm cell fate commitment biological_process GO:0001710 mesodermal cell fate commitment GO:0001710 The process by which a cell becomes committed to become part of the mesoderm. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0878932437 The process by which a cell becomes committed to become part of the endoderm. endoderm cell fate commitment biological_process GO:0001711 endodermal cell fate commitment GO:0001711 The process by which a cell becomes committed to become part of the endoderm. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0878932437 The process by which a cell becomes committed to become part of the ectoderm. ectoderm cell fate commitment biological_process GO:0001712 ectodermal cell fate commitment GO:0001712 The process by which a cell becomes committed to become part of the ectoderm. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0878932437 Bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts. stress fibre cellular_component GO:0001725 stress fiber GO:0001725 Bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts. ISBN:0124325653 Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. cellular_component membrane ruffle GO:0001726 ruffle GO:0001726 Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. ISBN:0124325653 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a simple or complex lipid. molecular_function GO:0001727 lipid kinase activity GO:0001727 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a simple or complex lipid. GOC:hjd Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ceramide = ADP + ceramide 1-phosphate. EC:2.7.1.138 MetaCyc:CERAMIDE-KINASE-RXN ATP:ceramide 1-phosphotransferase activity acylsphingosine kinase activity molecular_function GO:0001729 ceramide kinase activity GO:0001729 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ceramide = ADP + ceramide 1-phosphate. EC:2.7.1.138 ATP:ceramide 1-phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.1.138 acylsphingosine kinase activity EC:2.7.1.138 The joining of the small ribosomal subunit, ternary complex, and mRNA. formation of translation pre-initiation complex translation preinitiation complex assembly biological_process GO:0001731 formation of translation preinitiation complex GO:0001731 The joining of the small ribosomal subunit, ternary complex, and mRNA. GOC:hjd Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate. EC:2.8.2.11 MetaCyc:GALACTOSYLCERAMIDE-SULFOTRANSFERASE-RXN 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-cerebroside sulfotransferase activity 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:galactosylceramide 3'-sulfotransferase activity GSase cerebroside sulfotransferase activity galactocerebroside sulfotransferase activity galactolipid sulfotransferase activity galactosylceramide sulphotransferase activity glycolipid sulfotransferase activity glycosphingolipid sulfotransferase activity molecular_function GO:0001733 galactosylceramide sulfotransferase activity GO:0001733 Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate. EC:2.8.2.11 PMID:10727929 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-cerebroside sulfotransferase activity EC:2.8.2.11 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:galactosylceramide 3'-sulfotransferase activity EC:2.8.2.11 GSase EC:2.8.2.11 galactocerebroside sulfotransferase activity EC:2.8.2.11 galactolipid sulfotransferase activity EC:2.8.2.11 glycolipid sulfotransferase activity EC:2.8.2.11 glycosphingolipid sulfotransferase activity EC:2.8.2.11 The process by which the anatomical structures of polarized epithelium are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis. biological_process GO:0001738 morphogenesis of a polarized epithelium GO:0001738 The process by which the anatomical structures of polarized epithelium are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis. GOC:dph A condensed mass of compacted chromatin that represents an inactivated X chromosome. cellular_component GO:0001739 sex chromatin GO:0001739 A condensed mass of compacted chromatin that represents an inactivated X chromosome. ISBN:0198506732 A structure found in a female mammalian cell containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery. Wikipedia:Barr_body cellular_component GO:0001740 Barr body GO:0001740 A structure found in a female mammalian cell containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery. GOC:hjd A structure found in a male mammalian spermatocyte containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery. cellular_component GO:0001741 XY body GO:0001741 A structure found in a male mammalian spermatocyte containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery. GOC:hjd The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye. biological_process GO:0001743 optic placode formation GO:0001743 The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye. GOC:dph The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains discs of photoreceptive membranes. cellular_component GO:0001750 photoreceptor outer segment GO:0001750 The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains discs of photoreceptive membranes. ISBN:0824072820 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms. biological_process GO:0001754 eye photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0001754 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms. GOC:go_curators The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo. biological_process GO:0001755 neural crest cell migration GO:0001755 The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo. ISBN:0878932437 Catalysis of the reaction: retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH. Acts on both 11-trans and 13-cis forms of retinal. EC:1.2.1.36 MetaCyc:RETINAL-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN cytosolic retinal dehydrogenase activity retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity molecular_function GO:0001758 retinal dehydrogenase activity GO:0001758 Catalysis of the reaction: retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH. Acts on both 11-trans and 13-cis forms of retinal. EC:1.2.1.36 cytosolic retinal dehydrogenase activity EC:1.2.1.36 retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity EC:1.2.1.36 The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ. biological_process GO:0001759 induction of an organ GO:0001759 The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ. ISBN:0878932437 The process by which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes. biological_process GO:0001763 morphogenesis of a branching structure GO:0001763 The process by which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes. ISBN:0721662544 The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. Wikipedia:Neural_development#Neuron_migration Wikipedia:Neuron_migration neuronal migration biological_process GO:0001764 neuron migration GO:0001764 The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. GOC:go_curators The clustering and aggregation of membrane rafts at a single cellular pole during activation of particular cell types, such as lymphocytes. lipid raft polarization biological_process GO:0001766 membrane raft polarization GO:0001766 The clustering and aggregation of membrane rafts at a single cellular pole during activation of particular cell types, such as lymphocytes. PMID:12615889 The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell. lymphocyte polarization biological_process GO:0001767 establishment of lymphocyte polarity GO:0001767 The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell. GOC:mgi_curators PMID:11244041 PMID:12615889 The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell. T cell polarization T lymphocyte polarization T-cell polarization establishment of T lymphocyte polarity establishment of T-cell polarity establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity biological_process GO:0001768 establishment of T cell polarity GO:0001768 The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell. GOC:mgi_curators PMID:11244041 PMID:12615889 The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction. biological_process GO:0001771 formation of immunological synapse GO:0001771 The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction. GOC:mgi_curators PMID:11244041 PMID:11376330 An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction. Wikipedia:Immunological_synapse supramolecular activation cluster c-SMAC cellular_component GO:0001772 immunological synapse GO:0001772 An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction. GOC:mgi_curators PMID:11244041 PMID:11376300 supramolecular activation cluster PMID:14724296 c-SMAC PMID:14724296 The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. biological_process GO:0001773 myeloid dendritic cell activation GO:0001773 The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. biological_process GO:0001774 microglial cell activation GO:0001774 The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:mgi_curators PMID:10626665 PMID:10695728 PMID:12580336 PMID:9893949 A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. biological_process GO:0001775 cell activation GO:0001775 A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GOC:mgi_curators The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. immune cell homeostasis leucocyte homeostasis biological_process GO:0001776 Note that this term represents the return of immune system cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. leukocyte homeostasis GO:0001776 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus. T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation T-cell homeostatic proliferation T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation resting T cell proliferation resting T-cell proliferation biological_process GO:0001777 T cell homeostatic proliferation GO:0001777 The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress. biological_process GO:0001778 plasma membrane repair GO:0001778 The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress. GOC:add PMID:12925704 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell. NK cell differentiation biological_process GO:0001779 natural killer cell differentiation GO:0001779 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. biological_process GO:0001780 Note that this term represents the return of neutrophil levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. neutrophil homeostasis GO:0001780 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. GOC:add PMID:12752675 PMID:12960266 The process of apoptosis in neutrophils. apoptosis of neutrophils neutrophil programmed cell death by apoptosis programmed cell death of neutrophils by apoptosis programmed cell death, neutrophils biological_process GO:0001781 neutrophil apoptosis GO:0001781 The process of apoptosis in neutrophils. GOC:add PMID:12752675 PMID:12960266 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B lymphocyte homeostasis B-cell homeostasis B-lymphocyte homeostasis biological_process GO:0001782 Note that this term represents the return of B cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of B cells required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. B cell homeostasis GO:0001782 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12956429 The process of apoptosis in B cells. B cell programmed cell death by apoptosis B lymphocyte apoptosis B lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis B-cell apoptosis B-cell programmed cell death by apoptosis B-lymphocyte apoptosis B-lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis apoptosis of B cells apoptosis of B lymphocytes apoptosis of B-cells apoptosis of B-lymphocytes programmed cell death of B cells by apoptosis programmed cell death of B lymphocytes by apoptosis programmed cell death of B-cells by apoptosis programmed cell death of B-lymphocytes by apoptosis programmed cell death, B cells programmed cell death, B lymphocytes programmed cell death, B-cells programmed cell death, B-lymphocytes biological_process GO:0001783 B cell apoptosis GO:0001783 The process of apoptosis in B cells. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Combining with prostaglandin J (PGJ(2)), a metabolite of prostaglandin D (PGD(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity. PGJ(2) receptor activity molecular_function PGJ receptor activity GO:0001785 prostaglandin J receptor activity GO:0001785 Combining with prostaglandin J (PGJ(2)), a metabolite of prostaglandin D (PGD(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity. PMID:12878180 The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division. NK cell proliferation biological_process GO:0001787 natural killer cell proliferation GO:0001787 The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells. Wikipedia:Antibody-dependent_cell-mediated_cytotoxicity Wikipedia:Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity ADCC antibody dependent cell death antibody dependent cell killing antibody-dependent cell death antibody-dependent cell killing type VI hypersensitivity biological_process GO:0001788 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity GO:0001788 Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11677095 PMID:9581795 An inflammatory response resulting in cell death mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis or cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell. biological_process GO:0001794 type IIa hypersensitivity GO:0001794 An inflammatory response resulting in cell death mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis or cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. biological_process GO:0001796 regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity GO:0001796 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. up regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity up-regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity upregulation of type IIa hypersensitivity activation of type IIa hypersensitivity stimulation of type IIa hypersensitivity biological_process GO:0001798 positive regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity GO:0001798 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. biological_process GO:0001803 regulation of type III hypersensitivity GO:0001803 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. up regulation of type III hypersensitivity up-regulation of type III hypersensitivity upregulation of type III hypersensitivity activation of type III hypersensitivity stimulation of type III hypersensitivity biological_process GO:0001805 positive regulation of type III hypersensitivity GO:0001805 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. biological_process GO:0001807 regulation of type IV hypersensitivity GO:0001807 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. down regulation of type IV hypersensitivity down-regulation of type IV hypersensitivity downregulation of type IV hypersensitivity inhibition of type IV hypersensitivity biological_process GO:0001808 negative regulation of type IV hypersensitivity GO:0001808 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. biological_process GO:0001810 regulation of type I hypersensitivity GO:0001810 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. ISBN:0781735149 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. down regulation of type I hypersensitivity down-regulation of type I hypersensitivity downregulation of type I hypersensitivity inhibition of type I hypersensitivity biological_process GO:0001811 negative regulation of type I hypersensitivity GO:0001811 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. up regulation of type I hypersensitivity up-regulation of type I hypersensitivity upregulation of type I hypersensitivity activation of type I hypersensitivity stimulation of type I hypersensitivity biological_process GO:0001812 positive regulation of type I hypersensitivity GO:0001812 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GO:0001816 Note that this term is intended for use when a gene product is seen to cause apparent increases in intracellular or extracellular cytokine levels, without specific regard as to whether the increase is due to increased biosynthesis, increased secretion of preexisting cytokine molecules, or increased conversion from precursor molecules. cytokine production GO:0001816 The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine. biological_process GO:0001817 regulation of cytokine production GO:0001817 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine. down regulation of cytokine production down-regulation of cytokine production downregulation of cytokine production inhibition of cytokine production biological_process GO:0001818 negative regulation of cytokine production GO:0001818 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine. up regulation of cytokine production up-regulation of cytokine production upregulation of cytokine production activation of cytokine production stimulation of cytokine production biological_process GO:0001819 positive regulation of cytokine production GO:0001819 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell or group of cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells. 5-HT secretion 5-hydroxytryptamine secretion biological_process GO:0001820 serotonin secretion GO:0001820 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell or group of cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells. GOC:ef ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. biological_process GO:0001824 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS5, embryo ; EMAP:23', 'TS5, inner cell mass ; EMAP:24' and 'TS5, trophectoderm; EMAP:28'. blastocyst development GO:0001824 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula. biological_process GO:0001825 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology term 'TS3, compacted morula ; EMAP:9'. blastocyst formation GO:0001825 The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The process by which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation. biological_process GO:0001836 release of cytochrome c from mitochondria GO:0001836 The process by which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation. GOC:add GOC:mah ISBN:0721639976 PMID:12925707 PMID:9560217 The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure. biological_process GO:0001838 embryonic epithelial tube formation GO:0001838 The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure. GOC:dph ISBN:0824072820 The process by which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue. biological_process GO:0001839 neural plate morphogenesis GO:0001839 The process by which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue. GOC:dph ISBN:0878932437 The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. Wikipedia:Neurulation neural tube morphogenesis neurulation biological_process GO:0001841 neural tube formation GO:0001841 The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. GOC:dph ISBN:0878932437 neural tube morphogenesis GOC:dph The process by which the edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove. biological_process GO:0001842 neural fold formation GO:0001842 The process by which the edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove. GOC:dph ISBN:0878932437 The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline. biological_process GO:0001843 neural tube closure GO:0001843 The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline. GOC:dph ISBN:0878932437 The process by which a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, fuses with a lysosome. biological_process late phagosome biosynthesis late phagosome formation GO:0001845 phagolysosome formation GO:0001845 The process by which a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, fuses with a lysosome. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Interacting selectively with an opsonin, such as a complement component or antibody, deposited on the surface of a bacteria, virus, immune complex, or other particulate material. molecular_function GO:0001846 Note that an opsonin is a blood serum protein or fragment which when deposited on the surface of a bacteria, virus, immune complex, or other particulate material acts a signal for phagocytosis to cells bearing the appropriate receptors. Not all complement components or fragments and not all antibodies have opsonic properties. opsonin binding GO:0001846 Interacting selectively with an opsonin, such as a complement component or antibody, deposited on the surface of a bacteria, virus, immune complex, or other particulate material. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Combining with an opsonin to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0001847 opsonin receptor activity GO:0001847 Combining with an opsonin to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Interacting selectively with any component or product of the complement cascade. molecular_function GO:0001848 Note that the complement cascade includes all of the components involved in the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the lectin complement pathway, as well as the common components of all three pathways. complement binding GO:0001848 Interacting selectively with any component or product of the complement cascade. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Interacting selectively with the C1q component of the classical complement cascade. molecular_function GO:0001849 complement component C1q binding GO:0001849 Interacting selectively with the C1q component of the classical complement cascade. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Interacting selectively with the C3b product of the complement cascade. molecular_function GO:0001851 complement component C3b binding GO:0001851 Interacting selectively with the C3b product of the complement cascade. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Interacting selectively with the C5a product of the complement cascade. molecular_function GO:0001856 complement component C5a binding GO:0001856 Interacting selectively with the C5a product of the complement cascade. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division. NK T lymphocyte proliferation NK T-cell proliferation NK T-lymphocyte proliferation NKT cell proliferation NT cell proliferation natural T cell proliferation natural killer T cell proliferation biological_process GO:0001866 Note that NK T cells are a distinct lineage of T cells expressing natural killer cell markers and having T cell receptors characterized by the usage of a restricted repertoire of variable region gene segments. NK T cell proliferation GO:0001866 The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:10704459 Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes. Reactome:166662 Reactome:211612 Reactome:221386 Reactome:230022 biological_process GO:0001867 Note that proteins such as mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and certain serum ficolins can activate the lectin complement pathway. complement activation, lectin pathway GO:0001867 Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Interacting selectively with a repeating or polymeric structure, such as a polysaccharide or peptidoglycan. pattern recognition activity molecular_function GO:0001871 pattern binding GO:0001871 Interacting selectively with a repeating or polymeric structure, such as a polysaccharide or peptidoglycan. PMID:12072369 PMID:12225919 PMID:12507420 PMID:12925128 PMID:14523544 Interacting selectively with zymosan. molecular_function GO:0001872 zymosan binding GO:0001872 Interacting selectively with zymosan. PMID:14707091 Combining with a polysaccharide to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0001873 polysaccharide receptor activity GO:0001873 Combining with a polysaccharide to initiate a change in cell activity. PMID:14707091 Combining with zymosan to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0001874 zymosan receptor activity GO:0001874 Combining with zymosan to initiate a change in cell activity. PMID:14707091 Combining with lipopolysaccharide to initiate a change in cell activity. endotoxin receptor activity LPS receptor activity molecular_function GO:0001875 lipopolysaccharide receptor activity GO:0001875 Combining with lipopolysaccharide to initiate a change in cell activity. PMID:14609719 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species. biological_process GO:0001878 response to yeast GO:0001878 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species. PMID:14707091 The series of events in which a stimulus from a yeast is received and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process GO:0001879 detection of yeast GO:0001879 The series of events in which a stimulus from a yeast is received and converted into a molecular signal. PMID:14707091 The process by which receptor molecules are returned to an active state and in an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal. biological_process GO:0001881 receptor recycling GO:0001881 The process by which receptor molecules are returned to an active state and in an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal. GOC:dph The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0001885 endothelial cell development GO:0001885 The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell. biological_process GO:0001886 endothelial cell morphogenesis GO:0001886 The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell. GOC:dph The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element selenium or compounds that contain selenium, such as selenocysteine. selenium metabolism biological_process GO:0001887 selenium metabolic process GO:0001887 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element selenium or compounds that contain selenium, such as selenocysteine. PMID:12730456 An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome. cellular_component GO:0001891 phagocytic cup GO:0001891 An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome. PMID:10358769 A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. tissue maintenance biological_process GO:0001894 tissue homeostasis GO:0001894 A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. GOC:add GOC:isa_complete tissue maintenance GOC:add A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. biological_process GO:0001895 retina homeostasis GO:0001895 A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. GOC:add GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:15365173 PMID:15365178 The killing by an organism of a cell in its host organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. cytolysis by organism of host cells biological_process GO:0001897 cytolysis by symbiont of host cells GO:0001897 The killing by an organism of a cell in its host organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:add Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions. biological_process necrosis GO:0001906 cell killing GO:0001906 Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions. GOC:add Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0001907 killing by symbiont of host cells GO:0001907 Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:add The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte. immune cell mediated cell death immune cell mediated cell killing immune cell mediated cytotoxicity leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity biological_process GO:0001909 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. Note that this term and its children describe contact-dependent killing of target cells by lymphocytes and myeloid cells of the immune system. leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity GO:0001909 The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11911826 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity. regulation of immune cell mediated cell death regulation of immune cell mediated cell killing regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity regulation of leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity biological_process GO:0001910 regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity GO:0001910 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11911826 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity. down regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity down-regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity downregulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity negative regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity negative regulation of leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity inhibition of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity biological_process GO:0001911 negative regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity GO:0001911 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11911826 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity. positive regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity positive regulation of leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity up regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity up-regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity upregulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity activation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity stimulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity biological_process GO:0001912 positive regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity GO:0001912 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11911826 The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. T cell mediated apoptosis T cell mediated cell death T cell mediated cell killing T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity T-cell mediated apoptosis T-cell mediated cell death T-cell mediated cell killing T-cell mediated cytotoxicity T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity biological_process T cell mediated cytolysis GO:0001913 Note that either or both mechanisms mentioned in the definition may be used in this process. Note that both granule release and the engagement of death receptors on target cells result in the induction of apoptosis in the target cell. Note that both CD4 and CD8 positive T cells can mediate apoptosis of target cells, independently of their definition as 'helper' T cells or not. T cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0001913 The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11911826 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. regulation of T cell mediated apoptosis regulation of T cell mediated cell death regulation of T cell mediated cell killing regulation of T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity regulation of T-cell mediated apoptosis regulation of T-cell mediated cell death regulation of T-cell mediated cell killing regulation of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity biological_process regulation of T cell mediated cytolysis regulation of T-cell mediated cytolysis GO:0001914 regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0001914 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. down regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity down-regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity downregulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity negative regulation of T cell mediated apoptosis negative regulation of T cell mediated cell death negative regulation of T cell mediated cell killing negative regulation of T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity negative regulation of T-cell mediated apoptosis negative regulation of T-cell mediated cell death negative regulation of T-cell mediated cell killing negative regulation of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity negative regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity inhibition of T cell mediated cytotoxicity biological_process negative regulation of T cell mediated cytolysis negative regulation of T-cell mediated cytolysis GO:0001915 negative regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0001915 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. positive regulation of T cell mediated apoptosis positive regulation of T cell mediated cell death positive regulation of T cell mediated cell killing positive regulation of T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity positive regulation of T-cell mediated apoptosis positive regulation of T-cell mediated cell death positive regulation of T-cell mediated cell killing positive regulation of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity positive regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity up regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity up-regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity upregulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity activation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity stimulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity biological_process positive regulation of T cell mediated cytolysis positive regulation of T-cell mediated cytolysis GO:0001916 positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0001916 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs. cellular_component GO:0001917 photoreceptor inner segment GO:0001917 The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs. GOC:add PMID:12019563 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recyling. biological_process GO:0001919 regulation of receptor recycling GO:0001919 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recyling. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recyling. down regulation of receptor recycling down-regulation of receptor recycling downregulation of receptor recycling inhibition of receptor recycling biological_process GO:0001920 negative regulation of receptor recycling GO:0001920 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recyling. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recyling. up regulation of receptor recycling up-regulation of receptor recycling upregulation of receptor recycling activation of receptor recycling stimulation of receptor recycling biological_process GO:0001921 positive regulation of receptor recycling GO:0001921 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recyling. GOC:add The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells of the B-1 subset such that the total number of B-1 B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity. B-1 B lymphocyte homeostasis B-1 B-cell homeostasis B-1 B-lymphocyte homeostasis biological_process GO:0001922 Note that this term represents the return of B-1 B cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response, as well as the proliferation and elimination of B-1 B cells in a organism required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cell homeostasis GO:0001922 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells of the B-1 subset such that the total number of B-1 B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whereby a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity. B-1 B lymphocyte differentiation B-1 B-cell differentiation B-1 B-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0001923 B-1 B cell differentiation GO:0001923 The process whereby a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively. uropodium cellular_component distal pole complex retractile pole GO:0001931 uropod GO:0001931 A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12714569 PMID:12787750 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein. biological_process GO:0001932 regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation GO:0001932 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein. GOC:hjd Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. down regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation down-regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation downregulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation inhibition of protein amino acid phosphorylation biological_process GO:0001933 negative regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation GO:0001933 Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. GOC:hjd Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. up regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation up-regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation upregulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation activation of protein amino acid phosphorylation stimulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation biological_process GO:0001934 positive regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation GO:0001934 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. GOC:hjd The pronucleus originating from the ovum that is being fertilized. cellular_component GO:0001939 female pronucleus GO:0001939 The pronucleus originating from the ovum that is being fertilized. GOC:hjd ISBN:0198506732 The pronucleus originating from the spermatozoa that was involved in fertilization. cellular_component GO:0001940 male pronucleus GO:0001940 The pronucleus originating from the spermatozoa that was involved in fertilization. GOC:hjd ISBN:0198506732 The maintenance of membrane composition in a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). postsynaptic membrane organisation biological_process GO:0001941 postsynaptic membrane organization GO:0001941 The maintenance of membrane composition in a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0001944 vasculature development GO:0001944 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lymphatic vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0001945 lymph vessel development GO:0001945 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lymphatic vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels. Wikipedia:Lymphangiogenesis lymph vessel formation biological_process GO:0001946 lymphangiogenesis GO:0001946 Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels. GOC:dph PMID:11596157 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0001955 blood vessel maturation GO:0001955 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter. up regulation of neurotransmitter secretion up-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion upregulation of neurotransmitter secretion activation of neurotransmitter secretion stimulation of neurotransmitter secretion biological_process GO:0001956 positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion GO:0001956 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter. GOC:hjd Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway. regulation of cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway regulation of cytokine mediated signalling pathway biological_process GO:0001959 regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway GO:0001959 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway. GOC:hjd regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway. down regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway down-regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway downregulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway negative regulation of cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway negative regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway negative regulation of cytokine mediated signalling pathway inhibition of cytokine mediated signaling pathway biological_process GO:0001960 negative regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway GO:0001960 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway. GOC:hjd negative regulation of cytokine mediated signaling pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine. biological_process GO:0001963 synaptic transmission, dopaminergic GO:0001963 The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade. biological_process GO:0001969 regulation of activation of membrane attack complex GO:0001969 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade. GOC:hjd Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade. down regulation of activation of membrane attack complex down-regulation of activation of membrane attack complex downregulation of activation of membrane attack complex inhibition of activation of membrane attack complex biological_process GO:0001971 negative regulation of activation of membrane attack complex GO:0001971 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade. GOC:hjd The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. adenosine receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0001973 adenosine receptor signaling pathway GO:0001973 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:dph adenosine receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels. biological_process GO:0001974 blood vessel remodeling GO:0001974 The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels. GOC:hjd A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine. biological_process GO:0001975 response to amphetamine GO:0001975 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine. CHEBI:2679 GOC:dph GOC:ef The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response. blood pressure regulation by neurological process neurological process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure biological_process fast control of arterial pressure GO:0001976 neurological system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure GO:0001976 The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response. GOC:mtg_cardio ISBN:0721643949 neurological process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure GOC:dph GOC:tb The process by which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action. blood pressure regulation by hormone hormonal regulation of blood pressure biological_process hormonal control of blood pressure GO:0001990 regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by hormone GO:0001990 The process by which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action. GOC:mtg_cardio ISBN:0721643949 The process by which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube. biological_process GO:0002009 morphogenesis of an epithelium GO:0002009 The process by which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 The process by which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. biological_process GO:0002011 morphogenesis of an epithelial sheet GO:0002011 The process by which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. GOC:jl The process by which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood. renin-angiotensin regulation of blood volume biological_process renin-angiotensin control of body fluid levels GO:0002016 regulation of blood volume by renin-angiotensin GO:0002016 The process by which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_cardio GOC:tb ISBN:0721643949 renin-angiotensin regulation of blood volume GOC:dph GOC:tb The process that results in increased metabolic rate in tissues of an organism. It is triggered by the detection of dietary excess. This process is achieved via signalling in the sympathetic nervous system. biological_process GO:0002024 diet induced thermogenesis GO:0002024 The process that results in increased metabolic rate in tissues of an organism. It is triggered by the detection of dietary excess. This process is achieved via signalling in the sympathetic nervous system. PMID:12161655 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells. regulation of Na+ transport regulation of sodium transport biological_process GO:0002028 regulation of sodium ion transport GO:0002028 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:dph The process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity after prolonged stimulation with an agonist of the pathway. desensitisation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway biological_process GO:0002029 desensitization of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway GO:0002029 The process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity after prolonged stimulation with an agonist of the pathway. PMID:8396717 The process by which a G-protein coupled receptor is taken up into an endocytic vesicle. biological_process GO:0002031 G-protein coupled receptor internalization GO:0002031 The process by which a G-protein coupled receptor is taken up into an endocytic vesicle. PMID:8396717 The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G-protein coupled receptor by uncoupling the receptor from its downstream G proteins. arrestin mediated desensitisation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway arrestin mediated desensitization of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway arrestin-mediated desensitization of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway biological_process GO:0002032 desensitization of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway by arrestin GO:0002032 The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G-protein coupled receptor by uncoupling the receptor from its downstream G proteins. GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:8396717 arrestin mediated desensitization of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb The process by which an angiotensin-mediated signaling system present in the brain regulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. biological_process GO:0002035 brain renin-angiotensin system GO:0002035 The process by which an angiotensin-mediated signaling system present in the brain regulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. PMID:2909574 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate transport. biological_process GO:0002036 regulation of L-glutamate transport GO:0002036 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate transport. GOC:hjd Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate transport. down regulation of L-glutamate transport down-regulation of L-glutamate transport downregulation of L-glutamate transport inhibition of L-glutamate transport biological_process GO:0002037 negative regulation of L-glutamate transport GO:0002037 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate transport. GOC:hjd The extension of new blood vessels from existing capillaries into avascular tissues resulting from the proliferation of blood vessel endothelial cells. biological_process GO:0002040 sprouting angiogenesis GO:0002040 The extension of new blood vessels from existing capillaries into avascular tissues resulting from the proliferation of blood vessel endothelial cells. PMID:16391003 Interacting selectively with an opsin, any of a group of hydrophobic, integral membrane glycoproteins located primarily in the disc membrane of rods or cones, involved in photoreception. molecular_function GO:0002046 opsin binding GO:0002046 Interacting selectively with an opsin, any of a group of hydrophobic, integral membrane glycoproteins located primarily in the disc membrane of rods or cones, involved in photoreception. GOC:hjd Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation. up regulation of neuroblast proliferation up-regulation of neuroblast proliferation upregulation of neuroblast proliferation activation of neuroblast proliferation stimulation of neuroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0002052 positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation GO:0002052 Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation. GOC:dph The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. optic cup morphogenesis (sensu Mammalia) optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-style eye development biological_process GO:0002072 optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development GO:0002072 The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0878932437 The acrosomal membrane region that underlies the acrosomal vesicle and is located toward the sperm nucleus. This region is responsible for molecular interactions allowing the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuses with the egg plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0002079 inner acrosomal membrane GO:0002079 The acrosomal membrane region that underlies the acrosomal vesicle and is located toward the sperm nucleus. This region is responsible for molecular interactions allowing the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuses with the egg plasma membrane. GOC:dph PMID:3899643 PMID:8936405 The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. cellular_component GO:0002080 acrosomal membrane GO:0002080 The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. GOC:dph The process that prevents cells of the epiblast from differentiating into neuroepithelial cells before the appropriate time. negative regulation of neural plate biosynthesis negative regulation of neural plate formation biological_process GO:0002085 repression of premature neural plate formation GO:0002085 The process that prevents cells of the epiblast from differentiating into neuroepithelial cells before the appropriate time. GOC:dph PMID:16678814 A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates. neurological control of breathing biological_process GO:0002087 regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by neurological process GO:0002087 A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates. GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:12458206 neurological control of breathing GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. lens development (sensu Vertebrata) lens development in camera-style eye biological_process GO:0002088 lens development in camera-type eye GO:0002088 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. GOC:dph ISBN:0582064333 The process by which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. lens morphogenesis (sensu Vertebrata) lens morphogenesis in camera-style eye biological_process GO:0002089 lens morphogenesis in camera-type eye GO:0002089 The process by which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_sensu A complex composed of proteins required for beta adrenergic receptor activation of protein kinase A. It includes the Cav 12. subunit of L-type calcium channel, protein kinase A regulatory subunit 2(PKAR2), adenyl cyclase, beta-adrenergic receptor, G-alpha-S, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and caveolin 3 (CAV3). caveolar macromolecular signalling complex cellular_component GO:0002095 caveolar macromolecular signaling complex GO:0002095 A complex composed of proteins required for beta adrenergic receptor activation of protein kinase A. It includes the Cav 12. subunit of L-type calcium channel, protein kinase A regulatory subunit 2(PKAR2), adenyl cyclase, beta-adrenergic receptor, G-alpha-S, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and caveolin 3 (CAV3). PMID:16648270 An actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell, contain an F-actin-rich core surrounded by a ring structure containing proteins such as vinculin and talin, and have a diameter of 0.5 mm. Wikipedia:Podosome cellular_component GO:0002102 Note that podosomes can be distinguished from other F-actin-rich structures or from other matrix contacts. For example, focal adhesions and focal contacts do not display a core structure of F-actin. Unlike focal adhesions, podosome assembly does not require de novo protein synthesis. However, most of the podosome ring components are found in focal adhesions and other cell-matrix contacts. Podosomes are typically found in cells that cross tissue boundaries, recruited to the leading edge of migrating cells, and are often sites of extracellular matrix degradation. podosome GO:0002102 An actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell, contain an F-actin-rich core surrounded by a ring structure containing proteins such as vinculin and talin, and have a diameter of 0.5 mm. PMID:12837608 PMID:15890982 Interacting selectively with interleukin-33. IL-33 binding molecular_function GO:0002113 interleukin-33 binding GO:0002113 Interacting selectively with interleukin-33. GOC:hjd IL-33 binding GOC:mah Combining with interleukin-33 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-33 receptor activity IL-33R molecular_function GO:0002114 interleukin-33 receptor activity GO:0002114 Combining with interleukin-33 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:hjd IL-33 receptor activity GOC:mah IL-33R GOC:mah The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences. biological_process GO:0002200 Note that this process covers somatic recombination, gene conversion, hypermutation, N-region addition, and alternate splicing processes of immune receptor diversification. somatic diversification of immune receptors GO:0002200 The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16102575 PMID:16166509 The process by which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of an immune response. somatic recombination of antibody genes during immune response biological_process GO:0002204 somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes during immune response GO:0002204 The process by which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The somatic process by means of which sequence diversity of immunoglobulins is generated after the induction of an immune response. somatic diversification of antibodies during immune response biological_process GO:0002208 somatic diversification of immunoglobulins during immune response GO:0002208 The somatic process by means of which sequence diversity of immunoglobulins is generated after the induction of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14991701 A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat to that organism. behavioural defense response biological_process GO:0002209 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. behavioral defense response GO:0002209 A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat to that organism. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 Any process that initiates an innate immune response. biological_process activation of innate immune response (sensu Viridiplantae) GO:0002218 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. activation of innate immune response GO:0002218 Any process that initiates an innate immune response. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GOC:mtg_sensu GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15199967 PMID:16177805 Any series of molecular signals leading to activation of the innate immune response generated as a consequence of binding to a cell surface receptor. activation of innate immune response by cell surface receptor signaling pathway innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0002220 innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway GO:0002220 Any series of molecular signals leading to activation of the innate immune response generated as a consequence of binding to a cell surface receptor. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15199967 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a cell surface or intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR). Such receptors bind for molecular patterns based on a repeating or polymeric structures, like those of polysaccharides or peptidoglycans, which are sometimes associated with potential pathogens. PAMP receptor signaling pathway PRR signaling pathway pathogen receptor signaling pathway pathogen receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0002221 pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway GO:0002221 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a cell surface or intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR). Such receptors bind for molecular patterns based on a repeating or polymeric structures, like those of polysaccharides or peptidoglycans, which are sometimes associated with potential pathogens. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15199967 PAMP receptor signaling pathway ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15199967 PMID:15728447 PRR signaling pathway ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15199967 PMID:15728447 pathogen receptor signaling pathway ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15199967 PMID:15728447 pathogen receptor signalling pathway ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15199967 PMID:15728447 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a C-type lectin receptor capable of cellular activation. stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signalling pathway stimulatory Ly49 family receptor signaling pathway. biological_process GO:0002223 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway GO:0002223 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a C-type lectin receptor capable of cellular activation. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 stimulatory Ly49 family receptor signaling pathway. ISBN:0781735149 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. TLR signaling pathway toll-like receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0002224 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. Note that the vertebrate toll-like receptors, unlike the Drosophila Toll molecule, directly bind their ligands. The Drosophila Toll molecule requires the Sptzle factor to bind microbial ligands and then the receptor in order to initiate innate immune responses. toll-like receptor signaling pathway GO:0002224 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12467241 PMID:12524386 PMID:12855817 PMID:15585605 PMID:15728447 TLR signaling pathway ISBN:0781735149 Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues. biological_process GO:0002227 innate immune response in mucosa GO:0002227 Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues. GOC:add PMID:10719665 PMID:15971105 The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines. NK cell mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002228 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. natural killer cell mediated immunity GO:0002228 The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication. positive regulation of antiviral response by host up regulation of antiviral response by host up-regulation of antiviral response by host upregulation of antiviral response by host activation of antiviral response by host stimulation of antiviral response by host biological_process GO:0002230 positive regulation of defense response to virus by host GO:0002230 Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication. GOC:add GOC:dph GOC:tb ISBN:0781735149 positive regulation of antiviral response by host GOC:dph GOC:tb A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin. response to bacteria associated molecule response to bacterial associated molecule response to bacterium associated molecule biological_process GO:0002237 response to molecule of bacterial origin GO:0002237 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin. GOC:rl GOC:sm A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octomer oligosaccharide. response to fungus associated molecule biological_process GO:0002238 response to molecule of fungal origin GO:0002238 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octomer oligosaccharide. GOC:rl GOC:sm The process whereby precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hemopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation biological_process hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GO:0002244 hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GO:0002244 The process whereby precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hemopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16551251 The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue during or following an inflammatory response. biological_process GO:0002246 healing during inflammatory response GO:0002246 The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue during or following an inflammatory response. GOC:jal ISBN:0721601871 The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared during or following an inflammatory response. fibrosis during inflammatory response biological_process GO:0002248 connective tissue replacement during inflammatory response GO:0002248 The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared during or following an inflammatory response. GOC:jal ISBN:0721601871 fibrosis during inflammatory response ISBN:0721601871 An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Wikipedia:Adaptive_immune_system acquired immune response biological_process GO:0002250 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. adaptive immune response GO:0002250 An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 acquired immune response ISBN:068340007X An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues. immune response in organ or tissue biological_process GO:0002251 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. organ or tissue specific immune response GO:0002251 An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues. GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 Any process of the immune system that occurs as part of an immune response. biological_process GO:0002252 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. immune effector process GO:0002252 Any process of the immune system that occurs as part of an immune response. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Any process that initiates an immune response. biological_process GO:0002253 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. activation of immune response GO:0002253 Any process that initiates an immune response. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. biological_process GO:0002260 lymphocyte homeostasis GO:0002260 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. GOC:add PMID:15826826 PMID:16319493 PMID:16551252 PMID:16551262 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. biological_process GO:0002262 myeloid cell homeostasis GO:0002262 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. GOC:add A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process GO:0002263 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. cell activation during immune response GO:0002263 A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 A change in the morphology or behavior of a follicular dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. biological_process GO:0002266 follicular dendritic cell activation GO:0002266 A change in the morphology or behavior of a follicular dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GOC:add PMID:15606789 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a follicular dendritic cell. biological_process GO:0002268 follicular dendritic cell differentiation GO:0002268 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a follicular dendritic cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. myeloid leucocyte activation biological_process GO:0002274 myeloid leukocyte activation GO:0002274 A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process GO:0002275 myeloid cell activation during immune response GO:0002275 A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process GO:0002281 macrophage activation during immune response GO:0002281 A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process GO:0002282 microglial cell activation during immune response GO:0002282 The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process GO:0002285 lymphocyte activation during immune response GO:0002285 A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. T lymphocyte activation during immune response T-cell activation during immune response T-lymphocyte activation during immune response biological_process GO:0002286 T cell activation during immune response GO:0002286 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation during immune response alpha-beta T-cell activation during immune response alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation during immune response biological_process GO:0002287 alpha-beta T cell activation during immune response GO:0002287 The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whereby an antigenically nave T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response T-cell differentiation during immune response T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response biological_process GO:0002292 T cell differentiation during immune response GO:0002292 The process whereby an antigenically nave T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whereby an antigenically nave alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response biological_process GO:0002293 alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response GO:0002293 The process whereby an antigenically nave alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whereby an antigenically nave CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response biological_process GO:0002294 CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response GO:0002294 The process whereby an antigenically nave CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The expansion of a T cell population by cell division during an immune response. T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response T-cell proliferation during immune response T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response biological_process GO:0002309 T cell proliferation during immune response GO:0002309 The expansion of a T cell population by cell division during an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. B lymphocyte activation during immune response B-cell activation during immune response B-lymphocyte activation during immune response biological_process GO:0002312 B cell activation during immune response GO:0002312 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. GOC:jal The process whereby a nave B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response. mature B lymphocyte differentiation during immune response mature B-cell differentiation during immune response mature B-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response biological_process GO:0002313 mature B cell differentiation during immune response GO:0002313 The process whereby a nave B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response. GOC:jal The process whereby a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL). marginal zone B lymphocyte differentiation marginal zone B-cell differentiation marginal zone B-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002315 marginal zone B cell differentiation GO:0002315 The process whereby a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL). GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 The process whereby a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a follicular B cell. Follicular B cells are major population of mature recirculating B cells in the spleen and are located in the B-cell follicle region. follicular B lymphocyte differentiation follicular B-cell differentiation follicular B-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002316 follicular B cell differentiation GO:0002316 The process whereby a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a follicular B cell. Follicular B cells are major population of mature recirculating B cells in the spleen and are located in the B-cell follicle region. GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 The process whereby a B cell acquires the specialized features of a plasma cell. A plasma cell is a lymphocyte which develops from a B cell and produces high amounts of antibody. biological_process GO:0002317 plasma cell differentiation GO:0002317 The process whereby a B cell acquires the specialized features of a plasma cell. A plasma cell is a lymphocyte which develops from a B cell and produces high amounts of antibody. GOC:jal The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages. biological_process GO:0002318 myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GO:0002318 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages. GOC:add PMID:16551264 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages. biological_process GO:0002320 lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GO:0002320 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages. GOC:add PMID:16551251 PMID:16551264 The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. NK cell activation during immune response biological_process GO:0002323 natural killer cell activation during immune response GO:0002323 The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add PMID:15032583 The process whereby a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell. B lymphocyte lineage commitment B-cell lineage commitment B-lymphocyte lineage commitment biological_process GO:0002326 B cell lineage commitment GO:0002326 The process whereby a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell. immature B lymphocyte differentiation immature B-cell differentiation immature B-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002327 immature B cell differentiation GO:0002327 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell. GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16551251 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-B cell. Pro-B cells are the earliest stage of the B cell lineage and undergo heavy chain D and J gene rearrangements, although they are not fully committed. pro-B lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002328 pro-B cell differentiation GO:0002328 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-B cell. Pro-B cells are the earliest stage of the B cell lineage and undergo heavy chain D and J gene rearrangements, although they are not fully committed. GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells follow the pro-B cell stage of immature B cell differentiation and undergo rearrangement of heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments. pre-B lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002329 pre-B cell differentiation GO:0002329 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells follow the pro-B cell stage of immature B cell differentiation and undergo rearrangement of heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments. GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 The process whereby transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen. mature B lymphocyte differentiation mature B-cell differentiation mature B-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002335 mature B cell differentiation GO:0002335 The process whereby transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen. GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell. biological_process GO:0002347 response to tumor cell GO:0002347 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16730260 The series of events in which a stimulus from a tumor cell is received and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process GO:0002355 detection of tumor cell GO:0002355 The series of events in which a stimulus from a tumor cell is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16730260 The non-specific expansion of B cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of B cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus. B lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation B-cell homeostatic proliferation B-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation biological_process GO:0002358 B cell homeostatic proliferation GO:0002358 The non-specific expansion of B cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of B cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus. GOC:jal The process by which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell. T lymphocyte lineage commitment T-cell lineage commitment T-lymphocyte lineage commitment biological_process GO:0002360 T cell lineage commitment GO:0002360 The process by which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. immune cell activation during immune response leucocyte activation during immune response biological_process GO:0002366 leukocyte activation during immune response GO:0002366 A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GO:0002367 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. Note that this term is intended for use when a gene product is seen to cause apparent increases in intracellular or extracellular cytokine levels, without specific regard as to whether the increase is due to increased biosynthesis, increased secretion of preexisting cytokine molecules, or increased conversion from precursor molecules. cytokine production during immune response GO:0002367 The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a B cell. B lymphocyte cytokine production B-cell cytokine production B-lymphocyte cytokine production biological_process GO:0002368 B cell cytokine production GO:0002368 Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a B cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell. T lymphocyte cytokine production T-cell cytokine production T-lymphocyte cytokine production biological_process GO:0002369 T cell cytokine production GO:0002369 Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats. Wikipedia:Immune_syntem biological_process GO:0002376 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. immune system process GO:0002376 Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. antibody production biological_process GO:0002377 immunoglobulin production GO:0002377 The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of immunoglobulin. antibody biosynthesis antibody biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0002378 immunoglobulin biosynthetic process GO:0002378 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of immunoglobulin. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell during an immune response. antibody secretion during immune response biological_process GO:0002380 immunoglobulin secretion during immune response GO:0002380 The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell during an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:9185563 The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. antibody production during immune response biological_process GO:0002381 immunoglobulin production during immune response GO:0002381 The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract. biological_process GO:0002385 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. mucosal immune response GO:0002385 An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract. GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 An immune system process that functions in the response of an organism to a tumor cell. biological_process GO:0002418 immune response to tumor cell GO:0002418 An immune system process that functions in the response of an organism to a tumor cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16730260 The synthesis and release of immunoglobulin in the mucosal tissue. antibody production in mucosal tissue biological_process GO:0002426 immunoglobulin production in mucosal tissue GO:0002426 The synthesis and release of immunoglobulin in the mucosal tissue. GOC:jal The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. The peptide antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous protein. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E family. peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib biological_process GO:0002428 antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib GO:0002428 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. The peptide antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous protein. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E family. GOC:add PMID:15928678 A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a cell capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. activation of immune response by cell surface receptor signaling pathway immune response-activating cell surface receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0002429 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway GO:0002429 A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a cell capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region. Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signalling pathway Fc-receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway biological_process GO:0002431 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway GO:0002431 A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The formation of nodular inflammatory lesions, usually small or granular, firm, persistent, well-structured, and containing compactly grouped T lymphocytes and modified phagocytes such as epithelioid cells, giant cells, and other macrophages. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectious and noninfectious agents. The center of a granuloma consists of fused macrophages, which can become necrotic. biological_process GO:0002432 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. granuloma formation GO:0002432 The formation of nodular inflammatory lesions, usually small or granular, firm, persistent, well-structured, and containing compactly grouped T lymphocytes and modified phagocytes such as epithelioid cells, giant cells, and other macrophages. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectious and noninfectious agents. The center of a granuloma consists of fused macrophages, which can become necrotic. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:068340007X ISBN:0721601464 ISBN:081533642X An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes. biological_process GO:0002437 inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus GO:0002437 An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response. biological_process GO:0002438 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus GO:0002438 An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 A chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. A chronic inflammatory response persists indefinitely during days, weeks, or months in the life of an individual. biological_process GO:0002439 chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus GO:0002439 A chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. A chronic inflammatory response persists indefinitely during days, weeks, or months in the life of an individual. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response following an immunological stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process production of cellular mediator of immune response GO:0002440 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. production of molecular mediator of immune response GO:0002440 The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response following an immunological stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell or group of cells during an acute inflammatory response. biological_process GO:0002442 serotonin secretion during acute inflammatory response GO:0002442 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell or group of cells during an acute inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte. immune cell effector process immune cell mediated immunity leucocyte immune effector process leucocyte mediated immunity leukocyte immune effector process biological_process cell-mediated immune response cellular immune response GO:0002443 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002443 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte. myeloid leucocyte immune effector process myeloid leucocyte mediated immunity myeloid leukocyte immune effector process biological_process GO:0002444 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002444 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis, cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell, or mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors. Wikipedia:Type_II_hypersensitivity biological_process GO:0002445 type II hypersensitivity GO:0002445 An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis, cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell, or mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil. biological_process GO:0002446 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. neutrophil mediated immunity GO:0002446 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte. cell-mediated immunity cellular immune response biological_process GO:0002449 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. lymphocyte mediated immunity GO:0002449 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. circulating antibody mediated immune response circulating immunoglobulin mediated immune response humoral immune response mediated by circulating antibody biological_process humoral defence mechanism (sensu Vertebrata) humoral defense mechanism (sensu Vertebrata) GO:0002455 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin GO:0002455 An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell. cell-mediated immunity cellular immune response T lymphocyte mediated immunity T-cell mediated immunity T-lymphocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002456 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. T cell mediated immunity GO:0002456 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The process by which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation T-cell antigen processing and presentation T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002457 T cell antigen processing and presentation GO:0002457 The process by which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. GOC:add PMID:11417857 PMID:15120183 An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains, and allowing for enhanced responses upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies). adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) biological_process GO:0002460 adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains GO:0002460 An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains, and allowing for enhanced responses upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies). GOC:add GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0781735149 The process by which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation. biological_process GO:0002467 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. germinal center formation GO:0002467 The process by which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation. GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:081533642X The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I biological_process GO:0002474 antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I GO:0002474 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15224092 PMID:15771591 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families. biological_process GO:0002475 antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib GO:0002475 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families. GOC:add PMID:15928678 PMID:15928680 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family. endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib biological_process GO:0002476 antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib GO:0002476 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family. GOC:add PMID:15928678 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family. exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib biological_process GO:0002477 antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib GO:0002477 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family. GOC:add PMID:15928678 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002478 antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen GO:0002478 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class I molecule. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. cross presentation cross-presentation TAP-dependent antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I TAP-dependent exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I, TAP-dependent biological_process GO:0002479 antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent GO:0002479 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class I molecule. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. GOC:add PMID:15224093 PMID:15771591 PMID:16181335 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family. TAP-dependent antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib TAP-dependent exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent biological_process GO:0002481 antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent GO:0002481 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family. GOC:add PMID:15928678 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002483 antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen GO:0002483 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II biological_process GO:0002495 antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II GO:0002495 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15531770 PMID:15771591 The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC protein complex. biological_process GO:0002501 peptide antigen assembly with MHC protein complex GO:0002501 The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC protein complex. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. biological_process GO:0002502 peptide antigen assembly with MHC class I protein complex GO:0002502 The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation of via MHC class II biological_process GO:0002504 antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II GO:0002504 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15531770 PMID:15771591 PMID:16153240 A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it. biological_process GO:0002507 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. tolerance induction GO:0002507 A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it. GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Tolerance induction in the central lymphoid organs: the thymus and bone marrow. biological_process GO:0002508 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. central tolerance induction GO:0002508 Tolerance induction in the central lymphoid organs: the thymus and bone marrow. GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Tolerance induction directed at self antigens. biological_process GO:0002513 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. tolerance induction to self antigen GO:0002513 Tolerance induction directed at self antigens. GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. biological_process GO:0002520 immune system development GO:0002520 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. GOC:add GOC:dph The process whereby a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell or any cell of the myeloid leukocyte or lymphocyte lineages. immune cell differentiation leucocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002521 leukocyte differentiation GO:0002521 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell or any cell of the myeloid leukocyte or lymphocyte lineages. GOC:add PMID:16551264 The movement of leukocytes within or between different tissues and organs of the body during an inflammatory response. immune cell migration during inflammatory response immune cell trafficking during inflammatory response leucocyte migration during inflammatory response leucocyte trafficking during inflammatory response leukocyte trafficking during inflammatory response biological_process GO:0002523 leukocyte migration during inflammatory response GO:0002523 The movement of leukocytes within or between different tissues and organs of the body during an inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14680625 PMID:14708592 PMID:7507411 PMID:8600538 An inflammatory response to an exogenous environmental antigen or an endogenous antigen initiated by the adaptive immune system. Wikipedia:Hypersensitivity biological_process hypersensitivity response GO:0002524 hypersensitivity GO:0002524 An inflammatory response to an exogenous environmental antigen or an endogenous antigen initiated by the adaptive immune system. GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 hypersensitivity response ISBN:0781735149 Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response. biological_process GO:0002526 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. acute inflammatory response GO:0002526 Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the acute inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process production of cellular mediator of acute inflammation GO:0002532 production of molecular mediator of acute inflammatory response GO:0002532 The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the acute inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases following a stimulus during an acute inflammatory response; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels. oxidative burst during acute inflammatory response production of reactive oxygen species during acute inflammatory response biological_process GO:0002536 respiratory burst during acute inflammatory response GO:0002536 A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases following a stimulus during an acute inflammatory response; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus during an acute inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GO:0002537 production of nitric oxide during acute inflammatory response GO:0002537 The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus during an acute inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus during an acute inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GO:0002538 production of arachidonic acid metabolites during acute inflammatory response GO:0002538 The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus during an acute inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The synthesis or release of any prostaglandin following a stimulus during an acute inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GO:0002539 prostaglandin production during acute inflammatory response GO:0002539 The synthesis or release of any prostaglandin following a stimulus during an acute inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process activating plasma proteins via proteolysis during an acute inflammatory response. biological_process GO:0002541 activation of plasma proteins during acute inflammatory response GO:0002541 Any process activating plasma proteins via proteolysis during an acute inflammatory response. GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response. biological_process GO:0002544 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. chronic inflammatory response GO:0002544 Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response. GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus. biological_process GO:0002548 monocyte chemotaxis GO:0002548 The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus. GOC:add PMID:11696603 PMID:15173832 The regulated release of serotonin by a platelet or group of platelets. biological_process GO:0002554 serotonin secretion by platelet GO:0002554 The regulated release of serotonin by a platelet or group of platelets. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process by which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus. biological_process GO:0002562 somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus GO:0002562 The process by which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16102575 PMID:16166509 The process by which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation. biological_process GO:0002566 somatic diversification of immune receptors via somatic mutation GO:0002566 The process by which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16102575 The somatic process by means of which sequence diversity of T cell receptor genes is generated. somatic diversification of TCR genes biological_process GO:0002568 somatic diversification of T cell receptor genes GO:0002568 The somatic process by means of which sequence diversity of T cell receptor genes is generated. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage. myeloid leucocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002573 myeloid leukocyte differentiation GO:0002573 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage. GOC:add PMID:16551251 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. biological_process GO:0002577 regulation of antigen processing and presentation GO:0002577 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. down regulation of antigen processing and presentation down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation downregulation of antigen processing and presentation inhibition of antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002578 negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation GO:0002578 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II. regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II biological_process GO:0002580 regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II GO:0002580 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II. down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II negative regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II biological_process GO:0002581 negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II GO:0002581 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation. biological_process GO:0002604 regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation GO:0002604 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation. down regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation down-regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation downregulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation inhibition of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002605 negative regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation GO:0002605 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation. biological_process GO:0002634 regulation of germinal center formation GO:0002634 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation. down regulation of germinal center formation down-regulation of germinal center formation downregulation of germinal center formation inhibition of germinal center formation biological_process GO:0002635 negative regulation of germinal center formation GO:0002635 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation. up regulation of germinal center formation up-regulation of germinal center formation upregulation of germinal center formation activation of germinal center formation stimulation of germinal center formation biological_process GO:0002636 positive regulation of germinal center formation GO:0002636 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production. biological_process GO:0002637 regulation of immunoglobulin production GO:0002637 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production. up regulation of immunoglobulin production up-regulation of immunoglobulin production upregulation of immunoglobulin production activation of immunoglobulin production stimulation of immunoglobulin production biological_process GO:0002639 positive regulation of immunoglobulin production GO:0002639 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction. biological_process GO:0002643 regulation of tolerance induction GO:0002643 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction. up regulation of tolerance induction up-regulation of tolerance induction upregulation of tolerance induction activation of tolerance induction stimulation of tolerance induction biological_process GO:0002645 positive regulation of tolerance induction GO:0002645 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction. biological_process GO:0002646 regulation of central tolerance induction GO:0002646 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction. up regulation of central tolerance induction up-regulation of central tolerance induction upregulation of central tolerance induction activation of central tolerance induction stimulation of central tolerance induction biological_process GO:0002648 positive regulation of central tolerance induction GO:0002648 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen. biological_process GO:0002649 regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen GO:0002649 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen. up regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen up-regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen upregulation of tolerance induction to self antigen activation of tolerance induction to self antigen stimulation of tolerance induction to self antigen biological_process GO:0002651 positive regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen GO:0002651 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction. regulation of B lymphocyte tolerance induction regulation of B-cell tolerance induction regulation of B-lymphocyte tolerance induction biological_process GO:0002661 regulation of B cell tolerance induction GO:0002661 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction. positive regulation of B lymphocyte tolerance induction positive regulation of B-cell tolerance induction positive regulation of B-lymphocyte tolerance induction up regulation of B cell tolerance induction up-regulation of B cell tolerance induction upregulation of B cell tolerance induction activation of B cell tolerance induction stimulation of B cell tolerance induction biological_process GO:0002663 positive regulation of B cell tolerance induction GO:0002663 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction. regulation of T lymphocyte tolerance induction regulation of T-cell tolerance induction regulation of T-lymphocyte tolerance induction biological_process GO:0002664 regulation of T cell tolerance induction GO:0002664 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction. positive regulation of T lymphocyte tolerance induction positive regulation of T-cell tolerance induction positive regulation of T-lymphocyte tolerance induction up regulation of T cell tolerance induction up-regulation of T cell tolerance induction upregulation of T cell tolerance induction activation of T cell tolerance induction stimulation of T cell tolerance induction biological_process GO:0002666 positive regulation of T cell tolerance induction GO:0002666 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy. regulation of T lymphocyte anergy regulation of T-cell anergy regulation of T-lymphocyte anergy biological_process GO:0002667 regulation of T cell anergy GO:0002667 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy. positive regulation of T lymphocyte anergy positive regulation of T-cell anergy positive regulation of T-lymphocyte anergy up regulation of T cell anergy up-regulation of T cell anergy upregulation of T cell anergy activation of T cell anergy stimulation of T cell anergy biological_process GO:0002669 positive regulation of T cell anergy GO:0002669 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response. biological_process GO:0002673 regulation of acute inflammatory response GO:0002673 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response. down regulation of acute inflammatory response down-regulation of acute inflammatory response downregulation of acute inflammatory response inhibition of acute inflammatory response biological_process GO:0002674 negative regulation of acute inflammatory response GO:0002674 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response. up regulation of acute inflammatory response up-regulation of acute inflammatory response upregulation of acute inflammatory response activation of acute inflammatory response stimulation of acute inflammatory response biological_process GO:0002675 positive regulation of acute inflammatory response GO:0002675 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response. biological_process GO:0002676 regulation of chronic inflammatory response GO:0002676 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response. down regulation of chronic inflammatory response down-regulation of chronic inflammatory response downregulation of chronic inflammatory response inhibition of chronic inflammatory response biological_process GO:0002677 negative regulation of chronic inflammatory response GO:0002677 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response. GOC:add A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. biological_process GO:0002679 respiratory burst during defense response GO:0002679 A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12789499 The process by which T cell receptor genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as T cell receptor gene segments. somatic recombination of TCR gene segments biological_process GO:0002681 somatic recombination of T cell receptor gene segments GO:0002681 The process by which T cell receptor genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as T cell receptor gene segments. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. biological_process GO:0002682 regulation of immune system process GO:0002682 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. down regulation of immune system process down-regulation of immune system process downregulation of immune system process inhibition of immune system process biological_process GO:0002683 negative regulation of immune system process GO:0002683 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. up regulation of immune system process up-regulation of immune system process upregulation of immune system process activation of immune system process stimulation of immune system process biological_process GO:0002684 positive regulation of immune system process GO:0002684 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. regulation of immune cell migration regulation of leucocyte migration biological_process GO:0002685 regulation of leukocyte migration GO:0002685 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. down regulation of leukocyte migration down-regulation of leukocyte migration downregulation of leukocyte migration negative regulation of immune cell migration negative regulation of leucocyte migration inhibition of leukocyte migration biological_process GO:0002686 negative regulation of leukocyte migration GO:0002686 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. positive regulation of immune cell migration positive regulation of leucocyte migration up regulation of leukocyte migration up-regulation of leukocyte migration upregulation of leukocyte migration activation of leukocyte migration stimulation of leukocyte migration biological_process GO:0002687 positive regulation of leukocyte migration GO:0002687 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis. regulation of immune cell chemotaxis regulation of leucocyte chemotaxis biological_process GO:0002688 regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis GO:0002688 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis. positive regulation of immune cell chemotaxis positive regulation of leucocyte chemotaxis up regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis up-regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis upregulation of leukocyte chemotaxis activation of leukocyte chemotaxis stimulation of leukocyte chemotaxis biological_process GO:0002690 positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis GO:0002690 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. regulation of immune cell activation regulation of leucocyte activation biological_process GO:0002694 regulation of leukocyte activation GO:0002694 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. down regulation of leukocyte activation down-regulation of leukocyte activation downregulation of leukocyte activation negative regulation of immune cell activation negative regulation of leucocyte activation inhibition of leukocyte activation biological_process GO:0002695 negative regulation of leukocyte activation GO:0002695 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. positive regulation of immune cell activation positive regulation of leucocyte activation up regulation of leukocyte activation up-regulation of leukocyte activation upregulation of leukocyte activation activation of leukocyte activation stimulation of leukocyte activation biological_process GO:0002696 positive regulation of leukocyte activation GO:0002696 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. biological_process GO:0002697 regulation of immune effector process GO:0002697 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. down regulation of immune effector process down-regulation of immune effector process downregulation of immune effector process inhibition of immune effector process biological_process GO:0002698 negative regulation of immune effector process GO:0002698 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. up regulation of immune effector process up-regulation of immune effector process upregulation of immune effector process activation of immune effector process stimulation of immune effector process biological_process GO:0002699 positive regulation of immune effector process GO:0002699 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. biological_process GO:0002700 regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response GO:0002700 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. down regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response down-regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response downregulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response inhibition of production of molecular mediator of immune response biological_process GO:0002701 negative regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response GO:0002701 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. up regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response up-regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response upregulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response activation of production of molecular mediator of immune response stimulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response biological_process GO:0002702 positive regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response GO:0002702 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. regulation of immune cell mediated immunity regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002703 regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002703 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. down regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity down-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity downregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity negative regulation of immune cell mediated immunity negative regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity inhibition of leukocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002704 negative regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002704 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. positive regulation of immune cell mediated immunity positive regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity up regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity up-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity upregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity activation of leukocyte mediated immunity stimulation of leukocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002705 positive regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002705 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. biological_process GO:0002706 regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity GO:0002706 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. down regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity down-regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity downregulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity inhibition of lymphocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002707 negative regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity GO:0002707 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. up regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity up-regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity upregulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity activation of lymphocyte mediated immunity stimulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002708 positive regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity GO:0002708 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity regulation of T-cell mediated immunity regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002709 regulation of T cell mediated immunity GO:0002709 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. down regulation of T cell mediated immunity down-regulation of T cell mediated immunity downregulation of T cell mediated immunity negative regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity negative regulation of T-cell mediated immunity negative regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity inhibition of T cell mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002710 negative regulation of T cell mediated immunity GO:0002710 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. positive regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity positive regulation of T-cell mediated immunity positive regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity up regulation of T cell mediated immunity up-regulation of T cell mediated immunity upregulation of T cell mediated immunity activation of T cell mediated immunity stimulation of T cell mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002711 positive regulation of T cell mediated immunity GO:0002711 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity. regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity regulation of B-cell mediated immunity regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002712 regulation of B cell mediated immunity GO:0002712 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity. down regulation of B cell mediated immunity down-regulation of B cell mediated immunity downregulation of B cell mediated immunity negative regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity negative regulation of B-cell mediated immunity negative regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity inhibition of B cell mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002713 negative regulation of B cell mediated immunity GO:0002713 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity. positive regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity positive regulation of B-cell mediated immunity positive regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity up regulation of B cell mediated immunity up-regulation of B cell mediated immunity upregulation of B cell mediated immunity activation of B cell mediated immunity stimulation of B cell mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002714 positive regulation of B cell mediated immunity GO:0002714 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity. regulation of NK cell mediated immunity biological_process regulation of natural killer cell activity GO:0002715 regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity GO:0002715 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity. down regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity down-regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity downregulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity negative regulation of NK cell mediated immunity inhibition of natural killer cell mediated immunity biological_process negative regulation of NK cell activity negative regulation of natural killer cell activity GO:0002716 negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity GO:0002716 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity. positive regulation of NK cell mediated immunity up regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity up-regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity upregulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity activation of natural killer cell mediated immunity stimulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity biological_process positive regulation of NK cell activity positive regulation of natural killer cell activity GO:0002717 positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity GO:0002717 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production during immune response. biological_process GO:0002718 regulation of cytokine production during immune response GO:0002718 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production during immune response. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production during an immune response. down regulation of cytokine production during immune response down-regulation of cytokine production during immune response downregulation of cytokine production during immune response inhibition of cytokine production during immune response biological_process GO:0002719 negative regulation of cytokine production during immune response GO:0002719 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production during an immune response. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production during immune response. up regulation of cytokine production during immune response up-regulation of cytokine production during immune response upregulation of cytokine production during immune response activation of cytokine production during immune response stimulation of cytokine production during immune response biological_process GO:0002720 positive regulation of cytokine production during immune response GO:0002720 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production during immune response. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production regulation of T-cell cytokine production regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production biological_process GO:0002724 regulation of T cell cytokine production GO:0002724 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. down regulation of T cell cytokine production down-regulation of T cell cytokine production downregulation of T cell cytokine production negative regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production negative regulation of T-cell cytokine production negative regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production inhibition of T cell cytokine production biological_process GO:0002725 negative regulation of T cell cytokine production GO:0002725 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. positive regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production positive regulation of T-cell cytokine production positive regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production up regulation of T cell cytokine production up-regulation of T cell cytokine production upregulation of T cell cytokine production activation of T cell cytokine production stimulation of T cell cytokine production biological_process GO:0002726 positive regulation of T cell cytokine production GO:0002726 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production. regulation of NK cell cytokine production biological_process GO:0002727 regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production GO:0002727 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production. positive regulation of NK cell cytokine production up regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production up-regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production upregulation of natural killer cell cytokine production activation of natural killer cell cytokine production stimulation of natural killer cell cytokine production biological_process GO:0002729 positive regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production GO:0002729 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion during immune response. biological_process GO:0002739 regulation of cytokine secretion during immune response GO:0002739 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion during immune response. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion during immune response. down regulation of cytokine secretion during immune response down-regulation of cytokine secretion during immune response downregulation of cytokine secretion during immune response inhibition of cytokine secretion during immune response biological_process GO:0002740 negative regulation of cytokine secretion during immune response GO:0002740 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion during immune response. GOC:add Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR). Such receptors bind for molecular patterns based on a repeating or polymeric structures, like those of polysaccharides or peptidoglycans, which are sometimes associated with potential pathogens. cell surface PAMP receptor signaling pathway cell surface PRR signaling pathway cell surface pathogen receptor signaling pathway cell surface pattern recognition receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0002752 cell surface pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway GO:0002752 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR). Such receptors bind for molecular patterns based on a repeating or polymeric structures, like those of polysaccharides or peptidoglycans, which are sometimes associated with potential pathogens. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15199967 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor and relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. MyD88-dependent TLR signaling pathway MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0002755 MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway GO:0002755 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor and relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12467241 PMID:12524386 PMID:12855817 PMID:15585605 PMID:15728447 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor not relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. MyD88-independent TLR signaling pathway MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0002756 MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway GO:0002756 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor not relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12467241 PMID:12524386 PMID:12855817 PMID:15585605 PMID:15728447 The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to activation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process GO:0002757 immune response-activating signal transduction GO:0002757 The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to activation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to activation or perpetuation of an innate immune response. biological_process GO:0002758 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. innate immune response-activating signal transduction GO:0002758 The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to activation or perpetuation of an innate immune response. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response. biological_process GO:0002759 regulation of antimicrobial humoral response GO:0002759 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0002761 regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation GO:0002761 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. down regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation down-regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation downregulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation inhibition of myeloid leukocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002762 negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation GO:0002762 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. up regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation upregulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation activation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation stimulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002763 positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation GO:0002763 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. GOC:add The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response. biological_process GO:0002764 immune response-regulating signal transduction GO:0002764 The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771571 The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to inhibition of an immune response. biological_process GO:0002765 immune response-inhibiting signal transduction GO:0002765 The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to inhibition of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of inhibiting an immune response. immune response-inhibiting cell surface receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0002767 immune response-inhibiting cell surface receptor signaling pathway GO:0002767 A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of inhibiting an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771571 A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of activating, perpetuating, or inhibiting an immune response. immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0002768 immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway GO:0002768 A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of activating, perpetuating, or inhibiting an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771571 A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response. NK cell inhibitory signaling pathway natural killer cell inhibitory signalling pathway Ly49 inhibitory receptor signaling pathway inhibitory KIR signaling pathway killer cell inhibitory receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0002769 natural killer cell inhibitory signaling pathway GO:0002769 A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771571 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production. biological_process GO:0002784 regulation of antimicrobial peptide production GO:0002784 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production. biological_process GO:0002786 regulation of antibacterial peptide production GO:0002786 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. biological_process GO:0002791 regulation of peptide secretion GO:0002791 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis. biological_process GO:0002805 regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process GO:0002805 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis. up regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process up-regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process upregulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process activation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process stimulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0002807 positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process GO:0002807 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis. biological_process GO:0002808 regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process GO:0002808 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria. biological_process GO:0002816 regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria GO:0002816 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. biological_process GO:0002819 regulation of adaptive immune response GO:0002819 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. down regulation of adaptive immune response down-regulation of adaptive immune response downregulation of adaptive immune response inhibition of adaptive immune response biological_process GO:0002820 negative regulation of adaptive immune response GO:0002820 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. up regulation of adaptive immune response up-regulation of adaptive immune response upregulation of adaptive immune response activation of adaptive immune response stimulation of adaptive immune response biological_process GO:0002821 positive regulation of adaptive immune response GO:0002821 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. regulation of adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) biological_process GO:0002822 regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains GO:0002822 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. GOC:add GOC:mtg_sensu Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. down regulation of adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) down-regulation of adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) downregulation of adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) negative regulation of adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) inhibition of adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) biological_process GO:0002823 negative regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains GO:0002823 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. GOC:add GOC:mtg_sensu Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. positive regulation of adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) up regulation of adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) up-regulation of adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) upregulation of adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) activation of adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) stimulation of adaptive immune response (sensu Gnathostomata) biological_process GO:0002824 positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains GO:0002824 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. GOC:add GOC:mtg_sensu Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response. biological_process GO:0002825 regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response GO:0002825 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response. up regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response up-regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response upregulation of T-helper 1 type immune response activation of T-helper 1 type immune response stimulation of T-helper 1 type immune response biological_process GO:0002827 positive regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response GO:0002827 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 2 type immune response. biological_process GO:0002828 regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response GO:0002828 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 2 type immune response. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 2 type immune response. down regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response down-regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response downregulation of T-helper 2 type immune response inhibition of T-helper 2 type immune response biological_process GO:0002829 negative regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response GO:0002829 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 2 type immune response. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. biological_process GO:0002831 regulation of response to biotic stimulus GO:0002831 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. down regulation of response to biotic stimulus down-regulation of response to biotic stimulus downregulation of response to biotic stimulus inhibition of response to biotic stimulus biological_process GO:0002832 negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus GO:0002832 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. up regulation of response to biotic stimulus up-regulation of response to biotic stimulus upregulation of response to biotic stimulus activation of response to biotic stimulus stimulation of response to biotic stimulus biological_process GO:0002833 positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus GO:0002833 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell. regulation of response to tumour cell biological_process GO:0002834 regulation of response to tumor cell GO:0002834 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell. positive regulation of response to tumour cell up regulation of response to tumor cell up-regulation of response to tumor cell upregulation of response to tumor cell activation of response to tumor cell stimulation of response to tumor cell biological_process GO:0002836 positive regulation of response to tumor cell GO:0002836 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell. regulation of immune response to tumour cell biological_process GO:0002837 regulation of immune response to tumor cell GO:0002837 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell. positive regulation of immune response to tumour cell up regulation of immune response to tumor cell up-regulation of immune response to tumor cell upregulation of immune response to tumor cell activation of immune response to tumor cell stimulation of immune response to tumor cell biological_process GO:0002839 positive regulation of immune response to tumor cell GO:0002839 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell. regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumour cell regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immune response to tumor cell regulation of T-cell mediated immune response to tumor cell regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immune response to tumor cell biological_process GO:0002840 regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell GO:0002840 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell. positive regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumour cell positive regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immune response to tumor cell positive regulation of T-cell mediated immune response to tumor cell positive regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immune response to tumor cell up regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell up-regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell upregulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell activation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell stimulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell biological_process GO:0002842 positive regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell GO:0002842 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction. up regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction up-regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction upregulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction activation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction stimulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction biological_process GO:0002851 positive regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance induction GO:0002851 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell. biological_process GO:0002855 regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell GO:0002855 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell. up regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell up-regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell upregulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell activation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell stimulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell biological_process GO:0002857 positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell GO:0002857 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target. biological_process GO:0002858 regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target GO:0002858 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target. up regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target up-regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target upregulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target activation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target stimulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target biological_process GO:0002860 positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target GO:0002860 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. biological_process GO:0002861 regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus GO:0002861 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. down regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus down-regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus downregulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus inhibition of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus biological_process GO:0002862 negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus GO:0002862 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. up regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus up-regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus upregulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus activation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus stimulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus biological_process GO:0002863 positive regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus GO:0002863 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. biological_process GO:0002864 regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus GO:0002864 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. down regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus down-regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus downregulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus inhibition of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus biological_process GO:0002865 negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus GO:0002865 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. up regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus up-regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus upregulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus activation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus stimulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus biological_process GO:0002866 positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus GO:0002866 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity. biological_process GO:0002883 regulation of hypersensitivity GO:0002883 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity. down regulation of hypersensitivity down-regulation of hypersensitivity downregulation of hypersensitivity inhibition of hypersensitivity biological_process GO:0002884 negative regulation of hypersensitivity GO:0002884 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity. up regulation of hypersensitivity up-regulation of hypersensitivity upregulation of hypersensitivity activation of hypersensitivity stimulation of hypersensitivity biological_process GO:0002885 positive regulation of hypersensitivity GO:0002885 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. biological_process GO:0002886 regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002886 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. up regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity upregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity activation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity stimulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002888 positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002888 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response. biological_process GO:0002889 regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response GO:0002889 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response. down regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response down-regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response downregulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response inhibition of immunoglobulin mediated immune response biological_process GO:0002890 negative regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response GO:0002890 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response. up regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response up-regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response upregulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response activation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response stimulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response biological_process GO:0002891 positive regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response GO:0002891 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity. biological_process GO:0002892 regulation of type II hypersensitivity GO:0002892 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity. up regulation of type II hypersensitivity up-regulation of type II hypersensitivity upregulation of type II hypersensitivity activation of type II hypersensitivity stimulation of type II hypersensitivity biological_process GO:0002894 positive regulation of type II hypersensitivity GO:0002894 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction. biological_process GO:0002895 regulation of central B cell tolerance induction GO:0002895 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction. up regulation of central B cell tolerance induction up-regulation of central B cell tolerance induction upregulation of central B cell tolerance induction activation of central B cell tolerance induction stimulation of central B cell tolerance induction biological_process GO:0002897 positive regulation of central B cell tolerance induction GO:0002897 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptosis. biological_process GO:0002902 regulation of B cell apoptosis GO:0002902 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptosis. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptosis. down regulation of B cell apoptosis down-regulation of B cell apoptosis downregulation of B cell apoptosis inhibition of B cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0002903 negative regulation of B cell apoptosis GO:0002903 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptosis. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptosis. up regulation of B cell apoptosis up-regulation of B cell apoptosis upregulation of B cell apoptosis activation of B cell apoptosis stimulation of B cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0002904 positive regulation of B cell apoptosis GO:0002904 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptosis. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptosis. biological_process GO:0002905 regulation of mature B cell apoptosis GO:0002905 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptosis. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptosis. down regulation of mature B cell apoptosis down-regulation of mature B cell apoptosis downregulation of mature B cell apoptosis inhibition of mature B cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0002906 negative regulation of mature B cell apoptosis GO:0002906 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptosis. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy. biological_process GO:0002911 regulation of lymphocyte anergy GO:0002911 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy. up regulation of lymphocyte anergy up-regulation of lymphocyte anergy upregulation of lymphocyte anergy activation of lymphocyte anergy stimulation of lymphocyte anergy biological_process GO:0002913 positive regulation of lymphocyte anergy GO:0002913 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response. biological_process GO:0002920 regulation of humoral immune response GO:0002920 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response. down regulation of humoral immune response down-regulation of humoral immune response downregulation of humoral immune response inhibition of humoral immune response biological_process GO:0002921 negative regulation of humoral immune response GO:0002921 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response. up regulation of humoral immune response up-regulation of humoral immune response upregulation of humoral immune response activation of humoral immune response stimulation of humoral immune response biological_process GO:0002922 positive regulation of humoral immune response GO:0002922 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin. biological_process GO:0002923 regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin GO:0002923 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin. down regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin down-regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin downregulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin inhibition of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin biological_process GO:0002924 negative regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin GO:0002924 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin. up regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin up-regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin upregulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin activation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin stimulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin biological_process GO:0002925 positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin GO:0002925 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin. GOC:add The cellular process by which a physical entity or change in state, a signal, is created that originates in one cell and is used to transfer information to another cell. This process begins with the initial formation of the signal and ends with the mature form and placement of the signal. generation of a signal involved in cell-cell signalling signal generation biological_process formation of a signal GO:0003001 generation of a signal involved in cell-cell signaling GO:0003001 The cellular process by which a physical entity or change in state, a signal, is created that originates in one cell and is used to transfer information to another cell. This process begins with the initial formation of the signal and ends with the mature form and placement of the signal. GOC:dph The pattern specification process by which an axis or axes is subdivided in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment. biological_process GO:0003002 regionalization GO:0003002 The pattern specification process by which an axis or axes is subdivided in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective. organ system process biological_process GO:0003008 system process GO:0003008 A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective. GOC:mtg_cardio A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers. biological_process muscle physiological process GO:0003012 muscle system process GO:0003012 A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers. GOC:mtg_cardio A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism. Wikipedia:Circulatory_system biological_process GO:0003013 circulatory system process GO:0003013 A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism. GOC:mtg_cardio A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange. biological_process GO:0003016 respiratory system process GO:0003016 A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange. GOC:mtg_cardio The series of events in which an oxygen stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process GO:0003032 detection of oxygen GO:0003032 The series of events in which an oxygen stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:mtg_cardio The regulation of blood pressure mediated by biochemical signaling: hormonal, autocrine or paracrine. blood pressure regulation mediated by a chemical signal biological_process GO:0003044 regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure mediated by a chemical signal GO:0003044 The regulation of blood pressure mediated by biochemical signaling: hormonal, autocrine or paracrine. GOC:mtg_cardio The drinking behavior that is mediated by the action of angiotensin in the brain. Angiotensin stimulates the brain centers that control thirst. angiotensin mediated drinking behavior biological_process GO:0003051 angiotensin-mediated drinking behavior GO:0003051 The drinking behavior that is mediated by the action of angiotensin in the brain. Angiotensin stimulates the brain centers that control thirst. GOC:mtg_cardio angiotensin mediated drinking behavior GOC:dph GOC:tb The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. biological_process GO:0003073 regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure GO:0003073 The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. GOC:mtg_cardio The process by which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. blood pressure regulation by renin-angiotensin biological_process GO:0003081 regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin GO:0003081 The process by which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. GOC:mtg_cardio Elemental activities, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions. molecular function molecular function unknown molecular_function GO:0003674 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this. molecular_function GO:0003674 Elemental activities, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with any nucleic acid. molecular_function GO:0003676 nucleic acid binding GO:0003676 Interacting selectively with any nucleic acid. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). plasmid binding molecular_function microtubule/chromatin interaction GO:0003677 DNA binding GO:0003677 Interacting selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). GOC:jl The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. molecular_function GO:0003700 transcription factor activity GO:0003700 The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. GOC:curators Interacting selectively with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. molecular_function GO:0003723 RNA binding GO:0003723 Interacting selectively with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with single-stranded RNA. molecular_function GO:0003727 single-stranded RNA binding GO:0003727 Interacting selectively with single-stranded RNA. GOC:jl Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan heteropolymers of the prokaryotes cell walls and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrins. EC:3.2.1.17 MetaCyc:3.2.1.17-RXN 1,4-N-acetylmuramidase activity N,O-diacetylmuramidase activity mucopeptide N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase activity mucopeptide glucohydrolase activity muramidase activity peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase activity molecular_function L-7001 PR1-lysozyme globulin G globulin G1 lysozyme g GO:0003796 lysozyme activity GO:0003796 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan heteropolymers of the prokaryotes cell walls and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrins. EC:3.2.1.17 peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase activity EC:3.2.1.17 L-7001 EC:3.2.1.17 PR1-lysozyme EC:3.2.1.17 globulin G EC:3.2.1.17 globulin G1 EC:3.2.1.17 lysozyme g EC:3.2.1.17 Catalysis of the reaction: protein glutamine + alkylamine = protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3. This reaction is the formation of the N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine isopeptide, resulting in cross-linking polypeptide chains; the gamma-carboxamide groups of peptidyl-glutamine residues act as acyl donors, and the 6-amino-groups of peptidyl-lysine residues act as acceptors, to give intra- and intermolecular N6-(5-glutamyl)lysine cross-links. EC:2.3.2.13 MetaCyc:2.3.2.13-RXN RESID:AA0124 Reactome:11549 R-glutaminyl-peptide:amine gamma-glutamyl transferase activity TGase activity fibrinoligase activity glutaminylpeptide gamma-glutamyltransferase activity protein-glutamine:amine gamma-glutamyltransferase transglutaminase activity tissue transglutaminase molecular_function factor XIIIa fibrin stabilizing factor polyamine transglutaminase activity GO:0003810 protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity GO:0003810 Catalysis of the reaction: protein glutamine + alkylamine = protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3. This reaction is the formation of the N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine isopeptide, resulting in cross-linking polypeptide chains; the gamma-carboxamide groups of peptidyl-glutamine residues act as acyl donors, and the 6-amino-groups of peptidyl-lysine residues act as acceptors, to give intra- and intermolecular N6-(5-glutamyl)lysine cross-links. EC:2.3.2.13 RESID:AA0124 R-glutaminyl-peptide:amine gamma-glutamyl transferase activity EC:2.3.2.13 glutaminylpeptide gamma-glutamyltransferase activity EC:2.3.2.13 protein-glutamine:amine gamma-glutamyltransferase EC:2.3.2.13 tissue transglutaminase EC:2.3.2.13 factor XIIIa EC:2.3.2.13 fibrin stabilizing factor EC:2.3.2.13 polyamine transglutaminase activity EC:2.3.2.13 Interacting selectively with an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen. molecular_function B cell receptor activity antibody immunoglobulin opsonin activity GO:0003823 antigen binding GO:0003823 Interacting selectively with an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0721662544 Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. Wikipedia:Enzyme enzyme activity molecular_function GO:0003824 catalytic activity GO:0003824 Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. ISBN:0198506732 enzyme activity GOC:dph GOC:tb Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine = UDP + 1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine. EC:2.4.1.45 MetaCyc:2.4.1.45-RXN UDP-galactose-ceramide galactosyltransferase activity UDP-galactose:2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine 1-beta-D-galactosyl-transferase activity UDPgalactose-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase activity UDPgalactose:2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine 1-beta-D-galactosyl-transferase activity UDPgalactose:2-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase activity UDPgalactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase activity cerebroside synthase activity uridine diphosphogalactose-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase activity molecular_function GO:0003851 2-hydroxyacylsphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase activity GO:0003851 Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine = UDP + 1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine. EC:2.4.1.45 UDP-galactose-ceramide galactosyltransferase activity EC:2.4.1.45 UDP-galactose:2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine 1-beta-D-galactosyl-transferase activity EC:2.4.1.45 UDPgalactose-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase activity EC:2.4.1.45 UDPgalactose:2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine 1-beta-D-galactosyl-transferase activity EC:2.4.1.45 UDPgalactose:2-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase activity EC:2.4.1.45 UDPgalactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase activity EC:2.4.1.45 cerebroside synthase activity EC:2.4.1.45 uridine diphosphogalactose-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase activity EC:2.4.1.45 Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH + H+. beta-ketoacyl-CoA reductase EC:1.1.1.35 MetaCyc:OHACYL-COA-DEHYDROG-RXN Reactome:11645 UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0664 L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activity L-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity beta-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase activity beta-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A synthetase activity beta-hydroxyacylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase activity beta-hydroxybutyrylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase activity beta-keto-reductase activity molecular_function GO:0003857 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity GO:0003857 Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH + H+. EC:1.1.1.35 beta-ketoacyl-CoA reductase EC:1.1.1.35 L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activity EC:1.1.1.35 L-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity EC:1.1.1.35 beta-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase activity EC:1.1.1.35 beta-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A synthetase activity EC:1.1.1.35 beta-hydroxyacylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase activity EC:1.1.1.35 beta-hydroxybutyrylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase activity EC:1.1.1.35 beta-keto-reductase activity EC:1.1.1.35 Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate. EC:3.1.1.7 MetaCyc:ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE-RXN acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase activity acetylcholine acetylhydrolase activity acetylcholine hydrolase activity acetylthiocholinesterase activity choline esterase I activity true cholinesterase activity molecular_function AcCholE GO:0003990 acetylcholinesterase activity GO:0003990 Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate. EC:3.1.1.7 acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.7 acetylcholine acetylhydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.7 acetylcholine hydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.7 acetylthiocholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.7 choline esterase I activity EC:3.1.1.7 true cholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.7 AcCholE EC:3.1.1.7 Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-(5S)-5-hydroperoxycosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoate. leukotriene A4 synthase EC:1.13.11.34 MetaCyc:ARACHIDONATE-5-LIPOXYGENASE-RXN 5-delta-lipoxygenase activity 5-lipoxygenase activity 5Delta-lipoxygenase activity arachidonate:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase activity arachidonic 5-lipoxygenase activity arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase activity delta5-lipoxygenase activity leukotriene-A4 synthase activity LTA synthase activity leukotriene-A(4) synthase activity molecular_function C-5-lipoxygenase activity delta(5)-lipoxygenase activity GO:0004051 arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activity GO:0004051 Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-(5S)-5-hydroperoxycosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoate. EC:1.13.11.34 leukotriene A4 synthase EC:1.13.11.34 5-delta-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.34 5-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.34 5Delta-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.34 arachidonate:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase activity EC:1.13.11.34 arachidonic 5-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.34 arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.34 delta5-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.34 leukotriene-A4 synthase activity EC:1.13.11.34 LTA synthase activity EC:1.13.11.34 leukotriene-A(4) synthase activity EC:1.13.11.34 C-5-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.34 delta(5)-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.34 Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-(12S)-12-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoate. leukotriene A4 synthase EC:1.13.11.31 MetaCyc:ARACHIDONATE-12-LIPOXYGENASE-RXN 12Delta-lipoxygenase activity 12S-lipoxygenase activity C-12 lipoxygenase activity LTA4 synthase activity arachidonate:oxygen 12-oxidoreductase activity delta12-lipoxygenase activity molecular_function 12-lipoxygenase activity GO:0004052 arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase activity GO:0004052 Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-(12S)-12-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoate. EC:1.13.11.31 leukotriene A4 synthase EC:1.13.11.31 12Delta-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.31 12S-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.31 C-12 lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.31 LTA4 synthase activity EC:1.13.11.31 arachidonate:oxygen 12-oxidoreductase activity EC:1.13.11.31 delta12-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.31 12-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.31 Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H2O = L-ornithine + urea. EC:3.5.3.1 MetaCyc:ARGINASE-RXN Reactome:7167 L-arginase activity L-arginine amidinohydrolase activity arginine amidinase activity arginine transamidinase activity canavanase activity molecular_function GO:0004053 arginase activity GO:0004053 Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H2O = L-ornithine + urea. EC:3.5.3.1 L-arginase activity EC:3.5.3.1 L-arginine amidinohydrolase activity EC:3.5.3.1 arginine amidinase activity EC:3.5.3.1 arginine transamidinase activity EC:3.5.3.1 canavanase activity EC:3.5.3.1 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate. EC:6.3.4.5 MetaCyc:ARGSUCCINSYN-RXN Reactome:7171 L-citrulline:L-aspartate ligase (AMP-forming) arginine succinate synthetase activity argininosuccinate synthetase activity argininosuccinic acid synthetase activity arginosuccinate synthetase activity citrulline--aspartate ligase activity molecular_function GO:0004055 argininosuccinate synthase activity GO:0004055 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate. EC:6.3.4.5 L-citrulline:L-aspartate ligase (AMP-forming) EC:6.3.4.5 arginine succinate synthetase activity EC:6.3.4.5 argininosuccinate synthetase activity EC:6.3.4.5 argininosuccinic acid synthetase activity EC:6.3.4.5 arginosuccinate synthetase activity EC:6.3.4.5 citrulline--aspartate ligase activity EC:6.3.4.5 Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylic anion. EC:3.1.1 EC:3.1.1.1 MetaCyc:CARBOXYLESTERASE-RXN UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0631 ali-esterase activity alpha-carboxylesterase activity carboxyesterase activity carboxyl ester hydrolase activity carboxylate esterase activity carboxylic acid esterase activity carboxylic ester hydrolase activity carboxylic esterase activity carboxylic-ester hydrolase activity nonspecific carboxylesterase activity serine esterase activity cocaine esterase activity procaine esterase activity triacetin esterase vitamin A esterase molecular_function Ali-esterase activity B-esterase activity esterase A esterase B GO:0004091 carboxylesterase activity GO:0004091 carboxylate esterase activity EC:3.1.1 carboxylic esterase activity EC:3.1.1 carboxylic-ester hydrolase activity EC:3.1.1 nonspecific carboxylesterase activity EC:3.1.1 cocaine esterase activity EC:3.1.1 procaine esterase activity EC:3.1.1 triacetin esterase EC:3.1.1 vitamin A esterase EC:3.1.1 Ali-esterase activity EC:3.1.1 B-esterase activity EC:3.1.1 esterase A EC:3.1.1 esterase B EC:3.1.1 Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylic anion. EC:3.1.1.1 ali-esterase activity EC:3.1.1 alpha-carboxylesterase activity EC:3.1.1 carboxyesterase activity EC:3.1.1 carboxyl ester hydrolase activity EC:3.1.1 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + choline = ADP + O-phosphocholine. EC:2.7.1.32 MetaCyc:CHOLINE-KINASE-RXN ATP:choline phosphotransferase activity choline kinase (phosphorylating) choline phosphokinase activity choline-ethanolamine kinase activity molecular_function GO:0004103 choline kinase activity GO:0004103 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + choline = ADP + O-phosphocholine. EC:2.7.1.32 ATP:choline phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.1.32 choline kinase (phosphorylating) EC:2.7.1.32 choline phosphokinase activity EC:2.7.1.32 choline-ethanolamine kinase activity EC:2.7.1.32 Catalysis of the reaction: an acylcholine + H2O = choline + a carboxylic acid anion. EC:3.1.1.8 MetaCyc:CHOLINESTERASE-RXN BtChoEase activity acylcholine acylhydrolase activity anticholineesterase activity benzoylcholinesterase activity butyrylcholine esterase activity butyrylcholinesterase activity choline esterase II (unspecific) activity choline esterase activity non-specific cholinesterase activity propionylcholinesterase activity pseudocholinesterase activity molecular_function GO:0004104 cholinesterase activity GO:0004104 Catalysis of the reaction: an acylcholine + H2O = choline + a carboxylic acid anion. EC:3.1.1.8 BtChoEase activity EC:3.1.1.8 acylcholine acylhydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.8 anticholineesterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 benzoylcholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 butyrylcholine esterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 butyrylcholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 choline esterase II (unspecific) activity EC:3.1.1.8 choline esterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 non-specific cholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 propionylcholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 pseudocholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + L-homocysteine = cystathionine + H2O. EC:4.2.1.22 MetaCyc:CYSTATHIONINE-BETA-SYNTHASE-RXN L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine) L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine; L-cystathionine-forming) beta-thionase activity methylcysteine synthase activity serine sulfhydrase activity serine sulfhydrylase activity molecular_function GO:0004122 cystathionine beta-synthase activity GO:0004122 Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + L-homocysteine = cystathionine + H2O. EC:4.2.1.22 L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine) EC:4.2.1.22 L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine; L-cystathionine-forming) EC:4.2.1.22 beta-thionase activity EC:4.2.1.22 methylcysteine synthase activity EC:4.2.1.22 serine sulfhydrase activity EC:4.2.1.22 serine sulfhydrylase activity EC:4.2.1.22 Catalysis of the reaction: L-cystathionine + H2O = L-cysteine + NH3 + 2-oxobutanoate. EC:4.4.1.1 MetaCyc:CYSTAGLY-RXN L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating) L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating; 2-oxobutanoate-forming) cystathionase activity cystathioninase activity cysteine desulfhydrase activity cystine desulfhydrase activity gamma-cystathionase activity homoserine deaminase activity homoserine deaminase-cystathionase activity homoserine dehydratase activity molecular_function cystalysin gamma-CTL GO:0004123 cystathionine gamma-lyase activity GO:0004123 Catalysis of the reaction: L-cystathionine + H2O = L-cysteine + NH3 + 2-oxobutanoate. EC:4.4.1.1 L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating) EC:4.4.1.1 L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating; 2-oxobutanoate-forming) EC:4.4.1.1 cystathionase activity EC:4.4.1.1 cystathioninase activity EC:4.4.1.1 cystine desulfhydrase activity EC:4.4.1.1 gamma-cystathionase activity EC:4.4.1.1 homoserine deaminase activity EC:4.4.1.1 homoserine deaminase-cystathionase activity EC:4.4.1.1 homoserine dehydratase activity EC:4.4.1.1 cystalysin EC:4.4.1.1 gamma-CTL EC:4.4.1.1 Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O = 3-ureidopropionate. EC:3.5.2.2 MetaCyc:DIHYDROPYRIMIDINASE-RXN Reactome:8430 5,6-dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase activity D-hydantoinase activity hydantoin peptidase activity hydantoinase activity hydropyrimidine hydrase activity pyrimidine hydrase activity molecular_function GO:0004157 dihydropyrimidinase activity GO:0004157 Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O = 3-ureidopropionate. EC:3.5.2.2 5,6-dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase activity EC:3.5.2.2 D-hydantoinase activity EC:3.5.2.2 hydantoin peptidase activity EC:3.5.2.2 hydantoinase activity EC:3.5.2.2 hydropyrimidine hydrase activity EC:3.5.2.2 pyrimidine hydrase activity EC:3.5.2.2 Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopachrome = 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate. dopachrome conversion activity dopachrome conversion factor activity EC:5.3.3.12 MetaCyc:DOPACHROME-DELTA-ISOMERASE-RXN DCF activity DCT activity L-dopachrome isomerase activity L-dopachrome keto-enol isomerase activity L-dopachrome-methyl ester tautomerase activity TRP activity dopachrome Delta(7),Delta(2)-isomerase activity dopachrome delta-isomerase activity dopachrome delta7,Delta2-isomerase activity dopachrome keto-enol isomerase activity dopachrome oxidoreductase activity dopachrome rearranging enzyme activity dopachrome tautomerase activity tyrosinase-related protein 2 activity molecular_function TRP-1 TRP-2 TRP2 dopachrome-rearranging enzyme tryosinase-related protein-2 GO:0004167 dopachrome isomerase activity GO:0004167 Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopachrome = 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate. EC:5.3.3.12 dopachrome conversion factor activity EC:5.3.3.12 DCF activity EC:5.3.3.12 DCT activity EC:5.3.3.12 L-dopachrome isomerase activity EC:5.3.3.12 L-dopachrome keto-enol isomerase activity EC:5.3.3.12 L-dopachrome-methyl ester tautomerase activity EC:5.3.3.12 TRP activity EC:5.3.3.12 dopachrome Delta(7),Delta(2)-isomerase activity EC:5.3.3.12 dopachrome delta7,Delta2-isomerase activity EC:5.3.3.12 dopachrome keto-enol isomerase activity EC:5.3.3.12 dopachrome oxidoreductase activity EC:5.3.3.12 dopachrome rearranging enzyme activity EC:5.3.3.12 dopachrome tautomerase activity EC:5.3.3.12 tyrosinase-related protein 2 activity EC:5.3.3.12 TRP-1 EC:5.3.3.12 TRP-2 EC:5.3.3.12 TRP2 EC:5.3.3.12 dopachrome-rearranging enzyme EC:5.3.3.12 tryosinase-related protein-2 EC:5.3.3.12 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ethanolamine = ADP + O-phosphoethanolamine. EC:2.7.1.82 MetaCyc:ETHANOLAMINE-KINASE-RXN ATP:ethanolamine O-phosphotransferase activity ethanolamine kinase (phosphorylating) ethanolamine phosphokinase activity molecular_function GO:0004305 ethanolamine kinase activity GO:0004305 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ethanolamine = ADP + O-phosphoethanolamine. EC:2.7.1.82 ATP:ethanolamine O-phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.1.82 ethanolamine kinase (phosphorylating) EC:2.7.1.82 ethanolamine phosphokinase activity EC:2.7.1.82 Catalysis of the reaction: 4 Fe2+ + 4 H+ + O2 = 4 Fe3+ + 2 H2O. EC:1.16.3.1 MetaCyc:RXN0-1483 Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase activity ferro:O2 oxidoreductase activity ferroxidase, iron II:oxygen oxidoreductase activity iron(II): oxygen oxidoreductase activity ceruloplasmin activity multicopper ferroxidase iron transport mediator activity molecular_function caeruloplasmin ferroxidase I GO:0004322 ferroxidase activity GO:0004322 Catalysis of the reaction: 4 Fe2+ + 4 H+ + O2 = 4 Fe3+ + 2 H2O. EC:1.16.3.1 Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase activity EC:1.16.3.1 ferro:O2 oxidoreductase activity EC:1.16.3.1 ferroxidase, iron II:oxygen oxidoreductase activity EC:1.16.3.1 iron(II): oxygen oxidoreductase activity EC:1.16.3.1 ceruloplasmin activity EC:1.16.3.1 caeruloplasmin EC:1.16.3.1 ferroxidase I EC:1.16.3.1 Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2. aspartic alpha-decarboxylase EC:4.1.1.15 MetaCyc:GLUTDECARBOX-RXN L-aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase activity L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase (4-aminobutanoate-forming) L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase activity L-glutamate alpha-decarboxylase activity L-glutamic acid decarboxylase activity L-glutamic decarboxylase activity cysteic acid decarboxylase activity gamma-glutamate decarboxylase activity molecular_function GO:0004351 glutamate decarboxylase activity GO:0004351 Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2. EC:4.1.1.15 aspartic alpha-decarboxylase EC:4.1.1.15 L-aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.15 L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase (4-aminobutanoate-forming) EC:4.1.1.15 L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase activity EC:4.1.1.15 L-glutamate alpha-decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.15 L-glutamic acid decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.15 L-glutamic decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.15 cysteic acid decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.15 gamma-glutamate decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.15 Catalysis of the reaction: R-X + glutathione = H-X + R-S-glutathione. R may be an aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic group; X may be a sulfate, nitrile or halide group. EC:2.5.1.18 MetaCyc:GSHTRAN-RXN Reactome:10527 RX:glutathione R-transferase activity S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase activity glutathione S-alkyl transferase activity glutathione S-alkyltransferase activity glutathione S-aralkyltransferase activity glutathione S-aryltransferase activity glutathione S-transferase activity glutathione conjugation reaction molecular_function GO:0004364 glutathione transferase activity GO:0004364 Catalysis of the reaction: R-X + glutathione = H-X + R-S-glutathione. R may be an aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic group; X may be a sulfate, nitrile or halide group. EC:2.5.1.18 RX:glutathione R-transferase activity EC:2.5.1.18 S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase activity EC:2.5.1.18 glutathione S-alkyl transferase activity EC:2.5.1.18 glutathione S-alkyltransferase activity EC:2.5.1.18 glutathione S-aralkyltransferase activity EC:2.5.1.18 glutathione S-aryltransferase activity EC:2.5.1.18 glutathione S-transferase activity EC:2.5.1.18 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GMP = ADP + GDP. EC:2.7.4.8 MetaCyc:GUANYL-KIN-RXN 5'-GMP kinase activity ATP:(d)GMP phosphotransferase activity ATP:GMP phosphotransferase activity GMP kinase activity guanosine monophosphate kinase activity membrane-associated guanylate kinase molecular_function deoxyguanylate kinase activity GO:0004385 guanylate kinase activity GO:0004385 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GMP = ADP + GDP. EC:2.7.4.8 5'-GMP kinase activity EC:2.7.4.8 ATP:(d)GMP phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.4.8 ATP:GMP phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.4.8 GMP kinase activity EC:2.7.4.8 guanosine monophosphate kinase activity EC:2.7.4.8 deoxyguanylate kinase activity EC:2.7.4.8 Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidine = histamine + CO2. EC:4.1.1.22 MetaCyc:HISTIDINE-DECARBOXYLASE-RXN L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming) L-histidine carboxy-lyase activity L-histidine decarboxylase activity molecular_function GO:0004398 histidine decarboxylase activity GO:0004398 Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidine = histamine + CO2. EC:4.1.1.22 L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming) EC:4.1.1.22 L-histidine carboxy-lyase activity EC:4.1.1.22 L-histidine decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.22 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of myo-inositol (1,2,3,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol) or a phosphatidylinositol. inositol/phosphatidylinositol kinase activity molecular_function GO:0004428 inositol or phosphatidylinositol kinase activity GO:0004428 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of myo-inositol (1,2,3,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol) or a phosphatidylinositol. GOC:hb Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate. PI kinase activity PI4-kinase activity PI4K PI4K-alpha activity PtdIns-4-kinase activity phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity phosphatidylinositol kinase (phosphorylating) activity phosphatidylinositol kinase activity EC:2.7.1.67 MetaCyc:1-PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-KINASE-RXN ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphotransferase activity PI 4-kinase activity molecular_function type II phosphatidylinositol kinase activity GO:0004430 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity GO:0004430 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate. EC:2.7.1.67 PMID:9759495 PI kinase activity EC:2.7.1.67 PI4-kinase activity EC:2.7.1.67 PI4K EC:2.7.1.67 PI4K-alpha activity EC:2.7.1.67 PtdIns-4-kinase activity EC:2.7.1.67 phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity EC:2.7.1.67 phosphatidylinositol kinase (phosphorylating) activity EC:2.7.1.67 phosphatidylinositol kinase activity EC:2.7.1.67 ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.1.67 PI 4-kinase activity EC:2.7.1.67 type II phosphatidylinositol kinase activity EC:2.7.1.67 Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+. EC:1.5.1.- 5,10-methylene-THF dehydrogenase activity N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity molecular_function GO:0004486 methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity GO:0004486 Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+. EC:1.5.1.- EC:1.5.1.15 5,10-methylene-THF dehydrogenase activity GOC:vw N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity EC:1.5.1.5 Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+. EC:1.5.1.15 MetaCyc:1.5.1.15-RXN 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NAD+ oxidoreductase molecular_function GO:0004487 methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity GO:0004487 Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+. EC:1.5.1.15 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity EC:1.5.1.5 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NAD+ oxidoreductase EC:1.5.1.15 Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADPH + H+. EC:1.5.1.5 MetaCyc:METHYLENETHFDEHYDROG-NADP-RXN 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NADP oxidoreductase activity 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity molecular_function GO:0004488 methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity GO:0004488 Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADPH + H+. EC:1.5.1.5 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NADP oxidoreductase activity EC:1.5.1.5 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity EC:1.5.1.5 Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water. molecular_function GO:0004497 monooxygenase activity GO:0004497 Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water. ISBN:0198506732 http://www.onelook.com/ Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine + ascorbate + O2 = noradrenaline + dehydroascorbate + H2O. EC:1.14.17.1 MetaCyc:DOPAMINE-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine)beta-mono-oxygenase activity 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine beta-oxidase activity 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating) 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol beta-oxidase activity dopa beta-hydroxylase activity dopamine b-hydroxylase activity dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity dopamine beta-oxidase activity dopamine hydroxylase activity dopamine-B-hydroxylase activity oxygenase, dopamine beta-mono- phenylamine beta-hydroxylase activity molecular_function MDBH (membrane-associated dopamine beta-monooxygenase) SDBH (soluble dopamine beta-monooxygenase) GO:0004500 dopamine beta-monooxygenase activity GO:0004500 Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine + ascorbate + O2 = noradrenaline + dehydroascorbate + H2O. EC:1.14.17.1 (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine)beta-mono-oxygenase activity EC:1.14.17.1 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine beta-oxidase activity EC:1.14.17.1 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating) EC:1.14.17.1 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol beta-oxidase activity EC:1.14.17.1 dopa beta-hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.17.1 dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.17.1 dopamine beta-oxidase activity EC:1.14.17.1 dopamine hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.17.1 dopamine-B-hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.17.1 oxygenase, dopamine beta-mono- EC:1.14.17.1 phenylamine beta-hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.17.1 MDBH (membrane-associated dopamine beta-monooxygenase) EC:1.14.17.1 SDBH (soluble dopamine beta-monooxygenase) EC:1.14.17.1 Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O. EC:1.14.16.4 MetaCyc:TRYPTOPHAN-5-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN L-tryptophan hydroxylase activity L-tryptophan,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating) indoleacetic acid-5-hydroxylase activity tryptophan 5-hydroxylase activity tryptophan hydroxylase activity molecular_function GO:0004510 tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activity GO:0004510 Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O. EC:1.14.16.4 L-tryptophan,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating) EC:1.14.16.4 indoleacetic acid-5-hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.16.4 tryptophan 5-hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.16.4 tryptophan hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.16.4 Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O. EC:1.14.16.2 MetaCyc:TYROSINE-3-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN L-tyrosine hydroxylase activity L-tyrosine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) tyrosine 3-hydroxylase activity tyrosine hydroxylase activity molecular_function GO:0004511 tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity GO:0004511 Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O. EC:1.14.16.2 L-tyrosine hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.16.2 L-tyrosine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) EC:1.14.16.2 Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate; requires NAD, which dehydrogenates the CHOH group to CO at C-5 of the glucose 6-phosphate, making C-6 into an active methylene, able to condense with the aldehyde at C-1. Finally, the enzyme-bound NADH reconverts C-5 into the CHOH form. EC:5.5.1.4 MetaCyc:MYO-INOSITOL-1-PHOSPHATE-SYNTHASE-RXN 1L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate lyase (isomerizing) D-glucose 6-phosphate cycloaldolase activity glucocycloaldolase activity glucose 6-phosphate cyclase activity glucose-6-phosphate inositol monophosphate cycloaldolase activity inositol 1-phosphate synthatase activity inositol 1-phosphate synthetase activity myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase activity molecular_function GO:0004512 inositol-3-phosphate synthase activity GO:0004512 Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate; requires NAD, which dehydrogenates the CHOH group to CO at C-5 of the glucose 6-phosphate, making C-6 into an active methylene, able to condense with the aldehyde at C-1. Finally, the enzyme-bound NADH reconverts C-5 into the CHOH form. EC:5.5.1.4 1L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate lyase (isomerizing) EC:5.5.1.4 D-glucose 6-phosphate cycloaldolase activity EC:5.5.1.4 glucocycloaldolase activity EC:5.5.1.4 glucose 6-phosphate cyclase activity EC:5.5.1.4 glucose-6-phosphate inositol monophosphate cycloaldolase activity EC:5.5.1.4 inositol 1-phosphate synthatase activity EC:5.5.1.4 inositol 1-phosphate synthetase activity EC:5.5.1.4 Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + n NADPH + n H+ + m O2 = citrulline + nitric oxide + n NADP+. EC:1.14.13.39 MetaCyc:NITRIC-OXIDE-SYNTHASE-RXN L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (nitric-oxide-forming) activity NADPH-diaphorase activity NO synthase activity nitric oxide synthase activity nitric oxide synthetase activity nitric-oxide synthetase activity molecular_function endothelium-derived relaxation factor-forming enzyme activity endothelium-derived relaxing factor synthase activity GO:0004517 nitric-oxide synthase activity GO:0004517 Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + n NADPH + n H+ + m O2 = citrulline + nitric oxide + n NADP+. EC:1.14.13.39 L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (nitric-oxide-forming) activity EC:1.14.13.39 NADPH-diaphorase activity EC:1.14.13.39 NO synthase activity EC:1.14.13.39 nitric oxide synthetase activity EC:1.14.13.39 nitric-oxide synthetase activity EC:1.14.13.39 endothelium-derived relaxation factor-forming enzyme activity EC:1.14.13.39 endothelium-derived relaxing factor synthase activity EC:1.14.13.39 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any O-glycosyl bond. EC:3.2.1 O-glucosyl hydrolase activity molecular_function GO:0004553 hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds GO:0004553 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any O-glycosyl bond. GOC:mah Catalysis of the reaction: donor + H2O2 = oxidized donor + 2 H2O. EC:1.11.1.7 MetaCyc:PEROXID-RXN Reactome:4411 donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity oxyperoxidase activity peroxidase reaction bacterial catalase-peroxidase activity eosinophil peroxidase activity extensin peroxidase guaiacol peroxidase heme peroxidase horseradish peroxidase (HRP) japanese radish peroxidase lactoperoxidase activity myeloperoxidase activity protoheme peroxidase pyrocatechol peroxidase scopoletin peroxidase thiocyanate peroxidase verdoperoxidase molecular_function MPO GO:0004601 peroxidase activity GO:0004601 Catalysis of the reaction: donor + H2O2 = oxidized donor + 2 H2O. EC:1.11.1.7 donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity EC:1.11.1.7 oxyperoxidase activity EC:1.11.1.7 extensin peroxidase EC:1.11.1.7 guaiacol peroxidase EC:1.11.1.7 heme peroxidase EC:1.11.1.7 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) EC:1.11.1.7 japanese radish peroxidase EC:1.11.1.7 protoheme peroxidase EC:1.11.1.7 pyrocatechol peroxidase EC:1.11.1.7 scopoletin peroxidase EC:1.11.1.7 thiocyanate peroxidase EC:1.11.1.7 verdoperoxidase EC:1.11.1.7 MPO EC:1.11.1.7 Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + H2O2 = oxidized glutathione + 2 H2O. EC:1.11.1.9 MetaCyc:GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE-RXN Reactome:13237 GSH peroxidase activity glutathione:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity reduced glutathione peroxidase activity selenium-glutathione peroxidase activity non-selenium glutathione peroxidase activity molecular_function GO:0004602 glutathione peroxidase activity GO:0004602 Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + H2O2 = oxidized glutathione + 2 H2O. EC:1.11.1.9 GSH peroxidase activity EC:1.11.1.9 glutathione:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity EC:1.11.1.9 reduced glutathione peroxidase activity EC:1.11.1.9 selenium-glutathione peroxidase activity EC:1.11.1.9 Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine. EC:2.1.1.17 MetaCyc:2.1.1.17-RXN LMTase activity S-adenosyl-L-methionine:phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity lipid methyl transferase activity phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methylase activity phosphatidylethanolamine-S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase activity molecular_function PEMT GO:0004608 phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity GO:0004608 Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine. EC:2.1.1.17 LMTase activity EC:2.1.1.17 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.17 lipid methyl transferase activity EC:2.1.1.17 phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.17 phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methylase activity EC:2.1.1.17 phosphatidylethanolamine-S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.17 PEMT EC:2.1.1.17 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid. EC:3.1.1.- molecular_function GO:0004620 phospholipase activity GO:0004620 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. EC:3.1.1.4 MetaCyc:PHOSPHOLIPASE-A2-RXN lecithinase A activity phosphatidolipase activity phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase activity cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity secreted phospholipase A2 activity molecular_function phosphatidase activity phospholipase A GO:0004623 phospholipase A2 activity GO:0004623 Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. EC:3.1.1.4 lecithinase A activity EC:3.1.1.4 phosphatidolipase activity EC:3.1.1.4 phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.4 phosphatidase activity EC:3.1.1.4 phospholipase A EC:3.1.1.4 Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidate. molecular_function lecithinase C activity lipophosphodiesterase C phosphatidase C GO:0004629 phospholipase C activity GO:0004629 Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidate. EC:3.1.4.3 EC:3.1.4.4 GOC:mah lecithinase C activity EC:3.1.4.3 lipophosphodiesterase C EC:3.1.4.3 phosphatidase C EC:3.1.4.3 Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = choline + a phosphatidate. EC:3.1.4.4 MetaCyc:PHOSPHOLIPASE-D-RXN choline phosphatase activity lecithinase D activity lipophosphodiesterase II activity phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase activity molecular_function GO:0004630 phospholipase D activity GO:0004630 Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = choline + a phosphatidate. EC:3.1.4.4 choline phosphatase activity EC:3.1.4.4 lecithinase D activity EC:3.1.4.4 lipophosphodiesterase II activity EC:3.1.4.4 phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase activity EC:3.1.4.4 Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O. EC:4.2.1.11 MetaCyc:2PGADEHYDRAT-RXN Reactome:13384 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming) 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase activity 2-phospho-D-glycerate-hydrolase activity 2-phosphoglycerate dehydratase activity 2-phosphoglycerate enolase activity 2-phosphoglyceric dehydratase activity enolase activity gamma-enolase activity phosphoenolpyruvate hydratase activity nervous-system specific enolase molecular_function 14-3-2-protein GO:0004634 phosphopyruvate hydratase activity GO:0004634 Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O. EC:4.2.1.11 ISBN:0198506732 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming) EC:4.2.1.11 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase activity EC:4.2.1.11 2-phosphoglycerate dehydratase activity EC:4.2.1.11 2-phosphoglycerate enolase activity EC:4.2.1.11 2-phosphoglyceric dehydratase activity EC:4.2.1.11 enolase activity EC:4.2.1.11 gamma-enolase activity EC:4.2.1.11 phosphoenolpyruvate hydratase activity EC:4.2.1.11 nervous-system specific enolase EC:4.2.1.11 14-3-2-protein EC:4.2.1.11 Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O. EC:1.14.99.1 MetaCyc:PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE-SYNTHASE-RXN Reactome:13496 (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase activity (PG)H synthase activity PG synthetase activity fatty acid cyclooxygenase activity prostaglandin G/H synthase activity prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase activity prostaglandin synthase activity prostaglandin synthetase activity molecular_function GO:0004666 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity GO:0004666 Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O. EC:1.14.99.1 (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase activity EC:1.14.99.1 (PG)H synthase activity EC:1.14.99.1 PG synthetase activity EC:1.14.99.1 fatty acid cyclooxygenase activity EC:1.14.99.1 prostaglandin G/H synthase activity EC:1.14.99.1 prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase activity EC:1.14.99.1 prostaglandin synthase activity EC:1.14.99.1 prostaglandin synthetase activity EC:1.14.99.1 Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate. EC:5.3.99.2 MetaCyc:PROSTAGLANDIN-D-SYNTHASE-RXN (5,13)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate D-isomerase activity PGD2 synthase activity PGH-PGD isomerase activity prostaglandin D2 synthase activity prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase activity prostaglandin-R-prostaglandin D isomerase activity molecular_function GO:0004667 prostaglandin-D synthase activity GO:0004667 Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate. EC:5.3.99.2 (5,13)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate D-isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.2 PGD2 synthase activity EC:5.3.99.2 PGH-PGD isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.2 prostaglandin D2 synthase activity EC:5.3.99.2 prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.2 prostaglandin-R-prostaglandin D isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.2 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN Reactome:4030 protamine kinase activity molecular_function GO:0004672 Note that triphosphate is used as a phosphate donor by at least one kinase. protein kinase activity GO:0004672 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein serine/threonine = ADP + protein serine/threonine phosphate. GO:0004700 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity phosphorylase b kinase kinase activity protein kinase A activity EC:2.7.11 EC:2.7.11.- Reactome:4028 protein serine-threonine kinase activity serine(threonine) protein kinase activity serine/threonine protein kinase activity A-kinase activity AP50 kinase activity ATP-protein transphosphorylase activity ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) activity Hpr kinase activity M phase-specific cdc2 kinase activity Prp4 protein kinase activity Raf kinase activity T-antigen kinase activity Wee 1-like kinase activity Wee-kinase activity atypical PKC activity atypical protein kinase C activity calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity casein kinase (phosphorylating) activity cytidine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-responsive protein kinase activity glycogen synthase A kinase activity glycogen synthase a kinase activity glycogen synthase kinase activity hydroxyalkyl-protein kinase activity mitogen-activated S6 kinase activity non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase activity p82 kinase activity phosphorylase B kinase kinase activity protein glutamyl kinase activity protein kinase (phosphorylating) activity protein kinase p58 activity protein phosphokinase activity protein serine kinase activity protein-cysteine kinase activity protein-serine kinase activity ribosomal S6 protein kinase activity ribosomal protein S6 kinase II activity serine kinase activity serine protein kinase activity serine-specific protein kinase activity threonine-specific protein kinase activity twitchin kinase activity molecular_function HIPK2 MAPK PKA PKC Raf-1 STK32 WEE1Hu betaIIPKC dsk1 epsilon PKC protein-aspartyl kinase activity GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase activity GO:0004674 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein serine/threonine = ADP + protein serine/threonine phosphate. GOC:bf mitogen-activated protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 phosphorylase b kinase kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 protein kinase A activity EC:2.7.11.1 protein serine-threonine kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 serine(threonine) protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 serine/threonine protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 A-kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 AP50 kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 ATP-protein transphosphorylase activity EC:2.7.11.1 ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) activity EC:2.7.11.1 Hpr kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 M phase-specific cdc2 kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 Prp4 protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 Raf kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 T-antigen kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 Wee 1-like kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 Wee-kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 casein kinase (phosphorylating) activity EC:2.7.11.1 cytidine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-responsive protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 glycogen synthase A kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 glycogen synthase a kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 glycogen synthase kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 hydroxyalkyl-protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 mitogen-activated S6 kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 p82 kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 phosphorylase B kinase kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 protein glutamyl kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 protein kinase (phosphorylating) activity EC:2.7.11.1 protein kinase p58 activity EC:2.7.11.1 protein phosphokinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 protein serine kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 protein-cysteine kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 protein-serine kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 ribosomal S6 protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 ribosomal protein S6 kinase II activity EC:2.7.11.1 serine kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 serine protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 serine-specific protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 threonine-specific protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 twitchin kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 HIPK2 EC:2.7.11.1 MAPK EC:2.7.11.1 PKA EC:2.7.11.1 PKC EC:2.7.11.1 Raf-1 EC:2.7.11.1 STK32 EC:2.7.11.1 WEE1Hu EC:2.7.11.1 betaIIPKC EC:2.7.11.1 dsk1 EC:2.7.11.1 epsilon PKC EC:2.7.11.1 protein-aspartyl kinase activity EC:2.7.11.1 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + receptor-protein serine/threonine = ADP + receptor-protein serine/threonine phosphate. EC:2.7.11.- Reactome:11160 ATP:receptor-protein phosphotransferase activity receptor protein serine/threonine kinase activity receptor serine/threonine protein kinase activity TGF-beta kinase activity activin receptor kinase activity receptor type I serine/threonine protein kinase activity receptor type II serine/threonine protein kinase activity molecular_function STK13 GO:0004675 transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase activity GO:0004675 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + receptor-protein serine/threonine = ADP + receptor-protein serine/threonine phosphate. EC:2.7.11.30 ATP:receptor-protein phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.11.30 receptor protein serine/threonine kinase activity EC:2.7.11.30 receptor serine/threonine protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.30 TGF-beta kinase activity EC:2.7.11.30 activin receptor kinase activity EC:2.7.11.30 receptor type I serine/threonine protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.30 receptor type II serine/threonine protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.30 STK13 EC:2.7.11.30 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein serine/threonine = ADP + protein serine/threonine phosphate, dependent on the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin. EC:2.7.11.17 MetaCyc:2.7.11.17-RXN ATP:protein phosphotransferase (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent) activity Ca2+/CaM-dependent kinase activity Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity CaM kinase activity CaM-regulated serine/threonine kinase activity calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity calmodulin regulated protein kinase activity ATP:caldesmon O-phosphotransferase activity Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase activity Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 1 activity Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV activity Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase activity Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta activity CaM kinase II activity calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II activity caldesmon kinase (phosphorylating) activity calmodulin-dependent kinase II activity calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I activity molecular_function CAM PKII CaMKI CaMKII CaMKIV CaMKKalpha CaMKKbeta STK20 microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase activity multifunctional calcium- and calmodulin-regulated protein kinase activity multifunctional calcium/calmodulin regulated protein kinase activity GO:0004683 calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity GO:0004683 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein serine/threonine = ADP + protein serine/threonine phosphate, dependent on the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin. GOC:mah PMID:11264466 ATP:protein phosphotransferase (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent) activity EC:2.7.11.17 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.17 CaM kinase activity EC:2.7.11.17 CaM-regulated serine/threonine kinase activity EC:2.7.11.17 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.17 ATP:caldesmon O-phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.11.17 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase activity EC:2.7.11.17 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 1 activity EC:2.7.11.17 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity EC:2.7.11.17 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV activity EC:2.7.11.17 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase activity EC:2.7.11.17 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta activity EC:2.7.11.17 CaM kinase II activity EC:2.7.11.17 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II activity EC:2.7.11.17 caldesmon kinase (phosphorylating) activity EC:2.7.11.17 calmodulin-dependent kinase II activity EC:2.7.11.17 CAM PKII EC:2.7.11.17 CaMKI EC:2.7.11.17 CaMKII EC:2.7.11.17 CaMKIV EC:2.7.11.17 CaMKKalpha EC:2.7.11.17 CaMKKbeta EC:2.7.11.17 STK20 EC:2.7.11.17 microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase activity EC:2.7.11.17 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor-2. EC:2.7.11.20 ATP:elongation factor 2 phosphotransferase activity Ca/CaM-kinase III activity CaM kinase III activity calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III activity eEF-2 kinase activity eEF2 kinase activity elongation factor 2 kinase activity eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase activity molecular_function EF2K STK19 eEF2K GO:0004686 elongation factor-2 kinase activity GO:0004686 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor-2. GOC:jl PMID:11904175 ATP:elongation factor 2 phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.11.20 Ca/CaM-kinase III activity EC:2.7.11.20 CaM kinase III activity EC:2.7.11.20 calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III activity EC:2.7.11.20 eEF2 kinase activity EC:2.7.11.20 elongation factor 2 kinase activity EC:2.7.11.20 eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase activity EC:2.7.11.20 EF2K EC:2.7.11.20 STK19 EC:2.7.11.20 eEF2K EC:2.7.11.20 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein; dependent on the binding of a regulatory cyclin subunit and full activity requires stimulatory phosphorylation by a CDK-activating kinase (CAK). cyclin-dependent kinase activity EC:2.7.11.22 Reactome:13565 ATP:cyclin phosphotransferase activity CDK activity CDK, catalytic subunit activity Cdk-activating protein kinase activity cdk-activating kinase activity cyclin-dependent protein kinase, intrinsic catalyst activity D-type cyclin kinase activity cdc2 kinase activity cyclin D-cdk6 kinase activity cyclin D-dependent kinase activity cyclin E kinase activity cyclin-A associated kinase activity cyclin-dependent kinase 6 activity cyclin-dependent kinase-2 activity cyclin-dependent kinase-4 activity neuronal cdc2-like kinase activity molecular_function Bur1 Bur1 Cdk CDK Cak1 Cak1p Cdc28p Cdk2 PCTAIRE-1 STK25 cdc2 cdk1 cdk2 cdk3 cdk4 cdk5 cdk6 cdk7 cdk8 cdk9 cyclin A-activated cdc2 cyclin A-activated cdk2 cyk nclk GO:0004693 cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity GO:0004693 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein; dependent on the binding of a regulatory cyclin subunit and full activity requires stimulatory phosphorylation by a CDK-activating kinase (CAK). GOC:rn PMID:7877684 PMID:9841670 cyclin-dependent kinase activity EC:2.7.11.22 ATP:cyclin phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.11.22 Cdk-activating protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.22 cdk-activating kinase activity EC:2.7.11.22 D-type cyclin kinase activity EC:2.7.11.22 cdc2 kinase activity EC:2.7.11.22 cyclin D-cdk6 kinase activity EC:2.7.11.22 cyclin D-dependent kinase activity EC:2.7.11.22 cyclin E kinase activity EC:2.7.11.22 cyclin-A associated kinase activity EC:2.7.11.22 cyclin-dependent kinase 6 activity EC:2.7.11.22 cyclin-dependent kinase-2 activity EC:2.7.11.22 cyclin-dependent kinase-4 activity EC:2.7.11.22 neuronal cdc2-like kinase activity EC:2.7.11.22 Bur1 EC:2.7.11.22 Bur1 Cdk EC:2.7.11.22 CDK EC:2.7.11.22 Cak1 EC:2.7.11.22 Cak1p EC:2.7.11.22 Cdc28p EC:2.7.11.22 Cdk2 EC:2.7.11.22 PCTAIRE-1 EC:2.7.11.22 STK25 EC:2.7.11.22 cdc2 EC:2.7.11.22 cdk1 EC:2.7.11.22 cdk2 EC:2.7.11.22 cdk3 EC:2.7.11.22 cdk4 EC:2.7.11.22 cdk5 EC:2.7.11.22 cdk6 EC:2.7.11.22 cdk7 EC:2.7.11.22 cdk8 EC:2.7.11.22 cdk9 EC:2.7.11.22 cyclin A-activated cdc2 EC:2.7.11.22 cyclin A-activated cdk2 EC:2.7.11.22 cyk EC:2.7.11.22 nclk EC:2.7.11.22 EC:2.7.11.- molecular_function GO:0004696 glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity GO:0004696 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein, with a requirement for diacylglycerol. EC:2.7.11.13 ATP:protein phosphotransferase (diacylglycerol-dependent) activity PKC activity diacylglycerol-activated phospholipid-dependent PKC activity diacylglycerol-activated phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C activity protein kinase Cepsilon activity molecular_function PKC PKCalpha PKCbeta PKCdelta PKCepsilon PKCgamma PKCzeta Pkc1p STK24 cPKC cPKCalpha cPKCbeta cPKCgamma nPKC nPKCdelta nPKCepsilon nPKCeta nPKCtheta GO:0004697 protein kinase C activity GO:0004697 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein, with a requirement for diacylglycerol. EC:2.7.11.13 ATP:protein phosphotransferase (diacylglycerol-dependent) activity EC:2.7.11.13 protein kinase Cepsilon activity EC:2.7.11.13 PKC EC:2.7.11.13 PKCalpha EC:2.7.11.13 PKCbeta EC:2.7.11.13 PKCdelta EC:2.7.11.13 PKCepsilon EC:2.7.11.13 PKCgamma EC:2.7.11.13 PKCzeta EC:2.7.11.13 Pkc1p EC:2.7.11.13 STK24 EC:2.7.11.13 cPKC EC:2.7.11.13 cPKCalpha EC:2.7.11.13 cPKCbeta EC:2.7.11.13 cPKCgamma EC:2.7.11.13 nPKC EC:2.7.11.13 nPKCdelta EC:2.7.11.13 nPKCepsilon EC:2.7.11.13 nPKCeta EC:2.7.11.13 nPKCtheta EC:2.7.11.13 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein, with a requirement for diacylglycerol and calcium. EC:2.7.11.- Reactome:13572 calcium-dependent PKC activity conventional protein kinase C activity molecular_function GO:0004698 calcium-dependent protein kinase C activity GO:0004698 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein, with a requirement for diacylglycerol and calcium. EC:2.7.11.13 GOC:mah conventional protein kinase C activity PMID:9601053 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein, with a requirement for diacylglycerol but not calcium. calcium-independent PKC activity novel protein kinase C activity molecular_function GO:0004699 calcium-independent protein kinase C activity GO:0004699 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein, with a requirement for diacylglycerol but not calcium. EC:2.7.11.13 GOC:mah novel protein kinase C activity PMID:9601053 true GO:0004700 EC:2.7.11.- receptor signalling protein serine/threonine kinase activity molecular_function GO:0004702 receptor signaling protein serine/threonine kinase activity GO:0004702 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a G-protein coupled receptor, thereby modulating its activity. EC:2.7.11.16 ATP:G-protein-coupled receptor phosphotransferase activity G protein coupled receptor phosphorylating protein kinase activity G protein-coupled receptor kinase activity G-protein-coupled receptor kinase activity G-protein-coupled receptor phosphorylating protein kinase activity GPCR kinase activity GPCR phosphorylating protein kinase activity molecular_function GPCRK GRK4 GRK5 GRK6 STK16 GO:0004703 G-protein coupled receptor kinase activity GO:0004703 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a G-protein coupled receptor, thereby modulating its activity. GOC:dph ATP:G-protein-coupled receptor phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.11.16 G protein-coupled receptor kinase activity EC:2.7.11.16 G-protein-coupled receptor kinase activity EC:2.7.11.16 GPCR kinase activity EC:2.7.11.16 GPCRK EC:2.7.11.16 GRK4 EC:2.7.11.16 GRK5 EC:2.7.11.16 GRK6 EC:2.7.11.16 STK16 EC:2.7.11.16 EC:2.7.11.- NIK molecular_function GO:0004704 NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity GO:0004704 Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family, a gene family that encodes nuclear transcription factors. EC:2.7.11.- JNK SAPK1 c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity molecular_function JNK3alpha1 GO:0004705 JUN kinase activity GO:0004705 Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family, a gene family that encodes nuclear transcription factors. GOC:bf ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of JUN kinase kinases (JNKKs). EC:2.7.11.- JNKKK molecular_function JNK kinase kinase activity GO:0004706 JUN kinase kinase kinase activity GO:0004706 Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of JUN kinase kinases (JNKKs). GOC:bf Catalysis of the phosphorylation of proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinase; a family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. They are activated by a wide range of proliferation- or differentiation-inducing signals; activation is strong with agonists such as polypeptide growth factors and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, but weak (in most cell backgrounds) by stress stimuli. EC:2.7.11.24 Reactome:4049 ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKK-activated) activity mitogen activated kinase activity mitogen-activated protein kinase activity MAP-2 kinase activity MBP kinase I activity MBP kinase II activity extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity myelin basic protein kinase activity p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity molecular_function Dp38 ERK LeMPK3 MAPK PMK-1 PMK-2 PMK-3 STK26 p38-2 p38delta p42mapk p44mpk pp42 pp44mapk GO:0004707 MAP kinase activity GO:0004707 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinase; a family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. They are activated by a wide range of proliferation- or differentiation-inducing signals; activation is strong with agonists such as polypeptide growth factors and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, but weak (in most cell backgrounds) by stress stimuli. GOC:ma ISBN:0198547684 ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKK-activated) activity EC:2.7.11.24 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.24 MAP-2 kinase activity EC:2.7.11.24 MBP kinase I activity EC:2.7.11.24 MBP kinase II activity EC:2.7.11.24 extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity EC:2.7.11.24 myelin basic protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.24 p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.24 Dp38 EC:2.7.11.24 ERK EC:2.7.11.24 LeMPK3 EC:2.7.11.24 MAPK EC:2.7.11.24 PMK-1 EC:2.7.11.24 PMK-2 EC:2.7.11.24 PMK-3 EC:2.7.11.24 STK26 EC:2.7.11.24 p38-2 EC:2.7.11.24 p38delta EC:2.7.11.24 p42mapk EC:2.7.11.24 p44mpk EC:2.7.11.24 pp42 EC:2.7.11.24 pp44mapk EC:2.7.11.24 Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in MAP kinases. It is a dual-specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and requires activation by the serine/threonine kinase, MAP kinase kinase kinase. MEK activity EC:2.7.11.- ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKK-activated) activity ERK activator kinase activity MAPKK activity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase activity MAP kinase kinase 4 activity MAP kinase kinase 7 activity molecular_function MAP kinase or ERK kinase activity MAP2K MAPKK MAPKK1 MEK1 MEK2 MKK MKK2 MKK4 MKK6 MKK7 STK27 GO:0004708 MAP kinase kinase activity GO:0004708 Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in MAP kinases. It is a dual-specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and requires activation by the serine/threonine kinase, MAP kinase kinase kinase. ISBN:0198547684 ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKK-activated) activity EC:2.7.12.2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase activity EC:2.7.12.2 MAP kinase kinase 4 activity EC:2.7.12.2 MAP kinase kinase 7 activity EC:2.7.12.2 MAP kinase or ERK kinase activity EC:2.7.12.2 MAP2K EC:2.7.12.2 MAPKK EC:2.7.12.2 MAPKK1 EC:2.7.12.2 MEK1 EC:2.7.12.2 MEK2 EC:2.7.12.2 MKK EC:2.7.12.2 MKK2 EC:2.7.12.2 MKK4 EC:2.7.12.2 MKK6 EC:2.7.12.2 MKK7 EC:2.7.12.2 STK27 EC:2.7.12.2 Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of MAP kinase kinases; each MAP kinase kinase can be phosphorylated by any of several MAP kinase kinase kinases. EC:2.7.11.25 ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKKK-activated) activity MAPKKK activity MEK kinase activity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase activity MLK-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase activity molecular_function MAP3K MEKK MEKK1 MEKK2 MEKK3 MLTK MLTKa MLTKb Mil/Raf REKS STK28 cMos cRaf GO:0004709 MAP kinase kinase kinase activity GO:0004709 Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of MAP kinase kinases; each MAP kinase kinase can be phosphorylated by any of several MAP kinase kinase kinases. PMID:9561267 ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKKK-activated) activity EC:2.7.11.25 MAPKKK activity EC:2.7.11.25 MEK kinase activity EC:2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase activity EC:2.7.11.25 MLK-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase activity EC:2.7.11.25 MAP3K EC:2.7.11.25 MEKK EC:2.7.11.25 MEKK1 EC:2.7.11.25 MEKK2 EC:2.7.11.25 MEKK3 EC:2.7.11.25 MLTK EC:2.7.11.25 MLTKa EC:2.7.11.25 MLTKb EC:2.7.11.25 Mil/Raf EC:2.7.11.25 REKS EC:2.7.11.25 STK28 EC:2.7.11.25 cMos EC:2.7.11.25 cRaf EC:2.7.11.25 EC:2.7.11.- MEKK activity molecular_function GO:0004710 MAP/ERK kinase kinase activity GO:0004710 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein serine/threonine/tyrosine = ADP + protein serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate. dual-specificity kinase activity dual-specificity protein kinase EC:2.7.112.1 ATP:protein phosphotransferase (Ser/Thr- and Tyr-phosphorylating) activity Arabidopsis dual specificity kinase 1 activity protein threonine/tyrosine kinase activity molecular_function ADK1 CLK1 Mps1p dDYRK2 GO:0004712 protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity GO:0004712 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein serine/threonine/tyrosine = ADP + protein serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate. GOC:mah dual-specificity kinase activity EC:2.7.12.1 ATP:protein phosphotransferase (Ser/Thr- and Tyr-phosphorylating) activity EC:2.7.12.1 Arabidopsis dual specificity kinase 1 activity EC:2.7.12.1 ADK1 EC:2.7.12.1 CLK1 EC:2.7.12.1 Mps1p EC:2.7.12.1 dDYRK2 EC:2.7.12.1 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. EC:2.7.10 MetaCyc:PROTEIN-TYROSINE-KINASE-RXN Reactome:11065 protein-tyrosine kinase activity molecular_function GO:0004713 protein tyrosine kinase activity GO:0004713 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. EC:2.7.10 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate, to initiate a change in cell activity. ATP:protein-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.10.1 Reactome:11064 ATP:protein-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (receptor-type) activity receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity receptor protein-tyrosine kinase activity Drosophila Eph kinase activity anaplastic lymphoma kinase activity ephrin-B3 receptor tyrosine kinase activity insulin receptor protein-tyrosine kinase activity neurite outgrowth regulating kinase activity novel oncogene with kinase-domain activity molecular_function neurotrophin TRK receptor activity neurotrophin TRKA receptor activity neurotrophin TRKB receptor activity neurotrophin TRKC receptor activity sevenless receptor activity GO:0004714 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity GO:0004714 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate, to initiate a change in cell activity. EC:2.7.10.1 GOC:mah ATP:protein-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.10.1 ATP:protein-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (receptor-type) activity EC:2.7.10.1 receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity EC:2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase activity EC:2.7.10.1 Drosophila Eph kinase activity EC:2.7.10.1 anaplastic lymphoma kinase activity EC:2.7.10.1 ephrin-B3 receptor tyrosine kinase activity EC:2.7.10.1 insulin receptor protein-tyrosine kinase activity EC:2.7.10.1 neurite outgrowth regulating kinase activity EC:2.7.10.1 novel oncogene with kinase-domain activity EC:2.7.10.1 EC:2.7.10.- receptor signalling protein tyrosine kinase activity molecular_function GO:0004716 receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase activity GO:0004716 EC:2.7.11.- JAK molecular_function GO:0004718 Janus kinase activity GO:0004718 Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cell proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity. EC:3.1.3.16 MetaCyc:3.1.3.16-RXN Reactome:1887 phosphoprotein phosphohydrolase activity protein phosphatase activity protein phosphatase-1 activity protein phosphatase-2A activity protein phosphatase-2B activity protein phosphatase-2C activity molecular_function GO:0004721 phosphoprotein phosphatase activity GO:0004721 Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cell proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity. EC:3.1.3.16 ISBN:0198547684 phosphoprotein phosphohydrolase activity EC:3.1.3.16 protein phosphatase-1 activity EC:3.1.3.16 protein phosphatase-2A activity EC:3.1.3.16 protein phosphatase-2B activity EC:3.1.3.16 protein phosphatase-2C activity EC:3.1.3.16 Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. EC:3.1.3.48 MetaCyc:PROTEIN-TYROSINE-PHOSPHATASE-RXN Reactome:11061 PPT-phosphatase activity PTP-phosphatase activity PTPase activity [phosphotyrosine]protein phosphatase activity phosphoprotein phosphatase (phosphotyrosine) activity phosphotyrosine histone phosphatase activity phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase activity phosphotyrosylprotein phosphatase activity protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity protein-tyrosine-phosphatase activity protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity tyrosine O-phosphate phosphatase activity tyrosylprotein phosphatase activity molecular_function GO:0004725 protein tyrosine phosphatase activity GO:0004725 Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. EC:3.1.3.48 PPT-phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.48 PTP-phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.48 PTPase activity EC:3.1.3.48 [phosphotyrosine]protein phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.48 phosphoprotein phosphatase (phosphotyrosine) activity EC:3.1.3.48 phosphotyrosine histone phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.48 phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.48 phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.48 phosphotyrosylprotein phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.48 protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.48 protein-tyrosine-phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.48 protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity EC:3.1.3.48 tyrosine O-phosphate phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.48 tyrosylprotein phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.48 receptor signalling protein tyrosine phosphatase activity molecular_function GO:0004728 receptor signaling protein tyrosine phosphatase activity GO:0004728 Catalysis of the reaction: sphingomyelin + H2O = N-acylsphingosine + choline phosphate. EC:3.1.4.12 MetaCyc:SPHINGOMYELIN-PHOSPHODIESTERASE-RXN sphingomyelin cholinephosphohydrolase activity sphingomyelinase activity acid sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid sphingomyelinase activity neutral sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase neutral sphingomyelinase activity molecular_function GO:0004767 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activity GO:0004767 Catalysis of the reaction: sphingomyelin + H2O = N-acylsphingosine + choline phosphate. EC:3.1.4.12 sphingomyelin cholinephosphohydrolase activity EC:3.1.4.12 acid sphingomyelinase activity EC:3.1.4.12 neutral sphingomyelinase activity EC:3.1.4.12 Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O = succinate + NADH + H+. EC:1.2.1.24 MetaCyc:SUCCINATE-SEMIALDEHYDE-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity succinate semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity succinate-semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity succinyl semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity molecular_function GO:0004777 succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity GO:0004777 Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O = succinate + NADH + H+. EC:1.2.1.24 succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity EC:1.2.1.24 succinate semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity EC:1.2.1.24 succinate-semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity EC:1.2.1.24 succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity EC:1.2.1.24 succinyl semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity EC:1.2.1.24 Catalysis of the reaction: 3-sulfino-L-alanine = hypotaurine + CO2. EC:4.1.1.29 MetaCyc:SULFINOALANINE-DECARBOXYLASE-RXN 3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase (hypotaurine-forming) 3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase activity CADCase/CSADCase activity CSADCase activity L-cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase activity cysteic decarboxylase activity cysteine-sulfinate decarboxylase activity cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase activity cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase activity sulfoalanine decarboxylase activity sulphinoalanine decarboxylase activity molecular_function CSAD GO:0004782 sulfinoalanine decarboxylase activity GO:0004782 Catalysis of the reaction: 3-sulfino-L-alanine = hypotaurine + CO2. EC:4.1.1.29 3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase (hypotaurine-forming) EC:4.1.1.29 3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase activity EC:4.1.1.29 CADCase/CSADCase activity EC:4.1.1.29 CSADCase activity EC:4.1.1.29 L-cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.29 cysteic decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.29 cysteine-sulfinate decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.29 cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.29 cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.29 sulfoalanine decarboxylase activity EC:4.1.1.29 CSAD EC:4.1.1.29 Catalysis of the reaction: 2 peroxide radical + 2 H+ = O2 + H2O2. EC:1.15.1.1 MetaCyc:SUPEROX-DISMUT-RXN superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase activity Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity Mn, Fe superoxide dismutase copper, zinc superoxide dismutase activity ferrisuperoxide dismutase activity iron superoxide dismutase activity manganese superoxide dismutase activity nickel superoxide dismutase activity molecular_function Cu,Zn-SOD Fe-SOD Mn-SOD SOD SOD-1 SOD-2 SOD-3 SOD-4 SODF SODS cuprein cytocuprein erythrocuprein hemocuprein hepatocuprein iron superoxide oxidoreductase manganese superoxide oxidoreductase nickel superoxide oxidoreductase superoxide dismutase I superoxide dismutase II zinc superoxide oxidoreductase GO:0004784 superoxide dismutase activity GO:0004784 Catalysis of the reaction: 2 peroxide radical + 2 H+ = O2 + H2O2. EC:1.15.1.1 Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity EC:1.15.1.1 ferrisuperoxide dismutase activity EC:1.15.1.1 Cu,Zn-SOD EC:1.15.1.1 Fe-SOD EC:1.15.1.1 Mn-SOD EC:1.15.1.1 SOD EC:1.15.1.1 SOD-1 EC:1.15.1.1 SOD-2 EC:1.15.1.1 SOD-3 EC:1.15.1.1 SOD-4 EC:1.15.1.1 SODF EC:1.15.1.1 SODS EC:1.15.1.1 cuprein EC:1.15.1.1 cytocuprein EC:1.15.1.1 erythrocuprein EC:1.15.1.1 hemocuprein EC:1.15.1.1 hepatocuprein EC:1.15.1.1 superoxide dismutase I EC:1.15.1.1 superoxide dismutase II EC:1.15.1.1 Catalysis of the transposition of transposable elements or transposons. Transposases are involved in site-specific DNA recombination required for transposition in bacteria and other organisms. molecular_function GO:0004803 transposase activity GO:0004803 Catalysis of the transposition of transposable elements or transposons. Transposases are involved in site-specific DNA recombination required for transposition in bacteria and other organisms. ISBN:0198506732 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme. molecular_function GO:0004857 enzyme inhibitor activity GO:0004857 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme. GOC:ai Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phospholipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a phospholipid. molecular_function GO:0004859 phospholipase inhibitor activity GO:0004859 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phospholipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a phospholipid. GOC:ai GOC:rl Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein. molecular_function GO:0004860 protein kinase inhibitor activity GO:0004860 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein. GOC:ai Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. molecular_function GO:0004862 cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity GO:0004862 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. GOC:mah Mediates the transfer of a signal from the outside to the inside of a cell by means other than the introduction of the signal molecule itself into the cell. molecular_function GO:0004871 signal transducer activity GO:0004871 Mediates the transfer of a signal from the outside to the inside of a cell by means other than the introduction of the signal molecule itself into the cell. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. receptor guanylate cyclase activity molecular_function GO:0004872 receptor activity GO:0004872 Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ceb ISBN:0198506732 Combining with any component or product of the complement cascade to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004875 Note that the complement cascade includes all of the components involved in the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the lectin complement pathway, as well as the common components of all three pathways. complement receptor activity GO:0004875 Combining with any component or product of the complement cascade to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Combining with the C3a product of the complement cascade to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004876 complement component C3a receptor activity GO:0004876 Combining with the C3a product of the complement cascade to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Combining with the C5a product of the complement cascade to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004878 complement component C5a receptor activity GO:0004878 Combining with the C5a product of the complement cascade to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity, and spanning to the membrane of either the cell or an organelle. molecular_function GO:0004888 transmembrane receptor activity GO:0004888 Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity, and spanning to the membrane of either the cell or an organelle. GOC:go_curators Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor molecular_function GO:0004889 nicotinic acetylcholine-activated cation-selective channel activity GO:0004889 Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) to initiate a change in cell activity. GABA-A receptors function as chloride channels. molecular_function GO:0004890 GABA-A receptor activity GO:0004890 Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) to initiate a change in cell activity. GABA-A receptors function as chloride channels. PMID:8974333 Combining with a cytokine to initiate a change in cell activity. GO:0004907 IL receptor interleukin receptor activity molecular_function hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor activity GO:0004896 cytokine receptor activity GO:0004896 Combining with a cytokine to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:add GOC:mah gp130 molecular_function GO:0004897 ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor activity GO:0004897 Combining with growth hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004903 growth hormone receptor activity GO:0004903 Combining with growth hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Combining with an interferon to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004904 interferon receptor activity GO:0004904 Combining with an interferon to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Combining with a type I interferon to initiate a change in cell activity. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. interferon-alpha receptor activity interferon-alpha/beta receptor activity interferon-beta receptor activity interferon-delta receptor activity interferon-epsilon receptor activity interferon-kappa receptor activity interferon-omega receptor activity interferon-tau receptor activity interferon-zeta receptor activity molecular_function GO:0004905 type I interferon receptor activity GO:0004905 Combining with a type I interferon to initiate a change in cell activity. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. GOC:add ISBN:0126896631 PMID:15546383 PMID:16681834 Combining with interferon-gamma to initiate a change in cell activity. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. type II interferon receptor activity molecular_function GO:0004906 interferon-gamma receptor activity GO:0004906 Combining with interferon-gamma to initiate a change in cell activity. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. GOC:add GOC:ai ISBN:0126896631 PMID:15546383 true GO:0004907 Combining with interleukin-1 to initiate a change in cell activity. Interleukin-1 is produced mainly by activated macrophages and is involved in the inflammatory response. Wikipedia::Interleukin-1_receptor IL-1 receptor activity IL-1R molecular_function GO:0004908 interleukin-1 receptor activity GO:0004908 Combining with interleukin-1 to initiate a change in cell activity. Interleukin-1 is produced mainly by activated macrophages and is involved in the inflammatory response. GOC:jl IL-1 type I, activating receptor molecular_function GO:0004909 interleukin-1, Type I, activating receptor activity GO:0004909 IL-1 type II, blocking receptor molecular_function GO:0004910 interleukin-1, Type II, blocking receptor activity GO:0004910 Combining with interleukin-2 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-2 receptor activity IL-2R molecular_function GO:0004911 interleukin-2 receptor activity GO:0004911 Combining with interleukin-2 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-2 receptor activity GOC:mah Combining with interleukin-3 to initiate a change in cell activity. Wikipedia:Interleukin-3_receptor IL-3 receptor activity IL-3R molecular_function GO:0004912 interleukin-3 receptor activity GO:0004912 Combining with interleukin-3 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-3 receptor activity GOC:mah Combining with interleukin-4 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-4 receptor activity IL-4R molecular_function GO:0004913 interleukin-4 receptor activity GO:0004913 Combining with interleukin-4 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-4 receptor activity GOC:mah Combining with interleukin-5 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-5 receptor activity IL-5R molecular_function GO:0004914 interleukin-5 receptor activity GO:0004914 Combining with interleukin-5 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-5 receptor activity GOC:mah Combining with interleukin-6 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-6 receptor activity IL-6R gp130 molecular_function GO:0004915 interleukin-6 receptor activity GO:0004915 Combining with interleukin-6 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-6 receptor activity GOC:mah Combining with interleukin-7 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-7 receptor activity IL-7R molecular_function GO:0004917 interleukin-7 receptor activity GO:0004917 Combining with interleukin-7 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-7 receptor activity GOC:mah Combining with interleukin-8 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-8 receptor activity IL-8R molecular_function GO:0004918 interleukin-8 receptor activity GO:0004918 Combining with interleukin-8 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-8 receptor activity GOC:mah Combining with interleukin-9 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-9 receptor activity IL-9R molecular_function GO:0004919 interleukin-9 receptor activity GO:0004919 Combining with interleukin-9 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-9 receptor activity GOC:mah Combining with interleukin-10 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-10 receptor activity IL-10R molecular_function GO:0004920 interleukin-10 receptor activity GO:0004920 Combining with interleukin-10 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-10 receptor activity GOC:mah Combining with interleukin-11 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-11 receptor activity IL-11R gp130 molecular_function GO:0004921 interleukin-11 receptor activity GO:0004921 Combining with interleukin-11 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-11 receptor activity GOC:mah Combining with leukemia inhibitory factor to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004923 leukemia inhibitory factor receptor activity GO:0004923 Combining with leukemia inhibitory factor to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah A receptor that binds an extracellular ligand and transmits the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. These receptors are characteristically seven-transmembrane receptors and are made up of hetero- or homodimers. Reactome:35 G protein coupled receptor activity G protein linked receptor activity G-protein coupled receptor activity, unknown ligand G-protein linked receptor activity G-protein-coupled receptor activity GPCR activity ligand-dependent GPCR activity orphan G protein coupled receptor activity orphan G-protein coupled receptor activity orphan GPCR activity molecular_function GO:0004930 G-protein coupled receptor activity GO:0004930 A receptor that binds an extracellular ligand and transmits the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. These receptors are characteristically seven-transmembrane receptors and are made up of hetero- or homodimers. GOC:dph GOC:tb http://www.iuphar-db.org Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity. Wikipedia:Adrenergic_receptor adrenergic receptor molecular_function GO:0004935 adrenoceptor activity GO:0004935 Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah IUPHAR_GPCR:1274 Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha-adrenergic receptors. alpha adrenoceptor molecular_function GO:0004936 alpha-adrenergic receptor activity GO:0004936 Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha-adrenergic receptors. GOC:mah IUPHAR_GPCR:1274 Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha2-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gi alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein. alpha2 adrenoceptor molecular_function GO:0004938 alpha2-adrenergic receptor activity GO:0004938 Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha2-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gi alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein. GOC:cb GOC:mah IUPHAR_GPCR:1274 Combining with anaphylatoxin to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004942 anaphylatoxin receptor activity GO:0004942 Combining with anaphylatoxin to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Combining with anaphylatoxin C3a to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004943 C3a anaphylatoxin receptor activity GO:0004943 Combining with anaphylatoxin C3a to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah Combining with anaphylatoxin C5a to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004944 C5a anaphylatoxin receptor activity GO:0004944 Combining with anaphylatoxin C5a to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah Combining with bombesin to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004946 bombesin receptor activity GO:0004946 Combining with bombesin to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Combining with cannabinoids to initiate a change in cell activity. cannaboid receptor molecular_function GO:0004949 cannabinoid receptor activity GO:0004949 Combining with cannabinoids to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:dph IUPHAR_GPCR:1279 Combining with chemokines, small chemoattractant molecules normally used to stimulate leukocytes, to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004950 chemokine receptor activity GO:0004950 Combining with chemokines, small chemoattractant molecules normally used to stimulate leukocytes, to initiate a change in cell activity. IUPHAR_GPCR:1280 PMID:8662823 Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004952 dopamine receptor activity GO:0004952 Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine to initiate a change in cell activity. IUPHAR_GPCR:1282 Combining with an icosanoid to initiate a change in cell activity. eicosanoid receptor activity molecular_function GO:0004953 icosanoid receptor activity GO:0004953 Combining with an icosanoid to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:dph Combining with a prostanoid, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure, to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004954 prostanoid receptor activity GO:0004954 Combining with a prostanoid, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure, to initiate a change in cell activity. ISBN:0198506732 Combining with a prostaglandin (PG) to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004955 prostaglandin receptor activity GO:0004955 Combining with a prostaglandin (PG) to initiate a change in cell activity. ISBN:0198506732 Combining with prostaglandin D (PGD(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity. PGD(2) receptor activity molecular_function PGD receptor activity GO:0004956 prostaglandin D receptor activity GO:0004956 Combining with prostaglandin D (PGD(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity. ISBN:0198506732 Combining with prostaglandin E (PGE(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity. PGE(2) receptor activity molecular_function PGE receptor activity GO:0004957 prostaglandin E receptor activity GO:0004957 Combining with prostaglandin E (PGE(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity. ISBN:0198506732 Combining with prostaglandin F (PGF (2-alpha)) to initiate a change in cell activity. PGF(2-alpha) receptor activity molecular_function PGF receptor activity GO:0004958 prostaglandin F receptor activity GO:0004958 Combining with prostaglandin F (PGF (2-alpha)) to initiate a change in cell activity. ISBN:0198506732 Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) to initiate a change in cell activity. GABA-B receptors are G-protein coupled receptors. molecular_function GO:0004965 GABA-B receptor activity GO:0004965 Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) to initiate a change in cell activity. GABA-B receptors are G-protein coupled receptors. GOC:ai IUPHAR_RECEPTOR:1276 Combining with galanin to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004966 galanin receptor activity GO:0004966 Combining with galanin to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Combining with histamine to initiate a change in cell activity. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. molecular_function GO:0004969 histamine receptor activity GO:0004969 Combining with histamine to initiate a change in cell activity. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. GOC:ai Combining with glutamate to initiate a change in cell activity through the regulation of ion channels. molecular_function GO:0004970 ionotropic glutamate receptor activity GO:0004970 Combining with glutamate to initiate a change in cell activity through the regulation of ion channels. ISBN:0198506732 molecular_function GO:0004971 alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate selective glutamate receptor activity GO:0004971 Wikipedia:NMDA_receptor NMDA receptor molecular_function GO:0004972 N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity GO:0004972 Combining with a leukotriene to initiate a change in cell activity. Leukotrienes are pharmacologically active substances with a set of three conjugated double bonds; some contain a peptide moiety based on cysteine. molecular_function GO:0004974 leukotriene receptor activity GO:0004974 Combining with a leukotriene to initiate a change in cell activity. Leukotrienes are pharmacologically active substances with a set of three conjugated double bonds; some contain a peptide moiety based on cysteine. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 Combining with melanocortin to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004977 melanocortin receptor activity GO:0004977 Combining with melanocortin to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Combining with adrenocorticotropin to initiate a change in cell activity. ACTH receptor activity adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor activity molecular_function GO:0004978 adrenocorticotropin receptor activity GO:0004978 Combining with adrenocorticotropin to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Combining with melanocyte stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. MSH receptor activity MSHR activity melanophore stimulating hormone receptor activity molecular_function GO:0004980 melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor activity GO:0004980 Combining with melanocyte stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl UniProtKB:Q01726 Combining with acetylcholine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of muscarinic receptors. molecular_function GO:0004981 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activity GO:0004981 Combining with acetylcholine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of muscarinic receptors. GOC:mah IUPHAR_GPCR:1271 Combining with an N-formyl peptide to initiate a change in cell activity. Fmet-leu-phe receptor molecular_function GO:0004982 N-formyl peptide receptor activity GO:0004982 Combining with an N-formyl peptide to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Combining with neuropeptide Y to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004983 neuropeptide Y receptor activity GO:0004983 Combining with neuropeptide Y to initiate a change in cell activity. PMID:9315606 Combining with airborne compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are used for the sense of smell. molecular_function GO:0004984 olfactory receptor activity GO:0004984 Combining with airborne compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are used for the sense of smell. GOC:dph Combining with an opioid, any narcotic derived from or resembling opium, to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004985 opioid receptor activity GO:0004985 Combining with an opioid, any narcotic derived from or resembling opium, to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ molecular_function GO:0004986 delta-opioid receptor activity GO:0004986 molecular_function GO:0004987 kappa-opioid receptor activity GO:0004987 molecular_function GO:0004988 mu-opioid receptor activity GO:0004988 Combining with oxytocin to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004990 oxytocin receptor activity GO:0004990 Combining with oxytocin to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin, a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates, invertebrates and plants, to initiate a change in cell activity. Wikipedia:5-HT_receptor 5-HT receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor molecular_function GO:0004993 serotonin receptor activity GO:0004993 Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin, a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates, invertebrates and plants, to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Combining with somatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004994 somatostatin receptor activity GO:0004994 Combining with somatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Combining with tachykinin to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0004995 tachykinin receptor activity GO:0004995 Combining with tachykinin to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai molecular_function GO:0005001 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity GO:0005001 Combining with an ephrin to initiate a change in cell activity. Eph receptor activity molecular_function GO:0005003 ephrin receptor activity GO:0005003 Combining with an ephrin to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah transmembrane-Eph receptor activity molecular_function GO:0005005 transmembrane-ephrin receptor activity GO:0005005 Combining with an epidermal growth factor to initiate a change in cell activity. EGF receptor activity EGFR TGF-alpha receptor activity transforming growth factor-alpha receptor activity molecular_function GO:0005006 epidermal growth factor receptor activity GO:0005006 Combining with an epidermal growth factor to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:bf Combining with fibroblast growth factor to initiate a change in cell activity. FGF receptor activity FGFR molecular_function GO:0005007 fibroblast growth factor receptor activity GO:0005007 Combining with fibroblast growth factor to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah IGF receptor activity molecular_function GO:0005010 insulin-like growth factor receptor activity GO:0005010 Combining with macrophage colony stimulating factor to initiate a change in cell activity. CSF-1 Fms molecular_function GO:0005011 macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor activity GO:0005011 Combining with macrophage colony stimulating factor to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah Combining with stem cell factor, a cytokine that stimulates mast cell growth and differentiation, to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0005020 stem cell factor receptor activity GO:0005020 Combining with stem cell factor, a cytokine that stimulates mast cell growth and differentiation, to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl PMID:10698217 Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity. TGF-beta receptor activity TGFbeta receptor activity TGFbetaR molecular_function GO:0005024 transforming growth factor beta receptor activity GO:0005024 Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah Combining with a complex of transforming growth factor beta and a type II TGF-beta receptor to initiate a change in cell activity. type I TGF-beta receptor activity type I TGFbeta receptor activity type I transforming growth factor beta receptor activity molecular_function transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type I receptor GO:0005025 transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type I GO:0005025 Combining with a complex of transforming growth factor beta and a type II TGF-beta receptor to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah Reactome:REACT_6945.1 Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a type I TGF-beta receptor. Reactome:11166 type II TGF-beta receptor activity type II TGFbeta receptor activity type II transforming growth factor beta receptor activity molecular_function transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type II receptor GO:0005026 transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type II GO:0005026 Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a type I TGF-beta receptor. GOC:mah Reactome:REACT_6872.1 Combining with neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that block apoptosis in neurons and thus promote nerve growth, to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0005030 neurotrophin receptor activity GO:0005030 Combining with neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that block apoptosis in neurons and thus promote nerve growth, to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl http://www.mercksource.com/ Combining with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages, to initiate a change in cell function. TNF receptor activity NGF/TNF (6 C-domain) receptor activity TNF receptor activity, type I TNF receptor activity, type II tumor necrosis factor receptor activity, type I tumor necrosis factor receptor activity, type II molecular_function GO:0005031 tumor necrosis factor receptor activity GO:0005031 Combining with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages, to initiate a change in cell function. GOC:jl http://lookwayup.com/ molecular_function GO:0005035 death receptor activity GO:0005035 A transmembrane receptor activity that responds to the netrin family of ligands and results in chemotaxis when activated. molecular_function GO:0005042 netrin receptor activity GO:0005042 A transmembrane receptor activity that responds to the netrin family of ligands and results in chemotaxis when activated. GOC:dph receptor signalling protein activity molecular_function GO:0005057 receptor signaling protein activity GO:0005057 gp130 molecular_function GO:0005062 hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor signal transducer activity GO:0005062 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signalling protein activity molecular_function GO:0005066 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling protein activity GO:0005066 The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a transmembrane receptor protein kinase and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way. molecular_function GO:0005068 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase adaptor protein activity GO:0005068 The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a transmembrane receptor protein kinase and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way. GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07 molecular_function GO:0005069 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase docking protein activity GO:0005069 Interacting selectively and simultaneously with one or more signal transduction molecules, usually acting as a scaffold to bring these molecules into close proximity either using their own SH2/SH3 domains (e.g. Grb2) or those of their target molecules (e.g. SAM68). SH3/SH2 adaptor protein activity molecular_function GO:0005070 SH3/SH2 adaptor activity GO:0005070 Interacting selectively and simultaneously with one or more signal transduction molecules, usually acting as a scaffold to bring these molecules into close proximity either using their own SH2/SH3 domains (e.g. Grb2) or those of their target molecules (e.g. SAM68). GOC:mah GOC:so transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signalling protein activity molecular_function GO:0005071 transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling protein activity GO:0005071 Activity of any of the molecules that transmit the signal from a TGF-beta receptor through the cytoplasm to the nucleus. TGF-beta receptor, cytoplasmic mediator activity TGFbeta receptor, cytoplasmic mediator activity molecular_function GO:0005072 Note that this term and its children are useful for annotating proteins of the SMAD family. transforming growth factor beta receptor, cytoplasmic mediator activity GO:0005072 Activity of any of the molecules that transmit the signal from a TGF-beta receptor through the cytoplasm to the nucleus. GOC:hjd Modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a small monomeric GTPase. molecular_function small GTPase regulatory/interacting protein activity GO:0005083 small GTPase regulator activity GO:0005083 Modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a small monomeric GTPase. GOC:mah Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides by a GTPase. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. Reactome:11431 GEF guanyl-nucleotide release factor activity guanyl-nucleotide releasing factor GNRP molecular_function GO:0005085 guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity GO:0005085 Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides by a GTPase. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. GOC:kd GOC:mah Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides by a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. Reactome:11436 molecular_function GO:0005088 Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity GO:0005088 Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides by a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. GOC:mah Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides by a GTPase of the Rho family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor RhoGEF molecular_function GO:0005089 Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity GO:0005089 Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides by a GTPase of the Rho family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. GOC:mah Prevents the dissociation of GDP from a GTPase, thereby preventing GTP from binding. GDI molecular_function GO:0005092 GDP-dissociation inhibitor activity GO:0005092 Prevents the dissociation of GDP from a GTPase, thereby preventing GTP from binding. GOC:mah Prevents the dissociation of GDP from the small GTPase Rab, thereby preventing GTP from binding. molecular_function GO:0005093 Rab GDP-dissociation inhibitor activity GO:0005093 Prevents the dissociation of GDP from the small GTPase Rab, thereby preventing GTP from binding. GOC:mah Increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. Reactome:11473 GAP activity molecular_function GO:0005096 GTPase activator activity GO:0005096 Increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. GOC:mah Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. Ras GAP activity molecular_function GO:0005099 Ras GTPase activator activity GO:0005099 Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. GOC:mah Ras GAP activity GOC:pg Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Rho family. Rho GAP activity molecular_function GO:0005100 Rho GTPase activator activity GO:0005100 Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Rho family. GOC:mah Rho GAP activity GOC:pg Interacting selectively with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. Wikipedia:Ligand_(biochemistry) receptor ligand molecular_function receptor-associated protein activity GO:0005102 receptor binding GO:0005102 Interacting selectively with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. GOC:bf GOC:ceb ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). fibroblast growth factor FGF receptor binding FGFR binding FGFR ligand fibroblast growth factor receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005104 Note that branchless is the Drosophila gene encoding fibroblast growth factor. fibroblast growth factor receptor binding GO:0005104 Interacting selectively with the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). GOC:ceb Interacting selectively with the type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2). FGFR2 binding heartless binding FGFR2 ligand heartless ligand type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005111 Note that heartless is the Drosophila gene encoding the type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2). type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor binding GO:0005111 Interacting selectively with the type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2). GOC:fb_curators Interacting selectively with the Notch (N) protein, a surface receptor. N binding Notch receptor binding N ligand Notch ligand molecular_function GO:0005112 Notch binding GO:0005112 Interacting selectively with the Notch (N) protein, a surface receptor. GOC:ceb Interacting selectively with a type II transforming growth factor beta receptor. TGF-beta type II binding transforming growth factor beta receptor type II binding type II TGF-beta binding punt binding punt ligand molecular_function transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type II receptor GO:0005114 type II transforming growth factor beta receptor binding GO:0005114 Interacting selectively with a type II transforming growth factor beta receptor. GOC:ceb GOC:mah PMID:11252892 Interacting selectively with the Toll protein, a transmembrane receptor. Tl binding Toll receptor binding Toll ligand molecular_function GO:0005121 Toll binding GO:0005121 Interacting selectively with the Toll protein, a transmembrane receptor. GOC:ceb Interacting selectively with a death receptor. death receptor ligand molecular_function death receptor adaptor protein activity death receptor interacting protein activity death receptor-associated factor activity GO:0005123 death receptor binding GO:0005123 Interacting selectively with a death receptor. GOC:ceb Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells. molecular_function GO:0005125 cytokine activity GO:0005125 Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells. ISBN:0198599471 hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005126 hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor binding GO:0005126 Interacting selectively with the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor. ciliary neurotrophic factor ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005127 ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor binding GO:0005127 Interacting selectively with the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the erythropoietin receptor. erythropoietin erythropoietin receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005128 erythropoietin receptor binding GO:0005128 Interacting selectively with the erythropoietin receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. GM-CSF receptor ligand GMC-SF receptor ligand granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor ligand granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor molecular_function GO:0005129 granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding GO:0005129 Interacting selectively with the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. G-CSF receptor ligand GC-SF receptor ligand granulocyte colony-stimulating factor granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005130 granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor binding GO:0005130 Interacting selectively with the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the growth hormone receptor. growth hormone growth hormone receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005131 growth hormone receptor binding GO:0005131 Interacting selectively with the growth hormone receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interferon-alpha/beta receptor. interferon-alpha/beta interferon-alpha/beta receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005132 interferon-alpha/beta receptor binding GO:0005132 Interacting selectively with the interferon-alpha/beta receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interferon-gamma receptor. interferon-gamma interferon-gamma receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005133 interferon-gamma receptor binding GO:0005133 Interacting selectively with the interferon-gamma receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interleukin-2 receptor. IL-2 interleukin-2 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005134 interleukin-2 receptor binding GO:0005134 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-2 receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interleukin-3 receptor. IL-3 interleukin-3 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005135 interleukin-3 receptor binding GO:0005135 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-3 receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interleukin-4 receptor. IL-4 interleukin-4 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005136 interleukin-4 receptor binding GO:0005136 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-4 receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interleukin-5 receptor. IL-5 interleukin-5 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005137 interleukin-5 receptor binding GO:0005137 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-5 receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interleukin-6 receptor. IL-6 interleukin-6 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005138 interleukin-6 receptor binding GO:0005138 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-6 receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interleukin-7 receptor. IL-7 interleukin-7 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005139 interleukin-7 receptor binding GO:0005139 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-7 receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interleukin-10 receptor. IL-10 interleukin-10 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005141 interleukin-10 receptor binding GO:0005141 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-10 receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interleukin-11 receptor. IL-11 interleukin-11 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005142 interleukin-11 receptor binding GO:0005142 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-11 receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interleukin-12 receptor. IL-12 interleukin-12 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005143 interleukin-12 receptor binding GO:0005143 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-12 receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interleukin-13 receptor. IL-13 interleukin-13 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005144 interleukin-13 receptor binding GO:0005144 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-13 receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor. leukemia inhibitory factor leukemia inhibitory factor receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005146 leukemia inhibitory factor receptor binding GO:0005146 Interacting selectively with the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the prolactin receptor. prolactin prolactin receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005148 prolactin receptor binding GO:0005148 Interacting selectively with the prolactin receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the interleukin-1 receptor. IL-1 interleukin-1 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005149 interleukin-1 receptor binding GO:0005149 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-1 receptor. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with a Type I interleukin-1 receptor. IL-1 type I interleukin-1, Type I receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005150 interleukin-1, Type I receptor binding GO:0005150 Interacting selectively with a Type I interleukin-1 receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with a Type II interleukin-1 receptor. IL-1 type II interleukin-1, Type II receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005151 interleukin-1, Type II receptor binding GO:0005151 Interacting selectively with a Type II interleukin-1 receptor. GOC:ai Blocks the binding of interleukin-1 to the interleukin-1 receptor complex. IL-1ra molecular_function GO:0005152 interleukin-1 receptor antagonist activity GO:0005152 Blocks the binding of interleukin-1 to the interleukin-1 receptor complex. GOC:ebc Interacting selectively with the interleukin-8 receptor. IL-8 interleukin-8 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005153 interleukin-8 receptor binding GO:0005153 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-8 receptor. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with the epidermal growth factor receptor. EGF receptor binding EGFR binding TGF-alpha receptor binding TGFalpha receptor binding transforming growth factor alpha receptor binding EGF EGF receptor ligand epidermal growth factor epidermal growth factor receptor ligand transforming growth factor alpha transforming growth factor alpha receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005154 epidermal growth factor receptor binding GO:0005154 Interacting selectively with the epidermal growth factor receptor. GOC:ai EGF receptor activating ligand activity EGFR activating ligand activity molecular_function GO:0005155 epidermal growth factor receptor activating ligand activity GO:0005155 Interacting selectively with the macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor. macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005157 macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor binding GO:0005157 Interacting selectively with the macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the insulin receptor. insulin receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005158 insulin receptor binding GO:0005158 Interacting selectively with the insulin receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the insulin-like growth factor receptor. IGF receptor binding insulin-like growth factor insulin-like growth factor receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005159 insulin-like growth factor receptor binding GO:0005159 Interacting selectively with the insulin-like growth factor receptor. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with the transforming growth factor beta receptor. Reactome:4078 TGF-beta receptor binding TGFbeta receptor binding transforming growth factor beta transforming growth factor beta receptor ligand molecular_function activin inhibin transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type I receptor transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type II receptor transforming growth factor beta receptor anchoring activity GO:0005160 transforming growth factor beta receptor binding GO:0005160 Interacting selectively with the transforming growth factor beta receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the nerve growth factor receptor. NGF receptor binding nerve growth factor receptor ligand neurotrophin molecular_function GO:0005163 nerve growth factor receptor binding GO:0005163 Interacting selectively with the nerve growth factor receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the tumor necrosis factor receptor. TNF receptor binding tumor necrosis factor tumor necrosis factor receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005164 tumor necrosis factor receptor binding GO:0005164 Interacting selectively with the tumor necrosis factor receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with a neurotrophin receptor. neurotrophin neurotrophin receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005165 neurotrophin receptor binding GO:0005165 Interacting selectively with a neurotrophin receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the neurotrophin p75 receptor. neurotrophin p75 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005166 neurotrophin p75 receptor binding GO:0005166 Interacting selectively with the neurotrophin p75 receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with a neurotrophin TRK receptor. neurotrophin TRK receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005167 neurotrophin TRK receptor binding GO:0005167 Interacting selectively with a neurotrophin TRK receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the neurotrophin TRKB receptor. neurotrophin TRKB receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005169 neurotrophin TRKB receptor binding GO:0005169 Interacting selectively with the neurotrophin TRKB receptor. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the stem cell factor receptor (SCFR), a type III transmembrane kinase receptor. SCFR binding KIT binding SCF stem cell factor stem cell factor receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0005173 stem cell factor receptor binding GO:0005173 Interacting selectively with the stem cell factor receptor (SCFR), a type III transmembrane kinase receptor. GOC:jl PMID:10698217 Interacting selectively with CD40, a receptor found on the surface of all B-lymphocytes. molecular_function GO:0005174 CD40 receptor binding GO:0005174 Interacting selectively with CD40, a receptor found on the surface of all B-lymphocytes. GOC:jl ISBN:0120781859 Interacting selectively with a CD27, a receptor found on the surface of T cells and some B cells and NK cells. molecular_function GO:0005175 CD27 receptor binding GO:0005175 Interacting selectively with a CD27, a receptor found on the surface of T cells and some B cells and NK cells. GOC:jl ISBN:0120781859 The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process. cAMP generating peptide activity glycopeptide hormone lipopeptide hormone peptide hormone molecular_function GO:0005179 hormone activity GO:0005179 The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process. GOC:dph GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The action characteristic of a neuropeptide hormone, any peptide hormone that acts in the central nervous system. A neuropeptide is any of several types of molecules found in brain tissue, composed of short chains of amino acids; they include endorphins, enkephalins, vasopressin, and others. They are often localized in axon terminals at synapses and are classified as putative neurotransmitters, although some are also hormones. Wikipedia:Neurohormone neurohormone molecular_function GO:0005184 neuropeptide hormone activity GO:0005184 The action characteristic of a neuropeptide hormone, any peptide hormone that acts in the central nervous system. A neuropeptide is any of several types of molecules found in brain tissue, composed of short chains of amino acids; they include endorphins, enkephalins, vasopressin, and others. They are often localized in axon terminals at synapses and are classified as putative neurotransmitters, although some are also hormones. GOC:mah molecular_function GO:0005185 neurohypophyseal hormone activity GO:0005185 The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell. molecular_function GO:0005198 structural molecule activity GO:0005198 The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell. GOC:mah The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure. molecular_function GO:0005200 structural constituent of cytoskeleton GO:0005200 The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure. GOC:mah Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. Reactome:1391 molecular_function small-molecule carrier or transporter GO:0005215 transporter activity GO:0005215 Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai GOC:df Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. molecular_function GO:0005216 ion channel activity GO:0005216 Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. GOC:cy GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. molecular_function GO:0005217 intracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity GO:0005217 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 molecular_function GO:0005220 inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity GO:0005220 Catalysis of the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. intracellular calcium-activated potassium channel polycystin molecular_function GO:0005227 calcium activated cation channel activity GO:0005227 Catalysis of the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_transport Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. molecular_function GO:0005230 extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity GO:0005230 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 molecular_function GO:0005231 excitatory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity GO:0005231 5-hydroxytryptamine-gated receptor-channel molecular_function GO:0005232 serotonin-activated cation-selective channel activity GO:0005232 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when extracellular glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. molecular_function GO:0005234 extracellular-glutamate-gated ion channel activity GO:0005234 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when extracellular glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 molecular_function GO:0005237 inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity GO:0005237 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. voltage gated ion channel activity voltage-dependent ion channel activity molecular_function GO:0005244 voltage-gated ion channel activity GO:0005244 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. depolarization-activated calcium channel depolarization-activated voltage gated calcium channel activity depolarization-activated voltage-gated calcium channel depolarization-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity voltage gated calcium channel activity voltage-dependent calcium channel activity voltage-gated calcium ion channel activity voltage-sensitive calcium channel molecular_function GO:0005245 voltage-gated calcium channel activity GO:0005245 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. GOC:mtg_transport GOC:tb ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a voltage-gated channel. voltage gated chloride channel activity voltage-dependent chloride channel activity molecular_function GO:0005247 voltage-gated chloride channel activity GO:0005247 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a voltage-gated channel. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel. voltage gated sodium channel activity voltage-dependent sodium channel activity voltage-gated sodium ion channel activity voltage-sensitive sodium channel molecular_function GO:0005248 voltage-gated sodium channel activity GO:0005248 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. voltage gated potassium channel activity voltage-dependent potassium channel activity voltage-gated potassium ion channel activity voltage-sensitive potassium channel molecular_function GO:0005249 voltage-gated potassium channel activity GO:0005249 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the energy-independent passage of anions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. molecular_function GO:0005253 anion channel activity GO:0005253 Catalysis of the energy-independent passage of anions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a chloride (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. molecular_function GO:0005254 chloride channel activity GO:0005254 Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a chloride (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. cation diffusion facilitator activity nonselective cation channel activity molecular_function GO:0005261 cation channel activity GO:0005261 Catalysis of the energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. GOC:def GOC:dph GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. Reactome:13088 molecular_function GO:0005262 calcium channel activity GO:0005262 Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. molecular_function GO:0005267 potassium channel activity GO:0005267 Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. molecular_function GO:0005272 sodium channel activity GO:0005272 Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of the membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group. amine/amide/polyamine channel activity amine/polyamine transmembrane transporter activity amino acid-polyamine transmembrane transporter activity molecular_function GO:0005275 amine transmembrane transporter activity GO:0005275 Catalysis of the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of the membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of the membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. molecular_function GO:0005277 acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity GO:0005277 Catalysis of the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of the membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + H+(out) = amino acid(in) + H+(in). cation/amino acid symporter molecular_function GO:0005280 hydrogen:amino acid symporter activity GO:0005280 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + H+(out) = amino acid(in) + H+(in). GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in). sodium/amino acid transporter sodium/excitatory amino acid cotransporter activity sodium/excitatory amino acid symporter activity sodium:amino acid transporter activity glutamate/aspartate:sodium symporter activity isoleucine/valine:sodium symporter activity threonine/serine:sodium symporter activity molecular_function GO:0005283 sodium:amino acid symporter activity GO:0005283 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in). GOC:ai Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. molecular_function GO:0005326 neurotransmitter transporter activity GO:0005326 Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neurotransmitter(out) + Na+(out) = neurotransmitter(in) + Na+(in). sodium/neurotransmitter symporter molecular_function GO:0005328 neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity GO:0005328 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neurotransmitter(out) + Na+(out) = neurotransmitter(in) + Na+(in). TC:2.A.22.-.- Catalysis of the transfer of dopamine from one side of the membrane to the other. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. molecular_function GO:0005329 dopamine transmembrane transporter activity GO:0005329 Catalysis of the transfer of dopamine from one side of the membrane to the other. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dopamine(out) + Na+(out) = dopamine(in) + Na+(in). sodium/dopamine symporter molecular_function GO:0005330 dopamine:sodium symporter activity GO:0005330 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dopamine(out) + Na+(out) = dopamine(in) + Na+(in). TC:2.A.22.1.3 Catalysis of the transfer of norepinephrine from one side of the membrane to the other. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. Wikipedia:Norepinephrine_transporter levarterenol transporter noradrenaline transporter molecular_function GO:0005333 norepinephrine transmembrane transporter activity GO:0005333 Catalysis of the transfer of norepinephrine from one side of the membrane to the other. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: norepinephrine(out) + Na+(out) = norepinephrine(in) + Na+(in). noradrenaline:sodium symporter activity sodium/norepinephrine symporter molecular_function GO:0005334 norephinephrine:sodium symporter activity GO:0005334 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: norepinephrine(out) + Na+(out) = norepinephrine(in) + Na+(in). TC:2.A.22.1.2 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: serotonin(out) + Na+(out) = serotonin(in) + Na+(in). sodium/serotonin symporter molecular_function GO:0005335 serotonin:sodium symporter activity GO:0005335 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: serotonin(out) + Na+(out) = serotonin(in) + Na+(in). TC:2.A.22.1.1 Catalysis of the transfer of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, from one side of the membrane to the other. molecular_function GO:0005342 organic acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0005342 Catalysis of the transfer of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, from one side of the membrane to the other. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: organic acid(out) + Na+(out) = organic acid(in) + Na+(in). sodium/chloride-dependent organic acid cotransporter sodium:dicarboxylate/tricarboxylate symporter activity molecular_function GO:0005343 organic acid:sodium symporter activity GO:0005343 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: organic acid(out) + Na+(out) = organic acid(in) + Na+(in). TC:2.A.28.1.1 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + cation(out) = amino acid(in) + cation(in). cation/amino acid symporter molecular_function GO:0005416 cation:amino acid symporter activity GO:0005416 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + cation(out) = amino acid(in) + cation(in). GOC:ai The selective, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. Wikipedia:Binding_(molecular) ligand molecular_function GO:0005488 binding GO:0005488 The selective, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. GOC:ceb GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. molecular_function GO:0005496 steroid binding GO:0005496 Interacting selectively with a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. molecular_function GO:0005504 fatty acid binding GO:0005504 Interacting selectively with fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with calcium ions (Ca2+). molecular_function calcium ion storage activity GO:0005509 calcium ion binding GO:0005509 Interacting selectively with calcium ions (Ca2+). GOC:ai Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). Reactome:6125 protein amino acid binding protein folding chaperone molecular_function alpha-2 macroglobulin receptor-associated protein activity protein degradation tagging activity protein tagging activity GO:0005515 protein binding GO:0005515 Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). GOC:go_curators protein folding chaperone GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb Interacting selectively with any protein involved in modulating the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. molecular_function GO:0005519 cytoskeletal regulatory protein binding GO:0005519 Interacting selectively with any protein involved in modulating the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. GOC:go_curators PMID:15163540 Interacting selectively with an insulin-like growth factor, any member of a group of polypeptides that are structurally homologous to insulin and share many of its biological activities, but are immunologically distinct from it. IGF binding molecular_function GO:0005520 insulin-like growth factor binding GO:0005520 Interacting selectively with an insulin-like growth factor, any member of a group of polypeptides that are structurally homologous to insulin and share many of its biological activities, but are immunologically distinct from it. ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with a macrolide, any of a large group of structurally related antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species. molecular_function GO:0005527 macrolide binding GO:0005527 Interacting selectively with a macrolide, any of a large group of structurally related antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with the immunosuppressant FK506. molecular_function FK506-sensitive peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase GO:0005528 FK506 binding GO:0005528 Interacting selectively with the immunosuppressant FK506. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with any glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues. molecular_function GO:0005539 glycosaminoglycan binding GO:0005539 Interacting selectively with any glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with hyaluronic acid, a polymer composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine. hyaluronan binding molecular_function GO:0005540 hyaluronic acid binding GO:0005540 Interacting selectively with hyaluronic acid, a polymer composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Interacting selectively with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. molecular_function GO:0005543 phospholipid binding GO:0005543 Interacting selectively with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. molecular_function GO:0005545 phosphatidylinositol binding GO:0005545 Interacting selectively with phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate, the triphosphorylated derivative of phosphatidylinositol. molecular_function GO:0005547 phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate binding GO:0005547 Interacting selectively with phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate, the triphosphorylated derivative of phosphatidylinositol. GOC:bf GOC:jl Interacting selectively with an odorant, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell. molecular_function GO:0005549 odorant binding GO:0005549 Interacting selectively with an odorant, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell. GOC:jl ISBN:0721662544 Interacting selectively with a pheromone, a substance, or characteristic mixture of substances, that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process. molecular_function GO:0005550 pheromone binding GO:0005550 Interacting selectively with a pheromone, a substance, or characteristic mixture of substances, that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process. GOC:ai The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. cellular component cellular component unknown cellular_component GO:0005575 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this. cellular_component GO:0005575 The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. GOC:go_curators The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. Wikipedia:Extracellular extracellular cellular_component GO:0005576 extracellular region GO:0005576 The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. GOC:go_curators A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds. fibrinogen fibrinogen alpha chain fibrinogen beta chain fibrinogen gamma chain cellular_component GO:0005577 fibrinogen complex GO:0005577 A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds. ISBN:0198547684 A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. extracellular matrix (sensu Metazoa) cellular_component GO:0005578 proteinaceous extracellular matrix GO:0005578 A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198547684 A protein complex produced by sequentially activated components of the complement cascade inserted into a target cell membrane and forming a pore leading to cell lysis via ion and water flow. Wikipedia:Complement_membrane_attack_complex MAC TCC terminal complement complex membrane attack complex protein alphaM chain membrane attack complex protein beta2 chain cellular_component GO:0005579 membrane attack complex GO:0005579 A protein complex produced by sequentially activated components of the complement cascade inserted into a target cell membrane and forming a pore leading to cell lysis via ion and water flow. GOC:add ISBN:0198547684 ISBN:068340007X ISBN:0781735149 Any of the various assemblies in which collagen chains form a left-handed triple helix; may assemble into higher order structures. Wikipedia:Collagen cellular_component other collagen GO:0005581 collagen GO:0005581 Any of the various assemblies in which collagen chains form a left-handed triple helix; may assemble into higher order structures. GOC:mah ISBN:0721639976 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XV) chains; a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan often found in specialized basement membranes. cellular_component GO:0005582 collagen type XV GO:0005582 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XV) chains; a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan often found in specialized basement membranes. PMID:11158616 PMID:11937714 Any collagen polymer in which collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. cellular_component GO:0005583 fibrillar collagen GO:0005583 Any collagen polymer in which collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. GOC:mah ISBN:0721639976 A collagen heterotrimer containing two alpha1(I) chains and one alpha2(I) chain; type I collagen triple helices associate to form banded fibrils. Wikipedia:Collagen_type_I cellular_component GO:0005584 collagen type I GO:0005584 A collagen heterotrimer containing two alpha1(I) chains and one alpha2(I) chain; type I collagen triple helices associate to form banded fibrils. ISBN:0721639976 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(II) chains; type II collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. Wikipedia:Collagen_type_II cellular_component GO:0005585 collagen type II GO:0005585 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(II) chains; type II collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. ISBN:0721639976 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(III) chains; type III collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. cellular_component GO:0005586 collagen type III GO:0005586 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(III) chains; type III collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. ISBN:0721639976 A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form nets within basement membranes. Wikipedia:Collagen_type_IV cellular_component GO:0005587 collagen type IV GO:0005587 A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form nets within basement membranes. ISBN:0721639976 A collagen heterotrimer containing type V alpha chains; [alpha1(V)]2alpha2(V) and alpha1(V)alpha2(V)alpha3(V) trimers have been observed; type V collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. cellular_component GO:0005588 collagen type V GO:0005588 A collagen heterotrimer containing type V alpha chains; [alpha1(V)]2alpha2(V) and alpha1(V)alpha2(V)alpha3(V) trimers have been observed; type V collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. ISBN:0721639976 A collagen heterotrimer containing type VI alpha chains in alpha1(VI)alpha2(VI)alpha3(VI) trimers; type VI collagen triple helices associate to form beaded fibrils. cellular_component GO:0005589 collagen type VI GO:0005589 A collagen heterotrimer containing type VI alpha chains in alpha1(VI)alpha2(VI)alpha3(VI) trimers; type VI collagen triple helices associate to form beaded fibrils. ISBN:0721639976 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(VII) chains; type VII collagen triple helices form antiparallel dimer, which in turn associate laterally to form anchoring fibrils that connect type IV collagen in the basal lamina to plaques in the underlying connective tissue. cellular_component GO:0005590 collagen type VII GO:0005590 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(VII) chains; type VII collagen triple helices form antiparallel dimer, which in turn associate laterally to form anchoring fibrils that connect type IV collagen in the basal lamina to plaques in the underlying connective tissue. ISBN:0721639976 A collagen heterotrimer containing type VIII alpha chains; [alpha1(VIII)2]alpha2(VIII) and alpha1(VIII)[alpha2(VIII)]2 trimers have been observed; type VIII collagen triple helices associate to form regular hexagonal nets. cellular_component GO:0005591 collagen type VIII GO:0005591 A collagen heterotrimer containing type VIII alpha chains; [alpha1(VIII)2]alpha2(VIII) and alpha1(VIII)[alpha2(VIII)]2 trimers have been observed; type VIII collagen triple helices associate to form regular hexagonal nets. ISBN:0721639976 A collagen heterotrimer containing type XI alpha chains in alpha1(XI)alpha2(XI)alpha3(XI) trimers; type XI collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. cellular_component GO:0005592 collagen type XI GO:0005592 A collagen heterotrimer containing type XI alpha chains in alpha1(XI)alpha2(XI)alpha3(XI) trimers; type XI collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. ISBN:0721639976 Any collagen polymer associated with collagen fibrils and in which the collagen monomers contain two or more relatively short triple-helical domains connected by non-triple-helical sequences; the acronym FACIT stands for fibril-associated collagen with interrupted triple helix. Wikipedia:FACIT_collagen cellular_component GO:0005593 FACIT collagen GO:0005593 Any collagen polymer associated with collagen fibrils and in which the collagen monomers contain two or more relatively short triple-helical domains connected by non-triple-helical sequences; the acronym FACIT stands for fibril-associated collagen with interrupted triple helix. ISBN:0198599587 A collagen heterotrimer containing type IX alpha chains in alpha1(IX)alpha2(IX)alpha3(IX) trimers; type IX collagen triple helices associate to form a structure that links glycosaminoglycans to type II collagen fibrils. cellular_component GO:0005594 collagen type IX GO:0005594 A collagen heterotrimer containing type IX alpha chains in alpha1(IX)alpha2(IX)alpha3(IX) trimers; type IX collagen triple helices associate to form a structure that links glycosaminoglycans to type II collagen fibrils. ISBN:0721639976 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XII) chains; type XII collagen triple helices may link sheet-forming or fibrillar collagens to other structures. cellular_component GO:0005595 collagen type XII GO:0005595 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XII) chains; type XII collagen triple helices may link sheet-forming or fibrillar collagens to other structures. ISBN:0721639976 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XIV) chains; type XIV collagen triple helices may link sheet-forming or fibrillar collagens to other structures. cellular_component GO:0005596 collagen type XIV GO:0005596 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XIV) chains; type XIV collagen triple helices may link sheet-forming or fibrillar collagens to other structures. ISBN:0721639976 A collagen trimer containing alpha(XVI) chains; type XVI trimers can associate with microfibrils. cellular_component GO:0005597 collagen type XVI GO:0005597 A collagen trimer containing alpha(XVI) chains; type XVI trimers can associate with microfibrils. GOC:mah PMID:12782140 Any assembly of collagen in which the collagen chains are relatively short compared to the fibrillar collagens. cellular_component GO:0005598 short-chain collagen GO:0005598 Any assembly of collagen in which the collagen chains are relatively short compared to the fibrillar collagens. ISBN:0198599587 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XIII) chains; type X collagen triple helices span lipid bilayer membranes. cellular_component GO:0005600 collagen type XIII GO:0005600 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XIII) chains; type X collagen triple helices span lipid bilayer membranes. ISBN:0721639976 A protein complex composed of six subunits of C1q, each formed of the three homologous polypeptide chains C1QA, C1QB, and C1QB, and tetramer of two C1QR and two C1QS polypeptide chains. complement component C1q complex cellular_component GO:0005602 complement component C1 complex GO:0005602 A protein complex composed of six subunits of C1q, each formed of the three homologous polypeptide chains C1QA, C1QB, and C1QB, and tetramer of two C1QR and two C1QS polypeptide chains. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. Wikipedia:Basement_membrane cellular_component GO:0005604 basement membrane GO:0005604 A thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. ISBN:0198547684 A thin sheet of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, especially laminin, secreted by cells as an extracellular matrix. Wikipedia:Basal_lamina basement lamina cellular_component GO:0005605 basal lamina GO:0005605 A thin sheet of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, especially laminin, secreted by cells as an extracellular matrix. ISBN:0198547684 A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains. cellular_component GO:0005606 laminin-1 complex GO:0005606 A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains. GOC:jl PMID:10842354 A laminin complex composed of alpha4, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains. cellular_component GO:0005607 laminin-2 complex GO:0005607 A laminin complex composed of alpha4, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains. GOC:jl PMID:10842354 A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta2 and gamma1 polypeptide chains. cellular_component GO:0005608 laminin-3 complex GO:0005608 A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta2 and gamma1 polypeptide chains. MEDLINE:95005761 A laminin complex composed of alpha3, beta3 and gamma2 polypeptide chains. cellular_component GO:0005610 laminin-5 complex GO:0005610 A laminin complex composed of alpha3, beta3 and gamma2 polypeptide chains. GOC:jl PMID:10842354 A type of extracellular matrix found in interstitial connective tissue, characterized by the presence of fibronectins, proteoglycans, and types I, III, V, VI, VII and XII collagens. cellular_component GO:0005614 interstitial matrix GO:0005614 A type of extracellular matrix found in interstitial connective tissue, characterized by the presence of fibronectins, proteoglycans, and types I, III, V, VI, VII and XII collagens. PMID:8450001 That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. cellular_component intercellular space GO:0005615 Note that for multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term. extracellular space GO:0005615 That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. ISBN:0198547684 The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan. Wikipedia:Cell_wall cellular_component GO:0005618 cell wall GO:0005618 The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan. ISBN:0198547684 The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. Wikipedia:Intracellular protoplasm cellular_component GO:0005622 intracellular GO:0005622 The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. ISBN:0198506732 The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. Wikipedia:Cell_(biology) cellular_component GO:0005623 cell GO:0005623 The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. GOC:go_curators That fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes. cellular_component GO:0005624 Note that this term refers to disrupted cells, and does not necessarily correspond to any specific structure(s) in an intact cell. membrane fraction GO:0005624 That fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes. GOC:ma That fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that is soluble in water. soluble cellular_component GO:0005625 Note that this term refers to disrupted cells, and does not necessarily correspond to any specific structure(s) in an intact cell. soluble fraction GO:0005625 That fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that is soluble in water. GOC:ma That fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that is not soluble in water. cellular_component particle-bound GO:0005626 Note that this term refers to disrupted cells, and does not necessarily correspond to any specific structure(s) in an intact cell. insoluble fraction GO:0005626 That fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that is not soluble in water. GOC:ma A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. Wikipedia:Cell_nucleus cell nucleus cellular_component GO:0005634 nucleus GO:0005634 A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. GOC:go_curators The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). Wikipedia:Nuclear_envelope cellular_component GO:0005635 nuclear envelope GO:0005635 The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). ISBN:0198547684 The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope. inner envelope cellular_component GO:0005637 nuclear inner membrane GO:0005637 The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope. GOC:ma Any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. They are classified as lamins A, B and C. type V intermediate filament cellular_component GO:0005638 lamin filament GO:0005638 Any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. They are classified as lamins A, B and C. ISBN:0198547684 Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the nuclear inner membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. cellular_component GO:0005639 integral to nuclear inner membrane GO:0005639 Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the nuclear inner membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. GOC:go_curators The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes. outer envelope perinuclear membrane cellular_component GO:0005640 nuclear outer membrane GO:0005640 The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes. ISBN:0198547684 The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide. nuclear intermembrane space perinuclear space cellular_component nuclear membrane lumen GO:0005641 nuclear envelope lumen GO:0005641 The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide. GOC:ai Stacks of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes containing a high density of nuclear pores, thought to form from excess nuclear membrane components, that have been described in a number of different cells. Annulate lamellar membranes are continuous with and embedded within the ER. cellular_component GO:0005642 annulate lamellae GO:0005642 Stacks of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes containing a high density of nuclear pores, thought to form from excess nuclear membrane components, that have been described in a number of different cells. Annulate lamellar membranes are continuous with and embedded within the ER. PMID:12631728 Any of the numerous similar discrete openings in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined. Wikipedia:Nuclear_pore NPC nuclear pore complex nuclear pore membrane protein cellular_component GO:0005643 nuclear pore GO:0005643 Any of the numerous similar discrete openings in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined. ISBN:0198547684 The fibrous, electron-dense layer lying on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner membrane of a cell nucleus, composed of lamin filaments. The polypeptides of the lamina are thought to be concerned in the dissolution of the nuclear envelope and its re-formation during mitosis. The lamina is composed of lamin A and lamin C filaments cross-linked into an orthogonal lattice, which is attached via lamin B to the inner nuclear membrane through interactions with a lamin B receptor, an IFAP, in the membrane. Wikipedia:Nuclear_lamina cellular_component GO:0005652 nuclear lamina GO:0005652 The fibrous, electron-dense layer lying on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner membrane of a cell nucleus, composed of lamin filaments. The polypeptides of the lamina are thought to be concerned in the dissolution of the nuclear envelope and its re-formation during mitosis. The lamina is composed of lamin A and lamin C filaments cross-linked into an orthogonal lattice, which is attached via lamin B to the inner nuclear membrane through interactions with a lamin B receptor, an IFAP, in the membrane. ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0716731363 That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. Wikipedia:Nucleoplasm cellular_component GO:0005654 nucleoplasm GO:0005654 That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. GOC:ma ISBN:0124325653 A ribonuclease P complex located in the nucleolus of a eukaryotic cell, where it catalyzes the 5' endonucleolytic cleavage of precursor tRNAs to yield mature tRNAs. Eukaryotic nucleolar ribonuclease P complexes generally contain a single RNA molecule that is necessary but not sufficient for catalysis, and several protein molecules. nucleolar RNase P complex cellular_component GO:0005655 nucleolar ribonuclease P complex GO:0005655 A ribonuclease P complex located in the nucleolus of a eukaryotic cell, where it catalyzes the 5' endonucleolytic cleavage of precursor tRNAs to yield mature tRNAs. Eukaryotic nucleolar ribonuclease P complexes generally contain a single RNA molecule that is necessary but not sufficient for catalysis, and several protein molecules. GOC:mah PMID:12045094 The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes. Wikipedia:Replication_fork cellular_component replication focus GO:0005657 replication fork GO:0005657 The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes. GOC:mah ISBN:0198547684 A complex of four polypeptides, comprising large and small DNA polymerase alpha subunits and two primase subunits, which catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA primer on the lagging strand of replicating DNA; the smaller of the two primase subunits alone can catalyze oligoribonucleotide synthesis. primosome DNA polymerase alpha:primase complex heterotetrameric polymerase alpha holoenzyme cellular_component pol-prim GO:0005658 alpha DNA polymerase:primase complex GO:0005658 A complex of four polypeptides, comprising large and small DNA polymerase alpha subunits and two primase subunits, which catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA primer on the lagging strand of replicating DNA; the smaller of the two primase subunits alone can catalyze oligoribonucleotide synthesis. GOC:mah PMID:11395402 A conserved heterotrimeric complex that binds nonspecifically to single-stranded DNA and is required for multiple processes in eukaryotic DNA metabolism, including DNA replication, DNA repair, and recombination. In all eukaryotic organisms examined the complex is composed of subunits of approximately 70, 30, and 14 kDa. Wikipedia:Replication_protein_A RPA replication protein A cellular_component SSB single-stranded DNA-binding protein complex GO:0005662 DNA replication factor A complex GO:0005662 A conserved heterotrimeric complex that binds nonspecifically to single-stranded DNA and is required for multiple processes in eukaryotic DNA metabolism, including DNA replication, DNA repair, and recombination. In all eukaryotic organisms examined the complex is composed of subunits of approximately 70, 30, and 14 kDa. PMID:9242902 A complex of five polypeptides in eukaryotes, and two in prokaryotes, that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase. RFC complex activator 1 complex cellular_component GO:0005663 DNA replication factor C complex GO:0005663 A complex of five polypeptides in eukaryotes, and two in prokaryotes, that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase. PMID:14614842 PMID:14646196 PMID:16172520 A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome in the nucleus. eukaryotic ORC nuclear ORC cellular_component GO:0005664 nuclear origin of replication recognition complex GO:0005664 A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome in the nucleus. GOC:elh RNA polymerase II, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces mRNAs, snoRNAs, and some of the snRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II contains an essential carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) composed of a variable number of heptapeptide repeats (YSPTSPS). The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template. RNA polymerase II complex RNAP II complex cellular_component GO:0005665 DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, core complex GO:0005665 RNA polymerase II, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces mRNAs, snoRNAs, and some of the snRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II contains an essential carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) composed of a variable number of heptapeptide repeats (YSPTSPS). The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template. GOC:krc GOC:mtg_sensu RNA polymerase III, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces 5S rRNA, tRNAs and some of the small nuclear RNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase I and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and II. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template. cellular_component DNA-directed RNA polymerase III activity GO:0005666 DNA-directed RNA polymerase III complex GO:0005666 RNA polymerase III, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces 5S rRNA, tRNAs and some of the small nuclear RNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase I and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and II. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template. GOC:krc GOC:mtg_sensu A protein complex, distinct from RNA polymerase, that associates with DNA at promoters or at cis-acting regulatory sequences, by direct binding or by interaction with other DNA-binding polypeptides or complexes, and regulates transcription. cellular_component GO:0005667 transcription factor complex GO:0005667 A protein complex, distinct from RNA polymerase, that associates with DNA at promoters or at cis-acting regulatory sequences, by direct binding or by interaction with other DNA-binding polypeptides or complexes, and regulates transcription. GOC:mah A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters. cellular_component GO:0005669 transcription factor TFIID complex GO:0005669 A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters. GOC:krc GOC:mah ISBN:0471953393 ISBN:0879695501 A component of the transcription machinery of RNA Polymerase II. In humans, TFIIA is a heterotrimer composed of an alpha (P35), beta (P19) and gamma subunits (P12). cellular_component GO:0005672 transcription factor TFIIA complex GO:0005672 A component of the transcription machinery of RNA Polymerase II. In humans, TFIIA is a heterotrimer composed of an alpha (P35), beta (P19) and gamma subunits (P12). GOC:jl UniProtKB:P52655 A transcription factor which in humans consists of a complex of two alpha and two beta chains. Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and helps activate both RNA polymerase II and TFIIH. cellular_component GO:0005673 transcription factor TFIIE complex GO:0005673 A transcription factor which in humans consists of a complex of two alpha and two beta chains. Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and helps activate both RNA polymerase II and TFIIH. GOC:jl UniProtKB:P29083 A general transcription initiation factor which in humans consists of a heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Helps recruit RNA polymerase II to the initiation complex and promotes translation elongation. cellular_component GO:0005674 transcription factor TFIIF complex GO:0005674 A general transcription initiation factor which in humans consists of a heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Helps recruit RNA polymerase II to the initiation complex and promotes translation elongation. GOC:jl UniProtKB:P13984 A complex that contains kinase activity directed towards the C-terminal Domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for initiation at RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of the 5-subunit core (Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p and Tfb4p), Ssl2p, and TFIIK (Kin28p, Ccl1p, and Tfb3p). All of the subunits have equivalents in humans: the 5 subunit core is composed of XPD, p62, p55, p44, p34; the equivalent of the TFIIK subcomplex is composed of MO15, Mat1, and a cyclin; the human equivalent of Ssl2p is XPB. cellular_component GO:0005675 holo TFIIH complex GO:0005675 A complex that contains kinase activity directed towards the C-terminal Domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for initiation at RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of the 5-subunit core (Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p and Tfb4p), Ssl2p, and TFIIK (Kin28p, Ccl1p, and Tfb3p). All of the subunits have equivalents in humans: the 5 subunit core is composed of XPD, p62, p55, p44, p34; the equivalent of the TFIIK subcomplex is composed of MO15, Mat1, and a cyclin; the human equivalent of Ssl2p is XPB. GOC:krc PMID:14500720 PMID:7813015 UniProtKB:Q13889 Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing. cellular_component GO:0005677 chromatin silencing complex GO:0005677 Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing. GOC:mah Any protein complex that acts in the formation of nucleosomes or higher order chromatin structure. nucleosome assembly complex cellular_component GO:0005678 chromatin assembly complex GO:0005678 Any protein complex that acts in the formation of nucleosomes or higher order chromatin structure. GOC:mah A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Substrate recognition by APC occurs through degradation signals, the most common of which is termed the Dbox degradation motif, originally discovered in cyclin B. APC Wikipedia:Anaphase-promoting_complex anaphase promoting complex cyclosome cellular_component GO:0005680 Note that the synonym 'APC' should not be confused with the abbreviation for the adenomatous polyposis coli gene and protein. anaphase-promoting complex GO:0005680 A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Substrate recognition by APC occurs through degradation signals, the most common of which is termed the Dbox degradation motif, originally discovered in cyclin B. GOC:jh PMID:10465783 PMID:10611969 A ribonucleoprotein complex, containing RNA and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that is assembled during the splicing of messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron. Wikipedia:Spliceosome spliceosome complex cellular_component GO:0005681 spliceosome GO:0005681 A ribonucleoprotein complex, containing RNA and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that is assembled during the splicing of messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron. ISBN:0198547684 Ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nuclear RNA U5; a component of both the major and minor spliceosome complexes. cellular_component GO:0005682 snRNP U5 GO:0005682 Ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nuclear RNA U5; a component of both the major and minor spliceosome complexes. GOC:krc The major (U2-dependent) spliceosome is composed of five snRNP complexes (U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6) as well as many non-snRNP proteins. It acts through many RNA-RNA, RNA-protein, and protein-protein interactions to precisely excise each intron and join the flanking exons. GT-AG spliceosome major (U2-dependent) spliceosome major spliceosome cellular_component GO:0005684 U2-dependent spliceosome GO:0005684 The major (U2-dependent) spliceosome is composed of five snRNP complexes (U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6) as well as many non-snRNP proteins. It acts through many RNA-RNA, RNA-protein, and protein-protein interactions to precisely excise each intron and join the flanking exons. PMID:11343900 Ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nuclear RNA U1; a component of the major spliceosome complex. cellular_component GO:0005685 snRNP U1 GO:0005685 Ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nuclear RNA U1; a component of the major spliceosome complex. GOC:krc Ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nuclear RNA U2; a component of the major spliceosome complex. 17S U2 snRNP cellular_component GO:0005686 snRNP U2 GO:0005686 Ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nuclear RNA U2; a component of the major spliceosome complex. GOC:krc Ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nuclear RNA U6; a component of the major spliceosome complex. cellular_component GO:0005688 snRNP U6 GO:0005688 Ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nuclear RNA U6; a component of the major spliceosome complex. GOC:krc The minor (U12-dependent) spliceosome is composed of the snRNPs, U11, U12, U4atac, U6atac, and U5 (which is also a component of the major spliceosome). This minor form of the spliceosome is responsible for the splicing of the majority of introns with atypical AT-AC terminal dinucleotides, as well as other non-canonical introns. The entire splice site signal, not just the terminal dinucleotides, is involved in determining which spliceosome utilizes the site. Wikipedia:Minor_spliceosome AT-AC spliceosome minor (U12-dependent) spliceosome complex minor spliceosome cellular_component GO:0005689 U12-dependent spliceosome GO:0005689 The minor (U12-dependent) spliceosome is composed of the snRNPs, U11, U12, U4atac, U6atac, and U5 (which is also a component of the major spliceosome). This minor form of the spliceosome is responsible for the splicing of the majority of introns with atypical AT-AC terminal dinucleotides, as well as other non-canonical introns. The entire splice site signal, not just the terminal dinucleotides, is involved in determining which spliceosome utilizes the site. PMID:11574683 PMID:11971955 A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. Wikipedia:Chromosome interphase chromosome prophase chromosome cellular_component chromatid GO:0005694 chromosome GO:0005694 A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. ISBN:0198547684 Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, with a minimal catalytic core composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. In vivo, the holoenzyme complex often contains additional subunits. cellular_component GO:0005697 telomerase holoenzyme complex GO:0005697 Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, with a minimal catalytic core composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. In vivo, the holoenzyme complex often contains additional subunits. PMID:11884619 A region at which the centric regions of polytene chromosomes are joined together. polytene chromosome chromocentre cellular_component GO:0005701 polytene chromosome chromocenter GO:0005701 A region at which the centric regions of polytene chromosomes are joined together. GOC:bf ISBN:0120649012 A connection formed between chromatids, visible during meiosis, thought to be the point of the interchange involved in crossing-over. Wikipedia:Chiasma_(genetics) cellular_component GO:0005712 chiasma GO:0005712 A connection formed between chromatids, visible during meiosis, thought to be the point of the interchange involved in crossing-over. ISBN:0198506732 The dispersed less dense form of chromatin in the interphase nucleus. It exists in at least two forms, a some being in the form of transcriptionally active chromatin which is the least condensed, while the rest is inactive euchromatin which is more condensed than active chromatin but less condensed than heterochromatin. cellular_component GO:0005719 nuclear euchromatin GO:0005719 The dispersed less dense form of chromatin in the interphase nucleus. It exists in at least two forms, a some being in the form of transcriptionally active chromatin which is the least condensed, while the rest is inactive euchromatin which is more condensed than active chromatin but less condensed than heterochromatin. ISBN:0198506732 A condensed form of chromatin, occurring in the nucleus during interphase, that stains strongly with basophilic dyes. The DNA of heterochromatin is typically replicated at a later stage in the cell-division cycle than euchromatin. cellular_component GO:0005720 nuclear heterochromatin GO:0005720 A condensed form of chromatin, occurring in the nucleus during interphase, that stains strongly with basophilic dyes. The DNA of heterochromatin is typically replicated at a later stage in the cell-division cycle than euchromatin. ISBN:0198506732 A region of heterochromatin located near the centromere of a chromosome. centric heterochromatin cellular_component GO:0005721 centromeric heterochromatin GO:0005721 A region of heterochromatin located near the centromere of a chromosome. PMID:12019236 Heterochromatic regions of the chromosome found at the telomeres of a chromosome in the nucleus. cellular_component GO:0005724 nuclear telomeric heterochromatin GO:0005724 Heterochromatic regions of the chromosome found at the telomeres of a chromosome in the nucleus. GOC:ai Structures of variable diameter visible in the nucleoplasm by electron microscopy, mainly observed near the border of condensed chromatin. The fibrils are enriched in RNA, and are believed to be sites of pre-mRNA splicing and polyadenylylation representing the in situ form of nascent transcripts. cellular_component GO:0005726 perichromatin fibrils GO:0005726 Structures of variable diameter visible in the nucleoplasm by electron microscopy, mainly observed near the border of condensed chromatin. The fibrils are enriched in RNA, and are believed to be sites of pre-mRNA splicing and polyadenylylation representing the in situ form of nascent transcripts. PMID:14731598 Circular DNA structures that are not part of a chromosome. cellular_component GO:0005727 extrachromosomal circular DNA GO:0005727 Circular DNA structures that are not part of a chromosome. GOC:ai A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. Wikipedia:Nucleolus cellular_component GO:0005730 nucleolus GO:0005730 A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. ISBN:0198506732 A region of a chromosome where nucleoli form during interphase, and where genes encoding the largest rRNA precursor transcript are tandemly arrayed. Wikipedia:Nucleolus_organizer_region NOR nucleolus organiser region cellular_component nucleolus organizer complex GO:0005731 nucleolus organizer region GO:0005731 A region of a chromosome where nucleoli form during interphase, and where genes encoding the largest rRNA precursor transcript are tandemly arrayed. PMID:14504406 A complex composed of RNA of the small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and protein, found in the nucleolus of a eukaryotic cell. Most are involved in a step of processing of rRNA: cleavage, 2'-O-methylation, or pseudouridylation. The majority, though not all, fall into one of two classes, box C/D type or box H/ACA type. small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein snoRNP cellular_component GO:0005732 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex GO:0005732 A complex composed of RNA of the small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and protein, found in the nucleolus of a eukaryotic cell. Most are involved in a step of processing of rRNA: cleavage, 2'-O-methylation, or pseudouridylation. The majority, though not all, fall into one of two classes, box C/D type or box H/ACA type. GOC:krc GOC:mah ISBN:0879695897 RNA polymerase I, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces rRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase III and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases II and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template. cellular_component DNA-directed RNA polymerase I activity GO:0005736 DNA-directed RNA polymerase I complex GO:0005736 RNA polymerase I, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces rRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase III and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases II and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template. GOC:krc GOC:mtg_sensu All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. Wikipedia:Cytoplasm cellular_component GO:0005737 cytoplasm GO:0005737 All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. ISBN:0198547684 A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. Wikipedia:Mitochondrion mitochondria cellular_component GO:0005739 mitochondrion GO:0005739 A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. ISBN:0198506732 The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space. cellular_component GO:0005740 mitochondrial envelope GO:0005740 The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space. GOC:ai GOC:pz The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. Wikipedia: Outer_mitochondrial_membrane outer mitochondrial membrane cellular_component GO:0005741 mitochondrial outer membrane GO:0005741 The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. GOC:ai A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates transport of proteins into all mitochondrial compartments. GIP complex TOM complex cellular_component GO:0005742 mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex GO:0005742 A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates transport of proteins into all mitochondrial compartments. PMID:12581629 The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. Wikipedia:Inner_mitochondrial_membrane inner mitochondrial membrane cellular_component GO:0005743 mitochondrial inner membrane GO:0005743 The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. GOC:ai The protein transport machinery of the mitochondrial inner membrane that contains three essential Tim proteins: Tim17 and Tim23 are thought to build a preprotein translocation channel while Tim44 interacts transiently with the matrix heat-shock protein Hsp70 to form an ATP-driven import motor. mitochondrial inner membrane pre-sequence translocase complex mitochondrial inner membrane translocase complex Tim23 complex cellular_component GO:0005744 mitochondrial inner membrane presequence translocase complex GO:0005744 The protein transport machinery of the mitochondrial inner membrane that contains three essential Tim proteins: Tim17 and Tim23 are thought to build a preprotein translocation channel while Tim44 interacts transiently with the matrix heat-shock protein Hsp70 to form an ATP-driven import motor. EC:3.6.3.51 PMID:8851659 The protein complexes that form the mitochondrial electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. mitochondrial electron transport chain cellular_component GO:0005746 mitochondrial respiratory chain GO:0005746 The protein complexes that form the mitochondrial electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. GOC:curators GOC:ecd ISBN:0198547684 A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone. NADH dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) (sensu Eukaryota) respiratory chain complex I (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0005747 mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I GO:0005747 A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198547684 A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain. fumarate reductase complex (sensu Eukaryota) mitochondrial fumarate reductase complex respiratory chain complex II (sensu Eukaryota) succinate dehydrogenase complex (sensu Eukaryota) succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0005749 mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II GO:0005749 A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198547684 A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1. respiratory chain complex III (sensu Eukaryota) ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex (sensu Eukaryota) ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0005750 mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III GO:0005750 A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198547684 A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2). cytochrome c oxidase complex (sensu Eukaryota) respiratory chain complex IV (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0005751 mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV GO:0005751 A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2). GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198547684 A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the mitochondrial membrane. hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase hydrogen-translocating F-type ATPase complex (sensu Eukaryota) proton-transporting ATP synthase complex (sensu Eukaryota) respiratory chain complex V (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0005753 mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex GO:0005753 A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the mitochondrial membrane. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_sensu The hexamer, comprising three alpha and three beta subunits, that possesses the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase. hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core (sensu Eukaryota) proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0005754 mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core GO:0005754 The hexamer, comprising three alpha and three beta subunits, that possesses the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase. GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:10838056 The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the mitochondrial envelope. mitochondrial envelope lumen cellular_component mitochondrial membrane lumen GO:0005758 mitochondrial intermembrane space GO:0005758 The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the mitochondrial envelope. GOC:mah The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty-acid oxidation. Wikipedia:Mitochondrial_matrix mitochondrial stroma cellular_component GO:0005759 mitochondrial matrix GO:0005759 The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty-acid oxidation. GOC:as ISBN:0198506732 A DNA polymerase complex consisting of a large subunit, responsible for the catalytic activities, and a small accessory subunit. Functions in the replication and repair of mitochondrial DNA. cellular_component GO:0005760 gamma DNA polymerase complex GO:0005760 A DNA polymerase complex consisting of a large subunit, responsible for the catalytic activities, and a small accessory subunit. Functions in the replication and repair of mitochondrial DNA. GOC:jl PMID:12045093 A ribosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell; contains a characteristic set of proteins distinct from those of cytosolic ribosomes. 55S ribosome, mitochondrial cellular_component GO:0005761 mitochondrial ribosome GO:0005761 A ribosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell; contains a characteristic set of proteins distinct from those of cytosolic ribosomes. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). 39S ribosomal subunit, mitochondrial cellular_component GO:0005762 mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit GO:0005762 The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). GOC:mcc The smaller of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. mitochondrial ribosomal SSU complex mitochondrial ribosomal small subunit complex 28S ribosomal subunit, mitochondrial cellular_component GO:0005763 mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit GO:0005763 The smaller of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. GOC:mcc A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. Wikipedia:Lysosome cellular_component GO:0005764 lysosome GO:0005764 A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm. cellular_component GO:0005765 lysosomal membrane GO:0005765 The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm. GOC:ai A lysosome before it has fused with a vesicle or vacuole. cellular_component GO:0005766 primary lysosome GO:0005766 A lysosome before it has fused with a vesicle or vacuole. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ A membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation. Wikipedia:Endosome cellular_component GO:0005768 endosome GO:0005768 A membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation. ISBN:0198506732 Small irregularly shaped intracellular vesicles to which endocytosed molecules are initially delivered. cellular_component GO:0005769 early endosome GO:0005769 Small irregularly shaped intracellular vesicles to which endocytosed molecules are initially delivered. GOC:rb A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center. PVC prevacuolar compartment cellular_component GO:0005770 late endosome GO:0005770 A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center. PMID:11964142 PMID:2557062 A type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm. MVB MVE multivesicular endosome cellular_component GO:0005771 multivesicular body GO:0005771 A type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm. PMID:11566881 MVE PMID:12122203 multivesicular endosome PMID:12122203 A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. Wikipedia:Vacuole cellular_component vacuolar carboxypeptidase Y GO:0005773 vacuole GO:0005773 A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198506732 The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. cellular_component GO:0005774 vacuolar membrane GO:0005774 The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. GOC:ai The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane. cellular_component GO:0005775 vacuolar lumen GO:0005775 The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane. ISBN:0198506732 A double-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered; known as autophagosome in yeast. autophagosome cellular_component GO:0005776 autophagic vacuole GO:0005776 A double-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered; known as autophagosome in yeast. ISBN:0198547684 PMID:11099404 A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). peroxisome vesicle Wikipedia:Peroxisome cellular_component GO:0005777 peroxisome GO:0005777 A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). ISBN:0815316194 The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome. peroxisome membrane cellular_component GO:0005778 peroxisomal membrane GO:0005778 The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome. GOC:mah Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a peroxisomal membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. cellular_component GO:0005779 integral to peroxisomal membrane GO:0005779 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a peroxisomal membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. GOC:mah The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome; in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase. peroxisomal lumen cellular_component GO:0005782 peroxisomal matrix GO:0005782 The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome; in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase. GOC:curators ISBN:0815316194 The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). Wikipedia:Endoplasmic_reticulum ER cellular_component GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum GO:0005783 The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). ISBN:0198506732 A translocation complex that constitutes the specific site of protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum, which involves the signal recognition particle receptor. Composed of a heterotetramer of alpha, beta, gamma and delta subunits (translocon-associated proteins or TRAPs). In yeast it is a heterotrimeric complex consisting of Sec61p, Sbh1p, and Sss1p. The Sec61 complex functions in cotranslational and posttranslational translocation events. sec61 complex cellular_component GO:0005784 translocon complex GO:0005784 A translocation complex that constitutes the specific site of protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum, which involves the signal recognition particle receptor. Composed of a heterotetramer of alpha, beta, gamma and delta subunits (translocon-associated proteins or TRAPs). In yeast it is a heterotrimeric complex consisting of Sec61p, Sbh1p, and Sss1p. The Sec61 complex functions in cotranslational and posttranslational translocation events. GOC:rb ISBN:0198599471 A transmembrane heterodimeric protein located in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Both subunits contain GTPase domains with which signal recognition particle interacts. In the presence of GTP and SRP receptor, SRP is released from the ribosome-nascent chain complex. SR complex cellular_component docking protein complex GO:0005785 signal recognition particle receptor complex GO:0005785 A transmembrane heterodimeric protein located in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Both subunits contain GTPase domains with which signal recognition particle interacts. In the presence of GTP and SRP receptor, SRP is released from the ribosome-nascent chain complex. ISBN:0198506732 A ribonucleoprotein particle of 325 kDa composed of a 7S (300 nucleotide) RNA molecule and a complex of six different polypeptides. This binds both to the N-terminal signal peptide for proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum as they emerge from the large ribosomal subunit and also to the ribosome. This binding arrests further translation thereby preventing the proteins from being released into the cytosol. The SRP-ribosome complex then diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is bound to the signal recognition particle receptor, which allows resumption of protein synthesis and facilitates the passage of the growing polypeptide chain through the translocon. Through a process involving GTP hydrolysis, the SRP-SRP receptor complex dissociates and SRP returns to the cytosol. Of the six polypeptides of SRP the 54 kDa subunit (SRP54) is the central player. It contains an N-terminal GTPase domain and a C-terminal domain that binds directly to the signal peptide and the SRP RNA. Wikipedia:Signal_recognition_particle SRP signal recognition particle (sensu Eukaryota) signal sequence receptor complex cellular_component GO:0005786 signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting GO:0005786 A ribonucleoprotein particle of 325 kDa composed of a 7S (300 nucleotide) RNA molecule and a complex of six different polypeptides. This binds both to the N-terminal signal peptide for proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum as they emerge from the large ribosomal subunit and also to the ribosome. This binding arrests further translation thereby preventing the proteins from being released into the cytosol. The SRP-ribosome complex then diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is bound to the signal recognition particle receptor, which allows resumption of protein synthesis and facilitates the passage of the growing polypeptide chain through the translocon. Through a process involving GTP hydrolysis, the SRP-SRP receptor complex dissociates and SRP returns to the cytosol. Of the six polypeptides of SRP the 54 kDa subunit (SRP54) is the central player. It contains an N-terminal GTPase domain and a C-terminal domain that binds directly to the signal peptide and the SRP RNA. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198506732 A multi subunit protease complex located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane that cleaves the signal sequence from precursor proteins following their transport out of the cytoplasmic space. cellular_component GO:0005787 signal peptidase complex GO:0005787 A multi subunit protease complex located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane that cleaves the signal sequence from precursor proteins following their transport out of the cytoplasmic space. GOC:sgd_curators PMID:1846444 PMID:7615509 The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. ER cisterna ER lumen cisternal lumen endoplasmic reticulum cisterna cellular_component GO:0005788 endoplasmic reticulum lumen GO:0005788 The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. ISBN:0198547684 The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. ER membrane cellular_component GO:0005789 endoplasmic reticulum membrane GO:0005789 The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. GOC:mah The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has with no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER. Wikipedia:Endoplasmic_reticulum#Smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum smooth ER cellular_component GO:0005790 smooth endoplasmic reticulum GO:0005790 The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has with no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER. ISBN:0198506732 The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae. Wikipedia:Endoplasmic_reticulum#Rough_endoplasmic_reticulum rough ER cellular_component GO:0005791 rough endoplasmic reticulum GO:0005791 The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae. ISBN:0198506732 Any of the small, heterogeneous, artifactual, vesicular particles, 50-150 nm in diameter, that are formed when some eukaryotic cells are homogenized and that sediment on centrifugation at 100000 g. Wikipedia:Microsome cellular_component microsomal membrane GO:0005792 Note that this term refers to disrupted cells, and does not necessarily correspond to any specific structure(s) in an intact cell. microsome GO:0005792 Any of the small, heterogeneous, artifactual, vesicular particles, 50-150 nm in diameter, that are formed when some eukaryotic cells are homogenized and that sediment on centrifugation at 100000 g. ISBN:0198506732 A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi transport. Wikipedia:Vesicular-tubular_cluster ERGIC endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment pre-Golgi intermediate compartment vesicular-tubular cluster cellular_component GO:0005793 ER-Golgi intermediate compartment GO:0005793 A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi transport. PMID:16723730 vesicular-tubular cluster Wikipedia:Vesicular-tubular_cluster A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. Golgi Wikipedia:Golgi_apparatus Golgi complex Golgi ribbon cellular_component GO:0005794 Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon. Golgi apparatus GO:0005794 A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. ISBN:0198506732 The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack. Golgi cisternae dictyosome cellular_component GO:0005795 Golgi stack GO:0005795 The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks. cellular_component GO:0005796 Golgi lumen GO:0005796 The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks. GOC:mah The middle Golgi cisterna (or cisternae). cellular_component GO:0005797 Golgi medial cisterna GO:0005797 The middle Golgi cisterna (or cisternae). ISBN:0815316194 Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell. cellular_component Golgi vesicle GO:0005798 Note that this definition includes vesicles that are transiently associated with the Golgi. Golgi-associated vesicle GO:0005798 Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell. GOC:mah The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum. cis Golgi network cellular_component Golgi cis face Golgi cis-face forming face GO:0005801 cis-Golgi network GO:0005801 The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum. ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0815316194 The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the side of the Golgi apparatus distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. TGN trans Golgi network cellular_component Golgi trans face Golgi trans-face late Golgi maturing face GO:0005802 trans-Golgi network GO:0005802 The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the side of the Golgi apparatus distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. GOC:vw ISBN:0815316194 late Golgi GOC:mah Any particle of coalesced lipids in the cytoplasm of a cell. May include associated proteins. adiposome lipid body lipid droplet cellular_component GO:0005811 Note that this term does not refer to vesicles, but instead to structures in which lipids do not necessarily form bilayers. lipid particle GO:0005811 Any particle of coalesced lipids in the cytoplasm of a cell. May include associated proteins. GOC:mah A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. Wikipedia:Centrosome cellular_component GO:0005813 centrosome GO:0005813 A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. GOC:mah ISBN:0198547684 A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle. Wikipedia:Centriole cellular_component GO:0005814 centriole GO:0005814 A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle. ISBN:0198547684 A region in a eukaryotic cell, such as a centrosome or basal body, from which microtubules grow. Wikipedia:Microtubule_organizing_center MTOC microtubule organising centre cellular_component GO:0005815 microtubule organizing center GO:0005815 A region in a eukaryotic cell, such as a centrosome or basal body, from which microtubules grow. ISBN:0815316194 The microtubule organizing center in fungi; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome. Wikipedia:Spindle_pole_body cellular_component GO:0005816 spindle pole body GO:0005816 The microtubule organizing center in fungi; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome. ISBN:0879693568 The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. Wikipedia:Spindle_apparatus cellular_component GO:0005819 spindle GO:0005819 The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. ISBN:0198547684 A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located inside the plasma membrane at the location of the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck before mitosis. CAR contractile actomyosin ring actomyosin ring (sensu Fungi) contractile ring (sensu Fungi) cytokinetic ring (sensu Fungi) cellular_component actomyosin ring constriction ring GO:0005826 contractile ring GO:0005826 A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located inside the plasma membrane at the location of the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck before mitosis. GOC:expert_jrp GOC:sgd_curators ISBN:0805319409 ISBN:0815316194 Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart. pole-to-pole microtubule cellular_component GO:0005827 polar microtubule GO:0005827 Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart. ISBN:0815316194 Any of the spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic or meiotic chromosome segregation. pole-to-kinetochore microtubule cellular_component GO:0005828 kinetochore microtubule GO:0005828 Any of the spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic or meiotic chromosome segregation. ISBN:0815316194 That part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. Wikipedia:Cytosol cellular_component GO:0005829 cytosol GO:0005829 That part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. ISBN:0198547684 A multisubunit ring-shaped complex that mediates protein folding in the cytosol without a cofactor. CCT particle TriC cellular_component GO:0005832 chaperonin-containing T-complex GO:0005832 A multisubunit ring-shaped complex that mediates protein folding in the cytosol without a cofactor. GOC:sgd_curators PMID:11580267 An iron-containing, oxygen carrying complex. In vertebrates it is made up of two pairs of associated globin polypeptide chains, each chain carrying a noncovalently bound heme prosthetic group. haemoglobin complex cellular_component GO:0005833 hemoglobin complex GO:0005833 An iron-containing, oxygen carrying complex. In vertebrates it is made up of two pairs of associated globin polypeptide chains, each chain carrying a noncovalently bound heme prosthetic group. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G-protein coupled receptors to an effector protein. heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, alpha-subunit heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, beta-subunit heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, gamma-subunit cellular_component heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase activity GO:0005834 heterotrimeric G-protein complex GO:0005834 Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G-protein coupled receptors to an effector protein. ISBN:0198547684 A multisubunit complex, which caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex. This complex recognizes, unfolds ubiquitinated proteins and translocates them to the proteasome core complex. proteasome regulatory particle (sensu Eukaryota) 19S regulatory particle PA700 proteasome activator cellular_component GO:0005838 proteasome regulatory particle GO:0005838 A multisubunit complex, which caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex. This complex recognizes, unfolds ubiquitinated proteins and translocates them to the proteasome core complex. GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:proteasome GOC:rb A multisubunit barrel shaped endoprotease complex, which is the core of the proteasome complex. macropain proteasome core complex (sensu Bacteria) proteasome core complex (sensu Eukaryota) 20S core complex PA28gamma-20S proteasome cellular_component GO:0005839 proteasome core complex GO:0005839 A multisubunit barrel shaped endoprotease complex, which is the core of the proteasome complex. GOC:rb PMID:10806206 PA28gamma-20S proteasome CORUM:194 An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. Wikipedia:Ribosome cellular_component ribosomal RNA GO:0005840 ribosome GO:0005840 An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. ISBN:0198506732 Several ribosomes bound to one mRNA. Wikipedia:Polysome polyribosome cellular_component GO:0005844 polysome GO:0005844 Several ribosomes bound to one mRNA. ISBN:0198506732 Any protein complex that binds to an mRNA cap at any time in the lifetime of the mRNA. cellular_component mRNA cap complex GO:0005845 mRNA cap binding complex GO:0005845 Any protein complex that binds to an mRNA cap at any time in the lifetime of the mRNA. GOC:jic A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal. CPF complex CPSF complex cellular_component CFII complex cleavage and polyadenylylation specificity factor activity GO:0005847 mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex GO:0005847 A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal. PMID:14749727 Any macromolecular complex involved in cleavage or polyadenylation of mRNA molecules. cellular_component GO:0005849 mRNA cleavage factor complex GO:0005849 Any macromolecular complex involved in cleavage or polyadenylation of mRNA molecules. GOC:mah PMID:10357856 Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA. Wikipedia:EIF-2 eIF-2 cellular_component GO:0005850 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 complex GO:0005850 Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA. PMID:10216940 A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon. eIF-2B cellular_component GO:0005851 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B complex GO:0005851 A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon. PMID:9438375 A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. eIF-3 eIF3 cellular_component GO:0005852 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex GO:0005852 A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. PMID:15904532 A multisubunit nucleotide exchange complex that binds GTP and aminoacyl-tRNAs, and catalyzes their codon-dependent placement at the A-site of the ribosome. In humans, the complex is composed of four subunits, alpha, beta, delta and gamma. cellular_component GO:0005853 eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 complex GO:0005853 A multisubunit nucleotide exchange complex that binds GTP and aminoacyl-tRNAs, and catalyzes their codon-dependent placement at the A-site of the ribosome. In humans, the complex is composed of four subunits, alpha, beta, delta and gamma. GOC:jl PMID:10216950 UniProtKB:P24534 A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome. NAC NACA cellular_component GO:0005854 nascent polypeptide-associated complex GO:0005854 A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome. PMID:12475173 PMID:7568149 Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. Wikipedia:Cytoskeleton cellular_component GO:0005856 cytoskeleton GO:0005856 Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. GOC:mah ISBN:0198547684 PMID:16959967 A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion. May contain two or three dynein heavy chains as well as several light chains. axonemal dynein heavy chain axonemal dynein intermediate chain axonemal dynein intermediate light chain axonemal dynein light chain cellular_component GO:0005858 axonemal dynein complex GO:0005858 A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion. May contain two or three dynein heavy chains as well as several light chains. ISBN:0815316194 A filament of myosin found in a muscle cell of any type. cellular_component GO:0005859 muscle myosin complex GO:0005859 A filament of myosin found in a muscle cell of any type. GOC:mah A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction. cellular_component GO:0005861 troponin complex GO:0005861 A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction. ISBN:0815316194 A form of the tropomyosin dimer found associated with actin and the troponin complex in muscle thin filaments. cellular_component GO:0005862 muscle thin filament tropomyosin GO:0005862 A form of the tropomyosin dimer found associated with actin and the troponin complex in muscle thin filaments. ISBN:0815316194 Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils. cellular_component GO:0005863 striated muscle thick filament GO:0005863 Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils. GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0815316194 Filaments formed of actin and associated proteins; attached to Z discs at either end of sarcomeres in myofibrils. cellular_component GO:0005865 striated muscle thin filament GO:0005865 Filaments formed of actin and associated proteins; attached to Z discs at either end of sarcomeres in myofibrils. ISBN:0815316194 Any dynein complex that catalyzes movement along a cytoplasmic microtubule; cytoplasmic dynein complexes participates in many transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes,and may include light chains and light intermediate chains. cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain cytoplasmic dynein intermediate light chain cytoplasmic dynein light chain cellular_component GO:0005868 cytoplasmic dynein complex GO:0005868 Any dynein complex that catalyzes movement along a cytoplasmic microtubule; cytoplasmic dynein complexes participates in many transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes,and may include light chains and light intermediate chains. GOC:mah PMID:12600311 A 20S multiprotein assembly of total mass about 1.2 MDa that activates dynein-based activity in vivo. A large structural component of the complex is an actin-like 40 nm filament composed of actin-related protein, to which other components attach. cellular_component GO:0005869 dynactin complex GO:0005869 A 20S multiprotein assembly of total mass about 1.2 MDa that activates dynein-based activity in vivo. A large structural component of the complex is an actin-like 40 nm filament composed of actin-related protein, to which other components attach. ISBN:0198506732 Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work. cellular_component GO:0005871 kinesin complex GO:0005871 Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work. GOC:mah http://www.proweb.org/kinesin//KinesinMotility.html http://www.proweb.org/kinesin//KinesinStructure.html Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the plus end of a microtubule. cellular_component GO:0005873 plus-end kinesin complex GO:0005873 Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the plus end of a microtubule. GOC:mah Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. Wikipedia:Microtubule cellular_component GO:0005874 microtubule GO:0005874 Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. ISBN:0879693568 Any multimeric complex connected to a microtubule. cellular_component GO:0005875 microtubule associated complex GO:0005875 Any multimeric complex connected to a microtubule. GOC:jl Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole. cellular_component GO:0005876 spindle microtubule GO:0005876 Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole. ISBN:0815316194 Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell. non-spindle-associated astral microtubule cellular_component GO:0005881 cytoplasmic microtubule GO:0005881 Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:mah A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins. Wikipedia:Intermediate_filament cellular_component intermediate filament associated protein type I intermediate filament associated protein type II intermediate filament associated protein GO:0005882 intermediate filament GO:0005882 A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins. ISBN:0198506732 http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/intermediate_filaments.htm A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter. Wikipedia:Neurofilament type IV intermediate filament cellular_component GO:0005883 neurofilament GO:0005883 A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter. ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0716731363 ISBN:0815316194 A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane. microfilament Wikipedia:Actin cellular_component GO:0005884 actin filament GO:0005884 A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 PMID:10666339 A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments. cellular_component GO:0005885 Arp2/3 protein complex GO:0005885 A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments. GOC:jl GOC:vw PMID:12479800 The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. juxtamembrane Wikipedia:Cell_membrane cell membrane cytoplasmic membrane plasmalemma bacterial inner membrane inner endospore membrane cellular_component GO:0005886 plasma membrane GO:0005886 The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. ISBN:0716731363 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. cellular_component GO:0005887 integral to plasma membrane GO:0005887 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. GOC:go_curators A protein complex that possesses hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity; characterized in animal cells, where it maintains ionic gradients of Na+ and K+ at the expense of ATP hydrolysis; The complex contains two obligatory subunits, the catalytic alpha subunit and a glycosylated beta subunit; two additional subunits, gamma and channel-inducing factor (CHIF), may also be present. proton pump hydrogen/potassium-exchanging ATPase complex cellular_component GO:0005889 hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase complex GO:0005889 A protein complex that possesses hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity; characterized in animal cells, where it maintains ionic gradients of Na+ and K+ at the expense of ATP hydrolysis; The complex contains two obligatory subunits, the catalytic alpha subunit and a glycosylated beta subunit; two additional subunits, gamma and channel-inducing factor (CHIF), may also be present. PMID:11756431 Sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPases are tetrameric proteins, consisting of two large alpha subunits and two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunits bear the active site and penetrate the membrane, while the beta subunits carry oligosaccharide groups and face the cell exterior. sodium pump sodium/potassium-exchanging ATPase complex cellular_component GO:0005890 sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase complex GO:0005890 Sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPases are tetrameric proteins, consisting of two large alpha subunits and two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunits bear the active site and penetrate the membrane, while the beta subunits carry oligosaccharide groups and face the cell exterior. ISBN:0198506732 A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential. voltage gated calcium channel complex voltage-dependent calcium channel complex voltage-sensitive calcium channel complex cellular_component GO:0005891 voltage-gated calcium channel complex GO:0005891 A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential. GOC:mah A protein complex that acts as an acetylcholine receptor, and forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to ligand binding. The complex is a homo- or heteropentamer of subunits that are members of a neurotransmitter receptor superfamily. nicotinic acetylcholine receptor cellular_component GO:0005892 nicotinic acetylcholine-gated receptor-channel complex GO:0005892 A protein complex that acts as an acetylcholine receptor, and forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to ligand binding. The complex is a homo- or heteropentamer of subunits that are members of a neurotransmitter receptor superfamily. GOC:mah PMID:12381728 PMID:15579462 A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-5 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3. IL-5 receptor complex cellular_component GO:0005895 interleukin-5 receptor complex GO:0005895 A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-5 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3. GOC:mah PMID:11312115 PMID:11839579 IL-5 receptor complex GOC:add A hexameric protein complex consisting of two molecules each of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain, and gp-130. IL-6 receptor complex cellular_component GO:0005896 interleukin-6 receptor complex GO:0005896 A hexameric protein complex consisting of two molecules each of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain, and gp-130. PMID:8083235 IL-6 receptor complex GOC:add A protein complex that binds interleukin-13; consists of two chains, interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain and interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain. IL-13 receptor complex cellular_component GO:0005898 interleukin-13 receptor complex GO:0005898 A protein complex that binds interleukin-13; consists of two chains, interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain and interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain. UniProtKB:P78552 IL-13 receptor complex GOC:add A heterodimeric receptor for the cytokine oncostatin-M (OSM). In humans the receptor complex is made up of the gene products gp130 and OSMR-beta. cellular_component GO:0005900 oncostatin-M receptor complex GO:0005900 A heterodimeric receptor for the cytokine oncostatin-M (OSM). In humans the receptor complex is made up of the gene products gp130 and OSMR-beta. GOC:jl PMID:8999038 A small pit, depression, or invagination, such as any of the minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis, that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Such caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm. Wikipedia:Caveolae caveolae cellular_component caveolar membrane GO:0005901 caveola GO:0005901 A small pit, depression, or invagination, such as any of the minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis, that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Such caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm. ISBN:0721662544 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells. Wikipedia:Microvillus cellular_component GO:0005902 Note that this term refers to a projection from a single cell, and should not be confused with 'microvillus' as used to refer to a multicellular structure such as that found in the placenta. microvillus GO:0005902 Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells. ISBN:0813516194 Dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell. Wikipedia:Brush_border cellular_component GO:0005903 brush border GO:0005903 Dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell. GOC:sl ISBN:0815316194 An invagination of the cell membrane of many eukaryotic cells, concerned in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane. During endocytosis it is converted into a coated vesicle. The coat is of clathrin. cellular_component GO:0005905 coated pit GO:0005905 An invagination of the cell membrane of many eukaryotic cells, concerned in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane. During endocytosis it is converted into a coated vesicle. The coat is of clathrin. ISBN:0198506732 A cell junction that forms a connection between two cells; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. intercellular junction cellular_component GO:0005911 cell-cell junction GO:0005911 A cell junction that forms a connection between two cells; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. GOC:dgh GOC:hb GOC:mah A cell junction at which anchoring proteins (cadherins or integrins) extend through the plasma membrane and are attached to actin filaments. cellular_component GO:0005912 adherens junction GO:0005912 A cell junction at which anchoring proteins (cadherins or integrins) extend through the plasma membrane and are attached to actin filaments. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html An adherens junction which connects two cells to each other. cellular_component GO:0005913 cell-cell adherens junction GO:0005913 An adherens junction which connects two cells to each other. GOC:hb A small junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens. dense plaque punctum adherens cellular_component GO:0005914 spot adherens junction GO:0005914 A small junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens. PMID:11700298 A cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells. adhesion belt belt desmosome intermediate junction cellular_component GO:0005915 zonula adherens GO:0005915 A cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells. ISBN:0815316208 A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighboring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes. Wikipedia:Fascia_adherens cellular_component GO:0005916 fascia adherens GO:0005916 A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighboring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes. GOC:mtg_muscle PMID:11732910 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk A cell-cell junction that is composed of an array of small channels that permit small molecules to pass from one cell to another. At gap junctions, the membranes of two adjacent cells are separated by a uniform narrow gap of about 2-4 nm that is spanned by channel-forming proteins called connexins, which form hexagonal tubes called connexons. Wikipedia:Gap_junction communicating junction macula communicans zonula communicans cellular_component GO:0005921 gap junction GO:0005921 A cell-cell junction that is composed of an array of small channels that permit small molecules to pass from one cell to another. At gap junctions, the membranes of two adjacent cells are separated by a uniform narrow gap of about 2-4 nm that is spanned by channel-forming proteins called connexins, which form hexagonal tubes called connexons. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0815332181 http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_g.html An assembly of six molecules of connexin, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction. cellular_component GO:0005922 connexon complex GO:0005922 An assembly of six molecules of connexin, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction. PMID:11146276 An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes. Wikipedia:Tight_junction zonula occludens cellular_component GO:0005923 tight junction GO:0005923 An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes. GOC:mah ISBN:0815332181 An adherens junction which connects a cell to the extracellular matrix. cellular_component hemi-adherens junction GO:0005924 cell-substrate adherens junction GO:0005924 An adherens junction which connects a cell to the extracellular matrix. GOC:hb Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. Wikipedia:Focal_adhesion focal contact cellular_component hemi-adherens junction GO:0005925 focal adhesion GO:0005925 Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. ISBN:0124325653 ISBN:0815316208 A cell-substrate junction found at the terminal anchorage site of skeletal muscle cells to tendons. myotendinous junction cellular_component GO:0005927 muscle tendon junction GO:0005927 A cell-substrate junction found at the terminal anchorage site of skeletal muscle cells to tendons. GOC:mtg_muscle PMID:12842007 A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. Wikipedia:Cilium cellular_component GO:0005929 cilium GO:0005929 A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. GOC:kmv ISBN:0198547684 The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. Wikipedia:Axoneme cellular_component GO:0005930 axoneme GO:0005930 The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. ISBN:0198547684 A short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum that is similar in structure to a centriole. The basal body serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. cellular_component GO:0005932 microtubule basal body GO:0005932 A short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum that is similar in structure to a centriole. The basal body serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. GOC:clt The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. Wikipedia:Cell_cortex cellular_component cell periphery peripheral cytoplasm GO:0005938 cell cortex GO:0005938 The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 A complex containing a heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and a regulatory (adaptor) subunit of any phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex PI3K complex phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex PI3-kinase p85-subunit alpha- PI3-kinase p110 complex PIK3C3-PIK3R4 complex PIK3CA-PIK3R1 complex cellular_component GO:0005942 phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex GO:0005942 A complex containing a heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and a regulatory (adaptor) subunit of any phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). GOC:bf phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex CORUM:429 PI3-kinase p85-subunit alpha- PI3-kinase p110 complex CORUM:2575 PIK3C3-PIK3R4 complex CORUM:429 PIK3CA-PIK3R1 complex CORUM:439 A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit of 110-120 kDa and an associated SH2 domain-containing regulatory subunit that is a member of a family of related proteins often called p85 proteins. Class I PI3Ks phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol [PI], phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], and are divided into subclasses A and B according to the type of adaptor subunit with which they associate. Through the interaction with the SH2-containing adaptor subunits, Class IA PI3K catalytic subunits are linked to tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase, class IA complex class IA PI3K complex phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex, class IA cellular_component GO:0005943 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase, class IA complex GO:0005943 A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit of 110-120 kDa and an associated SH2 domain-containing regulatory subunit that is a member of a family of related proteins often called p85 proteins. Class I PI3Ks phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol [PI], phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], and are divided into subclasses A and B according to the type of adaptor subunit with which they associate. Through the interaction with the SH2-containing adaptor subunits, Class IA PI3K catalytic subunits are linked to tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. PMID:9255069 PMID:9759495 A protein complex that possesses 6-phosphofructokinase activity; homodimeric, homooctameric, and allosteric homotetrameric forms are known. cellular_component GO:0005945 6-phosphofructokinase complex GO:0005945 A protein complex that possesses 6-phosphofructokinase activity; homodimeric, homooctameric, and allosteric homotetrameric forms are known. GOC:mah GOC:vw ISBN:0198506732 Mitochondrial complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity. 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0005947 mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex GO:0005947 Mitochondrial complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_sensu An enzyme complex, composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits, that catalyzes protein phosphorylation. Inactive forms of the enzyme have two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains; activation by cAMP produces two active catalytic monomers and a regulatory dimer. 3',5' cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex 3',5'-cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate-dependent protein kinase complex cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase complex cellular_component PKA GO:0005952 cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex GO:0005952 An enzyme complex, composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits, that catalyzes protein phosphorylation. Inactive forms of the enzyme have two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains; activation by cAMP produces two active catalytic monomers and a regulatory dimer. EC:2.7.11.11 ISBN:0198506732 A heterodimeric enzyme, composed of an alpha and a beta subunit. Participates in the post-translational C-terminal modification of several small GTPases, allowing their targeting to the membrane. cellular_component GO:0005953 CAAX-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex GO:0005953 A heterodimeric enzyme, composed of an alpha and a beta subunit. Participates in the post-translational C-terminal modification of several small GTPases, allowing their targeting to the membrane. PMID:9781874 UniProtKB:P53609 An enzyme complex which in eukaryotes is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The different isoforms assemble into homo- or heteromultimeric holoenzymes composed of 8 to 12 subunits. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins to O-phosphoproteins. CAMK2 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase complex cellular_component CaMKII GO:0005954 calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase complex GO:0005954 An enzyme complex which in eukaryotes is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The different isoforms assemble into homo- or heteromultimeric holoenzymes composed of 8 to 12 subunits. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins to O-phosphoproteins. EC:2.7.11.17 UniProtKB:Q9UQM7 A heterodimeric calcium ion and calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits; the regulatory subunit is very similar in sequence to calmodulin. protein phosphatase type 2B complex calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex cellular_component GO:0005955 calcineurin complex GO:0005955 A heterodimeric calcium ion and calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits; the regulatory subunit is very similar in sequence to calmodulin. ISBN:019859951 A protein complex that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and is found in nearly every subcellular compartment. Protein kinase CK2 complexes are usually tetramers of two alpha and two beta subunits, and can phosphorylate many protein substrates in addition to casein. casein kinase II complex cellular_component GO:0005956 Note that this term represents a location and not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. protein kinase CK2 complex GO:0005956 A protein complex that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and is found in nearly every subcellular compartment. Protein kinase CK2 complexes are usually tetramers of two alpha and two beta subunits, and can phosphorylate many protein substrates in addition to casein. GOC:mah PMID:10994779 A large protein complex which is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, in mammals, V(D)J recombination events. It consists of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the DNA end-binding heterodimer Ku, the nuclear phosphoprotein XRCC4 or a homolog thereof, and DNA ligase IV. cellular_component GO:0005958 DNA-dependent protein kinase-DNA ligase 4 complex GO:0005958 A large protein complex which is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, in mammals, V(D)J recombination events. It consists of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the DNA end-binding heterodimer Ku, the nuclear phosphoprotein XRCC4 or a homolog thereof, and DNA ligase IV. GOC:jl GOC:mah PMID:10854421 PMID:12235392 PMID:17072889 A protein complex that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of glycine. In E. coli, it has four components: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), lipoyl-GcvH-protein and aminomethyltransferase, also known as L, P, H, and T. Wikipedia:Glycine_decarboxylase_complex glycine cleavage system glycine decarboxylase complex glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) complex glycine synthase complex cellular_component glycine dehydrogenase complex (decarboxylating) GO:0005960 glycine cleavage complex GO:0005960 A protein complex that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of glycine. In E. coli, it has four components: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), lipoyl-GcvH-protein and aminomethyltransferase, also known as L, P, H, and T. GOC:mah MetaCyc:GCVMULTI-CPLX An enzyme complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphorylase b to form phosphorylase a. cellular_component GO:0005964 phosphorylase kinase complex GO:0005964 An enzyme complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphorylase b to form phosphorylase a. EC:2.7.11.19 Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA in eukaryotes; includes subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). Usually contains more subunits than its bacterial counterpart; for example, one known complex contains 30 E1 dimers, 60 E2 monomers, and 6 E3 dimers as well as a few copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (lipoamide) (sensu Eukaryota) pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0005967 mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex GO:0005967 Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA in eukaryotes; includes subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). Usually contains more subunits than its bacterial counterpart; for example, one known complex contains 30 E1 dimers, 60 E2 monomers, and 6 E3 dimers as well as a few copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0471331309 ISBN:0716720094 A heterodimeric enzyme complex, which in mammals is composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, and which associates with an accessory protein Rep (Rab escort protein). Catalyzes of the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a Rab protein. GGTase-II complex RAB-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex Rab geranylgeranyltransferase complex RabGGTase complex cellular_component GO:0005968 Rab-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex GO:0005968 A heterodimeric enzyme complex, which in mammals is composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, and which associates with an accessory protein Rep (Rab escort protein). Catalyzes of the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a Rab protein. GOC:jl PMID:11886217 UniProtKB:Q08602 An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of hydroxypyruvate and alanine from serine and pyruvate. serine-pyruvate aminotransferase, type 1 complex serine-pyruvate aminotransferase, type 2B complex cellular_component GO:0005969 serine-pyruvate aminotransferase complex GO:0005969 An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of hydroxypyruvate and alanine from serine and pyruvate. EC:2.6.1.51 An enzyme complex composed of 2-4 or more subunits, which usually contains nonheme iron and requires ATP for catalysis. Catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate and thioredoxin disulfide from ribonucleoside diphosphate and thioredoxin. cellular_component GO:0005971 ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase complex GO:0005971 An enzyme complex composed of 2-4 or more subunits, which usually contains nonheme iron and requires ATP for catalysis. Catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate and thioredoxin disulfide from ribonucleoside diphosphate and thioredoxin. BRENDA:1.17.4.1 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule. Reactome:211962 Reactome:221727 Reactome:230309 Reactome:238347 Reactome:244905 Reactome:249798 Reactome:252538 Reactome:255716 Reactome:259109 Reactome:262468 Reactome:265303 Reactome:268427 Reactome:274144 Reactome:280617 Reactome:282867 Reactome:286632 Reactome:288323 Reactome:289858 Reactome:290396 Reactome:291760 Reactome:292414 Reactome:293735 Reactome:71387 Wikipedia:Carbohydrate_metabolism carbohydrate metabolism biological_process GO:0005975 carbohydrate metabolic process GO:0005975 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides. monosaccharide metabolism biological_process GO:0005996 monosaccharide metabolic process GO:0005996 The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Reactome:212005 Reactome:221769 Reactome:230348 Reactome:238386 Reactome:244941 Reactome:249822 Reactome:252560 Reactome:255738 Reactome:259132 Reactome:262489 Reactome:265318 Reactome:268449 Reactome:274168 Reactome:280641 Reactome:282865 Reactome:286658 Reactome:288373 Reactome:289878 Reactome:290410 Reactome:291774 Reactome:292428 Reactome:293750 Reactome:70326 cellular glucose metabolic process glucose metabolism biological_process GO:0006006 glucose metabolic process GO:0006006 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. ISBN:0198506732 cellular glucose metabolic process GOC:vw The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms. Wikipedia:Inositol inositol metabolism vitamin Bh metabolic process vitamin Bh metabolism myo-inositol metabolic process myo-inositol metabolism biological_process GO:0006020 inositol metabolic process GO:0006020 The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms. ChEBI:24848 ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms. inositol anabolism inositol biosynthesis inositol formation inositol synthesis vitamin Bh biosynthesis vitamin Bh biosynthetic process myo-inositol biosynthesis myo-inositol biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0006021 inositol biosynthetic process GO:0006021 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms. ChEBI:24848 ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, as carried out by individual cells. alcohol metabolism biological_process GO:0006066 cellular alcohol metabolic process GO:0006066 The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, as carried out by individual cells. ChEBI:30879 ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. organic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0006082 organic acid metabolic process GO:0006082 The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. energy pathways biological_process metabolic energy generation GO:0006091 generation of precursor metabolites and energy GO:0006091 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates. regulation of carbohydrate metabolism biological_process GO:0006109 regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process GO:0006109 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis. biological_process GO:0006110 regulation of glycolysis GO:0006110 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis. GOC:go_curators The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis. Wikipedia:Oxidative_phosphorylation respiratory-chain phosphorylation biological_process GO:0006119 oxidative phosphorylation GO:0006119 The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis. ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0471331309 The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I. Reactome:163217 Reactome:209721 Reactome:219484 oxidative phosphorylation, NADH to ubiquinone biological_process complex I (NADH to ubiquinone) GO:0006120 mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone GO:0006120 The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I. ISBN:0716731363 The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0006139 nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0006139 The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides. regulation of nucleotide metabolism biological_process GO:0006140 regulation of nucleotide metabolic process GO:0006140 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. DNA metabolism biological_process GO:0006259 DNA metabolic process GO:0006259 The chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. ISBN:0198506732 The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. Reactome:176101 Reactome:176116 Reactome:176175 Reactome:176187 Reactome:176250 Reactome:176264 Reactome:176298 Reactome:176318 Reactome:204211 Reactome:205947 Reactome:209363 Reactome:210696 Reactome:210713 Reactome:211049 Reactome:211609 Reactome:213204 Reactome:215512 Reactome:219112 Reactome:220587 Reactome:220604 Reactome:220896 Reactome:221383 Reactome:222984 Reactome:224670 Reactome:227905 Reactome:229236 Reactome:229253 Reactome:229565 Reactome:230019 Reactome:231470 Reactome:236114 Reactome:237238 Reactome:238037 Reactome:239451 Reactome:243273 Reactome:244047 Reactome:244652 Reactome:249742 Reactome:252497 Reactome:255670 Reactome:259062 Reactome:262424 Wikipedia:DNA_replication biological_process DNA biosynthesis DNA biosynthetic process DNA synthesis GO:0006260 DNA replication GO:0006260 The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. ISBN:0198506732 The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase. biological_process GO:0006266 DNA ligation GO:0006266 The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase. ISBN:0815316194 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. biological_process GO:0006275 regulation of DNA replication GO:0006275 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. GOC:go_curators The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. Reactome:211856 Reactome:212077 Reactome:221621 Reactome:221835 Reactome:230215 Reactome:230400 Reactome:238255 Reactome:238446 Reactome:244827 Reactome:244986 Reactome:249726 Reactome:249863 Reactome:252611 Reactome:255661 Reactome:255776 Reactome:259050 Reactome:259167 Reactome:262414 Reactome:262525 Reactome:265253 Reactome:265355 Reactome:268383 Reactome:268483 Reactome:274226 Reactome:274239 Reactome:280695 Reactome:282916 Reactome:286582 Reactome:286697 Reactome:288391 Reactome:289825 Reactome:289866 Reactome:290370 Reactome:290403 Reactome:291735 Reactome:291787 Reactome:292397 Reactome:292434 Reactome:293712 Reactome:293765 Reactome:73894 Reactome:73942 Wikipedia:DNA_repair biological_process GO:0006281 DNA repair GO:0006281 The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. PMID:11563486 In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Reactome:212109 Reactome:221868 Reactome:230447 Reactome:238477 Reactome:245023 Reactome:249910 Reactome:252629 Reactome:255812 Reactome:259200 Reactome:262558 Reactome:265382 Reactome:268518 Reactome:274238 Reactome:280706 Reactome:282917 Reactome:286728 Reactome:288393 Reactome:289891 Reactome:290423 Reactome:291803 Reactome:292445 Reactome:293783 Reactome:73884 Wikipedia:Base_excision_repair BER biological_process GO:0006284 base-excision repair GO:0006284 In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. ISBN:0815316194 Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template. biological_process GO:0006287 base-excision repair, gap-filling GO:0006287 Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template. ISBN:1550091131 The ligation by DNA ligase of DNA strands. Ligation occurs after polymerase action to fill the gap left by the action of endonucleases during base-excision repair. Reactome:110370 Reactome:207477 Reactome:209333 Reactome:217110 Reactome:219097 Reactome:234563 Reactome:236081 Reactome:258025 Reactome:261598 Reactome:264479 Reactome:272909 Reactome:279336 Reactome:285051 Reactome:73931 biological_process GO:0006288 base-excision repair, DNA ligation GO:0006288 The ligation by DNA ligase of DNA strands. Ligation occurs after polymerase action to fill the gap left by the action of endonucleases during base-excision repair. ISBN:1550091131 In nucleotide excision repair a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts). Reactome:212087 Reactome:221845 Reactome:230413 Reactome:238455 Reactome:244997 Reactome:249879 Reactome:252598 Reactome:255784 Reactome:259178 Reactome:262534 Reactome:265361 Reactome:268490 Reactome:274215 Reactome:280684 Reactome:282893 Reactome:286704 Reactome:288368 Reactome:289886 Reactome:290417 Reactome:292443 Reactome:293781 Reactome:73885 NER pyrimidine-dimer repair, DNA damage excision interstrand crosslink repair biological_process intrastrand cross-link repair GO:0006289 Note that although intrastrand cross-link repair is not exactly synonymous with nucleotide excision repair, nucleotide excision repair includes the repair of intrastrand cross-links. The synonym field is being used to reflect the broad substrate specificity of nucleotide excision repair. nucleotide-excision repair GO:0006289 In nucleotide excision repair a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts). PMID:10197977 The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers. biological_process GO:0006290 pyrimidine dimer repair GO:0006290 The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers. ISBN:0815316194 The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 3' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision precedes the incision formed 5' to the site of damage. Reactome:203599 Reactome:212566 Reactome:230921 Reactome:238961 Reactome:245314 Reactome:250129 Reactome:252827 Reactome:256058 Reactome:259419 Reactome:268931 Reactome:274736 Reactome:73938 nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 3' to lesion biological_process GO:0006295 nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 3'-to lesion GO:0006295 The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 3' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision precedes the incision formed 5' to the site of damage. GOC:elh PMID:10197977 The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 5' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision follows the incision formed 3' to the site of damage. Reactome:73939 nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 5' to lesion biological_process GO:0006296 nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 5'-to lesion GO:0006296 The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 5' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision follows the incision formed 3' to the site of damage. GOC:elh PMID:10197977 Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes. Reactome:211846 Reactome:221611 Reactome:230207 Reactome:238245 Reactome:244816 Reactome:249713 Reactome:252483 Reactome:255648 Reactome:259040 Reactome:262406 Reactome:265246 Reactome:268374 Reactome:274083 Reactome:280557 Reactome:282820 Reactome:286571 Reactome:288289 Reactome:289823 Reactome:290367 Reactome:292393 Reactome:293709 Reactome:74969 biological_process GO:0006297 nucleotide-excision repair, DNA gap filling GO:0006297 Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes. ISBN:0815316194 The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix. Reactome:211994 Reactome:221758 Reactome:230339 Reactome:238375 Reactome:244932 Reactome:249918 Reactome:252555 Reactome:255732 Reactome:259126 Reactome:262483 Reactome:265390 Reactome:268526 Reactome:274159 Reactome:280632 Reactome:282923 Reactome:286651 Reactome:288400 Reactome:289895 Reactome:290426 Reactome:73890 biological_process GO:0006302 double-strand break repair GO:0006302 The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix. GOC:elh The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. Reactome:211656 Reactome:221428 Reactome:230060 Reactome:238080 Reactome:244696 Reactome:252411 Reactome:255571 Reactome:258946 Reactome:262319 Reactome:273984 Reactome:280463 Reactome:286483 Reactome:73889 NHEJ biological_process GO:0006303 double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining GO:0006303 The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. PMID:10827453 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one. DNA breakdown DNA catabolism DNA degradation biological_process GO:0006308 DNA catabolic process GO:0006308 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments. DNA fragmentation Reactome:140342 DNA catabolic process during apoptosis DNA catabolism during apoptosis biological_process GO:0006309 DNA fragmentation during apoptosis GO:0006309 The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments. GOC:mah ISBN:0721639976 Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction. biological_process GO:0006310 DNA recombination GO:0006310 Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction. ISBN:0198506732 Any process by which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure. DNA organisation DNA organization biological_process GO:0006323 DNA packaging GO:0006323 Any process by which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. Reactome:212088 Reactome:221846 Reactome:230414 Reactome:238456 Reactome:244998 Reactome:249880 Reactome:252609 Reactome:255785 Reactome:259179 Reactome:262535 Reactome:265362 Reactome:268499 Reactome:274216 Reactome:280685 Reactome:282909 Reactome:286705 Reactome:288376 Reactome:74159 Wikipedia:Transcription_(genetics) biological_process GO:0006350 transcription GO:0006350 The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. ISBN:0198506732 The synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. biological_process GO:0006351 transcription, DNA-dependent GO:0006351 The synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. GOC:jl Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. RNA polymerase complex assembly at promoter biological_process GO:0006352 transcription initiation GO:0006352 Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. GOC:jic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. transcriptional control biological_process GO:0006355 regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent GO:0006355 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter. regulation of transcription from Pol I promoter biological_process GO:0006356 regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter GO:0006356 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter biological_process GO:0006357 regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter GO:0006357 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of global transcription from Pol II promoter. global transcription regulation from Pol II promoter regulation of global transcription from Pol II promoter biological_process GO:0006358 regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, global GO:0006358 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of global transcription from Pol II promoter. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter. regulation of transcription from Pol III promoter biological_process GO:0006359 regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter GO:0006359 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter. GOC:go_curators Reactome:211654 Reactome:221426 Reactome:230100 Reactome:238079 Reactome:244718 Reactome:249615 Reactome:252425 Reactome:255570 Reactome:258945 Reactome:262318 Reactome:265183 Reactome:268296 Reactome:273977 Reactome:280456 Reactome:286478 Reactome:288245 Reactome:73762 transcription initiation from Pol I promoter biological_process GO:0006361 transcription initiation from RNA polymerase I promoter GO:0006361 The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Reactome:211919 Reactome:221684 Reactome:230271 Reactome:238311 Reactome:244872 Reactome:249762 Reactome:252544 Reactome:255684 Reactome:259080 Reactome:262438 Reactome:265275 Reactome:268432 Reactome:274112 Reactome:280585 Reactome:286603 Reactome:288327 Reactome:73857 transcription from Pol II promoter biological_process GO:0006366 transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter GO:0006366 The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). GOC:jl ISBN:0321000382 Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter. Reactome:167161 Reactome:211863 Reactome:221628 Reactome:230221 Reactome:238260 Reactome:244832 Reactome:249731 Reactome:255664 Reactome:259054 Reactome:262417 Reactome:265256 Reactome:274092 Reactome:280567 Reactome:286585 Reactome:75953 transcription initiation from Pol II promoter biological_process GO:0006367 transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter GO:0006367 Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter. GOC:jic transcription initiation from Pol III promoter biological_process GO:0006384 transcription initiation from RNA polymerase III promoter GO:0006384 The synthesis of DNA on a template of RNA. Wikipedia:Reverse_transcription reverse transcription biological_process GO:0006410 transcription, RNA-dependent GO:0006410 The synthesis of DNA on a template of RNA. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein. Wikipedia:Translation_(genetics) protein anabolism protein biosynthesis protein formation protein synthesis protein translation biological_process GO:0006412 translation GO:0006412 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein. GOC:go_curators The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. biopolymerisation biopolymerization protein synthesis initiation translation initiation biological_process GO:0006413 translational initiation GO:0006413 The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. ISBN:019879276X The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. protein synthesis elongation Reactome:156842 Reactome:211780 Reactome:221545 Reactome:230156 Reactome:238185 Reactome:244773 Reactome:249675 Reactome:252453 Reactome:255618 Reactome:259002 Reactome:262372 Reactome:265213 Reactome:268339 Reactome:274042 Reactome:280519 Reactome:282807 Reactome:286542 Reactome:288269 Reactome:289812 Reactome:290358 Reactome:291717 translation elongation biological_process GO:0006414 translational elongation GO:0006414 The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. GOC:ems Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. regulation of protein anabolism regulation of protein biosynthesis regulation of protein formation regulation of protein synthesis biological_process GO:0006417 regulation of translation GO:0006417 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. biological_process GO:0006446 regulation of translational initiation GO:0006446 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translation of certain mRNAs involved in iron metabolism; regulated by the concentration of iron. biological_process GO:0006447 regulation of translational initiation by iron GO:0006447 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translation of certain mRNAs involved in iron metabolism; regulated by the concentration of iron. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code. regulation of translational accuracy biological_process GO:0006450 regulation of translational fidelity GO:0006450 Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code. GOC:dph GOC:tb The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex. protein complex biosynthesis protein complex formation biological_process chaperone activity GO:0006461 protein complex assembly GO:0006461 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex. GOC:ai The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). Reactome:163841 Reactome:212091 Reactome:221849 Reactome:230417 Reactome:238459 Reactome:245000 Reactome:249885 Reactome:252603 Reactome:255790 Reactome:259184 Reactome:262540 Reactome:268494 Reactome:274221 Reactome:280690 Reactome:282898 Reactome:286709 Reactome:288370 biological_process process resulting in protein modification protein tagging activity GO:0006464 protein modification process GO:0006464 The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). GOC:go_curators The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. Reactome:210076 Reactome:219891 Reactome:236701 Reactome:73722 biological_process GO:0006468 protein amino acid phosphorylation GO:0006468 The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. GOC:hb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. down regulation of protein kinase activity down-regulation of protein kinase activity downregulation of protein kinase activity inhibition of protein kinase activity biological_process GO:0006469 negative regulation of protein kinase activity GO:0006469 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Reactome:159782 Reactome:211900 Reactome:221664 Reactome:230255 Reactome:238291 Wikipedia:Proteolysis peptidolysis biological_process GO:0006508 proteolysis GO:0006508 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. GOC:jsg GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein. ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis biological_process GO:0006511 ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process GO:0006511 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. glycoprotein breakdown glycoprotein catabolism glycoprotein degradation biological_process GO:0006516 glycoprotein catabolic process GO:0006516 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. peptide metabolism biological_process GO:0006518 peptide metabolic process GO:0006518 The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. GOC:go_curators http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, and compounds derived from amino acids, as carried out by individual cells. amino acid and derivative metabolism biological_process GO:0006519 cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process GO:0006519 The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, and compounds derived from amino acids, as carried out by individual cells. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. amino acid metabolism biological_process GO:0006520 amino acid metabolic process GO:0006520 The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. Wikipedia:Glutamic_acid glutamate metabolism glutamic acid metabolic process glutamic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0006536 glutamate metabolic process GO:0006536 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. glutamate anabolism glutamate biosynthesis glutamate formation glutamate synthesis glutamic acid biosynthesis glutamic acid biosynthetic process glutamate biosynthesis, using glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) glutamate biosynthesis, using glutamate synthase (NADPH) glutamate biosynthetic process, using glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) glutamate biosynthetic process, using glutamate synthase (NADPH) biological_process GO:0006537 glutamate biosynthetic process GO:0006537 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. glutamate breakdown glutamate catabolism glutamate degradation glutamic acid catabolic process glutamic acid catabolism biological_process GO:0006538 glutamate catabolic process GO:0006538 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid. glutamine metabolism biological_process GO:0006541 glutamine metabolic process GO:0006541 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid. MetaCyc:GLNSYN-PWY MetaCyc:GLUTAMINE-SYN2-PWY glutamine anabolism glutamine biosynthesis glutamine formation glutamine synthesis biological_process GO:0006542 glutamine biosynthetic process GO:0006542 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid. glutamine breakdown glutamine catabolism glutamine degradation biological_process GO:0006543 glutamine catabolic process GO:0006543 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid. Wikipedia:Tryptophan tryptophan metabolism biological_process GO:0006568 tryptophan metabolic process GO:0006568 The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid. Reactome:211579 Reactome:221355 Reactome:229995 Reactome:238013 Reactome:244813 Reactome:249566 Reactome:252377 Reactome:255533 Reactome:258901 Reactome:265135 Reactome:268370 Reactome:286433 Reactome:71240 tryptophan breakdown tryptophan catabolism tryptophan degradation tryptophan catabolic process, using tryptophanase tryptophan catabolism, using tryptophanase biological_process GO:0006569 tryptophan catabolic process GO:0006569 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid. UM-BBD_pathwayID:tyr Wikipedia:Tyrosine tyrosine metabolism biological_process GO:0006570 tyrosine metabolic process GO:0006570 The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. amino acid derivative metabolism biological_process GO:0006575 amino acid derivative metabolic process GO:0006575 The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. biogenic amine metabolism biological_process GO:0006576 biogenic amine metabolic process GO:0006576 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid. betaine metabolism biological_process GO:0006577 betaine metabolic process GO:0006577 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid. betaine anabolism betaine biosynthesis betaine formation betaine synthesis biological_process GO:0006578 betaine biosynthetic process GO:0006578 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine). ethanolamine metabolism biological_process GO:0006580 ethanolamine metabolic process GO:0006580 The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine). ChEBI:16000 GOC:jl ISBN:01928006X The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. acetylcholine breakdown acetylcholine catabolism acetylcholine degradation biological_process GO:0006581 acetylcholine catabolic process GO:0006581 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. GOC:jl ISBN:0192800752 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. catecholamine metabolism biological_process GO:0006584 catecholamine metabolic process GO:0006584 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) from L-tyrosine, via the metabolic precursor 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-dopa). Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. dopamine anabolism from tyrosine dopamine formation from tyrosine dopamine synthesis from tyrosine biological_process GO:0006585 dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine GO:0006585 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) from L-tyrosine, via the metabolic precursor 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-dopa). Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. GOC:bf GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. indolamine metabolic process indolamine metabolism indolalkylamine metabolism biological_process GO:0006586 indolalkylamine metabolic process GO:0006586 The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation from tryptophan of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. serotonin anabolism from tryptophan serotonin formation from tryptophan serotonin synthesis from tryptophan biological_process GO:0006587 serotonin biosynthetic process from tryptophan GO:0006587 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation from tryptophan of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle. Reactome:211652 Reactome:221424 Reactome:230057 Reactome:238077 Reactome:252473 Reactome:255635 Reactome:258943 Reactome:262395 Reactome:268358 Reactome:274068 Reactome:280543 Reactome:71288 creatine metabolism biological_process GO:0006600 creatine metabolic process GO:0006600 The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle. GOC:jl ISBN:0192801023 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle. creatine anabolism creatine biosynthesis creatine formation creatine synthesis biological_process GO:0006601 creatine biosynthetic process GO:0006601 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle. GOC:jl ISBN:0192801023 The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. Reactome:211949 Reactome:221714 Reactome:230304 Reactome:238336 Reactome:244894 Reactome:249787 Reactome:252529 Reactome:255713 Reactome:259099 Reactome:262464 Reactome:265294 Reactome:268417 Reactome:274140 Reactome:280613 Reactome:282852 Reactome:286671 Reactome:288319 Reactome:289875 Reactome:290413 Reactome:291758 Reactome:292446 Reactome:293732 Reactome:73923 Wikipedia:Lipid_metabolism lipid metabolism biological_process GO:0006629 lipid metabolic process GO:0006629 The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. GOC:ma The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. Reactome:207636 Reactome:217132 Reactome:242340 Reactome:247601 Reactome:267118 Reactome:272214 Reactome:278210 Reactome:76466 Wikipedia:Fatty_acid_metabolism fatty acid metabolism biological_process GO:0006631 fatty acid metabolic process GO:0006631 The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes. MetaCyc:FASYN-INITIAL-PWY MetaCyc:PWY-4381 MetaCyc:PWY-5156 Wikipedia:Fatty_acid_synthesis fatty acid anabolism fatty acid biosynthesis fatty acid formation fatty acid synthesis biological_process GO:0006633 fatty acid biosynthetic process GO:0006633 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane. membrane lipid metabolism biological_process GO:0006643 membrane lipid metabolic process GO:0006643 The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. phospholipid metabolism biological_process GO:0006644 phospholipid metabolic process GO:0006644 The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. phosphatidylethanolamine anabolism phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis phosphatidylethanolamine formation phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis biological_process GO:0006646 phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process GO:0006646 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli. PAF biosynthesis PAF biosynthetic process platelet activating factor anabolism platelet activating factor biosynthesis platelet activating factor formation platelet activating factor synthesis biological_process GO:0006663 platelet activating factor biosynthetic process GO:0006663 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid. glycolipid metabolism biological_process GO:0006664 glycolipid metabolic process GO:0006664 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). sphingolipid metabolism biological_process GO:0006665 sphingolipid metabolic process GO:0006665 The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol. dihydrosphingosine metabolic process dihydrosphingosine metabolism sphinganine metabolism biological_process GO:0006667 sphinganine metabolic process GO:0006667 The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol. http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/lipid/lip1n2.html#p18 The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol. dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate metabolic process dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate metabolism sphinganine-1-phosphate metabolism biological_process GO:0006668 sphinganine-1-phosphate metabolic process GO:0006668 The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol. dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate biosynthesis dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process sphinganine-1-phosphate anabolism sphinganine-1-phosphate biosynthesis sphinganine-1-phosphate formation sphinganine-1-phosphate synthesis biological_process GO:0006669 sphinganine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process GO:0006669 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues. (4E)-sphing-4-enine metabolic process (4E)-sphing-4-enine metabolism sphing-4-enine metabolic process sphing-4-enine metabolism sphingosine metabolism biological_process GO:0006670 sphingosine metabolic process GO:0006670 The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues. GOC:ma ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid. ceramide metabolism biological_process GO:0006672 ceramide metabolic process GO:0006672 The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group. glycosylceramide metabolism biological_process GO:0006677 glycosylceramide metabolic process GO:0006677 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative. glucosylceramide metabolism biological_process GO:0006678 glucosylceramide metabolic process GO:0006678 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative. ISBN:0198506732 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. glucosylceramide anabolism glucosylceramide biosynthesis glucosylceramide formation glucosylceramide synthesis biological_process GO:0006679 glucosylceramide biosynthetic process GO:0006679 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine. sphingomyelin metabolism biological_process GO:0006684 sphingomyelin metabolic process GO:0006684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. sphingomyelin breakdown sphingomyelin catabolism sphingomyelin degradation biological_process GO:0006685 sphingomyelin catabolic process GO:0006685 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. sphingomyelin anabolism sphingomyelin biosynthesis sphingomyelin formation sphingomyelin synthesis biological_process GO:0006686 sphingomyelin biosynthetic process GO:0006686 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide. glycosphingolipid metabolism biological_process GO:0006687 glycosphingolipid metabolic process GO:0006687 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide. glycosphingolipid anabolism glycosphingolipid biosynthesis glycosphingolipid formation glycosphingolipid synthesis biological_process GO:0006688 glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process GO:0006688 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. eicosanoid metabolic process eicosanoid metabolism icosanoid metabolism biological_process GO:0006690 icosanoid metabolic process GO:0006690 The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. GOC:ma The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid. leukotriene metabolism biological_process GO:0006691 leukotriene metabolic process GO:0006691 The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid. GOC:ma The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells. aromatic compound metabolism aromatic hydrocarbon metabolic process aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism biological_process GO:0006725 cellular aromatic compound metabolic process GO:0006725 The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems. vitamin metabolism biological_process GO:0006766 vitamin metabolic process GO:0006766 The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water. water-soluble vitamin metabolism biological_process GO:0006767 water-soluble vitamin metabolic process GO:0006767 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water. fat-soluble vitamin metabolism biological_process GO:0006775 fat-soluble vitamin metabolic process GO:0006775 The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. Wikipedia:Sulfur_metabolism sulfur metabolism sulphur metabolic process sulphur metabolism biological_process GO:0006790 sulfur metabolic process GO:0006790 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. GOC:ai sulphur utilization biological_process GO:0006791 sulfur utilization GO:0006791 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4). phosphorus metabolism biological_process GO:0006793 phosphorus metabolic process GO:0006793 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4). GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid. phosphate metabolism biological_process GO:0006796 phosphate metabolic process GO:0006796 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH). oxygen and AOS metabolism oxygen and ROI metabolism oxygen and ROS metabolic process oxygen and ROS metabolism oxygen and active oxygen species metabolism oxygen and reactive oxidative species metabolism oxygen and reactive oxygen intermediate metabolism oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolism biological_process GO:0006800 oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolic process GO:0006800 The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH). GOC:jl PMID:12115731 The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species. oxygen free radical metabolic process oxygen free radical metabolism superoxide free radical metabolic process superoxide free radical metabolism superoxide metabolism biological_process GO:0006801 superoxide metabolic process GO:0006801 The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium. nitrogen compound metabolism biological_process GO:0006807 Note that amino acid and derivative metabolism should not be annotated here. Instead use the 'amino acid and derivative metabolism' node. nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0006807 The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium. GOC:go_curators GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water. nitric oxide anabolism nitric oxide biosynthesis nitric oxide formation nitric oxide synthesis biological_process GO:0006809 nitric oxide biosynthetic process GO:0006809 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water. GOC:ai The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism. small molecule transport solute:solute exchange biological_process GO:0006810 transport GO:0006810 The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism. GOC:mah The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. sodium:neurotransmitter transport biological_process GO:0006836 neurotransmitter transport GO:0006836 The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. GOC:ai The directed movement of serotonin into, out of, within or between cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. biological_process GO:0006837 serotonin transport GO:0006837 The directed movement of serotonin into, out of, within or between cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. GOC:ai The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0006865 amino acid transport GO:0006865 The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of ions at the level of a cell. biological_process GO:0006873 cellular ion homeostasis GO:0006873 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of ions at the level of a cell. GOC:mah Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of calcium ions at the level of a cell. regulation of calcium ion concentration biological_process GO:0006874 cellular calcium ion homeostasis GO:0006874 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of calcium ions at the level of a cell. GOC:ceb GOC:mah Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of metal ions at the level of a cell. cellular heavy metal ion homeostasis biological_process GO:0006875 cellular metal ion homeostasis GO:0006875 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of metal ions at the level of a cell. GOC:ai GOC:mah Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell. hydrogen ion homeostasis biological_process GO:0006885 regulation of pH GO:0006885 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb hydrogen ion homeostasis GOC:dph GOC:tb The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. biological_process GO:0006886 intracellular protein transport GO:0006886 The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. GOC:mah A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells. Wikipedia:Exocytosis vesicle exocytosis biological_process nonselective vesicle exocytosis GO:0006887 exocytosis GO:0006887 A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells. GOC:mah ISBN:0716731363 A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. Wikipedia:Endocytosis plasma membrane invagination vesicle endocytosis biological_process nonselective vesicle endocytosis GO:0006897 endocytosis GO:0006897 A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0716731363 The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. Reactome:171052 Reactome:171059 Reactome:171087 Reactome:171106 Reactome:171118 Reactome:171122 Reactome:171141 Reactome:174624 Reactome:174657 Reactome:174808 Reactome:206358 Reactome:206384 Reactome:206399 Reactome:209279 Reactome:209288 Reactome:209290 Reactome:209306 Reactome:209307 Reactome:211842 Reactome:215912 Reactome:215938 Reactome:215954 Reactome:219043 Reactome:219049 Reactome:219051 Reactome:219061 Reactome:219062 Reactome:221607 Reactome:227815 Reactome:227829 Reactome:227832 Reactome:227846 Reactome:227847 Reactome:230205 Reactome:233525 Reactome:233547 Reactome:233560 Reactome:236045 Reactome:236052 Reactome:236054 Reactome:236066 Reactome:236067 Reactome:238242 Reactome:243198 Reactome:243209 Reactome:243215 Reactome:243225 Reactome:243226 Reactome:244815 Reactome:248328 Reactome:249712 Wikipedia:Receptor-mediated_endocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis biological_process GO:0006898 receptor-mediated endocytosis GO:0006898 The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. ISBN:0716731363 A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination. vesicle coat assembly biological_process GO:0006901 vesicle coating GO:0006901 A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination. GOC:jic The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. Wikipedia:Phagocytosis biological_process GO:0006909 phagocytosis GO:0006909 The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. ISBN:0198506732 The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell. recognition of phagocytosed substance by phagocytic cell biological_process GO:0006910 Note that cell surface molecules involved in the direct binding of bacteria may be also annotated to the molecular function term GO:0008367 bacterial binding. Note that cell surface molecules involved in the direct binding to opsonins such as complement components or antibodies may be also annotated to the term GO:0001846 opsonin binding. phagocytosis, recognition GO:0006910 The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell. GOC:curators ISBN:0781735149 The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis. biological_process phagosome biosynthesis phagosome formation GO:0006911 phagocytosis, engulfment GO:0006911 The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis. GOC:curators ISBN:0781735149 The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. Wikipedia:Autophagy_(cellular) biological_process GO:0006914 autophagy GO:0006914 The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. ISBN:0198547684 PMID:11099404 PMID:9412464 A form of programmed cell death characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), classically little or no ultrastructural modifications of cytoplasmic organelles, plasma membrane blebbing (but maintenance of its integrity until the final stages of the process) and engulfment by resident phagocytes. Apoptosis is usually induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Reactome:109581 Reactome:212025 Reactome:221788 Reactome:230365 Reactome:238478 Reactome:245020 Reactome:249908 Reactome:252627 Reactome:255810 Reactome:259206 Reactome:262565 Reactome:265386 Reactome:268517 Reactome:274243 Reactome:280709 Reactome:286733 Reactome:288390 Wikipedia:Apoptosis apoptotic cell death apoptotic programmed cell death programmed cell death by apoptosis type I programmed cell death biological_process signaling (initiator) caspase activity GO:0006915 apoptosis GO:0006915 A form of programmed cell death characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), classically little or no ultrastructural modifications of cytoplasmic organelles, plasma membrane blebbing (but maintenance of its integrity until the final stages of the process) and engulfment by resident phagocytes. Apoptosis is usually induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 PMID:18846107 apoptotic cell death GOC:sl A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. biological_process apoptosis inhibitor activity GO:0006916 anti-apoptosis GO:0006916 A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. GOC:go_curators A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. apoptosis signaling activation of apoptosis commitment to apoptosis induction of apoptosis by p53 biological_process apoptosis activator activity GO:0006917 induction of apoptosis GO:0006917 A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. GOC:go_curators Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis. Reactome:211794 Reactome:221558 Reactome:230166 Reactome:69416 caspase activation biological_process GO:0006919 activation of caspase activity GO:0006919 Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:tb Wikipedia:Caspase caspase activation GOC:dph GOC:tb The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis. disassembly of cell structures biological_process GO:0006921 cell structure disassembly during apoptosis GO:0006921 The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis. GOC:mah A type of T cell apoptosis that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas, Fas ligand, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors. AICD activated T cell apoptosis antigen-driven apoptosis activation-induced cell death of T lymphocytes activation-induced cell death of T-cells activation-induced cell death of T-lymphocytes biological_process GO:0006924 activation-induced cell death of T cells GO:0006924 A type of T cell apoptosis that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas, Fas ligand, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 PMID:12414721 PMID:12752672 AICD GOC:add activated T cell apoptosis GOC:add antigen-driven apoptosis GOC:add activation-induced cell death of T lymphocytes GOC:add activation-induced cell death of T-cells GOC:add activation-induced cell death of T-lymphocytes GOC:add The process of apoptosis in inflammatory cells, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage. apoptosis of inflammatory cells inflammatory cell programmed cell death by apoptosis killing of inflammatory cells programmed cell death of inflammatory cells by apoptosis programmed cell death, inflammatory cells biological_process GO:0006925 inflammatory cell apoptosis GO:0006925 The process of apoptosis in inflammatory cells, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage. GOC:jl http://www.mercksource.com/ The process of apoptosis in cells infected with a virus. apoptosis of virus-infected cells killing virus-infected cells programmed cell death of virus-infected cells by apoptosis programmed cell death, virus-infected cells virus-infected cell programmed cell death by apoptosis biological_process GO:0006926 virus-infected cell apoptosis GO:0006926 The process of apoptosis in cells infected with a virus. GOC:jl The process of apoptosis in transformed cells, cells that have undergone changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm. apoptosis of transformed cells killing transformed cells programmed cell death of transformed cells by apoptosis programmed cell death, transformed cells transformed cell programmed cell death by apoptosis biological_process GO:0006927 transformed cell apoptosis GO:0006927 The process of apoptosis in transformed cells, cells that have undergone changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm. GOC:jl MeSH:C04.697.152 Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell. cell movement biological_process cell locomotion GO:0006928 cell motion GO:0006928 Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mlg The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). Wikipedia:Chemotaxis taxis in response to chemical stimulus biological_process GO:0006935 chemotaxis GO:0006935 The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). ISBN:0198506732 The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane. Wikipedia:Lipid_bilayer_fusion biological_process GO:0006944 membrane fusion GO:0006944 The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane. GOC:mah The process of syncytia-forming cell-cell fusion, caused by a virus. viral-induced cell-cell fusion viral-induced host cell-cell fusion viral-induced membrane fusion biological_process GO:0006948 induction by virus of cell-cell fusion in host GO:0006948 The process of syncytia-forming cell-cell fusion, caused by a virus. ISBN:0781718325 The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division. biological_process GO:0006949 syncytium formation GO:0006949 The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division. ISBN:0198506732 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). biological_process response to abiotic stress response to biotic stress GO:0006950 response to stress GO:0006950 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). GOC:mah Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. defence response physiological defense response biological_process antimicrobial peptide activity defense/immunity protein activity GO:0006952 defense response GO:0006952 Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. GOC:go_curators Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals. biological_process GO:0006953 acute-phase response GO:0006953 Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals. ISBN:0198506732 The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. Wikipedia:Inflammation biological_process GO:0006954 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. inflammatory response GO:0006954 The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0198506732 Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. biological_process GO:0006955 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was redefined and moved. immune response GO:0006955 Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway. Reactome:166663 Reactome:211734 Reactome:221852 Reactome:230422 complement response biological_process complement activity GO:0006956 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. complement activation GO:0006956 Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes. Reactome:173736 biological_process GO:0006957 complement activation, alternative pathway GO:0006957 Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes. Reactome:173623 Reactome:211607 Reactome:221381 biological_process GO:0006958 complement activation, classical pathway GO:0006958 Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 An immune response mediated through a body fluid. Wikipedia:Humoral_immunity biological_process GO:0006959 humoral immune response GO:0006959 An immune response mediated through a body fluid. GOC:hb ISBN:0198506732 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis. antibacterial peptide induction antibacterial polypeptide induction up regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process up-regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process upregulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process activation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process stimulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0006963 positive regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process GO:0006963 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis. GOC:mah PMID:10973475 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria. anti-Gram-positive bacterial peptide induction anti-Gram-positive bacterial polypeptide induction up regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria up-regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria upregulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria activation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria stimulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria biological_process GO:0006965 positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria GO:0006965 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria. GOC:mah PMID:10973475 A defense response that is mediated by cells. cellular defence response biological_process GO:0006968 Note that this term refers to any type of defense response made by any cell, whether only a single-celled organism or part of a multicellular organism; also includes responses that occur in the context of multiorganism processes. cellular defense response GO:0006968 A defense response that is mediated by cells. GOC:ebc A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. DNA damage response response to genotoxic stress biological_process GO:0006974 response to DNA damage stimulus GO:0006974 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. GOC:go_curators A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. biological_process GO:0006979 response to oxidative stress GO:0006979 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:jl PMID:12115731 Any series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation. ER to nucleus signaling pathway ER to nucleus signalling pathway ER-nuclear signalling pathway endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling pathway endoplasmic reticulum-nuclear signaling pathway biological_process GO:0006984 ER-nuclear signaling pathway GO:0006984 Any series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus. biological_process heat shock protein activity GO:0006986 response to unfolded protein GO:0006986 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus. GOC:jl A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. organelle organisation and biogenesis organelle organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0006996 organelle organization GO:0006996 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:mah organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus. nuclear organisation and biogenesis nuclear organization nuclear organization and biogenesis nucleus organization and biogenesis biological_process nuclear morphology GO:0006997 nucleus organization GO:0006997 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:jl GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphology and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components. mitochondria organization and biogenesis mitochondrion organisation and biogenesis mitochondrion organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0007005 mitochondrion organization GO:0007005 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphology and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah GOC:sgd_curators PMID:9786946 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane. plasma membrane organisation and biogenesis plasma membrane organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0007009 plasma membrane organization GO:0007009 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. biological_process GO:0007017 microtubule-based process GO:0007017 Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GOC:mah Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins. biological_process GO:0007018 microtubule-based movement GO:0007018 Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins. ISBN:0815316194 Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. biological_process GO:0007042 lysosomal lumen acidification GO:0007042 Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. GOC:jic The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M). arrest of cell cycle progression cessation of cell cycle termination of cell cycle biological_process GO:0007050 cell cycle arrest GO:0007050 The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M). GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. biological_process GO:0007088 regulation of mitosis GO:0007088 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. GOC:go_curators Passage through a cell cycle control point late in G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle just before entry into S phase; in most organisms studied, including budding yeast and animal cells, passage through start normally commits the cell to progressing through the entire cell cycle. biological_process G1 checkpoint GO:0007089 traversing start control point of mitotic cell cycle GO:0007089 Passage through a cell cycle control point late in G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle just before entry into S phase; in most organisms studied, including budding yeast and animal cells, passage through start normally commits the cell to progressing through the entire cell cycle. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 A signal transduction-based surveillance mechanism that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage. biological_process mitotic checkpoint GO:0007093 mitotic cell cycle checkpoint GO:0007093 A signal transduction-based surveillance mechanism that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage. GOC:mah GOC:rn PMID:12360190 A signal transduction-based surveillance mechanism that acts during a mitotic cell cycle to ensure accurate chromosome segregation by preventing entry into mitosis in the presence of damaged DNA. biological_process mitotic G2 checkpoint GO:0007095 mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition DNA damage checkpoint GO:0007095 A signal transduction-based surveillance mechanism that acts during a mitotic cell cycle to ensure accurate chromosome segregation by preventing entry into mitosis in the presence of damaged DNA. GOC:mah PMID:10856933 PMID:11406266 Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity. biological_process GO:0007096 regulation of exit from mitosis GO:0007096 Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity. GOC:rn The process involved in starting cell separation. initiation of separation involved in cytokinesis biological_process GO:0007108 cytokinesis, initiation of separation GO:0007108 The process involved in starting cell separation. GOC:clt GOC:dph GOC:tb initiation of separation involved in cytokinesis GOC:dph GOC:tb A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations. Wikipedia:Meiosis biological_process GO:0007126 meiosis GO:0007126 A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations. GOC:dph GOC:mah PMID:9334324 Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. Wikipedia:Cell_signaling biological_process GO:0007154 cell communication GO:0007154 Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:mah The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. Wikipedia:Cell_adhesion biological_process cell adhesion molecule activity GO:0007155 cell adhesion GO:0007155 The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. GOC:hb GOC:pf The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules. neuronal cell adhesion biological_process GO:0007158 neuron adhesion GO:0007158 The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules. GOC:go_curators The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules. leukocyte cell adhesion biological_process GO:0007159 leukocyte adhesion GO:0007159 The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules. GOC:go_curators Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarization establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarity (sensu Fungi) establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarity (sensu Saccharomyces) biological_process GO:0007163 establishment or maintenance of cell polarity GO:0007163 Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GOC:mah The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell. Wikipedia:Signal_transduction signaling signaling cascade signalling signalling cascade biological_process GO:0007165 signal transduction GO:0007165 The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell. GOC:go_curators Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell. Reactome:110437 biological_process GO:0007166 cell surface receptor linked signal transduction GO:0007166 Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell. GOC:mah Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase. enzyme linked receptor protein signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007167 enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway GO:0007167 Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase. GOC:mah ISBN:0185316194 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand. transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007169 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway GO:0007169 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand. GOC:ceb Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity. biological_process transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activation transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase dimerization GO:0007171 activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity GO:0007171 Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity. GOC:dph GOC:tb transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activation GOC:dph GOC:tb transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase dimerization GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. Reactome:177929 Reactome:211781 Reactome:221546 Reactome:230157 Reactome:238186 EGF receptor signaling pathway EGF receptor signalling pathway EGFR signaling pathway epidermal growth factor receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007173 epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0007173 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:ceb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF receptor activity. EGF receptor downregulation down regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity down-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity downregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity negative regulation of EGF receptor activity negative regulation of EGFR activity inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor activity biological_process GO:0007175 negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity GO:0007175 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF receptor activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF receptor activity. regulation of EGF receptor activity regulation of EGFR activity biological_process GO:0007176 regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity GO:0007176 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF receptor activity. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand. transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007178 transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway GO:0007178 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand. GOC:mah The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. Reactome:170834 Reactome:211602 Reactome:221377 Reactome:230015 Reactome:238033 Reactome:244845 TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway TGF-beta receptor signalling pathway TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway TGFbeta receptor signalling pathway transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007179 transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway GO:0007179 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a ligand-bound type II transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor dimer with a type I TGF-beta receptor dimer, following ligand binding, to form a heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex. TGF-beta receptor complex assembly TGF-beta:type II receptor:type I receptor complex assembly TGFbeta receptor complex assembly biological_process GO:0007181 transforming growth factor beta receptor complex assembly GO:0007181 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a ligand-bound type II transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor dimer with a type I TGF-beta receptor dimer, following ligand binding, to form a heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex. GOC:jl Reactome:REACT_7425 Wikipedia:TGF_beta_signaling_pathway The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a common-partner SMAD protein. A common partner SMAD protein binds to pathway-restricted SMAD proteins forming a complex that translocates to the nucleus. common mediator SMAD protein phosphorylation biological_process GO:0007182 common-partner SMAD protein phosphorylation GO:0007182 The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a common-partner SMAD protein. A common partner SMAD protein binds to pathway-restricted SMAD proteins forming a complex that translocates to the nucleus. GOC:dph ISBN:3527303782 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins. SMAD protein heteromerization biological_process GO:0007183 SMAD protein complex assembly GO:0007183 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins. GOC:isa_complete The vectorial transfer of a SMAD proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, through the nuclear pore. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways. SMAD protein import into nucleus, translocation biological_process GO:0007184 SMAD protein nuclear translocation GO:0007184 The vectorial transfer of a SMAD proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, through the nuclear pore. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways. GOC:dph SMAD protein import into nucleus, translocation GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand. G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway GPCR protein signaling pathway GPCR protein signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007186 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway GO:0007186 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand. GOC:mah The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide. G protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger G protein signalling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger G-protein signalling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger biological_process GO:0007187 G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger GO:0007187 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP. G protein signaling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger G protein signaling, coupled to cyclic AMP nucleotide second messenger G protein signalling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger G protein signalling, coupled to cyclic AMP nucleotide second messenger G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic AMP nucleotide second messenger G-protein signalling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger G-protein signalling, coupled to cyclic AMP nucleotide second messenger biological_process GO:0007188 G-protein signaling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger GO:0007188 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive adenylate cyclase that is an integral part of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, resulting in a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP. GO:0010580 G protein signaling, adenylate cyclase activating pathway G protein signaling, adenylyl cyclase activating pathway G protein signalling, adenylate cyclase activating pathway G protein signalling, adenylyl cyclase activating pathway G-protein signaling, adenylate cyclase activating pathway G-protein signaling, adenylyl cyclase activating pathway G-protein signalling, adenylate cyclase activating pathway G-protein signalling, adenylyl cyclase activating pathway activation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein signaling biological_process GO:0007189 activation of adenylate cyclase activity by G-protein signaling pathway GO:0007189 Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive adenylate cyclase that is an integral part of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, resulting in a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb ISBN:0815316194 G-protein signaling, adenylate cyclase activating pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase. adenylate cyclase activation adenylyl cyclase activation biological_process adenylate cyclase activator GO:0007190 activation of adenylate cyclase activity GO:0007190 Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase. GOC:ai adenylate cyclase activation GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP. activation of adenylate cyclase activity by dopamine receptor signalling pathway dopamine receptor, adenylate cyclase activating pathway dopamine receptor, adenylyl cyclase activating pathway biological_process GO:0007191 activation of adenylate cyclase activity by dopamine receptor signaling pathway GO:0007191 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP. GOC:mah activation of adenylate cyclase activity by dopamine receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah dopamine receptor, adenylate cyclase activating pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP. activation of adenylate cyclase activity by serotonin receptor signalling pathway serotonin receptor, adenylyl cyclase activating pathway biological_process serotonin receptor, adenylate cyclase activating pathway GO:0007192 activation of adenylate cyclase activity by serotonin receptor signaling pathway GO:0007192 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb activation of adenylate cyclase activity by serotonin receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah serotonin receptor, adenylate cyclase activating pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP. G protein signaling, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway G protein signaling, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway G protein signalling, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway G protein signalling, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway G-protein signaling, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway G-protein signaling, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway G-protein signalling, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway G-protein signalling, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway biological_process GO:0007193 inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by G-protein signaling GO:0007193 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb ISBN:0815316194 G-protein signaling, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity. down regulation of adenylate cyclase activity down-regulation of adenylate cyclase activity downregulation of adenylate cyclase activity negative regulation of adenylyl cyclase activity inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity biological_process adenylate cyclase inhibitor GO:0007194 negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity GO:0007194 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity. GOC:go_curators The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP. dopamine receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway dopamine receptor, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by dopamine receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007195 inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by dopamine receptor signaling pathway GO:0007195 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb dopamine receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by dopamine receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a metabotropic glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP. inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by metabotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway metabotropic glutamate receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway metabotropic glutamate receptor, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway biological_process GO:0007196 inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway GO:0007196 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a metabotropic glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by metabotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah metabotropic glutamate receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP. inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signalling pathway muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, adenylyl cyclase inhibiting pathway biological_process GO:0007197 inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway GO:0007197 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate. G protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating) G protein signalling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating) G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating) G-protein signalling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating) biological_process phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway GO:0007200 activation of phospholipase C activity by G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway coupled to IP3 second messenger GO:0007200 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb ISBN:0815316194 G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating) GOC:dph GOC:tb phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand. phospholipase C activation biological_process GO:0007202 activation of phospholipase C activity GO:0007202 The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb PMID:8280098 phospholipase C activation GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol. cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration elevation elevation of calcium ion concentration in cytoplasm elevation of cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration cytosolic calcium ion concentration elevation elevation of calcium ion concentration in cytosol biological_process GO:0007204 elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration GO:0007204 Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol. GOC:ai The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand. PKC activation activation of protein kinase C activity by G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway protein kinase C activation biological_process GO:0007205 activation of protein kinase C activity by G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway GO:0007205 The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand. GOC:mah activation of protein kinase C activity by G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway GOC:mah protein kinase C activation GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a metabotropic glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate. activation of phospholipase C activity by metabotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway metabotropic glutamate receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway biological_process GO:0007206 activation of phospholipase C activity by metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway GO:0007206 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a metabotropic glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb activation of phospholipase C activity by metabotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah metabotropic glutamate receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate. activation of phospholipase C activity by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signalling pathway muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway biological_process GO:0007207 activation of phospholipase C activity by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway GO:0007207 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb activation of phospholipase C activity by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate. activation of phospholipase C activity by serotonin receptor signalling pathway serotonin receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway biological_process GO:0007208 activation of phospholipase C activity by serotonin receptor signaling pathway GO:0007208 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb activation of phospholipase C activity by serotonin receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah serotonin receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. serotonin receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007210 serotonin receptor signaling pathway GO:0007210 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:mah The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. dopamine receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007212 dopamine receptor signaling pathway GO:0007212 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:mah The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands; muscarinic acetylcholine receptors activate inhibitory G proteins and can be activated by the fungal alkaloid muscarine. acetylcholine receptor signalling, muscarinic pathway biological_process GO:0007213 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway GO:0007213 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands; muscarinic acetylcholine receptors activate inhibitory G proteins and can be activated by the fungal alkaloid muscarine. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor. 4-aminobutanoate signaling pathway 4-aminobutanoate signalling pathway 4-aminobutyrate signaling pathway 4-aminobutyrate signalling pathway GABA signaling pathway GABA signalling pathway gamma-aminobutyric acid signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007214 gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway GO:0007214 The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor. GOC:mah The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor. glutamate signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007215 glutamate signaling pathway GO:0007215 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor. GOC:mah PMID:9131252 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor coupled to effectors through GTP-binding proteins. metabotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007216 metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway GO:0007216 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor coupled to effectors through GTP-binding proteins. GOC:mah PMID:9131252 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin, i.e. a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2), binding to a cell surface receptor. tachykinin signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007217 tachykinin receptor signaling pathway GO:0007217 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin, i.e. a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2), binding to a cell surface receptor. GOC:mah PMID:14723970 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor. neuropeptide signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007218 neuropeptide signaling pathway GO:0007218 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell. Reactome:157118 Reactome:212079 Reactome:221837 Reactome:230401 Reactome:238447 Reactome:244988 Reactome:249867 Reactome:286699 Wikipedia:Notch_signaling_pathway N signaling pathway N signalling pathway Notch receptor signaling pathway Notch receptor signalling pathway Notch signalling pathway Notch-receptor signaling pathway Notch-receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007219 Notch signaling pathway GO:0007219 The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell. GOC:go_curators The series of successive proteolytic cleavage events that take place after a Notch receptor binds a ligand, and which lead to the release of the Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD), which is the active form of the receptor. Reactome:156988 Reactome:157212 Reactome:211864 Reactome:211871 Reactome:221629 Reactome:221636 Reactome:230222 Reactome:230229 Reactome:238261 Reactome:238268 Reactome:244833 Reactome:244840 Reactome:249732 Reactome:286586 N receptor processing biological_process GO:0007220 Notch receptor processing GO:0007220 The series of successive proteolytic cleavage events that take place after a Notch receptor binds a ligand, and which lead to the release of the Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD), which is the active form of the receptor. PMID:12651094 PMID:14986688 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened. Wikipedia:Hedgehog_signaling_pathway hedgehog signaling pathway hh signaling pathway hh signalling pathway smoothened signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007224 smoothened signaling pathway GO:0007224 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened. GOC:mah PMID:15205520 Any process that increases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, members of the Gli protein family are activated in this way. Activation of the Gli/Ci transcription factor is distinct from its stabilization, when proteolytic cleavage is inhibited. activation of hh target transcription factor biological_process GO:0007228 positive regulation of hh target transcription factor activity GO:0007228 Any process that increases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, members of the Gli protein family are activated in this way. Activation of the Gli/Ci transcription factor is distinct from its stabilization, when proteolytic cleavage is inhibited. GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:11912487 PMID:15057936 activation of hh target transcription factor GOC:dph GOC:tb Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands. integrin-mediated signalling pathway biological_process GO:0007229 integrin-mediated signaling pathway GO:0007229 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:mah A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. intracellular signalling cascade biological_process GO:0007242 intracellular signaling cascade GO:0007242 A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. Reactome:163358 Reactome:211745 Reactome:221512 Reactome:230132 Reactome:238158 Reactome:244747 Reactome:249654 Reactome:252437 Reactome:255603 Reactome:258983 Reactome:262353 Reactome:265200 Reactome:268322 Reactome:274021 Reactome:280499 Reactome:282794 Reactome:286520 Reactome:288299 Reactome:291709 biological_process GO:0007243 protein kinase cascade GO:0007243 A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase. Reactome:166058 Reactome:166166 Reactome:211840 Reactome:238238 NIK-I-kappaB/NF-kappaB cascade biological_process activation of the inhibitor of kappa kinase GO:0007249 I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade GO:0007249 A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase. GOC:jl PMID:12773372 The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues. positive regulation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity biological_process GO:0007250 activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity GO:0007250 The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues. GOC:jl PMID:12773372 The process of introducing a phosphate group into an I-kappaB protein. biological_process GO:0007252 I-kappaB phosphorylation GO:0007252 The process of introducing a phosphate group into an I-kappaB protein. GOC:jl The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus. cytoplasmic NF-kappaB retention cytoplasmic NF-kappaB sequestration cytoplasmic NF-kappaB storage cytoplasmic retention of NF-kappaB cytoplasmic sequestration of NF-kappaB cytoplasmic storage of NF-kappaB maintenance of NF-kappaB location in cytoplasm biological_process GO:0007253 cytoplasmic sequestering of NF-kappaB GO:0007253 The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus. GOC:jl maintenance of NF-kappaB location in cytoplasm GOC:dph GOC:tb A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress. SAPK cascade stress-activated protein kinase cascade JNK1 cascade JNK2 cascade JNK3 cascade MAPK10 cascade MAPK8 cascade MAPK9 cascade biological_process GO:0007254 JNK cascade GO:0007254 A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress. GOC:bf PMID:11790549 JNK1 cascade GOC:add JNK2 cascade GOC:add JNK3 cascade GOC:add MAPK10 cascade GOC:add MAPK8 cascade GOC:add MAPK9 cascade GOC:add The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) activity in response to phosphorylation by a member of the JUN kinase kinase kinase (JNKKK) family, or another upstream kinase. JNKKs are involved in a signaling pathway that is primarily activated by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress. positive regulation of JUNKK activity activation of JUN kinase kinase activity biological_process GO:0007256 activation of JNKK activity GO:0007256 The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) activity in response to phosphorylation by a member of the JUN kinase kinase kinase (JNKKK) family, or another upstream kinase. JNKKs are involved in a signaling pathway that is primarily activated by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress. GOC:bf PMID:11790549 The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK). activation of SAPK activity activation of JUN kinase activity biological_process GO:0007257 activation of JUN kinase activity GO:0007257 The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK). GOC:bf The process of introducing a phosphate group into a JUN protein. biological_process GO:0007258 JUN phosphorylation GO:0007258 The process of introducing a phosphate group into a JUN protein. GOC:jl Any process by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes. biological_process GO:0007259 JAK-STAT cascade GO:0007259 Any process by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes. GOC:jl PMID:12039028 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. biological_process GO:0007260 tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein GO:0007260 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. GOC:jl PMID:10918594 The transport of dimerized STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) proteins into the nucleus following activation by members of the janus activated kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases. biological_process GO:0007262 STAT protein nuclear translocation GO:0007262 The transport of dimerized STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) proteins into the nucleus following activation by members of the janus activated kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases. GOC:jl PMID:12039028 A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO). NO mediated signal transduction NO-mediated signal transduction nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction biological_process GO:0007263 nitric oxide mediated signal transduction GO:0007263 A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO). GOC:jl Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. biological_process GO:0007264 small GTPase mediated signal transduction GO:0007264 Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. GOC:mah A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. Ras mediated signal transduction biological_process GO:0007265 Ras protein signal transduction GO:0007265 A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. GOC:bf A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. Rho mediated signal transduction biological_process GO:0007266 Rho protein signal transduction GO:0007266 A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. GOC:bf Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. cell-cell signalling biological_process GO:0007267 cell-cell signaling GO:0007267 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. GOC:mah The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Wikipedia:Neurotransmission biological_process neurotransmission regulation of synapse GO:0007268 synaptic transmission GO:0007268 The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. GOC:jl MeSH:D009435 neurotransmission GOC:dph The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin. neurotransmitter release biological_process GO:0007269 neurotransmitter secretion GO:0007269 The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin. GOC:dph http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse. biological_process GO:0007270 nerve-nerve synaptic transmission GO:0007270 The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse. GOC:jl MeSH:D009435 The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. biological_process GO:0007271 synaptic transmission, cholinergic GO:0007271 The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:kmv The process whereby glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment. biological_process ionic insulation of neurons by glial cells GO:0007272 ensheathment of neurons GO:0007272 The process whereby glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:tb The process of communication from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse. biological_process GO:0007274 neuromuscular synaptic transmission GO:0007274 The process of communication from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse. GOC:jl MeSH:D009435 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). biological_process GO:0007275 Note that this term was 'developmental process'. multicellular organismal development GO:0007275 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle. control of mitotic cell cycle progression mitotic cell cycle control mitotic cell cycle modulation mitotic cell cycle regulation modulation of mitotic cell cycle progression regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle biological_process mitotic cell cycle regulator GO:0007346 regulation of mitotic cell cycle GO:0007346 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. biological_process pattern biosynthesis pattern formation GO:0007389 pattern specification process GO:0007389 Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0521436125 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0007398 ectoderm development GO:0007398 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. biological_process pan-neural process GO:0007399 nervous system development GO:0007399 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. GOC:dgh Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. neuroblast cell fate determination neuroblast fate determination (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) neuroblast fate determination (sensu Vertebrata) neuroblast identity determination biological_process GO:0007400 neuroblast fate determination GO:0007400 Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. GOC:go_curators Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ganglion mother cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. biological_process GO:0007402 ganglion mother cell fate determination GO:0007402 Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ganglion mother cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. GOC:go_curators Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. glial cell fate determination (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) biological_process GO:0007403 glial cell fate determination GO:0007403 Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. neuroblast proliferation (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) neuroblast proliferation (sensu Vertebrata) biological_process GO:0007405 neuroblast proliferation GO:0007405 The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:sart Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts. down regulation of neuroblast proliferation down-regulation of neuroblast proliferation downregulation of neuroblast proliferation suppression of neuroblast proliferation inhibition of neuroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0007406 negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation GO:0007406 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts. GOC:ai Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. neuron long process generation axon growth biological_process GO:0007409 axonogenesis GO:0007409 Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. GOC:jic http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. Wikipedia:Axon_guidance axon growth cone guidance biological_process GO:0007411 axon guidance GO:0007411 The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. ISBN:0878932437 The process by which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections. biological_process GO:0007412 axon target recognition GO:0007412 The process by which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections. ISBN:0878932437 The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle. biological_process fasciculation of neuron GO:0007413 axonal fasciculation GO:0007413 The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle. GOC:dgh The biosynthesis of a synapse. Wikipedia:Synaptogenesis synapse biogenesis biological_process GO:0007416 synaptogenesis GO:0007416 The biosynthesis of a synapse. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. Wikipedia:Neural_development CNS development biological_process GO:0007417 central nervous system development GO:0007417 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. GOC:bf GOC:jic ISBN:0582227089 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate. biological_process GO:0007418 ventral midline development GO:0007418 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate. GOC:bf GOC:go_curators PMID:12075342 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). biological_process GO:0007420 brain development GO:0007420 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). GOC:jic http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. biological_process GO:0007422 peripheral nervous system development GO:0007422 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. GOC:go_curators http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure. sense organ development biological_process GO:0007423 sensory organ development GO:0007423 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:go_curators sense organ development GOC:dph The process by which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. biological_process GO:0007435 salivary gland morphogenesis GO:0007435 The process by which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:jic The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work. biological_process GO:0007517 muscle development GO:0007517 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work. GOC:jic ISBN:0198506732 A process whereby non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0007520 myoblast fusion GO:0007520 A process whereby non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:mtg_muscle http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromuscular junction over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0007528 neuromuscular junction development GO:0007528 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromuscular junction over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:jic The biological process by which a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle is initially formed. biological_process GO:0007529 establishment of synaptic specificity at neuromuscular junction GO:0007529 The biological process by which a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle is initially formed. GOC:isa_complete The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that may precede death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility. Wikipedia:AgingSenescence ageing biological_process GO:0007568 aging GO:0007568 The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that may precede death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility. GOC:dph GOC:ems A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus. response to nutrients nutritional response pathway biological_process GO:0007584 response to nutrient GO:0007584 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus. GOC:go_curators The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or group of cells in a multicellular organism. biological_process GO:0007589 body fluid secretion GO:0007589 The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or group of cells in a multicellular organism. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Wikipedia:Perception biological_process GO:0007600 sensory perception GO:0007600 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. GOC:ai GOC:dph The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. Wikipedia:Visual_perception sense of sight sensory visual perception vision biological_process GO:0007601 visual perception GO:0007601 The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. GOC:ai The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal. Wikipedia:Visual_phototransduction phototransduction, visible light, light adaptation phototrophin mediated phototransduction biological_process opsin GO:0007602 phototransduction GO:0007602 The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal. GOC:go_curators The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. biological_process GO:0007603 phototransduction, visible light GO:0007603 The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound. Wikipedia:Hearing_(sense) hearing perception of sound biological_process GO:0007605 sensory perception of sound GO:0007605 The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. chemosensory perception biological_process GO:0007606 sensory perception of chemical stimulus GO:0007606 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. Wikipedia:Olfaction olfaction scent perception sense of smell smell perception biological_process GO:0007608 sensory perception of smell GO:0007608 The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. GOC:ai http://www.onelook.com/ The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. Wikipedia:Behavior behavioral response to stimulus behaviour behavioural response to stimulus biological_process GO:0007610 behavior GO:0007610 The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. GOC:ems ISBN:0395448956 The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time. biological_process GO:0007611 learning or memory GO:0007611 The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time. GOC:jic PMID:8938125 Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience. Wikipedia:Learning biological_process GO:0007612 learning GO:0007612 Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience. ISBN:0582227089 ISBN:0721662544 The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task). Wikipedia:Memory biological_process GO:0007613 memory GO:0007613 The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task). ISBN:0582227089 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ http://www.onelook.com/ The activities involved in the mental information processing system that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation. Wikipedia:Short-term_memory biological_process GO:0007614 short-term memory GO:0007614 The activities involved in the mental information processing system that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation. ISBN:0582227089 http://hebb.mit.edu/courses/9.03/lecture4.html The activities involved in the mental information processing system that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation. Wikipedia:Long-term_memory biological_process GO:0007616 long-term memory GO:0007616 The activities involved in the mental information processing system that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation. ISBN:0582227089 http://hebb.mit.edu/courses/9.03/lecture4.html The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes. Wikipedia:Mating_behaviour mating behaviour biological_process GO:0007617 mating behavior GO:0007617 The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes. GOC:ai GOC:dph The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with measured regularity. rhythmic behavioral response to stimulus rhythmic behaviour rhythmic behavioural response to stimulus biological_process GO:0007622 rhythmic behavior GO:0007622 The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with measured regularity. GOC:jl Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. Wikipedia:Circadian_rhythm circadian process biological_process circadian response response to circadian rhythm GO:0007623 circadian rhythm GO:0007623 Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. GOC:bf GOC:go_curators The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours. biological_process GO:0007624 ultradian rhythm GO:0007624 The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites. grooming behaviour biological_process GO:0007625 grooming behavior GO:0007625 The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites. GOC:jl The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. locomotion in response to stimulus locomotory behavioral response to stimulus locomotory behaviour locomotory behavioural response to stimulus biological_process GO:0007626 locomotory behavior GO:0007626 The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. GOC:dph The actions or reactions of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg. adult walking behaviour biological_process GO:0007628 adult walking behavior GO:0007628 The actions or reactions of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg. GOC:jic ISBN:0198606907 Behavior associated with the intake of food. Wikipedia:List_of_feeding_behaviours behavioral response to food behavioural response to food feeding behaviour drinking eating biological_process GO:0007631 feeding behavior GO:0007631 Behavior associated with the intake of food. GOC:mah The actions or reactions of an organism in response to a visual stimulus. behavioral response to visual stimulus behavioural response to visual stimulus visual behaviour biological_process GO:0007632 visual behavior GO:0007632 The actions or reactions of an organism in response to a visual stimulus. GOC:jic Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals. behavioral response to chemical stimulus behavioural response to chemical stimulus chemosensory behaviour biological_process GO:0007635 chemosensory behavior GO:0007635 Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals. GOC:go_curators Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus. behavioral response to mechanical stimulus behavioural response to mechanical stimulus mechanosensory behaviour biological_process GO:0007638 mechanosensory behavior GO:0007638 Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus. GOC:go_curators The function of a family of chemotactic pro-inflammatory activation-inducible cytokines acting primarily upon hemopoietic cells in immunoregulatory processes; all chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. molecular_function GO:0008009 chemokine activity GO:0008009 The function of a family of chemotactic pro-inflammatory activation-inducible cytokines acting primarily upon hemopoietic cells in immunoregulatory processes; all chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=Cytokines Interacting selectively with the beta subunit of the catenin complex. molecular_function GO:0008013 beta-catenin binding GO:0008013 Interacting selectively with the beta subunit of the catenin complex. GOC:bf The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. biological_process GO:0008015 blood circulation GO:0008015 The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. ISBN:0192800825 Interacting selectively with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. molecular_function microtubule severing activity microtubule/chromatin interaction GO:0008017 microtubule binding GO:0008017 Interacting selectively with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers. GOC:krc A G-protein coupled receptor that responds to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. G protein coupled photoreceptor activity G-protein-coupled photoreceptor activity molecular_function GO:0008020 G-protein coupled photoreceptor activity GO:0008020 A G-protein coupled receptor that responds to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. GOC:dph ISBN:0198506732 A secretory organelle, some 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and is secreted these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane. Wikipedia:Synaptic_vesicle cellular_component GO:0008021 synaptic vesicle GO:0008021 A secretory organelle, some 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and is secreted these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane. PMID:10099709 Any protein complex that interacts with RNA polymerase II to increase (positive transcription elongation factor) or reduce (negative transcription elongation factor) the rate of transcription elongation. cellular_component GO:0008023 transcription elongation factor complex GO:0008023 Any protein complex that interacts with RNA polymerase II to increase (positive transcription elongation factor) or reduce (negative transcription elongation factor) the rate of transcription elongation. GOC:jl Catalysis of the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of the membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group. monocarboxylate carrier prostaglandin/thromboxane transporter activity molecular_function GO:0008028 monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0008028 Catalysis of the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of the membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group. GOC:ai The process by which a cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings. biological_process GO:0008037 cell recognition GO:0008037 The process by which a cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings. GOC:go_curators The process by which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings. neuronal cell recognition biological_process GO:0008038 neuron recognition GO:0008038 The process by which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings. GOC:go_curators A ferritin complex located in the cell. Intracellular ferritin complexes contain 24 subunits, in a mixture of L (light) chains and H (heavy) chains. cellular_component GO:0008043 intracellular ferritin complex GO:0008043 A ferritin complex located in the cell. Intracellular ferritin complexes contain 24 subunits, in a mixture of L (light) chains and H (heavy) chains. GOC:jl GOC:mah PMID:19154717 The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. biological_process GO:0008045 motor axon guidance GO:0008045 The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. ISBN:0878932437 molecular_function GO:0008046 axon guidance receptor activity GO:0008046 Increases the activity of an enzyme. molecular_function GO:0008047 enzyme activator activity GO:0008047 Increases the activity of an enzyme. GOC:mah The actions or reactions of a male, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. male courtship behavior (sensu Insecta) male courtship behaviour male courtship behaviour (sensu Insecta) biological_process GO:0008049 male courtship behavior GO:0008049 The actions or reactions of a male, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. GOC:mtg_sensu The actions or reactions of a female, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. female courtship behaviour biological_process GO:0008050 female courtship behavior GO:0008050 The actions or reactions of a female, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. GOC:bf The process by which boundaries between a sensory organ and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained. sense organ boundary specification biological_process GO:0008052 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. sensory organ boundary specification GO:0008052 The process by which boundaries between a sensory organ and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained. GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 sense organ boundary specification GOC:dph The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, and which play key roles in regulating cell cycle phase transitions. cyclin breakdown cyclin catabolism cyclin degradation degradation of cyclin biological_process GO:0008054 cyclin catabolic process GO:0008054 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, and which play key roles in regulating cell cycle phase transitions. GOC:mah http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to an extracellular ligand to the Toll receptor on the surface of the target cell. Reactome:166016 Reactome:211663 Reactome:221435 Reactome:230067 Reactome:238087 Reactome:273985 Reactome:280464 Tl signaling pathway Tl signalling pathway Toll signalling pathway biological_process GO:0008063 Toll signaling pathway GO:0008063 The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to an extracellular ligand to the Toll receptor on the surface of the target cell. GOC:go_curators The establishment of the barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier. establishment of blood/nerve barrier biological_process GO:0008065 establishment of blood-nerve barrier GO:0008065 The establishment of the barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier. GOC:dgh Combining with glutamate to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0008066 glutamate receptor activity GO:0008066 Combining with glutamate to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Complex that possesses guanylate cyclase activity and is not bound to a membrane. cellular_component GO:0008074 guanylate cyclase complex, soluble GO:0008074 Complex that possesses guanylate cyclase activity and is not bound to a membrane. GOC:mah A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential. voltage gated potassium channel complex voltage-dependent potassium channel complex voltage-sensitive potassium channel complex cellular_component GO:0008076 voltage-gated potassium channel complex GO:0008076 A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential. GOC:mah Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group. EC:3.1.4 phosphodiesterase molecular_function endonuclease VIII activity GO:0008081 phosphoric diester hydrolase activity GO:0008081 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation. molecular_function GO:0008083 growth factor activity GO:0008083 The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation. ISBN:0815316194 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in nerve cell axons. Wikipedia:Axoplasmic_transport axonal transport biological_process GO:0008088 axon cargo transport GO:0008088 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in nerve cell axons. ISBN:0815316194 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons. anterograde axonal transport biological_process GO:0008089 anterograde axon cargo transport GO:0008089 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons. ISBN:0815316194 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons. biological_process retrograde axonal transport GO:0008090 retrograde axon cargo transport GO:0008090 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons. ISBN:0815316194 Membrane associated dimeric protein (240 and 220 kDa) of erythrocytes. Forms a complex with ankyrin, actin and probably other components of the membrane cytoskeleton, so that there is a mesh of proteins underlying the plasma membrane, potentially restricting the lateral mobility of integral proteins. Wikipedia:Spectrin cellular_component GO:0008091 spectrin GO:0008091 Membrane associated dimeric protein (240 and 220 kDa) of erythrocytes. Forms a complex with ankyrin, actin and probably other components of the membrane cytoskeleton, so that there is a mesh of proteins underlying the plasma membrane, potentially restricting the lateral mobility of integral proteins. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Interacting selectively with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton). molecular_function GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding GO:0008092 Interacting selectively with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton). GOC:mah Combining with inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate to initiate a change in cell activity. IP3 receptor activity molecular_function GO:0008095 inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor activity GO:0008095 Combining with inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = (5Z,13E)-(15S)-6,9-alpha-epoxy-11-alpha,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate. EC:5.3.99.4 MetaCyc:PROSTAGLANDIN-I-SYNTHASE-RXN Reactome:22900 (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate 6-isomerase activity PGI(2) synthase activity PGI(2) synthetase activity PGI2 synthase activity PGI2 synthetase activity prostacyclin synthase activity prostacycline synthetase activity prostagladin I2 synthetase activity cytochrome P450 CYP8A1 molecular_function GO:0008116 prostaglandin-I synthase activity GO:0008116 Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = (5Z,13E)-(15S)-6,9-alpha-epoxy-11-alpha,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate. EC:5.3.99.4 (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate 6-isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.4 PGI(2) synthase activity EC:5.3.99.4 PGI(2) synthetase activity EC:5.3.99.4 PGI2 synthase activity EC:5.3.99.4 PGI2 synthetase activity EC:5.3.99.4 prostacyclin synthase activity EC:5.3.99.4 prostacycline synthetase activity EC:5.3.99.4 prostagladin I2 synthetase activity EC:5.3.99.4 Interacting selectively with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. TF binding molecular_function GO:0008134 transcription factor binding GO:0008134 Interacting selectively with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. ISBN:0198506732 Functions during translation by binding nucleic acids during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome. molecular_function GO:0008135 translation factor activity, nucleic acid binding GO:0008135 Functions during translation by binding nucleic acids during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome. GOC:ai Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine/tyrosine + phosphate. dual-specificity protein phosphatase EC:3.1.3.- molecular_function GO:0008138 protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity GO:0008138 Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine/tyrosine + phosphate. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with oxysterol, an oxidized form of cholesterol. molecular_function GO:0008142 oxysterol binding GO:0008142 Interacting selectively with oxysterol, an oxidized form of cholesterol. http://www.onelook.com/ Interacting selectively with a drug, any naturally occurring or synthetic substance, other than a nutrient, that, when administered or applied to an organism, affects the structure or functioning of the organism; in particular, any such substance used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease. molecular_function GO:0008144 drug binding GO:0008144 Interacting selectively with a drug, any naturally occurring or synthetic substance, other than a nutrient, that, when administered or applied to an organism, affects the structure or functioning of the organism; in particular, any such substance used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate. EC:2.8.2 Reactome:2397 sulphotransferase activity molecular_function GO:0008146 sulfotransferase activity GO:0008146 Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. Wikipedia:Biological_process biological process physiological process biological process unknown biological_process GO:0008150 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this. biological_process GO:0008150 Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. Reactome:212093 Reactome:221851 Reactome:230419 Reactome:238461 Reactome:245002 Reactome:249887 Reactome:252604 Reactome:255791 Reactome:259186 Reactome:262542 Reactome:265367 Reactome:268496 Reactome:274223 Reactome:280692 Reactome:282903 Reactome:286711 Reactome:288374 Reactome:289882 Reactome:290414 Reactome:291791 Reactome:292439 Reactome:293772 Reactome:71408 Wikipedia:Metabolism metabolism metabolic process resulting in cell growth metabolism resulting in cell growth biological_process GO:0008152 Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions. metabolic process GO:0008152 The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198547684 Interacting selectively with the enzyme protein phosphatase 1. molecular_function GO:0008157 protein phosphatase 1 binding GO:0008157 Interacting selectively with the enzyme protein phosphatase 1. GOC:jl Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule. methylase EC:2.1.1 Reactome:1062 molecular_function GO:0008168 methyltransferase activity GO:0008168 Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the nitrogen atom of an acceptor molecule. EC:2.1.1.- molecular_function GO:0008170 N-methyltransferase activity GO:0008170 Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the nitrogen atom of an acceptor molecule. GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of an acceptor molecule. EC:2.1.1.- molecular_function GO:0008171 O-methyltransferase activity GO:0008171 Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of an acceptor molecule. GOC:ai A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome. CSN COP9 complex cellular_component GO:0008180 signalosome GO:0008180 A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome. PMID:11019806 PMID:12186635 PMID:14570571 Combining with a neuropeptide to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0008188 neuropeptide receptor activity GO:0008188 Combining with a neuropeptide to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from a UDP-sugar to a small hydrophobic molecule. Reactome:23123 molecular_function GO:0008194 UDP-glycosyltransferase activity GO:0008194 Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from a UDP-sugar to a small hydrophobic molecule. InterPro:IPR004224 PMID:11846783 The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. Reactome:192076 Reactome:211979 Reactome:221744 Reactome:230324 Reactome:238361 Reactome:244919 Reactome:249836 Reactome:252547 Reactome:255724 Reactome:259117 Reactome:262501 Reactome:265331 Reactome:268436 Reactome:274179 Reactome:280652 Reactome:286641 Reactome:289845 Reactome:290393 Reactome:291785 Reactome:293762 Wikipedia:Steroid_metabolism steroid metabolism biological_process GO:0008202 steroid metabolic process GO:0008202 The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues. cholesterol metabolism biological_process GO:0008203 cholesterol metabolic process GO:0008203 The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues. ISBN:0198506732 The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. Wikipedia:Blood_pressure#Regulation blood pressure regulation biological_process blood pressure homeostasis control of blood pressure GO:0008217 regulation of blood pressure GO:0008217 The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_cardio ISBN:0721643949 The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. biological_process necrosis GO:0008219 cell death GO:0008219 The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. GOC:ems Combining with a biogenic amine to initiate a change in cell activity. biogenic amine receptor molecular_function GO:0008227 amine receptor activity GO:0008227 Combining with a biogenic amine to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:dph The process by which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody. Wikipedia:Opsonin biological_process GO:0008228 opsonization GO:0008228 The process by which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody. GOC:add GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:068340007X ISBN:0781735149 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. EC:3.4 hydrolase, acting on peptide bonds peptide hydrolase activity protease activity proteinase activity molecular_function GO:0008233 peptidase activity GO:0008233 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. GOC:jl ISBN:0815332181 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile. EC:3.4.-.- cysteine protease activity thiol protease activity molecular_function GO:0008234 cysteine-type peptidase activity GO:0008234 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile. GOC:mah http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/about_9.htm#CATTYPE An enzyme complex composed of two catalytic alpha subunits, which form a catalytic dimer, and a non-catalytic, regulatory beta subunit; the catalytic dimer may be an alpha1/alpha1 or alpha2/alpha2 homodimer, or an alpha1/alpha2 heterodimer. Modulates the action of platelet-activating factor (PAF). 2-acetyl-1-alkylglycerophosphocholine esterase complex platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase complex cellular_component GO:0008247 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase complex GO:0008247 An enzyme complex composed of two catalytic alpha subunits, which form a catalytic dimer, and a non-catalytic, regulatory beta subunit; the catalytic dimer may be an alpha1/alpha1 or alpha2/alpha2 homodimer, or an alpha1/alpha2 heterodimer. Modulates the action of platelet-activating factor (PAF). GOC:jl PMID:10542206 UniProtKB:Q28017 A protein complex that is found in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of eukaryotes and transfers lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor to asparagine residues on nascent proteins. In yeast, the complex includes at least nine different subunits, whereas in mammalian cells at least three different forms of the complex have been detected. OST complex oligosaccharyl transferase complex cellular_component GO:0008250 oligosaccharyltransferase complex GO:0008250 A protein complex that is found in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of eukaryotes and transfers lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor to asparagine residues on nascent proteins. In yeast, the complex includes at least nine different subunits, whereas in mammalian cells at least three different forms of the complex have been detected. ISBN:0879695595 PMID:15835887 Movement of the anterior ectoderm to the interior of the embryo. biological_process GO:0008258 head involution GO:0008258 Movement of the anterior ectoderm to the interior of the embryo. ISBN:08795694238 Interacting selectively with a sequence of uracil residues in an RNA molecule. molecular_function GO:0008266 poly(U) binding GO:0008266 Interacting selectively with a sequence of uracil residues in an RNA molecule. GOC:mah receptor signalling protein tyrosine kinase signalling protein activity molecular_function GO:0008268 receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase signaling protein activity GO:0008268 The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a molecule of the JAK signal transduction pathway and one or more other molecules of the pathway, permitting them to function in a coordinated way. molecular_function GO:0008269 JAK pathway signal transduction adaptor activity GO:0008269 The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a molecule of the JAK signal transduction pathway and one or more other molecules of the pathway, permitting them to function in a coordinated way. GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07 A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin other non-tubulin proteins that forms a flexible open ring structure thought to be the unit of nucleation at the minus end of a microtubule. gammaTuRC cellular_component GO:0008274 gamma-tubulin ring complex GO:0008274 A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin other non-tubulin proteins that forms a flexible open ring structure thought to be the unit of nucleation at the minus end of a microtubule. GOC:clt PMID:12134075 A complex usually comprising two gamma-tubulin molecules and two conserved non-tubulin proteins. Some gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the repeating unit making up the core of the gamma-tubulin ring complex. gammaTuSC cellular_component GO:0008275 gamma-tubulin small complex GO:0008275 A complex usually comprising two gamma-tubulin molecules and two conserved non-tubulin proteins. Some gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the repeating unit making up the core of the gamma-tubulin ring complex. PMID:11297925 PMID:12134075 Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group (CH3-) to a protein. EC:2.1.1.- molecular_function GO:0008276 protein methyltransferase activity GO:0008276 Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group (CH3-) to a protein. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity. regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway regulation of GPCR protein signaling pathway regulation of GPCR protein signalling pathway biological_process GO:0008277 regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway GO:0008277 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity. GOC:go_curators A protein complex required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. 14S cohesin cellular_component SMC complex GO:0008278 cohesin complex GO:0008278 A protein complex required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. PMID:9887095 The core heterodimer of a cohesin complex; a structure required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. 9S cohesin Smc1-Smc3 complex cellular_component GO:0008280 cohesin core heterodimer GO:0008280 The core heterodimer of a cohesin complex; a structure required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. GOC:jl A protein complex that comprises four pore-forming (Kir6.x) and four regulatory sulphonylurea receptor (SURx) subunits and forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass. The opening and closing of the channel is regulated by ATP: binding of ATP to the Kir6.2 subunit inhibits channel activity, whereas binding of Mg2+-complexed ATP or ADP to the SUR1 subunit stimulates channel activity. cellular_component GO:0008282 ATP-sensitive potassium channel complex GO:0008282 A protein complex that comprises four pore-forming (Kir6.x) and four regulatory sulphonylurea receptor (SURx) subunits and forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass. The opening and closing of the channel is regulated by ATP: binding of ATP to the Kir6.2 subunit inhibits channel activity, whereas binding of Mg2+-complexed ATP or ADP to the SUR1 subunit stimulates channel activity. PMID:16308567 PMID:16956886 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. biological_process GO:0008283 cell proliferation GO:0008283 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. GOC:mah GOC:mb Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. up regulation of cell proliferation up-regulation of cell proliferation upregulation of cell proliferation activation of cell proliferation stimulation of cell proliferation biological_process GO:0008284 positive regulation of cell proliferation GO:0008284 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. down regulation of cell proliferation down-regulation of cell proliferation downregulation of cell proliferation inhibition of cell proliferation biological_process GO:0008285 negative regulation of cell proliferation GO:0008285 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin. Reactome:211690 Reactome:221461 Reactome:230089 Reactome:238112 Reactome:244710 Reactome:249874 Reactome:252635 Reactome:255820 Reactome:259220 Reactome:262576 Reactome:265392 Reactome:268531 Reactome:274256 Reactome:280719 Reactome:282926 Reactome:286743 Reactome:288405 Reactome:74752 insulin receptor signalling pathway daf-2 receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0008286 insulin receptor signaling pathway GO:0008286 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin. GOC:ceb A complex, normally consisting of a catalytic and a regulatory subunit, which catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from a serine or threonine residue of a protein. cellular_component GO:0008287 protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex GO:0008287 A complex, normally consisting of a catalytic and a regulatory subunit, which catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from a serine or threonine residue of a protein. GOC:bf Interacting selectively with a lipid. molecular_function GO:0008289 lipid binding GO:0008289 Interacting selectively with a lipid. GOC:ai A heterodimer consisting of alpha and a beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, thereby regulating the polymerization of actin monomers but not severing actin filaments. cellular_component GO:0008290 F-actin capping protein complex GO:0008290 A heterodimer consisting of alpha and a beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, thereby regulating the polymerization of actin monomers but not severing actin filaments. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198599560 The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. acetylcholine metabolism biological_process GO:0008291 acetylcholine metabolic process GO:0008291 The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. GOC:jl GOC:nln ISBN:0192800752 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. acetylcholine anabolism acetylcholine biosynthesis acetylcholine formation acetylcholine synthesis biological_process GO:0008292 acetylcholine biosynthetic process GO:0008292 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. GOC:jl ISBN:0192800752 A cytosolic endopeptidase with specificity for the hydrolysis of aspartyl bonds. Caspases are involved in apoptosis. cellular_component GO:0008303 caspase complex GO:0008303 A cytosolic endopeptidase with specificity for the hydrolysis of aspartyl bonds. Caspases are involved in apoptosis. ISBN:0198506732 A protein complex that is composed of one alpha subunit and one beta subunit, both of which are members of the integrin superfamily of cell adhesion receptors; the complex spans the plasma membrane and binds to extracellular matrix ligands, cell-surface ligands, and soluble ligands. cellular_component laminin receptor protein GO:0008305 integrin complex GO:0008305 A protein complex that is composed of one alpha subunit and one beta subunit, both of which are members of the integrin superfamily of cell adhesion receptors; the complex spans the plasma membrane and binds to extracellular matrix ligands, cell-surface ligands, and soluble ligands. PMID:17543136 Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect). Wikipedia:Learning#Associative_learning Pavlovian conditioning classical conditioning conditional learning conditional response biological_process GO:0008306 associative learning GO:0008306 Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect). ISBN:0582227089 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a voltage-gated channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. molecular_function voltage-dependent ion-selective channel activity voltage-gated ion-selective channel activity GO:0008308 voltage-gated anion channel activity GO:0008308 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a voltage-gated channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transfer of cation from one side of the membrane to the other. transmembrane cation transporter activity molecular_function GO:0008324 cation transmembrane transporter activity GO:0008324 Catalysis of the transfer of cation from one side of the membrane to the other. GOC:df GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. cellular_component GO:0008328 ionotropic glutamate receptor complex GO:0008328 A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Synaptic/info/glutamate.html Combining with a molecular pattern based on a repeating or polymeric structure, such as a polysaccharide or peptidoglycan, to initiate a change in cell activity. Such molecular patterns are sometimes associated with potential pathogens. molecular_function macrophage receptor activity GO:0008329 pattern recognition receptor activity GO:0008329 Combining with a molecular pattern based on a repeating or polymeric structure, such as a polysaccharide or peptidoglycan, to initiate a change in cell activity. Such molecular patterns are sometimes associated with potential pathogens. PMID:12507420 PMID:12925128 PMID:14523544 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a high voltage-gated channel. high voltage gated calcium channel activity high voltage-dependent calcium channel activity molecular_function GO:0008331 high voltage-gated calcium channel activity GO:0008331 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a high voltage-gated channel. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a low voltage-gated channel. T-type channel low voltage gated calcium channel activity low voltage-dependent calcium channel activity molecular_function GO:0008332 low voltage-gated calcium channel activity GO:0008332 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a low voltage-gated channel. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the reaction: 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 3-hydroxy-4-trimethylammoniobutanoate + succinate + CO2. EC:1.14.11.1 MetaCyc:1.14.11.1-RXN Reactome:24086 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) alpha-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity g-butyrobetaine dioxygenase activity gamma-BBH activity gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity gamma-butyrobetaine,2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase activity molecular_function GO:0008336 gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase activity GO:0008336 Catalysis of the reaction: 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 3-hydroxy-4-trimethylammoniobutanoate + succinate + CO2. EC:1.14.11.1 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) EC:1.14.11.1 alpha-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.11.1 butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.11.1 gamma-BBH activity EC:1.14.11.1 gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.11.1 Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. adult feeding behaviour adult feeding behavior (sensu Insecta) biological_process GO:0008343 adult feeding behavior GO:0008343 Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. GOC:mah Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. adult locomotory behaviour biological_process GO:0008344 adult locomotory behavior GO:0008344 Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. GOC:ai The orderly movement of glial cells, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. glia cell migration glial cell migration (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) biological_process GO:0008347 glial cell migration GO:0008347 The orderly movement of glial cells, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_sensu A complex possessing an activity that couples ATP hydrolysis to the severing of microtubules; usually a heterodimer comprising a catalytic subunit (often 60kDa) and a regulatory subunit (often 80 kDa). cellular_component GO:0008352 katanin complex GO:0008352 A complex possessing an activity that couples ATP hydrolysis to the severing of microtubules; usually a heterodimer comprising a catalytic subunit (often 60kDa) and a regulatory subunit (often 80 kDa). PMID:10910766 Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue. biological_process GO:0008355 olfactory learning GO:0008355 Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue. ISBN:0582227089 Any process by which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal. cellular axon ensheathment biological_process cellular nerve ensheathment nerve ensheathment GO:0008366 axon ensheathment GO:0008366 Any process by which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal. GOC:jl ISBN:0878932437 Interacting selectively with any part of a bacterial cell. bacterium binding binding to bacterium molecular_function GO:0008367 bacterial binding GO:0008367 Interacting selectively with any part of a bacterial cell. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with any part of a Gram-negative bacterial cell. Gram-negative bacterium binding binding to Gram-negative bacterium molecular_function GO:0008368 Gram-negative bacterial binding GO:0008368 Interacting selectively with any part of a Gram-negative bacterial cell. GOC:jl Catalysis of the formation of sialylglycoconjugates via transfer of the sialic acid group from CMP to one of several glycoconjugate acceptors. EC:2.4.99.- molecular_function GO:0008373 sialyltransferase activity GO:0008373 Catalysis of the formation of sialylglycoconjugates via transfer of the sialic acid group from CMP to one of several glycoconjugate acceptors. GOC:jl ISBN:0721662544 Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule. EC:2.3.1.- Reactome:1150 molecular_function GO:0008374 O-acyltransferase activity GO:0008374 Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule. GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of a galactosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid. EC:2.4.1.- molecular_function GO:0008378 galactosyltransferase activity GO:0008378 Catalysis of the transfer of a galactosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + IkappaB protein = ADP + IkappaB phosphoprotein. EC:2.7.11.10 ATP:IkappaB protein phosphotransferase activity ikappaB kinase activity inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase activity inhibitor of NFkappaB kinase activity TANK-binding kinase 1 activity molecular_function CHUK IKBKA IKBKB IKK IKK-1 IKK-2 STK12 TBK1 GO:0008384 Note that phosphorylation of IkappaB targets it for proteasomal degradation and allows the nuclear translocation of kB. The kinase is composed of alpha, beta and gamma subunits, of which the latter does not have kinase activity but is presumed to play a regulatory role. IkappaB kinase activity GO:0008384 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + IkappaB protein = ADP + IkappaB phosphoprotein. EC:2.7.11.10 ATP:IkappaB protein phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.11.10 ikappaB kinase activity EC:2.7.11.10 inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase activity EC:2.7.11.10 inhibitor of NFkappaB kinase activity EC:2.7.11.10 TANK-binding kinase 1 activity EC:2.7.11.10 CHUK EC:2.7.11.10 IKBKA EC:2.7.11.10 IKBKB EC:2.7.11.10 IKK EC:2.7.11.10 IKK-1 EC:2.7.11.10 IKK-2 EC:2.7.11.10 STK12 EC:2.7.11.10 TBK1 EC:2.7.11.10 A protein serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates IkappaB, thereby targeting this for proteasomal degradation and allowing the nuclear translocation of kB. Composed of alpha, beta and gamma subunits, the latter not having kinase activity but presumed to play a regulatory role. IKK complex cellular_component GO:0008385 IkappaB kinase complex GO:0008385 A protein serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates IkappaB, thereby targeting this for proteasomal degradation and allowing the nuclear translocation of kB. Composed of alpha, beta and gamma subunits, the latter not having kinase activity but presumed to play a regulatory role. GOC:ma Catalysis of the generalized reaction: acyl-carrier + reactant = acyl-reactant + carrier. EC:2.3.1.- Reactome:1091 molecular_function GO:0008415 acyltransferase activity GO:0008415 Catalysis of the generalized reaction: acyl-carrier + reactant = acyl-reactant + carrier. EC:2.3.1.- ISBN:0198506732 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of protein kinase C, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein. PKC inhibitor activity molecular_function GO:0008426 protein kinase C inhibitor activity GO:0008426 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of protein kinase C, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein. GOC:ai Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. EC:2.7.1.127 MetaCyc:2.7.1.127-RXN 1D-myo-inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase activity ATP:1D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphotransferase activity Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase activity inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase activity inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase activity ins(1,4,5)P(3) 3-kinase activity IP3 3-kinase activity IP3K activity molecular_function GO:0008440 inositol trisphosphate 3-kinase activity GO:0008440 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. EC:2.7.1.127 ATP:1D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.1.127 Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase activity EC:2.7.1.127 ins(1,4,5)P(3) 3-kinase activity EC:2.7.1.127 IP3 3-kinase activity EC:2.7.1.127 IP3K activity EC:2.7.1.127 Combining with benzodiazepines, a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, amnestic and myorelaxant properties, to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0008503 benzodiazepine receptor activity GO:0008503 Combining with benzodiazepines, a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, amnestic and myorelaxant properties, to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl Catalysis of the transfer of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), from one side of the membrane to the other. molecular_function GO:0008504 monoamine transmembrane transporter activity GO:0008504 Catalysis of the transfer of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), from one side of the membrane to the other. ChEBI:25375 GOC:mah Catalysis of the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other. Reactome:3160 anion transporter activity molecular_function GO:0008509 anion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0008509 Catalysis of the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:def GOC:df GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Combining with soluble compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of taste. gustatory receptor molecular_function GO:0008527 taste receptor activity GO:0008527 Combining with soluble compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of taste. GOC:dph Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a G-protein mediated change in cell activity. A G-protein is a signal transduction molecule that alternates between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound state. G protein coupled peptide receptor activity G-protein coupled peptide receptor activity G-protein-coupled peptide receptor activity peptide receptor activity, G protein coupled molecular_function GO:0008528 peptide receptor activity, G-protein coupled GO:0008528 Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a G-protein mediated change in cell activity. A G-protein is a signal transduction molecule that alternates between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound state. GOC:dph GOC:tb A multisubunit complex that activates the hydrolysis of small nonubiquitinated peptides by binding to the proteasome core complex. PA28 cellular_component GO:0008537 proteasome activator complex GO:0008537 A multisubunit complex that activates the hydrolysis of small nonubiquitinated peptides by binding to the proteasome core complex. GOC:rb Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue. biological_process spatial learning GO:0008542 visual learning GO:0008542 Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue. GOC:jic ISBN:0582227089 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. Reactome:190236 Reactome:190239 Reactome:190241 Reactome:190242 Reactome:190322 Reactome:190370 Reactome:190371 Reactome:190372 Reactome:190373 Reactome:190374 Reactome:190375 Reactome:190376 Reactome:190377 Reactome:211682 Reactome:211683 Reactome:211684 Reactome:211685 Reactome:211686 Reactome:211687 Reactome:211688 Reactome:211689 Reactome:212006 Reactome:212007 Reactome:212008 Reactome:212009 Reactome:212098 Reactome:221453 Reactome:221454 Reactome:221455 Reactome:221456 Reactome:221457 Reactome:221458 Reactome:221459 Reactome:221460 Reactome:221770 Reactome:221771 Reactome:221772 Reactome:221773 Reactome:221857 Reactome:230082 Reactome:230083 Reactome:230084 Reactome:230085 Reactome:230086 Reactome:230087 Reactome:230088 Reactome:230349 Reactome:230350 Reactome:230351 Reactome:230429 Reactome:230445 Reactome:238105 Reactome:238106 Reactome:238107 Reactome:238108 Reactome:238109 Reactome:238110 Reactome:238111 Reactome:238387 Reactome:238388 Reactome:238389 Reactome:238468 Reactome:238485 Reactome:249626 Reactome:249627 Reactome:249823 Reactome:249824 Reactome:249893 Reactome:249913 FGF receptor signaling pathway FGF receptor signalling pathway FGFR signaling pathway fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0008543 fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0008543 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:ceb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. biological_process GO:0008544 epidermis development GO:0008544 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. GOC:go_curators http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junctions. biological_process GO:0008582 regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction GO:0008582 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junctions. GOC:go_curators The release of NF-kappaB from specific molecules in the cytoplasm to which it was bound, thereby allowing its translocation into the nucleus. release of NF-kappaB sequestered in cytoplasm release of NF-kappaB stored in cytoplasm biological_process activation of NF-kappa B negative regulation of cytoplasmic NF-kappaB retention negative regulation of cytoplasmic NF-kappaB sequestering negative regulation of cytoplasmic NF-kappaB sequestration negative regulation of cytoplasmic NF-kappaB storage GO:0008588 release of cytoplasmic sequestered NF-kappaB GO:0008588 The release of NF-kappaB from specific molecules in the cytoplasm to which it was bound, thereby allowing its translocation into the nucleus. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. regulation of smoothened signalling pathway biological_process regulation of smoothened activity regulation of smoothened by patched regulation of smoothened receptor activity by patched GO:0008589 regulation of smoothened signaling pathway GO:0008589 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway. regulation of Tl signaling pathway regulation of Tl signalling pathway regulation of Toll signalling pathway biological_process GO:0008592 regulation of Toll signaling pathway GO:0008592 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway. regulation of N signaling pathway regulation of N signalling pathway regulation of Notch signalling pathway biological_process GO:0008593 regulation of Notch signaling pathway GO:0008593 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway. GOC:go_curators Morphogenesis of photoreceptors, sensory cells that react to the presence of light. photoreceptor cell morphogenesis (sensu Endopterygota) photoreceptor development (sensu Drosophila) biological_process GO:0008594 photoreceptor cell morphogenesis GO:0008594 Morphogenesis of photoreceptors, sensory cells that react to the presence of light. GOC:jic The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. lipid anabolism lipid biosynthesis lipid formation lipid synthesis biological_process GO:0008610 lipid biosynthetic process GO:0008610 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. GOC:go_curators A heterotetrameric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes processive DNA synthesis in the absence of PCNA, but is further stimulated in the presence of PCNA. The complex contains a large catalytic subunit and three small subunits, and is best characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are named Pol2p, Dpb2p, Dpb3p, and Dpb4p. Some evidence suggests that DNA polymerase epsilon is the leading strand polymerase; it is also involved in nucleotide-excision repair and mismatch repair. cellular_component GO:0008622 epsilon DNA polymerase complex GO:0008622 A heterotetrameric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes processive DNA synthesis in the absence of PCNA, but is further stimulated in the presence of PCNA. The complex contains a large catalytic subunit and three small subunits, and is best characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are named Pol2p, Dpb2p, Dpb3p, and Dpb4p. Some evidence suggests that DNA polymerase epsilon is the leading strand polymerase; it is also involved in nucleotide-excision repair and mismatch repair. PMID:15814431 PMID:9745046 A multisubunit complex that uses ATP to increase the general accessibility of DNA in chromatin. Unlike other known chromatin remodeling complexes, CHRAC can also function during chromatin assembly; it uses ATP to convert irregular chromatin into a regular array of nucleosomes with even spacing. CHRAC ISW2 complex cellular_component GO:0008623 chromatin accessibility complex GO:0008623 A multisubunit complex that uses ATP to increase the general accessibility of DNA in chromatin. Unlike other known chromatin remodeling complexes, CHRAC can also function during chromatin assembly; it uses ATP to convert irregular chromatin into a regular array of nucleosomes with even spacing. GOC:bf PMID:9252192 Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. Reactome:109607 Reactome:208328 Reactome:211795 Reactome:212051 Reactome:212052 Reactome:217900 Reactome:221559 Reactome:221814 Reactome:221815 Reactome:226653 Reactome:230167 Reactome:230385 Reactome:230386 Reactome:73887 Reactome:75157 Reactome:75244 biological_process GO:0008624 induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals GO:0008624 Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. GOC:ai biological_process GO:0008625 induction of apoptosis via death domain receptors GO:0008625 biological_process GO:0008626 induction of apoptosis by granzyme GO:0008626 biological_process GO:0008627 induction of apoptosis by ionic changes GO:0008627 Any process induced by hormones that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. biological_process GO:0008628 induction of apoptosis by hormones GO:0008628 Any process induced by hormones that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. GOC:bf Any process induced by intracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. Reactome:109606 Reactome:212064 Reactome:221827 Reactome:230395 Reactome:238434 Reactome:244996 Reactome:249878 Reactome:252597 Reactome:255783 Reactome:259177 Reactome:262533 Reactome:265360 Reactome:268489 Reactome:274214 Reactome:280683 Reactome:286703 Reactome:288367 biological_process GO:0008629 induction of apoptosis by intracellular signals GO:0008629 Any process induced by intracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. GOC:ai A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death). biological_process GO:0008630 DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis GO:0008630 A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death). GOC:go_curators The activation, by oxidative stress, of any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. biological_process GO:0008631 induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress GO:0008631 The activation, by oxidative stress, of any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. GOC:ai The intracellular signaling cascade that results when a cell is triggered to undergo apoptosis. biological_process GO:0008632 apoptotic program GO:0008632 The intracellular signaling cascade that results when a cell is triggered to undergo apoptosis. GOC:go_curators The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form. Reactome:111446 Reactome:111447 Reactome:111448 Reactome:111452 Reactome:114294 Reactome:114452 Reactome:139893 Reactome:139895 Reactome:139898 Reactome:139910 Reactome:139915 Reactome:140534 Reactome:206265 Reactome:208870 Reactome:211127 Reactome:211606 Reactome:211718 Reactome:211799 Reactome:211872 Reactome:211873 Reactome:211889 Reactome:211890 Reactome:211932 Reactome:211933 Reactome:211970 Reactome:215841 Reactome:218522 Reactome:220975 Reactome:221380 Reactome:221488 Reactome:221563 Reactome:221637 Reactome:221638 Reactome:221653 Reactome:221654 Reactome:221697 Reactome:221735 Reactome:224996 Reactome:227398 Reactome:229645 Reactome:230112 Reactome:230169 Reactome:230230 Reactome:230244 Reactome:230245 Reactome:230407 Reactome:238036 Reactome:238269 Reactome:238354 Reactome:75108 biological_process induction of pro-apoptotic gene products GO:0008633 activation of pro-apoptotic gene products GO:0008633 The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level. down regulation of survival gene product activity down-regulation of survival gene product activity downregulation of survival gene product activity negative regulation of survival gene product activity negative regulation of survival gene products inhibition of survival gene product activity biological_process GO:0008634 negative regulation of survival gene product expression GO:0008634 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb negative regulation of survival gene product activity GOC:dph GOC:tb Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis, mediated by cytochrome c. Reactome:111459 Reactome:211727 Reactome:221496 Reactome:230117 Reactome:238141 caspase activation via cytochrome c biological_process GO:0008635 activation of caspase activity by cytochrome c GO:0008635 Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis, mediated by cytochrome c. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:tb Wikipedia:Caspase caspase activation via cytochrome c GOC:dph GOC:tb The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis. biological_process GO:0008637 apoptotic mitochondrial changes GO:0008637 The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis. GOC:mah Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. ubiquitin-like activating enzyme activity molecular_function GO:0008641 small protein activating enzyme activity GO:0008641 Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. GOC:jl GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. Wikipedia:Amino_acid_synthesis amino acid anabolism amino acid biosynthesis amino acid formation amino acid synthesis biological_process GO:0008652 amino acid biosynthetic process GO:0008652 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. MetaCyc:LIPASYN-PWY MetaCyc:PHOSLIPSYN-PWY MetaCyc:PHOSLIPSYN2-PWY phospholipid anabolism phospholipid biosynthesis phospholipid formation phospholipid synthesis biological_process GO:0008654 phospholipid biosynthetic process GO:0008654 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a substrate. S-adenosyl methionine-dependent methyltransferase activity SAM-dependent methyltransferase activity molecular_function GO:0008757 S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase activity GO:0008757 Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a substrate. GOC:mah Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. EC:3.1.1.32 MetaCyc:PHOSPHOLIPASE-A1-RXN phosphatidylcholine 1-acylhydrolase activity molecular_function GO:0008970 phospholipase A1 activity GO:0008970 Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. EC:3.1.1.32 phosphatidylcholine 1-acylhydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.32 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism. Wikipedia:Catabolism breakdown catabolism degradation biological_process GO:0009056 catabolic process GO:0009056 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. macromolecule breakdown macromolecule catabolism macromolecule degradation biological_process GO:0009057 macromolecule catabolic process GO:0009057 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. ChEBI:33839 GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. Wikipedia:Anabolism anabolism biosynthesis formation synthesis biological_process GO:0009058 biosynthetic process GO:0009058 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. GOC:curators ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. macromolecule anabolism macromolecule biosynthesis macromolecule formation macromolecule synthesis biological_process GO:0009059 macromolecule biosynthetic process GO:0009059 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. ChEBI:33839 GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes. Wikipedia:Fatty_acid_degradation fatty acid breakdown fatty acid catabolism fatty acid degradation biological_process GO:0009062 fatty acid catabolic process GO:0009062 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. amino acid breakdown amino acid catabolism amino acid degradation biological_process GO:0009063 amino acid catabolic process GO:0009063 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline. glutamine family amino acid metabolism biological_process GO:0009064 glutamine family amino acid metabolic process GO:0009064 The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline. glutamine family amino acid breakdown glutamine family amino acid catabolism glutamine family amino acid degradation biological_process GO:0009065 glutamine family amino acid catabolic process GO:0009065 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan). aromatic amino acid family metabolism biological_process GO:0009072 aromatic amino acid family metabolic process GO:0009072 The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan). GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan). aromatic amino acid family breakdown aromatic amino acid family catabolism aromatic amino acid family degradation biological_process GO:0009074 aromatic amino acid family catabolic process GO:0009074 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan). GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline. glutamine family amino acid anabolism glutamine family amino acid biosynthesis glutamine family amino acid formation glutamine family amino acid synthesis biological_process GO:0009084 glutamine family amino acid biosynthetic process GO:0009084 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. glycoprotein metabolism biological_process GO:0009100 glycoprotein metabolic process GO:0009100 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. Reactome:162699 Reactome:259000 Reactome:262370 Reactome:274040 Reactome:286540 glycoprotein anabolism glycoprotein biosynthesis glycoprotein formation glycoprotein synthesis biological_process GO:0009101 glycoprotein biosynthetic process GO:0009101 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a compound containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid. MetaCyc:PWY-401 glycolipid anabolism glycolipid biosynthesis glycolipid formation glycolipid synthesis biological_process GO:0009247 glycolipid biosynthetic process GO:0009247 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a compound containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid. GOC:go_curators A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus. response to thermal stimulus biological_process GO:0009266 response to temperature stimulus GO:0009266 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus. GOC:hb A protective structure outside the cytoplasmic membrane composed of peptidoglycan, a molecule made up of a glycan (sugar) backbone of repetitively alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid with short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual amino acids; also called murein. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Bacteria (Bacteria, ncbi_taxonomy_id:2). envelope (sensu Bacteria) cell wall (sensu Bacteria) peptidoglycan cellular_component murein sacculus GO:0009274 peptidoglycan-based cell wall GO:0009274 A protective structure outside the cytoplasmic membrane composed of peptidoglycan, a molecule made up of a glycan (sugar) backbone of repetitively alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid with short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual amino acids; also called murein. As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Bacteria (Bacteria, ncbi_taxonomy_id:2). GOC:mlg ISBN:0815108893 A motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope. flagellum (sensu Bacteria) cellular_component GO:0009288 flagellin-based flagellum GO:0009288 A motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope. GOC:jh2 GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:7787060 The controlled release of proteins from a cell or group of cells. glycoprotein secretion protein secretion during cell fate commitment protein secretion resulting in cell fate commitment biological_process GO:0009306 protein secretion GO:0009306 The controlled release of proteins from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. amine metabolism biological_process GO:0009308 cellular amine metabolic process GO:0009308 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. amine anabolism amine biosynthesis amine formation amine synthesis biological_process GO:0009309 amine biosynthetic process GO:0009309 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. amine breakdown amine catabolism amine degradation biological_process GO:0009310 amine catabolic process GO:0009310 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus response to radiation stimulus biological_process GO:0009314 Note that 'radiation' refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. response to radiation GO:0009314 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. GOC:jl Wikipedia:Electromagnetic_radiation A protein complex that catalyzes the first step in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. For example, in E. coli the complex is heterohexameric and composed of biotin carbonyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and the acetate CoA-transferase complex. ACCase complex cellular_component GO:0009317 acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex GO:0009317 A protein complex that catalyzes the first step in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. For example, in E. coli the complex is heterohexameric and composed of biotin carbonyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and the acetate CoA-transferase complex. GOC:jl GOC:mah UniProtKB:P24182 A protein complex that possesses phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity. cellular_component GO:0009320 phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase complex GO:0009320 A protein complex that possesses phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity. GOC:mah Complex that possesses DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity. cellular_component GO:0009330 DNA topoisomerase complex (ATP-hydrolyzing) GO:0009330 Complex that possesses DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity. GOC:mah An enzyme complex that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form glycerone phosphate. cellular_component GO:0009331 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase complex GO:0009331 An enzyme complex that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form glycerone phosphate. EC:1.1.99.5 An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation adenylylsulfate from sulfate and ATP. sulphate adenylyltransferase complex (ATP) cellular_component GO:0009336 sulfate adenylyltransferase complex (ATP) GO:0009336 An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation adenylylsulfate from sulfate and ATP. EC:2.7.7.4 A multimeric enzyme complex that in E. coli is a heterooctamer made up of four alpha subunits and four beta subunits. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides. cellular_component GO:0009341 beta-galactosidase complex GO:0009341 A multimeric enzyme complex that in E. coli is a heterooctamer made up of four alpha subunits and four beta subunits. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides. EC:3.2.1.23 UniProtKB:P06864 Citrate lyase is a multienzyme complex with three constituents: the alpha subunit, citrate-ACP transferase; the beta subunit, citryl-ACP lyase; and the gamma subunit, an acyl-carrier protein which also carries the prosthetic group components. All three subunits are required for citrate lyase enzyme activity. cellular_component GO:0009346 citrate lyase complex GO:0009346 Citrate lyase is a multienzyme complex with three constituents: the alpha subunit, citrate-ACP transferase; the beta subunit, citryl-ACP lyase; and the gamma subunit, an acyl-carrier protein which also carries the prosthetic group components. All three subunits are required for citrate lyase enzyme activity. EC:4.1.3.6 MetaCyc:ACECITLY-CPLX An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of a carbamoyl to ornithine, forming citrulline. cellular_component GO:0009348 ornithine carbamoyltransferase complex GO:0009348 An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of a carbamoyl to ornithine, forming citrulline. EC:2.1.3.3 A DNA polymerase complex that contains two complexes of the catalytic alpha, beta, delta and epsilon polymerase/exonuclease subunits, plus the DnaX complex, a heptamer that includes the tau and gamma products of the dnaX gene and confers structural asymmetry that allows the polymerase to replicate both leading and lagging strands. cellular_component GO:0009360 DNA polymerase III complex GO:0009360 A DNA polymerase complex that contains two complexes of the catalytic alpha, beta, delta and epsilon polymerase/exonuclease subunits, plus the DnaX complex, a heptamer that includes the tau and gamma products of the dnaX gene and confers structural asymmetry that allows the polymerase to replicate both leading and lagging strands. PMID:11525729 PMID:12940977 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. phospholipid breakdown phospholipid catabolism phospholipid degradation biological_process GO:0009395 phospholipid catabolic process GO:0009395 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. ISBN:0198506732 The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to cause disease in another. biological_process channel-forming toxin activity cytotoxin activity endotoxin activity enterotoxin activity exotoxin activity lipoprotein toxin neurotoxin activity pore-forming toxin activity toxin activity virulence GO:0009405 Note that this term should not be used to annotate gene products that are involved in the host response to pathogenesis. It should only be used to annotate those gene products involved in the generation of pathogenesis by the pathogen itself. pathogenesis GO:0009405 The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to cause disease in another. GOC:go_curators A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. response to heat shock biological_process GO:0009408 response to heat GO:0009408 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. GOC:lr A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a xenobiotic compound stimulus. Xenobiotic compounds are compounds foreign to living organisms. biological_process GO:0009410 response to xenobiotic stimulus GO:0009410 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a xenobiotic compound stimulus. Xenobiotic compounds are compounds foreign to living organisms. GOC:jl A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. biological_process GO:0009416 response to light stimulus GO:0009416 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0582227089 A long, whiplike protrusion from the surface of a eukaryotic cell, whose undulations drive the cell through a liquid medium; similar in structure to a cilium. The flagellum is based on a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules. flagellum (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0009434 microtubule-based flagellum GO:0009434 A long, whiplike protrusion from the surface of a eukaryotic cell, whose undulations drive the cell through a liquid medium; similar in structure to a cilium. The flagellum is based on a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0815316194 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid). MetaCyc:GLYCOLATEMET-PWY glycolate metabolism biological_process GO:0009441 glycolate metabolic process GO:0009441 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid). GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms. 4-aminobutanoate metabolic process 4-aminobutanoate metabolism 4-aminobutyrate metabolic process 4-aminobutyrate metabolism GABA metabolic process GABA metabolism gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism biological_process GO:0009448 gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic process GO:0009448 The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms. MetaCyc:4AMINOBUTMETAB-PWY MetaCyc:4AMINOBUTMETAB2-PWY 4-aminobutanoate catabolic process 4-aminobutanoate catabolism 4-aminobutyrate catabolic process 4-aminobutyrate catabolism GABA catabolic process GABA catabolism gamma-aminobutyric acid breakdown gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation biological_process GO:0009450 gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process GO:0009450 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms. GOC:ai The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of external stimulus GO:0009581 detection of external stimulus GO:0009581 The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:hb The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of abiotic stimulus GO:0009582 detection of abiotic stimulus GO:0009582 The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:hb The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal. detection of light biological_process perception of light GO:0009583 detection of light stimulus GO:0009583 The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:go_curators The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. biological_process perception of visible light GO:0009584 detection of visible light GO:0009584 The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of gravity GO:0009590 detection of gravity GO:0009590 The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:hb The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. chemoperception detection of chemical substance biological_process perception of chemical stimulus perception of chemical substance GO:0009593 detection of chemical stimulus GO:0009593 The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:jl The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of biotic stimulus GO:0009595 detection of biotic stimulus GO:0009595 The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:hb The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of virus GO:0009597 detection of virus GO:0009597 The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:hb A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. response to environmental stimulus biological_process GO:0009605 response to external stimulus GO:0009605 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. GOC:hb A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. response to biotic stress biological_process GO:0009607 response to biotic stimulus GO:0009607 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. GOC:hb A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiont, an organism living with an organism of a different species in close physical association. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process response of host to symbiont GO:0009608 response to symbiont GO:0009608 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiont, an organism living with an organism of a different species in close physical association. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:hb ISBN:0198506732 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism. response to symbiotic bacteria biological_process GO:0009609 response to symbiotic bacterium GO:0009609 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism. GOC:hb ISBN:0198506732 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism. physiological response to wounding biological_process GO:0009611 response to wounding GO:0009611 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism. GOC:go_curators A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. mechanical stimulus response biological_process chemi-mechanical coupling GO:0009612 response to mechanical stimulus GO:0009612 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. GOC:hb A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus. response to viruses biological_process GO:0009615 response to virus GO:0009615 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus. GOC:hb A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium. response to bacteria biological_process GO:0009617 response to bacterium GO:0009617 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium. GOC:hb A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus. response to fungi biological_process GO:0009620 response to fungus GO:0009620 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus. GOC:hb A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode. response to nematodes biological_process GO:0009624 response to nematode GO:0009624 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode. GOC:hb A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus. response to abiotic stress biological_process GO:0009628 response to abiotic stimulus GO:0009628 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus. GOC:hb A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus. response to gravitational stimulus biological_process GO:0009629 response to gravity GO:0009629 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus. GOC:hb A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxin stimulus. detoxification response biological_process toxin resistance toxin susceptibility/resistance GO:0009636 response to toxin GO:0009636 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxin stimulus. GOC:lr A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus. biological_process GO:0009642 response to light intensity GO:0009642 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus. GOC:go_curators A change in state or activity of the organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species. Wikipedia:Photoperiodism response to day length response to night length response to photoperiod biological_process GO:0009648 photoperiodism GO:0009648 A change in state or activity of the organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species. GOC:jic GOC:pj ISBN:0582015952 ISBN:0697037754 ISBN:070940886 The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to environmental time cues such as light. biological_process regulation of circadian rhythm phase GO:0009649 entrainment of circadian clock GO:0009649 The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to environmental time cues such as light. GOC:jic The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. embryogenesis and morphogenesis anatomical structure organization morphogenesis biological_process GO:0009653 anatomical structure morphogenesis GO:0009653 The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0521436125 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism. biological_process GO:0009719 response to endogenous stimulus GO:0009719 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism. GOC:sm A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. biological_process growth regulator GO:0009725 response to hormone stimulus GO:0009725 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. GOC:jl The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point. axis determination biological_process GO:0009798 axis specification GO:0009798 The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete A response of a plant to a pathogenic agent that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease. defence response incompatible interaction defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction resistance response to pathogen response to pathogen (incompatible interaction) biological_process GO:0009814 defense response, incompatible interaction GO:0009814 A response of a plant to a pathogenic agent that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease. GOC:lr A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease. defence response to fungus, incompatible interaction defence response to pathogenic fungi, incompatible interaction defence response to pathogenic fungus, incompatible interaction defense response to fungi, incompatible interaction resistance response to pathogenic fungi resistance response to pathogenic fungus response to pathogenic fungi (incompatible interaction) response to pathogenic fungus (incompatible interaction) biological_process GO:0009817 defense response to fungus, incompatible interaction GO:0009817 A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease. GOC:lr The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation. UV-sensitive opsin blue-sensitive opsin green-sensitive opsin long-wave-sensitive opsin opsin red-sensitive opsin short-wave-sensitive opsin violet-sensitive opsin molecular_function GO:0009881 photoreceptor activity GO:0009881 The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation. GOC:ai GOC:go_curators The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure biological_process GO:0009886 post-embryonic morphogenesis GO:0009886 The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:go_curators Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. histogenesis and organogenesis biological_process GO:0009887 organ morphogenesis GO:0009887 Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:dgh GOC:go_curators ISBN:0471245208 ISBN:0721662544 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. histogenesis and organogenesis histogenesis biological_process GO:0009888 tissue development GO:0009888 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. ISBN:0471245208 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. regulation of anabolism regulation of biosynthesis regulation of formation regulation of synthesis biological_process GO:0009889 regulation of biosynthetic process GO:0009889 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. down regulation of biosynthetic process down-regulation of biosynthetic process downregulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of anabolism negative regulation of biosynthesis negative regulation of formation negative regulation of synthesis inhibition of biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0009890 negative regulation of biosynthetic process GO:0009890 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. positive regulation of anabolism positive regulation of biosynthesis positive regulation of formation positive regulation of synthesis up regulation of biosynthetic process up-regulation of biosynthetic process upregulation of biosynthetic process activation of biosynthetic process stimulation of biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0009891 positive regulation of biosynthetic process GO:0009891 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. down regulation of metabolic process down-regulation of metabolic process downregulation of metabolic process negative regulation of metabolism inhibition of metabolic process biological_process GO:0009892 negative regulation of metabolic process GO:0009892 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. positive regulation of metabolism up regulation of metabolic process up-regulation of metabolic process upregulation of metabolic process activation of metabolic process stimulation of metabolic process biological_process GO:0009893 positive regulation of metabolic process GO:0009893 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. regulation of breakdown regulation of catabolism regulation of degradation biological_process GO:0009894 regulation of catabolic process GO:0009894 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. down regulation of catabolic process down-regulation of catabolic process downregulation of catabolic process negative regulation of breakdown negative regulation of catabolism negative regulation of degradation inhibition of catabolic process biological_process GO:0009895 negative regulation of catabolic process GO:0009895 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. positive regulation of breakdown positive regulation of catabolism positive regulation of degradation up regulation of catabolic process up-regulation of catabolic process upregulation of catabolic process activation of catabolic process stimulation of catabolic process biological_process GO:0009896 positive regulation of catabolic process GO:0009896 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. GOC:go_curators The side of the plasma membrane that is opposite to the side that faces the cytoplasm. juxtamembrane outer surface of cytoplasmic membrane cellular_component GO:0009897 external side of plasma membrane GO:0009897 The side of the plasma membrane that is opposite to the side that faces the cytoplasm. GOC:tb The side of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm. juxtamembrane cellular_component GO:0009898 internal side of plasma membrane GO:0009898 The side of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm. GOC:tb The process by which the cellular identity of auditory hair cells is acquired and determined. auditory hair cell fate commitment biological_process GO:0009912 auditory receptor cell fate commitment GO:0009912 The process by which the cellular identity of auditory hair cells is acquired and determined. GOC:lr The directed movement of hormones into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0009914 hormone transport GO:0009914 The directed movement of hormones into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:tb The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. cellular_component GO:0009925 basal plasma membrane GO:0009925 The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. GOC:go_curators The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. anterior/posterior pattern specification biological_process GO:0009952 anterior/posterior pattern formation GO:0009952 The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb The regionalization process by which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism. dorsal/ventral pattern specification biological_process GO:0009953 dorsal/ventral pattern formation GO:0009953 The regionalization process by which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. biological_process GO:0009966 regulation of signal transduction GO:0009966 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GOC:sm Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. Reactome:110518 up regulation of signal transduction up-regulation of signal transduction upregulation of signal transduction activation of signal transduction stimulation of signal transduction biological_process GO:0009967 positive regulation of signal transduction GO:0009967 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GOC:sm Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. Reactome:110485 down regulation of signal transduction down-regulation of signal transduction downregulation of signal transduction inhibition of signal transduction biological_process GO:0009968 negative regulation of signal transduction GO:0009968 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GOC:sm The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. cell associated cell bound cell surface (sensu Magnoliophyta) cellular_component GO:0009986 Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are attached to the plasma membrane or cell wall. cell surface GO:0009986 The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:sm Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. cell physiology cellular physiological process cell growth and/or maintenance biological_process GO:0009987 cellular process GO:0009987 Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete Cell recognition between cells, usually involving the formation of specialized cell junctions. biological_process GO:0009988 cell-cell recognition GO:0009988 Cell recognition between cells, usually involving the formation of specialized cell junctions. ISBN:0824072820 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus. biological_process GO:0009991 response to extracellular stimulus GO:0009991 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus. GOC:go_curators The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell. glia cell differentiation glial cell differentiation (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) neuroglia differentiation biological_process GO:0010001 glial cell differentiation GO:0010001 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome. cellular_component GO:0010008 endosome membrane GO:0010008 The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. biological_process GO:0010033 response to organic substance GO:0010033 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. GOC:sm A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus. biological_process GO:0010035 response to inorganic substance GO:0010035 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus. GOC:sm A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus. response to metal response to heavy metal biological_process heavy metal sensitivity/resistance GO:0010038 response to metal ion GO:0010038 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus. GOC:sm A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin are a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi. biological_process GO:0010046 response to mycotoxin GO:0010046 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin are a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi. GOC:sm The regionalization process by which the identity of an organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized. biological_process GO:0010092 specification of organ identity GO:0010092 The regionalization process by which the identity of an organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized. GOC:tair_curators The regionalization process that specifies organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues. organ boundary specification biological_process GO:0010160 formation of organ boundary GO:0010160 The regionalization process that specifies organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete PMID:9611175 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. response to ionising radiation response to ionizing radiation stimulus biological_process GO:0010212 response to ionizing radiation GO:0010212 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. PMID:12509526 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus. biological_process GO:0010226 response to lithium ion GO:0010226 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus. GOC:tb A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic nitrogen stimulus. An organic nitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. response to organonitrogen compound biological_process GO:0010243 response to organic nitrogen GO:0010243 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic nitrogen stimulus. An organic nitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. ChEBI:35352 PMID:9869419 response to organonitrogen compound ChEBI:35352 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide. regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolism biological_process GO:0010310 regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process GO:0010310 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide. PMID:14765119 The infolding of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle. biological_process GO:0010324 membrane invagination GO:0010324 The infolding of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle. GOC:tb A region in which centric, heterochromatic portions of one or more chromosomes form a compact structure. cellular_component GO:0010369 chromocenter GO:0010369 A region in which centric, heterochromatic portions of one or more chromosomes form a compact structure. PMID:12384572 PMID:15053486 PMID:16831888 Combining with nerve growth factor, to block apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, or to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0010465 nerve growth factor receptor activity GO:0010465 Combining with nerve growth factor, to block apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, or to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. biological_process GO:0010466 negative regulation of peptidase activity GO:0010466 Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. biological_process GO:0010468 regulation of gene expression GO:0010468 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. biological_process GO:0010469 regulation of receptor activity GO:0010469 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:dph GOC:tb A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress. Wikipedia:Stress_granule cellular_component GO:0010494 stress granule GO:0010494 A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress. PMID:17601829 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome. proteasome-mediated protein catabolic process proteasome-mediated protein catabolism biological_process GO:0010498 proteasomal protein catabolic process GO:0010498 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome. GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. biological_process GO:0010506 regulation of autophagy GO:0010506 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid. biological_process GO:0010517 regulation of phospholipase activity GO:0010517 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid. biological_process GO:0010518 positive regulation of phospholipase activity GO:0010518 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specifically regulated synthesis of RNA from DNA encoding a specific gene or set of genes by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. biological_process GO:0010551 regulation of specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter GO:0010551 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specifically regulated synthesis of RNA from DNA encoding a specific gene or set of genes by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010556 regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process GO:0010556 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010557 positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process GO:0010557 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010558 negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process GO:0010558 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. biological_process GO:0010559 regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process GO:0010559 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. biological_process GO:0010560 positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process GO:0010560 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. biological_process GO:0010561 negative regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process GO:0010561 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. biological_process GO:0010562 positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process GO:0010562 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. biological_process GO:0010563 negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process GO:0010563 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. biological_process GO:0010564 regulation of cell cycle process GO:0010564 Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor. biological_process GO:0010574 regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production GO:0010574 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor. GOC:rl Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor. biological_process GO:0010575 positive regulation vascular endothelial growth factor production GO:0010575 Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor. GOC:rl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity that is an integral part of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, resulting in a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP. regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein signalling biological_process GO:0010578 regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein signaling GO:0010578 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity that is an integral part of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, resulting in a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein signalling GOC:mah Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity that is an integral part of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, resulting in a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP. positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity by G-protein signalling pathway biological_process GO:0010579 positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity by G-protein signaling pathway GO:0010579 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity that is an integral part of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, resulting in a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP. GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity by G-protein signalling pathway GOC:mah true GO:0010580 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010604 positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process GO:0010604 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010605 negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process GO:0010605 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript. biological_process GO:0010608 posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression GO:0010608 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript. GOC:dph GOC:tb The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development. biological_process GO:0010623 developmental programmed cell death GO:0010623 The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. biological_process GO:0010627 regulation of protein kinase cascade GO:0010627 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. biological_process GO:0010628 positive regulation of gene expression GO:0010628 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. biological_process GO:0010629 negative regulation of gene expression GO:0010629 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. positive regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0010638 positive regulation of organelle organization GO:0010638 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. negative regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0010639 negative regulation of organelle organization GO:0010639 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. biological_process GO:0010646 regulation of cell communication GO:0010646 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. biological_process GO:0010647 positive regulation of cell communication GO:0010647 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. biological_process GO:0010648 negative regulation of cell communication GO:0010648 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptosis. Muscle cell apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. biological_process GO:0010656 negative regulation of muscle cell apoptosis GO:0010656 Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptosis. Muscle cell apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptosis. Muscle cell apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. biological_process GO:0010660 regulation of muscle cell apoptosis GO:0010660 Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptosis. Muscle cell apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptosis. Muscle cell apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. biological_process GO:0010661 positive regulation of muscle cell apoptosis GO:0010661 Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptosis. Muscle cell apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH). biological_process GO:0010670 positive regulation of oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolic process GO:0010670 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH). GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH). biological_process GO:0010671 negative regulation of oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolic process GO:0010671 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH). GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells. biological_process GO:0010675 regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process GO:0010675 Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells. biological_process GO:0010676 positive regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process GO:0010676 Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0010720 positive regulation of cell development GO:0010720 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0010721 negative regulation of cell development GO:0010721 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. biological_process GO:0010740 positive regulation of protein kinase cascade GO:0010740 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. biological_process GO:0010741 negative regulation of protein kinase cascade GO:0010741 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. biological_process GO:0010769 regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation GO:0010769 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0010827 regulation of glucose transport GO:0010827 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity. biological_process GO:0010863 positive regulation of phospholipase C activity GO:0010863 Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity. GOC:dph GOC:tb Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. non-apoptotic programmed cell death nonapoptotic programmed cell death biological_process GO:0012501 programmed cell death GO:0012501 Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:lr A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death. induction of non-apoptotic programmed cell death induction of nonapoptotic programmed cell death biological_process GO:0012502 induction of programmed cell death GO:0012502 A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death. GOC:lr A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. Wikipedia:Endomembrane_system cellular_component GO:0012505 endomembrane system GO:0012505 A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. GOC:lh The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. cellular_component GO:0012506 vesicle membrane GO:0012506 The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell. TGN transport vesicle membrane cellular_component GO:0012510 trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane GO:0012510 The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell. GOC:ai A subcellular organelle of plant cells surrounded by 'half-unit' or a monolayer membrane instead of the more usual bilayer. The storage body has a droplet of triglyceride surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, interacting with the triglycerides and the hydrophilic head groups facing the cytosol, and containing major protein components called oleosins. Wikipedia:Oil_body lipid storage body (sensu Viridiplantae) oil body oilbody oleosome spherosome cellular_component GO:0012511 monolayer-surrounded lipid storage body GO:0012511 A subcellular organelle of plant cells surrounded by 'half-unit' or a monolayer membrane instead of the more usual bilayer. The storage body has a droplet of triglyceride surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, interacting with the triglycerides and the hydrophilic head groups facing the cytosol, and containing major protein components called oleosins. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0943088372 The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function. astrocyte cell development biological_process GO:0014002 astrocyte development GO:0014002 The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function. GOC:dgh GOC:ef The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system. oligodendrocyte cell development biological_process GO:0014003 oligodendrocyte development GO:0014003 The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system. GOC:dgh GOC:ef The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others. glia proliferation biological_process GO:0014009 glial cell proliferation GO:0014009 The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. biological_process GO:0014010 Schwann cell proliferation GO:0014010 The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 The regrowth of axons outside the central nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord) following an axonal injury. biological_process GO:0014012 axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system GO:0014012 The regrowth of axons outside the central nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord) following an axonal injury. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. biological_process GO:0014013 regulation of gliogenesis GO:0014013 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. GOC:ef Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. down regulation of gliogenesis down-regulation of gliogenesis downregulation of gliogenesis inhibition of gliogenesis biological_process GO:0014014 negative regulation of gliogenesis GO:0014014 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. up regulation of gliogenesis up-regulation of gliogenesis upregulation of gliogenesis activation of gliogenesis stimulation of gliogenesis biological_process GO:0014015 positive regulation of gliogenesis GO:0014015 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. GOC:ef The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts. biological_process GO:0014016 neuroblast differentiation GO:0014016 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will differentiate into a neuroblast. biological_process GO:0014017 neuroblast fate commitment GO:0014017 The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will differentiate into a neuroblast. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0014031 mesenchymal cell development GO:0014031 The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dh GOC:ef The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0014032 neural crest cell development GO:0014032 The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dh GOC:ef The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function. biological_process GO:0014037 Schwann cell differentiation GO:0014037 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0014038 regulation of Schwann cell differentiation GO:0014038 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. up regulation of Schwann cell differentiation up-regulation of Schwann cell differentiation upregulation of Schwann cell differentiation activation of Schwann cell differentiation stimulation of Schwann cell differentiation biological_process GO:0014040 positive regulation of Schwann cell differentiation GO:0014040 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change. biological_process GO:0014041 regulation of neuron maturation GO:0014041 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. up regulation of neuron maturation up-regulation of neuron maturation upregulation of neuron maturation activation of neuron maturation stimulation of neuron maturation biological_process GO:0014042 positive regulation of neuron maturation GO:0014042 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. GOC:ef The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function. biological_process GO:0014044 Schwann cell development GO:0014044 The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function. GOC:dgh GOC:ef Establishment of the endothelial barrier between the blood and the brain. The endothelial cells in the brain capillaries are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier. establishment of blood/brain barrier biological_process GO:0014045 establishment of blood-brain barrier GO:0014045 Establishment of the endothelial barrier between the blood and the brain. The endothelial cells in the brain capillaries are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier. GOC:dgh The controlled release of glutamate by a cell or group of cells. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. biological_process GO:0014047 glutamate secretion GO:0014047 The controlled release of glutamate by a cell or group of cells. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate. biological_process GO:0014048 regulation of glutamate secretion GO:0014048 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate. up regulation of glutamate secretion up-regulation of glutamate secretion upregulation of glutamate secretion activation of glutamate secretion stimulation of glutamate secretion biological_process GO:0014049 positive regulation of glutamate secretion GO:0014049 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate. GOC:ef Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate. down regulation of glutamate secretion down-regulation of glutamate secretion downregulation of glutamate secretion inhibition of glutamate secretion biological_process GO:0014050 negative regulation of glutamate secretion GO:0014050 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate. GOC:ef The regulated release of gamm-aminobutyric acid by a cell or group of cells. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues. GABA secretion biological_process GO:0014051 gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion GO:0014051 The regulated release of gamm-aminobutyric acid by a cell or group of cells. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid. regulation of GABA secretion biological_process GO:0014052 regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion GO:0014052 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid. GOC:ef Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid. down regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion down-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion negative regulation of GABA secretion inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion biological_process GO:0014053 negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion GO:0014053 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid. positive regulation of GABA secretion up regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion up-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion stimulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion biological_process GO:0014054 positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion GO:0014054 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. biological_process GO:0014056 regulation of acetylcholine secretion GO:0014056 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. up regulation of acetylcholine secretion up-regulation of acetylcholine secretion upregulation of acetylcholine secretion activation of acetylcholine secretion stimulation of acetylcholine secretion biological_process GO:0014057 positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion GO:0014057 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine. biological_process GO:0014059 regulation of dopamine secretion GO:0014059 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. regulation of noradrenaline secretion biological_process GO:0014061 regulation of norepinephrine secretion GO:0014061 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. biological_process GO:0014062 regulation of serotonin secretion GO:0014062 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. GOC:ef Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. down regulation of serotonin secretion down-regulation of serotonin secretion downregulation of serotonin secretion inhibition of serotonin secretion biological_process GO:0014063 negative regulation of serotonin secretion GO:0014063 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. GOC:ef A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). PI3K cascades lie downstream of many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways and regulate numerous cellular functions. PI 3-kinase cascade PI3K cascade biological_process GO:0014065 phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade GO:0014065 A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). PI3K cascades lie downstream of many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways and regulate numerous cellular functions. GOC:ef Wikipedia:PI3K http://www.biocarta.com Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade. regulation of PI3K cascade biological_process regulation of PI 3-kinase cascade GO:0014066 regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade GO:0014066 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade. GOC:ef Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade. down regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade down-regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade downregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade negative regulation of PI 3-kinase cascade negative regulation of PI3K cascade inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade biological_process GO:0014067 negative regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade GO:0014067 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade. positive regulation of PI 3-kinase cascade positive regulation of PI3K cascade up regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade up-regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade upregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade stimulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade biological_process GO:0014068 positive regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade GO:0014068 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade. GOC:ef The post synaptic density is a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at excitatory synapse. It forms a disc that consists of a range of proteins with different functions, some of which contact the cytoplasmic domains of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane. The proteins making up the disc include receptors, and structural proteins linked to the actin cytoskeleton. They also include signalling machinery, such as protein kinases and phosphatases. Wikipedia:Postsynaptic_density cellular_component GO:0014069 postsynaptic density GO:0014069 The post synaptic density is a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at excitatory synapse. It forms a disc that consists of a range of proteins with different functions, some of which contact the cytoplasmic domains of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane. The proteins making up the disc include receptors, and structural proteins linked to the actin cytoskeleton. They also include signalling machinery, such as protein kinases and phosphatases. GOC:ef GOC:jic PMID:14532281 http://molneuro.kaist.ac.kr/psd http://wikipedia.org/Postsynaptic_density A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic substance stimulus. biological_process GO:0014070 response to organic cyclic substance GO:0014070 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic substance stimulus. CHEBI:33832 GOC:ef A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an isoquinoline alkaloid stimulus. An isoquinoline alkaloid is any member of a group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine which is a structure characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids. biological_process GO:0014072 response to isoquinoline alkaloid GO:0014072 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an isoquinoline alkaloid stimulus. An isoquinoline alkaloid is any member of a group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine which is a structure characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids. CHEBI:24921 GOC:ef http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tropane stimulus. Tropane is a nitrogenous bicyclic organic compound mainly known for a group of alkaloids derived from it (called tropane alkaloids), which include, among others, atropine and cocaine. biological_process GO:0014073 response to tropane GO:0014073 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tropane stimulus. Tropane is a nitrogenous bicyclic organic compound mainly known for a group of alkaloids derived from it (called tropane alkaloids), which include, among others, atropine and cocaine. CHEBI:35615 GOC:ef A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine stimulus. Aside from DNA and RNA, purines are biochemically significant components in a number of other important biomolecules, such as ATP, GTP, cyclic AMP, NADH, and coenzyme A. biological_process GO:0014074 response to purine GO:0014074 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine stimulus. Aside from DNA and RNA, purines are biochemically significant components in a number of other important biomolecules, such as ATP, GTP, cyclic AMP, NADH, and coenzyme A. CHEBI:26401 GOC:ef A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. biological_process GO:0014075 response to amine stimulus GO:0014075 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. CHEBI:32952 GOC:ef A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells. Wikipedia:Intercalated_disc cellular_component GO:0014704 intercalated disc GO:0014704 A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells. GOC:mtg_muscle PMID:11732910 A region of the A band in which myosin-binding protein C is located and that can be seen by electron microscopy. This is a functional zone that also includes myosin. cellular_component GO:0014705 C zone GO:0014705 A region of the A band in which myosin-binding protein C is located and that can be seen by electron microscopy. This is a functional zone that also includes myosin. GOC:mtg_muscle The portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum devoted to calcium ion storage and calcium ion release. Wikipedia:Terminal_cisterna cellular_component GO:0014802 terminal cisterna GO:0014802 The portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum devoted to calcium ion storage and calcium ion release. GOC:mtg_muscle The process essential to maintain a ready source of satellite cells. It consists of the return of activated satellite cells to a quiescent state after proliferation to replenish the satellite cell pool. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage. satellite cell self-renewal satellite cell compartment self-renewal involved in skeletal muscle regeneration satellite cell population maintenance biological_process GO:0014834 satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration GO:0014834 The process essential to maintain a ready source of satellite cells. It consists of the return of activated satellite cells to a quiescent state after proliferation to replenish the satellite cell pool. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage. GOC:dph GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle GOC:tb PMID:16607119 satellite cell compartment self-renewal involved in skeletal muscle regeneration GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process, involved in skeletal muscle contraction, that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a temporay increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. biological_process GO:0014853 regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential involved in skeletal muscle contraction GO:0014853 Any process, involved in skeletal muscle contraction, that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a temporay increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy. biological_process GO:0014896 muscle hypertrophy GO:0014896 The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy. GOC:mtg_muscle http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. biological_process GO:0014904 myotube cell development GO:0014904 The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. biological_process GO:0014910 regulation of smooth muscle cell migration GO:0014910 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. CL:0000192 GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. biological_process GO:0014911 positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration GO:0014911 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. CL:0000192 GOC:mtg_muscle A class of nuclear body, first seen after silver staining by Cajal in 1903, enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors; ultrastructurally, they appear as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter; involved in aspects of snRNP biogenesis; the protein coilin serves as a marker for Cajal bodies. Some argue that Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA. Wikipedia:Cajal_body Gems coiled body cellular_component GO:0015030 Cajal body GO:0015030 A class of nuclear body, first seen after silver staining by Cajal in 1903, enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors; ultrastructurally, they appear as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter; involved in aspects of snRNP biogenesis; the protein coilin serves as a marker for Cajal bodies. Some argue that Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA. PMID:10944589 PMID:11031238 PMID:7559785 http://genetics.cwru.edu/matera3.html The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells. enzyme transport biological_process GO:0015031 protein transport GO:0015031 The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai molecular_function GO:0015051 X-opioid receptor activity GO:0015051 Combining with the corticotrophin-releasing factor family of ligands, including the urocortins, to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0015056 corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor activity GO:0015056 Combining with the corticotrophin-releasing factor family of ligands, including the urocortins, to initiate a change in cell activity. PMID:12032352 Catalysis of the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other. ion transporter activity molecular_function GO:0015075 ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015075 Catalysis of the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:def GOC:df GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transfer of prostaglandins from one side of the membrane to the other. A prostaglandin is any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities. prostaglandin/thromboxane transporter activity molecular_function GO:0015132 prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015132 Catalysis of the transfer of prostaglandins from one side of the membrane to the other. A prostaglandin is any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities. GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group. amino acid transporter activity amino acid permease activity amino acid/choline transmembrane transporter activity hydroxy/aromatic amino acid permease activity molecular_function general amino acid permease activity GO:0015171 amino acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015171 Catalysis of the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transfer of an L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-amino acids are the L-enantiomers of amino acids. L-amino acid transporter activity molecular_function GO:0015179 L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015179 Catalysis of the transfer of an L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-amino acids are the L-enantiomers of amino acids. GOC:ai GOC:jsg GOC:mah GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transfer of L-gamma-aminobutyric acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-gamma-aminobutyric acid is 4-aminobutyrate (GABA). L-gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter activity 4-aminobutanoate transporter activity 4-aminobutyrate transporter activity GABA transporter activity L-gamma-aminobutyrate transporter activity betaine/GABA:sodium symporter activity molecular_function GO:0015185 L-gamma-aminobutyric acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015185 Catalysis of the transfer of L-gamma-aminobutyric acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-gamma-aminobutyric acid is 4-aminobutyrate (GABA). GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0815340729 Enables the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of, within or between cells. molecular_function peptide uptake permease activity GO:0015197 peptide transporter activity GO:0015197 Enables the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of serotonin from one side of the membrane to the other. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. molecular_function GO:0015222 serotonin transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015222 Catalysis of the transfer of serotonin from one side of the membrane to the other. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. GOC:ai Enables the directed movement of a drug into, out of, within or between cells. A drug is any naturally occurring or synthetic substance, other than a nutrient, that, when administered or applied to an organism, affects the structure or functioning of the organism; in particular, any such substance used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease. molecular_function GO:0015238 drug transporter activity GO:0015238 Enables the directed movement of a drug into, out of, within or between cells. A drug is any naturally occurring or synthetic substance, other than a nutrient, that, when administered or applied to an organism, affects the structure or functioning of the organism; in particular, any such substance used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel. Stereospecificity is not exhibited but this transport may be specific for a particular molecular species or class of molecules. pore activity TC:1 channel/pore class transporter activity nonselective channel activity molecular_function alpha-type channel activity channel-forming toxin activity pore class transporter activity GO:0015267 channel activity GO:0015267 Catalysis of energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel. Stereospecificity is not exhibited but this transport may be specific for a particular molecular species or class of molecules. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 TC:1.-.-.-.- Catalysis of the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of potassium ions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. molecular_function GO:0015269 calcium-activated potassium channel activity GO:0015269 Catalysis of the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of potassium ions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_transport Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. ionotropic neurotransmitter receptor molecular_function GO:0015276 ligand-gated ion channel activity GO:0015276 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 molecular_function GO:0015277 kainate selective glutamate receptor activity GO:0015277 molecular_function GO:0015278 calcium-release channel activity GO:0015278 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport. active transporter TC:2.A coupled carrier electrochemical potential-driven transporter activity porter activity porters secondary carrier-type facilitators galactose/glucose (methylgalactoside) porter activity heavy metal ion porter activity nitrite/nitrate porter activity molecular_function GO:0015291 secondary active transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015291 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0815340729 PMID:10839820 Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. cotransporter porter molecular_function symport GO:0015293 symporter activity GO:0015293 Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 PMID:10839820 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + cation(out) = solute(in) + cation(in). molecular_function GO:0015294 solute:cation symporter activity GO:0015294 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + cation(out) = solute(in) + cation(in). GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(out) = solute(in) + H+(in). solute:proton symporter L-idonate/D-gluconate:hydrogen symporter activity heavy metal ion:hydrogen symporter activity high affinity metal ion uptake transporter activity low affinity metal ion uptake transporter activity proline/glycine/betaine:hydrogen/sodium symporter activity molecular_function GO:0015295 solute:hydrogen symporter activity GO:0015295 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(out) = solute(in) + H+(in). GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(out) = solute(in) + Na+(in). proline/glycine/betaine:hydrogen/sodium symporter activity molecular_function GO:0015370 solute:sodium symporter activity GO:0015370 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(out) = solute(in) + Na+(in). GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of the membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is powered by a primary energy source. Primary energy sources known to be coupled to transport are chemical, electrical and solar sources. TC:3 molecular_function primary active transporter GO:0015399 primary active transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015399 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of the membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is powered by a primary energy source. Primary energy sources known to be coupled to transport are chemical, electrical and solar sources. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 TC:3.-.-.-.- Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane, driven by the hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond of inorganic pyrophosphate, ATP, or another nucleoside triphosphate. The transport protein may or may not be transiently phosphorylated, but the substrate is not phosphorylated. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source. TC:3.A P-P-bond-hydrolysis-driven transporters molecular_function GO:0015405 P-P-bond-hydrolysis-driven transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015405 Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane, driven by the hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond of inorganic pyrophosphate, ATP, or another nucleoside triphosphate. The transport protein may or may not be transiently phosphorylated, but the substrate is not phosphorylated. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 TC:3.A.-.-.- Catalysis of the reaction: peptide antigen(in) + ATP = peptide antigen(out) + ADP + phosphate. peptide antigen transporter activity major histocompatibility peptide transporter activity peptide antigen ABC transporter molecular_function GO:0015433 peptide antigen-transporting ATPase activity GO:0015433 Catalysis of the reaction: peptide antigen(in) + ATP = peptide antigen(out) + ADP + phosphate. TC:3.A.1.209.1 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + peptide(in) = ADP + phosphate + peptide(out). Peptides exported include alpha-hemolysin, cyclolysin, colicin V and siderophores from Gram-negative bacteria, and bacteriocin, subtilin, competence factor and pediocin from Gram-positive bacteria. EC:3.6.3.43 MetaCyc:3.6.3.43-RXN ATP phosphohydrolase (peptide-exporting) peptide ABC transporter molecular_function GO:0015440 peptide-transporting ATPase activity GO:0015440 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + peptide(in) = ADP + phosphate + peptide(out). Peptides exported include alpha-hemolysin, cyclolysin, colicin V and siderophores from Gram-negative bacteria, and bacteriocin, subtilin, competence factor and pediocin from Gram-positive bacteria. EC:3.6.3.43 ATP phosphohydrolase (peptide-exporting) EC:3.6.3.43 Combining with acetylcholine to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0015464 acetylcholine receptor activity GO:0015464 Combining with acetylcholine to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid(out) + H+(out) = gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) + H+(in). 4-aminobutanoate:hydrogen symporter activity 4-aminobutanoate:proton symporter activity 4-aminobutyrate:hydrogen symporter activity 4-aminobutyrate:proton symporter activity GABA:hydrogen symporter activity GABA:proton symporter activity gamma-aminobutyric acid permease activity gamma-aminobutyric acid:proton symporter molecular_function GO:0015495 gamma-aminobutyric acid:hydrogen symporter activity GO:0015495 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid(out) + H+(out) = gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) + H+(in). TC:2.A.18.5.1 TC:2.A.3.1.4 TC:2.A.3.4.2 The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. cellular_component GO:0015629 actin cytoskeleton GO:0015629 The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. cellular_component GO:0015630 microtubule cytoskeleton GO:0015630 The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 Interacting selectively with monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules. molecular_function GO:0015631 tubulin binding GO:0015631 Interacting selectively with monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules. GOC:clt The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0015800 acidic amino acid transport GO:0015800 The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0015807 L-amino acid transport GO:0015807 The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai GOC:jsg GOC:mah The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, into, out of, within or between cells. 4-aminobutanoate transport 4-aminobutyrate transport GABA transport biological_process GO:0015812 gamma-aminobutyric acid transport GO:0015812 The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate transport GO:0015813 L-glutamate transport GO:0015813 The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0015833 peptide transport GO:0015833 The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process amine/polyamine transport GO:0015837 amine transport GO:0015837 The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0015844 monoamine transport GO:0015844 The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of, within or between cells. ChEBI:25375 GOC:mah The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0015849 organic acid transport GO:0015849 The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of, within or between cells. ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of, within or between cells. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. biological_process GO:0015870 acetylcholine transport GO:0015870 The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of, within or between cells. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. GOC:ai The directed movement of choline into, out of, within or between cells. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. biological_process GO:0015871 choline transport GO:0015871 The directed movement of choline into, out of, within or between cells. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:ai The directed movement of dopamine into, out of, within or between cells. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. biological_process GO:0015872 dopamine transport GO:0015872 The directed movement of dopamine into, out of, within or between cells. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. GOC:ai The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of, within or between cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. levarterenol transport noradrenaline transport biological_process GO:0015874 norepinephrine transport GO:0015874 The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of, within or between cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The larger of the two subunits of a ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). ribosomal large subunit cellular_component GO:0015934 large ribosomal subunit GO:0015934 The larger of the two subunits of a ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). ISBN:0198506732 The smaller of the two subunits of a ribosome. ribosomal small subunit cellular_component GO:0015935 small ribosomal subunit GO:0015935 The smaller of the two subunits of a ribosome. GOC:mah Increases the activity of a phospholipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid. molecular_function GO:0016004 phospholipase activator activity GO:0016004 Increases the activity of a phospholipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid. GOC:ai Increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2. molecular_function GO:0016005 phospholipase A2 activator activity GO:0016005 Increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2. GOC:ai A multiprotein complex that forms a strong mechanical link between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; typical of, but not confined to, muscle cells. The complex is composed of transmembrane, cytoplasmic, and extracellular proteins, including dystrophin, sarcoglycans, dystroglycan, dystrobrevins, syntrophins, sarcospan, caveolin-3, and NO synthase. DGC dystrophin glycoprotein complex cellular_component GO:0016010 dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex GO:0016010 A multiprotein complex that forms a strong mechanical link between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; typical of, but not confined to, muscle cells. The complex is composed of transmembrane, cytoplasmic, and extracellular proteins, including dystrophin, sarcoglycans, dystroglycan, dystrobrevins, syntrophins, sarcospan, caveolin-3, and NO synthase. PMID:15117830 PMID:16710609 A protein complex that includes alpha- and beta-dystroglycan, which are alternative products of the same gene; the laminin-binding component of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex, providing a link between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton (in muscle cells) and the extracellular matrix. Alpha-dystroglycan is an extracellular protein binding to alpha-laminin and to beta-dystroglycan; beta-dystroglycan is a transmembrane protein which binds alpha-dystroglycan and dystrophin. cellular_component GO:0016011 dystroglycan complex GO:0016011 A protein complex that includes alpha- and beta-dystroglycan, which are alternative products of the same gene; the laminin-binding component of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex, providing a link between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton (in muscle cells) and the extracellular matrix. Alpha-dystroglycan is an extracellular protein binding to alpha-laminin and to beta-dystroglycan; beta-dystroglycan is a transmembrane protein which binds alpha-dystroglycan and dystrophin. PMID:15117830 PMID:16710609 A protein complex formed of four sarcoglycans plus sarcospan; there are six known sarcoglycans: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-sarcoglycan; all are N-glycosylated single-pass transmembrane proteins. The sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex is a subcomplex of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex, and is fixed to the dystrophin axis by a lateral association with the dystroglycan complex. sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex cellular_component GO:0016012 sarcoglycan complex GO:0016012 A protein complex formed of four sarcoglycans plus sarcospan; there are six known sarcoglycans: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-sarcoglycan; all are N-glycosylated single-pass transmembrane proteins. The sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex is a subcomplex of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex, and is fixed to the dystrophin axis by a lateral association with the dystroglycan complex. PMID:15117830 PMID:16710609 A protein complex that includes alpha-, beta1-, beta2-syntrophins and syntrophin-like proteins; the syntrophin complex binds to the second half of the carboxy-terminal domain of dystrophin; also associates with neuronal nitric oxide synthase. cellular_component nitric oxide synthase-dystrophin complex, skeletal muscle GO:0016013 syntrophin complex GO:0016013 A protein complex that includes alpha-, beta1-, beta2-syntrophins and syntrophin-like proteins; the syntrophin complex binds to the second half of the carboxy-terminal domain of dystrophin; also associates with neuronal nitric oxide synthase. http://www.dmd.nl/DGC.html#syn nitric oxide synthase-dystrophin complex, skeletal muscle CORUM:416 A protein complex comprising alpha- and beta-dystrobrevin; forms part of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex. cellular_component GO:0016014 dystrobrevin complex GO:0016014 A protein complex comprising alpha- and beta-dystrobrevin; forms part of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex. PMID:15117830 PMID:16710609 Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. Wikipedia:Biological_membrane cellular_component GO:0016020 membrane GO:0016020 Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane. Wikipedia:Transmembrane_protein transmembrane cellular_component GO:0016021 integral to membrane GO:0016021 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane. GOC:go_curators A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell. cytoplasmic membrane bounded vesicle cytoplasmic membrane-enclosed vesicle cellular_component GO:0016023 cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle GO:0016023 A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell. GOC:ai GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. lipid breakdown lipid catabolism lipid degradation lipolysis biological_process GO:0016042 lipid catabolic process GO:0016042 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. GOC:go_curators A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. cell organisation and biogenesis cell organization and biogenesis biological_process cellular component biogenesis GO:0016043 cellular component organization GO:0016043 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GOC:ai GOC:jl GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. membrane organisation and biogenesis membrane organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0016044 membrane organization GO:0016044 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal. detection of bacteria biological_process perception of bacteria perception of bacterium GO:0016045 detection of bacterium GO:0016045 The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:hb The series of events in which a stimulus from a fungus is received and converted into a molecular signal. detection of fungi biological_process perception of fungi perception of fungus GO:0016046 detection of fungus GO:0016046 The series of events in which a stimulus from a fungus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:hb The series of events in which a temperature stimulus (hot or cold) is received and converted into a molecular signal. detection of temperature detection of thermal stimulus biological_process perception of temperature GO:0016048 detection of temperature stimulus GO:0016048 The series of events in which a temperature stimulus (hot or cold) is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:hb A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. vesicle organisation and biogenesis vesicle organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0016050 vesicle organization GO:0016050 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. organic acid anabolism organic acid biosynthesis organic acid formation organic acid synthesis biological_process GO:0016053 organic acid biosynthetic process GO:0016053 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. organic acid breakdown organic acid catabolism organic acid degradation biological_process GO:0016054 organic acid catabolic process GO:0016054 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. ISBN:0198506732 The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state. Wnt receptor signalling pathway frizzled signaling pathway frizzled signalling pathway biological_process GO:0016055 Wnt receptor signaling pathway GO:0016055 The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators PMID:11532397 Hyperpolarization (vertebrates) or depolarization (invertebrates) of the photoreceptor cell membrane via closing/opening of cation specific channels as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon. changes in polarization state of photoreceptor cell membrane biological_process GO:0016057 regulation of membrane potential in photoreceptor cell GO:0016057 Hyperpolarization (vertebrates) or depolarization (invertebrates) of the photoreceptor cell membrane via closing/opening of cation specific channels as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon. GOC:dph GOC:hb GOC:tb changes in polarization state of photoreceptor cell membrane GOC:dph GOC:tb Maintenance of the excited state of a photoreceptor cell to produce a steady state current as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon. maintenance of rhodopsin mediated signalling biological_process maintenance of rhodopsin mediated signaling GO:0016058 maintenance of membrane potential in photoreceptor cell by rhodopsin mediated signaling GO:0016058 Maintenance of the excited state of a photoreceptor cell to produce a steady state current as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon. GOC:dph GOC:hb GOC:tb An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution. antibody-mediated immune response biological_process GO:0016064 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was renamed and redefined. immunoglobulin mediated immune response GO:0016064 An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors on mast cells or basophils, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines. immediate hypersensitivity response biological_process GO:0016068 Note that localized and systemic anaphylaxis is usually a result of type I hypersensitivity. type I hypersensitivity GO:0016068 An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors on mast cells or basophils, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. RNA metabolism biological_process GO:0016070 RNA metabolic process GO:0016070 The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. ISBN:0198506732 Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. biological_process GO:0016079 synaptic vesicle exocytosis GO:0016079 Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. GOC:jic GOC:lmg The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule. sterol metabolism biological_process GO:0016125 sterol metabolic process GO:0016125 The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule. ISBN:0198547684 molecular_function GO:0016167 glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity GO:0016167 Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + O2 = NAD(P)H + O2-. EC:1.6.3.- molecular_function cytochrome B-245 GO:0016175 superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activity GO:0016175 Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + O2 = NAD(P)H + O2-. GOC:ai PMID:10806195 Increases the activity of the enzyme superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase. neutrophil cytosol factor 2 molecular_function GO:0016176 superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activator activity GO:0016176 Increases the activity of the enzyme superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase. GOC:ai The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell. vesicle transport nonselective vesicle transport biological_process protein sorting along secretory pathway vesicle trafficking GO:0016192 vesicle-mediated transport GO:0016192 The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell. GOC:ai The recognition of molecules at a choice point by an axon growth cone; at a choice point the growth cone determines the direction of its future growth. biological_process GO:0016198 axon choice point recognition GO:0016198 The recognition of molecules at a choice point by an axon growth cone; at a choice point the growth cone determines the direction of its future growth. PMID:10218152 The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline. biological_process GO:0016199 axon midline choice point recognition GO:0016199 The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline. PMID:11376484 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. biological_process GO:0016202 regulation of striated muscle development GO:0016202 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. GOC:go_curators Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a catechol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a guaiacol. EC:2.1.1.6 MetaCyc:CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE-RXN Reactome:24294 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase activity catechol methyltransferase activity catecholamine O-methyltransferase activity molecular_function COMT I COMT II MB-COMT (membrane-bound form of catechol-O-methyltransferase) S-COMT (soluble form of catechol-O-methyltransferase) GO:0016206 catechol O-methyltransferase activity GO:0016206 Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a catechol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a guaiacol. EC:2.1.1.6 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.6 catechol methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.6 catecholamine O-methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.6 COMT I EC:2.1.1.6 COMT II EC:2.1.1.6 MB-COMT (membrane-bound form of catechol-O-methyltransferase) EC:2.1.1.6 S-COMT (soluble form of catechol-O-methyltransferase) EC:2.1.1.6 Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage. molecular_function GO:0016209 antioxidant activity GO:0016209 Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage. ISBN:0198506732 A discrete intracellular part formed of aggregated molecules such as proteins or other biopolymers. Wikipedia:Inclusion_bodies cellular_component GO:0016234 inclusion body GO:0016234 A discrete intracellular part formed of aggregated molecules such as proteins or other biopolymers. GOC:mah PMID:11121744 An inclusion body formed by dynein-dependent retrograde transport of an aggregated protein on microtubules. Wikipedia:Aggresome cellular_component GO:0016235 aggresome GO:0016235 An inclusion body formed by dynein-dependent retrograde transport of an aggregated protein on microtubules. PMID:11121744 Catalysis of the reaction: N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + SO4(2-) (sulfate). EC:3.10.1.1 MetaCyc:N-SULFOGLUCOSAMINE-SULFOHYDROLASE-RXN 2-desoxy-D-glucoside-2-sulphamate sulphohydrolase (sulphamate sulphohydrolase) N-sulfo-D-glucosamine sulfohydrolase activity N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase activity heparin sulfamidase activity sulfoglucosamine sulfamidase activity sulphamidase activity molecular_function GO:0016250 N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase activity GO:0016250 Catalysis of the reaction: N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + SO4(2-) (sulfate). EC:3.10.1.1 2-desoxy-D-glucoside-2-sulphamate sulphohydrolase (sulphamate sulphohydrolase) EC:3.10.1.1 N-sulfo-D-glucosamine sulfohydrolase activity EC:3.10.1.1 heparin sulfamidase activity EC:3.10.1.1 sulfoglucosamine sulfamidase activity EC:3.10.1.1 sulphamidase activity EC:3.10.1.1 A permanent cessation of all vital functions: the end of life; can be applied to a whole organism or to a part of an organism. biological_process GO:0016265 death GO:0016265 A permanent cessation of all vital functions: the end of life; can be applied to a whole organism or to a part of an organism. GOC:mah ISBN:0877797099 A multisubunit chaperone that acts to delivers unfolded proteins to cytosolic chaperonin. In humans, the complex is a heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha and four PFD-beta type subunits. GIM complex cellular_component GO:0016272 prefoldin complex GO:0016272 A multisubunit chaperone that acts to delivers unfolded proteins to cytosolic chaperonin. In humans, the complex is a heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha and four PFD-beta type subunits. GOC:jl UniProtKB:O15212 Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to an amino group of an arginine residue. EC:2.1.1.- molecular_function GO:0016273 arginine N-methyltransferase activity GO:0016273 Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to an amino group of an arginine residue. GOC:mah Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to an amino group of an arginine residue in a protein substrate. EC:2.1.1.- PRMT activity molecular_function GO:0016274 protein-arginine N-methyltransferase activity GO:0016274 Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to an amino group of an arginine residue in a protein substrate. GOC:mah PMID:12351636 Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (myelin basic protein)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (myelin basic protein)-N(omega)-methyl-arginine. protein methylase I activity EC:2.1.1.126 MetaCyc:2.1.1.126-RXN S-adenosyl-L-methionine:myelin-basic-protein-arginine nomega-methyltransferase activity S-adenosyl-L-methionine:myelin-basic-protein-arginine omega-N-methyltransferase activity myelin basic protein methylase activity myelin basic protein-arginine N-methyltransferase activity molecular_function myelin basic protein methylase I GO:0016277 [myelin basic protein]-arginine N-methyltransferase activity GO:0016277 Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (myelin basic protein)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (myelin basic protein)-N(omega)-methyl-arginine. EC:2.1.1.126 protein methylase I activity EC:2.1.1.126 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:myelin-basic-protein-arginine nomega-methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.126 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:myelin-basic-protein-arginine omega-N-methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.126 myelin basic protein methylase activity EC:2.1.1.126 myelin basic protein-arginine N-methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.126 myelin basic protein methylase I EC:2.1.1.126 The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex is composed of eIF4E, eIF4A and eIF4G; it is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of the 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of the mRNA to the ribosome. eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 complex eIF-4F cellular_component GO:0016281 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex GO:0016281 The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex is composed of eIF4E, eIF4A and eIF4G; it is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of the 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of the mRNA to the ribosome. GOC:hb UniProtKB:P41110 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid. EC:3.1.1.- Reactome:1913 molecular_function GO:0016298 lipase activity GO:0016298 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid. GOC:mah Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. Reactome:1423 phosphokinase activity molecular_function GO:0016301 Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term. kinase activity GO:0016301 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate. EC:2.7.1.137 MetaCyc:1-PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-3-KINASE-RXN 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphotransferase activity PI3-kinase activity PI3K PtdIns-3-kinase activity phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, class II phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, class I, catalyst activity type I phosphatidylinositol kinase activity type III phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity molecular_function Vps34p GO:0016303 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity GO:0016303 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate. EC:2.7.1.137 PMID:9759495 ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.1.137 PI3-kinase activity EC:2.7.1.137 PtdIns-3-kinase activity EC:2.7.1.137 type I phosphatidylinositol kinase activity EC:2.7.1.137 type III phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity EC:2.7.1.137 Vps34p EC:2.7.1.137 The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. biological_process GO:0016310 phosphorylation GO:0016310 The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. ISBN:0198506732 The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development. neuronal remodeling biological_process GO:0016322 neuron remodeling GO:0016322 The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development. GOC:hb The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. cellular_component GO:0016323 basolateral plasma membrane GO:0016323 The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. GOC:go_curators The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell. cellular_component GO:0016324 apical plasma membrane GO:0016324 The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell. GOC:curators The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells. cellular_component GO:0016327 apicolateral plasma membrane GO:0016327 The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells. GOC:hb The membranes on the sides of epithelial cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells. cellular_component GO:0016328 lateral plasma membrane GO:0016328 The membranes on the sides of epithelial cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells. GOC:hb The process by which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. biological_process GO:0016331 morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium GO:0016331 The process by which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:jl The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. biological_process GO:0016337 cell-cell adhesion GO:0016337 The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. GOC:hb Complex of peripheral cytoplasmic proteins (alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin) that interact with the cytoplasmic region of uvomorulin/E-cadherin to connect it to the actin cytoskeleton. cellular_component GO:0016342 catenin complex GO:0016342 Complex of peripheral cytoplasmic proteins (alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin) that interact with the cytoplasmic region of uvomorulin/E-cadherin to connect it to the actin cytoskeleton. ISBN:0198599323 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell. biological_process GO:0016358 dendrite development GO:0016358 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Combining with activin-bound type II activin receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of activin signals. type I activin receptor activity molecular_function GO:0016361 activin receptor activity, type I GO:0016361 Combining with activin-bound type II activin receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of activin signals. GOC:mah PMID:8622651 Combining with activin to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to catalyzes the phosphorylation of type I activin receptor. type II activin receptor activity molecular_function GO:0016362 activin receptor activity, type II GO:0016362 Combining with activin to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to catalyzes the phosphorylation of type I activin receptor. GOC:mah PMID:8622651 The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. Wikipedia:Nuclear_matrix cellular_component GO:0016363 nuclear matrix GO:0016363 The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. ISBN:0582227089 Catalysis of the reaction: N(G),N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine + H2O = dimethylamine + L-citrulline. EC:3.5.3.18 MetaCyc:DIMETHYLARGININASE-RXN N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase activity NG,NG-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity molecular_function GO:0016403 dimethylargininase activity GO:0016403 Catalysis of the reaction: N(G),N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine + H2O = dimethylamine + L-citrulline. EC:3.5.3.18 N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity EC:3.5.3.18 NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase activity EC:3.5.3.18 NG,NG-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity EC:3.5.3.18 dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity EC:3.5.3.18 Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate + NAD+ = (5Z,13E)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-13-enoate + NADH + H+. EC:1.1.1.141 MetaCyc:1.1.1.141-RXN (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD+ 15-oxidoreductase activity 11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD+ 15-oxidoreductase activity 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity 15-hydroxyprostanoic dehydrogenase activity NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (type I) NAD-specific 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity molecular_function 15-OH-PGDH GO:0016404 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity GO:0016404 Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate + NAD+ = (5Z,13E)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-13-enoate + NADH + H+. EC:1.1.1.141 (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD+ 15-oxidoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.141 11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD+ 15-oxidoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.141 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity EC:1.1.1.141 15-hydroxyprostanoic dehydrogenase activity EC:1.1.1.141 NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (type I) EC:1.1.1.141 NAD-specific 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity EC:1.1.1.141 prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity EC:1.1.1.141 15-OH-PGDH EC:1.1.1.141 Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule. EC:2.3.1.- Reactome:1095 molecular_function GO:0016410 N-acyltransferase activity GO:0016410 Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule. GOC:ai A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains members of the Argonaute family of proteins, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs), and miRNA or siRNA-complementary mRNAs, in addition to a number of accessory factors. The RISC complex is involved in posttranscriptional repression of gene expression through downregulation of translation or induction of mRNA degradation. Wikipedia:RNA-induced_silencing_complex RISC complex cellular_component GO:0016442 RNA-induced silencing complex GO:0016442 A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains members of the Argonaute family of proteins, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs), and miRNA or siRNA-complementary mRNAs, in addition to a number of accessory factors. The RISC complex is involved in posttranscriptional repression of gene expression through downregulation of translation or induction of mRNA degradation. PMID:10749213 PMID:15145345 Recombination occurring within or between DNA molecules in somatic cells. biological_process GO:0016444 somatic cell DNA recombination GO:0016444 Recombination occurring within or between DNA molecules in somatic cells. GOC:ma The somatic process by means of which sequence diversity of immunoglobulins is generated. somatic diversification of antibodies biological_process GO:0016445 somatic diversification of immunoglobulins GO:0016445 The somatic process by means of which sequence diversity of immunoglobulins is generated. GOC:add GOC:ma ISBN:0781735149 Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins. somatic hypermutation of antibody genes biological_process GO:0016446 somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes GO:0016446 Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11205330 PMID:11205333 PMID:14975236 PMID:7813007 The process by which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus. somatic recombination of antibody gene segments biological_process GO:0016447 somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments GO:0016447 The process by which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes. cellular_component GO:0016459 myosin complex GO:0016459 A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes. GOC:mah ISBN:96235764 http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/myosin/Review/Reviewframeset.html A myosin complex containing two class II myosin heavy chains, two myosin essential light chains and two myosin regulatory light chains. Also known as classical myosin or conventional myosin, the myosin II class includes the major muscle myosin of vertebrate and invertebrate muscle, and is characterized by alpha-helical coiled coil tails that self assemble to form a variety of filament structures. cellular_component conventional myosin GO:0016460 myosin II complex GO:0016460 A myosin complex containing two class II myosin heavy chains, two myosin essential light chains and two myosin regulatory light chains. Also known as classical myosin or conventional myosin, the myosin II class includes the major muscle myosin of vertebrate and invertebrate muscle, and is characterized by alpha-helical coiled coil tails that self assemble to form a variety of filament structures. ISBN:96235764 http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/myosin/Review/Reviewframeset.html A portmanteau term for myosins other than myosin II. cellular_component non-muscle myosin GO:0016461 Note that this term is retained because it is widely used by biologists. unconventional myosin complex GO:0016461 A portmanteau term for myosins other than myosin II. GOC:ma Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond between two phosphate groups, leaving one phosphate on each of the two fragments. EC:3.6.1.- Reactome:3222 molecular_function GO:0016462 pyrophosphatase activity GO:0016462 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond between two phosphate groups, leaving one phosphate on each of the two fragments. EC:3.6.1.- http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible. hydrogen-transporting two-sector ATPase complex cellular_component vacuolar hydrogen-transporting ATPase GO:0016469 proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex GO:0016469 A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible. GOC:mah ISBN:0716743663 PMID:16691483 A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the vacuolar membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the vacuolar lumen. vacuolar hydrogen-translocating V-type ATPase complex cellular_component GO:0016471 vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex GO:0016471 A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the vacuolar membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the vacuolar lumen. GOC:mah ISBN:0716743663 PMID:16449553 The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. biological_process GO:0016477 cell migration GO:0016477 The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. GOC:ems GOC:pf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. down regulation of transcription down-regulation of transcription downregulation of transcription inhibition of transcription biological_process GO:0016481 negative regulation of transcription GO:0016481 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. GOC:go_curators The posttranslational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations. biological_process GO:0016485 protein processing GO:0016485 The posttranslational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone. biological_process GO:0016486 peptide hormone processing GO:0016486 The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone. GOC:mah Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. EC:1 redox activity oxidoreductase activity, acting on other substrates molecular_function GO:0016491 Note that enzymes of class EC:1.97.-.- should also be annotated to this term. oxidoreductase activity GO:0016491 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. GOC:go_curators G-protein coupled receptor for the tridecapeptide neurotensin. Associated with G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating). G protein coupled neurotensin receptor activity G-protein coupled neurotensin receptor activity G-protein-coupled neurotensin receptor activity neurotensin receptor activity, G protein coupled molecular_function GO:0016492 neurotensin receptor activity, G-protein coupled GO:0016492 G-protein coupled receptor for the tridecapeptide neurotensin. Associated with G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating). UniProtKB:O95665 Combining with a C-C chemokine to initiate a change in cell activity. C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif. molecular_function GO:0016493 C-C chemokine receptor activity GO:0016493 Combining with a C-C chemokine to initiate a change in cell activity. C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif. PMID:8662823 Combining with a C-X-C chemokine to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X-C chemokine has a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif. molecular_function GO:0016494 C-X-C chemokine receptor activity GO:0016494 Combining with a C-X-C chemokine to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X-C chemokine has a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif. PMID:8662823 Combining with orexin to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0016499 orexin receptor activity GO:0016499 Combining with orexin to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ai Combining with a protein hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0016500 protein-hormone receptor activity GO:0016500 Combining with a protein hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah Combining with a pheromone to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0016503 pheromone receptor activity GO:0016503 Combining with a pheromone to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:hjd ISBN:0198506732 Increases the activity of a protease, any enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds. Reactome:11526 molecular_function GO:0016504 protease activator activity GO:0016504 Increases the activity of a protease, any enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds. GOC:ai molecular_function GO:0016505 apoptotic protease activator activity GO:0016505 A complex that includes the long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase activities in two subunits (alpha and beta), catalyzing two steps of the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle within the mitochondrial matrix. cellular_component trifunctional enzyme GO:0016507 fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex GO:0016507 A complex that includes the long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase activities in two subunits (alpha and beta), catalyzing two steps of the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle within the mitochondrial matrix. GOC:ma Any of a family of protein complexes that regulate transcription by remodeling chromatin. Swi/Snf complexes comprise nine or more proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; the Swi2/Snf2 ATPase is one of the core components. cellular_component GO:0016514 SWI/SNF complex GO:0016514 Any of a family of protein complexes that regulate transcription by remodeling chromatin. Swi/Snf complexes comprise nine or more proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; the Swi2/Snf2 ATPase is one of the core components. GOC:mah PMID:12672490 Combining with interleukin-13 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-13 receptor activity IL-13R molecular_function GO:0016515 interleukin-13 receptor activity GO:0016515 Combining with interleukin-13 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-13 receptor activity GOC:mah Combining with growth hormone-releasing hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0016520 growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor activity GO:0016520 Combining with growth hormone-releasing hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. UniProtKB:P32082 Combining with alpha-latrotoxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin, to initiate a change in cell activity. latrophilin molecular_function GO:0016524 latrotoxin receptor activity GO:0016524 Combining with alpha-latrotoxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin, to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl PMID:10025961 molecular_function GO:0016527 brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor activity GO:0016527 The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Wikipedia:Sarcoplasm cellular_component GO:0016528 sarcoplasm GO:0016528 The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum. ISBN:0198547684 A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage. Wikipedia:Endoplasmic_reticulum#Sarcoplasmic_reticulum cellular_component GO:0016529 sarcoplasmic reticulum GO:0016529 A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage. GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0124325653 ISBN:0198547684 A protein complex that activates cyclin-dependent kinase 5; composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits. cellular_component GO:0016533 cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 activator complex GO:0016533 A protein complex that activates cyclin-dependent kinase 5; composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits. UniProtKB:Q62938 cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 activator, intrinsic catalyst activity molecular_function GO:0016534 cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 activator activity GO:0016534 Modulation of the activity of cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 activator. cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 activator, intrinsic regulator activity molecular_function GO:0016536 cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 activator regulator activity GO:0016536 Modulation of the activity of cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 activator. GOC:ai Any transcription regulator activity required for initiation or upregulation of transcription. Reactome:9388 transcriptional activator activity transcription activating factor molecular_function GO:0016563 transcription activator activity GO:0016563 Any transcription regulator activity required for initiation or upregulation of transcription. GOC:jl ISBN:0124325653 A multiprotein complex that functions broadly in eukaryotic organisms as a transcriptional repressor of protein-coding genes, through the gene-specific deacetylation of histones. Amongst its subunits, the Sin3 complex contains Sin3-like proteins, and a number of core proteins that are shared with the NuRD complex (including histone deacetylases and histone binding proteins). The Sin3 complex does not directly bind DNA itself, but is targeted to specific genes through protein-protein interactions with DNA-binding proteins. cellular_component GO:0016580 Sin3 complex GO:0016580 A multiprotein complex that functions broadly in eukaryotic organisms as a transcriptional repressor of protein-coding genes, through the gene-specific deacetylation of histones. Amongst its subunits, the Sin3 complex contains Sin3-like proteins, and a number of core proteins that are shared with the NuRD complex (including histone deacetylases and histone binding proteins). The Sin3 complex does not directly bind DNA itself, but is targeted to specific genes through protein-protein interactions with DNA-binding proteins. PMID:10589671 PMID:11743021 PMID:12865422 An approximately 2 MDa multi-subunit complex that exhibits ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity in addition to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and has been shown to establish transcriptional repression of a number of target genes in vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. Amongst its subunits, the NuRD complex contains histone deacetylases, histone binding proteins and Mi-2-like proteins. Mi-2 complex NRD complex SHREC complex nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation complex cellular_component GO:0016581 NuRD complex GO:0016581 An approximately 2 MDa multi-subunit complex that exhibits ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity in addition to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and has been shown to establish transcriptional repression of a number of target genes in vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. Amongst its subunits, the NuRD complex contains histone deacetylases, histone binding proteins and Mi-2-like proteins. PMID:10589671 PMID:11743021 PMID:17289569 Any complex that mediates dynamic changes in eukaryotic chromatin. chromatin remodelling complex nucleosome remodeling complex cellular_component GO:0016585 chromatin remodeling complex GO:0016585 Any complex that mediates dynamic changes in eukaryotic chromatin. GOC:mah Large protein complex composed of the RNA polymerase core complex and a variety of other proteins including transcription factor complexes TFIIA, D, E, F, and H which are required for promoter recognition, and the Mediator subcomplex. Catalyzes the synthesis of eukaryotic pre-mRNA. cellular_component GO:0016591 DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme GO:0016591 Large protein complex composed of the RNA polymerase core complex and a variety of other proteins including transcription factor complexes TFIIA, D, E, F, and H which are required for promoter recognition, and the Mediator subcomplex. Catalyzes the synthesis of eukaryotic pre-mRNA. GOC:jl PMID:15196470 Wikipedia:Rna_polymerase_ii A multiprotein transcriptional mediator complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for transcription of most protein-coding genes. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Mammalian Srb-mediator complexes include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins. CDK8-containing TRAP/mediator complex L mediator complex cellular_component GO:0016592 Srb-mediator complex GO:0016592 A multiprotein transcriptional mediator complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for transcription of most protein-coding genes. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Mammalian Srb-mediator complexes include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins. PMID:16168358 PMID:9396788 Interacting selectively with glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. glutamic acid binding molecular_function GO:0016595 glutamate binding GO:0016595 Interacting selectively with glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. molecular_function GO:0016597 amino acid binding GO:0016597 Interacting selectively with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. GOC:ai A heteromeric complex of flotillin 1, flotillin 2, caveolin 1 and caveolin 2 within the caveolar membrane. cellular_component GO:0016600 flotillin complex GO:0016600 A heteromeric complex of flotillin 1, flotillin 2, caveolin 1 and caveolin 2 within the caveolar membrane. UniProtKB:O61491 A heteromeric transcription factor complex that binds to the CCAAT-box upstream of promoters; in Saccharomyces it activates the transcription of genes in response to growth in a nonfermentable carbon source; consists of four known subunits: HAP2, HAP3, HAP4 and HAP5. cellular_component GO:0016602 CCAAT-binding factor complex GO:0016602 A heteromeric transcription factor complex that binds to the CCAAT-box upstream of promoters; in Saccharomyces it activates the transcription of genes in response to growth in a nonfermentable carbon source; consists of four known subunits: HAP2, HAP3, HAP4 and HAP5. PMID:7828851 Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins. cellular_component GO:0016604 nuclear body GO:0016604 Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins. GOC:ma PMID:10330182 A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection. ND10 PML NB PML nuclear body cellular_component nuclear dot GO:0016605 PML body GO:0016605 A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection. GOC:ma PMID:10944585 A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. nuclear speckle nuclear speckles splicing speckle speckle domain cellular_component speckle focus GO:0016607 nuclear speck GO:0016607 A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. http://www.cellnucleus.com/ The action characteristic of growth hormone-releasing hormone, any of a family of peptide hormones that act on the anterior pituitary to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone and exert a trophic effect on the gland. GHRF activity GHRH activity molecular_function GO:0016608 growth hormone-releasing hormone activity GO:0016608 The action characteristic of growth hormone-releasing hormone, any of a family of peptide hormones that act on the anterior pituitary to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone and exert a trophic effect on the gland. ISBN:0198506732 GHRF activity ISBN:0198506732 GHRH activity ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group act as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. EC:1.1 oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, other acceptors molecular_function GO:0016614 Note that enzymes of class EC:1.1.99.- should also be annotated to this term. oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors GO:0016614 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group act as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. GOC:ai Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP. EC:1.1.1 molecular_function GO:0016616 oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor GO:0016616 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP. GOC:ai Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP. EC:1.2.1 molecular_function GO:0016620 oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor GO:0016620 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP. GOC:jl Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. EC:1.5 oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, other acceptors molecular_function GO:0016645 Note that enzymes of class EC:1.5.99.- should also be annotated to this term. oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors GO:0016645 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. GOC:ai Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP. EC:1.5.1 molecular_function GO:0016646 oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor GO:0016646 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP. GOC:jl Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. EC:1.6 Reactome:4134 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH, other acceptor molecular_function GO:0016651 Note that enzymes of class EC:1.6.99.- should also be annotated to this term. oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH GO:0016651 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. GOC:ai Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the peroxide group acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor. EC:1.11 molecular_function GO:0016684 oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor GO:0016684 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the peroxide group acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor. GOC:ai Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and molecular oxygen is incorporated into a donor. oxygenase EC:1.13 oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, miscellaneous molecular_function GO:0016701 Note that enzymes of class EC:1.13.99.- should also be annotated to this term. oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen GO:0016701 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and molecular oxygen is incorporated into a donor. GOC:mah Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and two oxygen atoms is incorporated into a donor. EC:1.13.11 molecular_function GO:0016702 oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen GO:0016702 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and two oxygen atoms is incorporated into a donor. GOC:mah Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor. EC:1.14 oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, miscellaneous molecular_function GO:0016705 Note that enzymes of class EC:1.14.99.- should also be annotated to this term. oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen GO:0016705 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor. GOC:mah Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from 2-oxoglutarate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor. EC:1.14.11 Reactome:726 molecular_function GO:0016706 oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom each of oxygen into both donors GO:0016706 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from 2-oxoglutarate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor. GOC:mah Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor. EC:1.14.13 molecular_function GO:0016709 oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen GO:0016709 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor. GOC:mah Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced pteridine and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor. EC:1.14.16 molecular_function GO:0016714 oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen GO:0016714 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced pteridine and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor. GOC:mah Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced ascorbate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor. EC:1.14.17 molecular_function GO:0016715 oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced ascorbate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen GO:0016715 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced ascorbate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor. GOC:mah Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a superoxide radical (O2- or O2.-) acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor. EC:1.15 molecular_function GO:0016721 oxidoreductase activity, acting on superoxide radicals as acceptor GO:0016721 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a superoxide radical (O2- or O2.-) acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor. GOC:ai Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered. EC:1.16 molecular_function GO:0016722 oxidoreductase activity, oxidizing metal ions GO:0016722 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered. GOC:mah Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered and oxygen acts as an electron acceptor. EC:1.16.3 molecular_function GO:0016724 oxidoreductase activity, oxidizing metal ions, oxygen as acceptor GO:0016724 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered and oxygen acts as an electron acceptor. GOC:mah Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. EC:2 molecular_function GO:0016740 transferase activity GO:0016740 Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of a one-carbon group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.1 molecular_function GO:0016741 transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups GO:0016741 Catalysis of the transfer of a one-carbon group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.3 molecular_function GO:0016746 transferase activity, transferring acyl groups GO:0016746 Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group, other than amino-acyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.3.1 Reactome:1087 transferase activity, transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups molecular_function GO:0016747 transferase activity, transferring acyl groups other than amino-acyl groups GO:0016747 Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group, other than amino-acyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl transferase activity, transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups EC:2.3.1 Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.3.2 aminoacyltransferase activity molecular_function GO:0016755 transferase activity, transferring amino-acyl groups GO:0016755 Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.4 glycosyltransferase activity transglycosidase activity transglycosylase activity transferase activity, transferring other glycosyl groups molecular_function GO:0016757 Note that enzymes of class EC:2.4.99.- should also be annotated to this term. transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups GO:0016757 Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.4.1 hexosyltransferase activity molecular_function GO:0016758 transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups GO:0016758 Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl Catalysis of the transfer of an alkyl or aryl (but not methyl) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.5 transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups molecular_function GO:0016765 transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups GO:0016765 Catalysis of the transfer of an alkyl or aryl (but not methyl) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.7 molecular_function GO:0016772 Note that this term encompasses all kinase activities, as well as activities that transfer other phosphorus-containing groups such as diphosphate or nucleotides. transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups GO:0016772 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to an alcohol group (acceptor). EC:2.7.1 molecular_function GO:0016773 phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor GO:0016773 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to an alcohol group (acceptor). GOC:jl Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a carboxyl group (acceptor). EC:2.7.2 molecular_function GO:0016774 phosphotransferase activity, carboxyl group as acceptor GO:0016774 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a carboxyl group (acceptor). GOC:jl Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a phosphate group (acceptor). EC:2.7.4 molecular_function GO:0016776 phosphotransferase activity, phosphate group as acceptor GO:0016776 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a phosphate group (acceptor). GOC:jl Catalysis of the transfer of a substituted phosphate group, other than diphosphate or nucleotidyl residues, from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor). EC:2.7.8 Reactome:1452 molecular_function GO:0016780 phosphotransferase activity, for other substituted phosphate groups GO:0016780 Catalysis of the transfer of a substituted phosphate group, other than diphosphate or nucleotidyl residues, from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor). GOC:jl http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/intro.html Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfur-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.8 transferase activity, transferring sulphur-containing groups molecular_function GO:0016782 transferase activity, transferring sulfur-containing groups GO:0016782 Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfur-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. EC:3 Reactome:450 molecular_function GO:0016787 hydrolase activity GO:0016787 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond. EC:3.1 Reactome:448 esterase activity molecular_function GO:0016788 hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds GO:0016788 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond. GOC:jl Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate. EC:3.1.3 phosphoric monoester hydrolase activity molecular_function phosphatase GO:0016791 phosphatase activity GO:0016791 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond. EC:3.2 glycosidase activity N-glycosylase glycosylase molecular_function GO:0016798 hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds GO:0016798 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond. GOC:jl Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds. EC:3.5 hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in other compounds molecular_function GO:0016810 Note that enzymes of class EC:3.5.99.- should also be annotated to this term. hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds GO:0016810 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds. GOC:jl Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide. EC:3.5.2 Reactome:2753 molecular_function GO:0016812 hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides GO:0016812 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide. GOC:ai Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2. EC:3.5.3 molecular_function GO:0016813 hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amidines GO:0016813 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride. EC:3.6 hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, involved in cellular and subcellular movement molecular_function GO:0016817 hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides GO:0016817 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride. GOC:jl Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus. EC:3.6.1 molecular_function GO:0016818 hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides GO:0016818 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus. GOC:jl Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acid anhydride to directly drive the transport of a substance across a membrane. EC:3.6.3 molecular_function GO:0016820 hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, catalyzing transmembrane movement of substances GO:0016820 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acid anhydride to directly drive the transport of a substance across a membrane. GOC:mah Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond. EC:3.7 molecular_function GO:0016822 hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-carbon bonds GO:0016822 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond. GOC:jl Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond in a ketonic substance, a substance containing a keto (C=O) group. EC:3.7.1 molecular_function GO:0016823 hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-carbon bonds, in ketonic substances GO:0016823 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond in a ketonic substance, a substance containing a keto (C=O) group. GOC:ai Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid sulfur-nitrogen bond. EC:3.10 hydrolase activity, acting on acid sulphur-nitrogen bonds molecular_function GO:0016826 hydrolase activity, acting on acid sulfur-nitrogen bonds GO:0016826 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid sulfur-nitrogen bond. GOC:jl Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring. EC:4 other lyase activity molecular_function GO:0016829 Note that enzymes of class EC:4.99.-.- should also be annotated to this term. lyase activity GO:0016829 Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring. EC:4.-.-.- ISBN:0198547684 Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. EC:4.1 other carbon-carbon lyase activity molecular_function GO:0016830 Note that enzymes of class EC:4.1.99.- should also be annotated to this term. carbon-carbon lyase activity GO:0016830 Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. GOC:jl Catalysis of the nonhydrolytic addition or removal of a carboxyl group to or from a compound. EC:4.1.1 Reactome:1605 decarboxylase activity molecular_function GO:0016831 carboxy-lyase activity GO:0016831 Catalysis of the nonhydrolytic addition or removal of a carboxyl group to or from a compound. http://www.mercksource.com/ Catalysis of the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond. EC:4.2 other carbon-oxygen lyase activity molecular_function GO:0016835 Note that enzymes of class EC:4.2.99.- should also be annotated to this term. carbon-oxygen lyase activity GO:0016835 Catalysis of the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond. EC:4.2.-.- Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by elimination of water. EC:4.2.1 molecular_function GO:0016836 hydro-lyase activity GO:0016836 Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by elimination of water. EC:4.2.1 Catalysis of the elimination of H2S or substituted H2S. EC:4.4 carbon-sulphur lyase activity molecular_function GO:0016846 carbon-sulfur lyase activity GO:0016846 Catalysis of the elimination of H2S or substituted H2S. EC:4.4.-.- Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5. EC:5 other isomerase activity molecular_function GO:0016853 Note that enzymes of class EC:5.99.-.- should also be annotated to this term. isomerase activity GO:0016853 Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears. EC:5.3 Reactome:1429 intramolecular isomerase activity intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, other intramolecular oxidoreductases molecular_function GO:0016860 Note that enzymes of class EC:5.3.99.- should also be annotated to this term. intramolecular oxidoreductase activity GO:0016860 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears. EC:5.3.-.- Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor, which is a keto- or an enol-group, are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears. EC:5.3.2 intramolecular isomerase activity, interconverting keto- and enol-groups molecular_function GO:0016862 intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, interconverting keto- and enol-groups GO:0016862 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor, which is a keto- or an enol-group, are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears. GOC:jl Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the molecule are rearranged, and no oxidized product appears. EC:5.3.3 intramolecular isomerase activity, transposing C=C bonds molecular_function GO:0016863 intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, transposing C=C bonds GO:0016863 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the molecule are rearranged, and no oxidized product appears. EC:5.3.3 GOC:mah The catalysis of certain rearrangements of a molecule to break or form a ring. EC:5.5 molecular_function GO:0016872 intramolecular lyase activity GO:0016872 The catalysis of certain rearrangements of a molecule to break or form a ring. GOC:jl http://www.mercksource.com/ Catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6. EC:6 molecular_function GO:0016874 ligase activity GO:0016874 Catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the ligation of two substances via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. EC:6.3 other carbon-nitrogen ligase activity molecular_function GO:0016879 Note that enzymes of class EC:6.3.4.- should also be annotated to this term. ligase activity, forming carbon-nitrogen bonds GO:0016879 Catalysis of the ligation of two substances via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. GOC:jl Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to an amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. EC:6.3.2 peptide synthase activity molecular_function GO:0016881 acid-amino acid ligase activity GO:0016881 Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to an amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. GOC:jl Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. May or may not be coupled to another reaction. ATP hydrolase activity ATP monophosphatase activity ATP phosphohydrolase activity adenosine 5'-triphosphatase activity adenosine triphosphatase activity adenosinetriphosphatase activity (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase HCO3--ATPase molecular_function SV40 T-antigen complex V (mitochondrial electron transport) GO:0016887 ATPase activity GO:0016887 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. May or may not be coupled to another reaction. EC:3.6.1.3 GOC:jl ATP hydrolase activity EC:3.6.1.3 ATP monophosphatase activity EC:3.6.1.3 adenosine 5'-triphosphatase activity EC:3.6.1.3 adenosine triphosphatase activity EC:3.6.1.3 (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase EC:3.6.1.3 HCO3--ATPase EC:3.6.1.3 SV40 T-antigen EC:3.6.1.3 complex V (mitochondrial electron transport) EC:3.6.1.3 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. EC:1.2 oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, other acceptors molecular_function GO:0016903 Note that enzymes of class EC:1.2.99.- should also be annotated to this term. oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors GO:0016903 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. GOC:ai EC:2.7.11.- ERK2 molecular_function GO:0016908 MAP kinase 2 activity GO:0016908 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of proteins. A family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Strongly activated by stress signals such as heat or osmotic shock, DNA-damaging agents, inhibitors of protein synthesis and pro-inflammatory cytokines. EC:2.7.11.- SAPK stress-activated kinase activity stress-activated protein kinase activity molecular_function GO:0016909 SAP kinase activity GO:0016909 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of proteins. A family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Strongly activated by stress signals such as heat or osmotic shock, DNA-damaging agents, inhibitors of protein synthesis and pro-inflammatory cytokines. GOC:ma Combining with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to initiate a change in cell activity. 4-aminobutanoate receptor activity 4-aminobutyrate receptor activity GABA binding gamma-aminobutyrate binding gamma-aminobutyric acid binding gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor activity molecular_function GO:0016917 GABA receptor activity GO:0016917 Combining with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The process by which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein. SUMO-protein conjugation protein sumolation small ubiquitin-related protein 1 conjugation sumoylation biological_process GO:0016925 protein sumoylation GO:0016925 The process by which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein. GOC:jl PMID:11265250 The process by which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein. desumoylation protein desumolation biological_process GO:0016926 protein desumoylation GO:0016926 The process by which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein. GOC:jl PMID:11265250 A complex consisting of two distinct motor subunits that form a heterodimer complexed with a third non-motor accessory subunit, the kinesin associated protein or KAP; the KIF3 heterodimer interacts via its C-terminal portion with KAP, which is thought to regulate the binding of the motor to cargo membranes. cellular_component GO:0016939 kinesin II complex GO:0016939 A complex consisting of two distinct motor subunits that form a heterodimer complexed with a third non-motor accessory subunit, the kinesin associated protein or KAP; the KIF3 heterodimer interacts via its C-terminal portion with KAP, which is thought to regulate the binding of the motor to cargo membranes. http://www.csfic.mi.cnr.it/centro/lines/8/ric.html A complex of proteins which includes the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and a number of IGF-binding proteins. The complex plays a role in growth and development. IGF binding protein complex cellular_component GO:0016942 insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex GO:0016942 A complex of proteins which includes the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and a number of IGF-binding proteins. The complex plays a role in growth and development. GOC:jl Combining with activin, one of two gonadal glycoproteins related to transforming growth factor beta, to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0017002 activin receptor activity GO:0017002 Combining with activin, one of two gonadal glycoproteins related to transforming growth factor beta, to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway. regulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway regulation of TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0017015 regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway GO:0017015 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with any member of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. molecular_function Ras interactor activity GO:0017016 Ras GTPase binding GO:0017016 Interacting selectively with any member of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. GOC:mah Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine + phosphate. EC:3.1.3.- dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatase activity molecular_function GO:0017017 MAP kinase tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity GO:0017017 Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine + phosphate. GOC:mah PMID:12184814 Interacting selectively with any peptide with hormonal activity in animals. polypeptide hormone binding molecular_function GO:0017046 peptide hormone binding GO:0017046 Interacting selectively with any peptide with hormonal activity in animals. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone. molecular_function GO:0017047 adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone binding GO:0017047 Interacting selectively with adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with Rho protein, any member of the Rho subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. Proteins in the Rho subfamily are involved in relaying signals from cell-surface receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Rhophilin molecular_function Rho interactor activity GO:0017048 Rho GTPase binding GO:0017048 Interacting selectively with Rho protein, any member of the Rho subfamily of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. Proteins in the Rho subfamily are involved in relaying signals from cell-surface receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. ISBN:0198547684 PMID:12581856 Interacting selectively with the GTP-bound form of the Rho protein. molecular_function GO:0017049 GTP-Rho binding GO:0017049 Interacting selectively with the GTP-bound form of the Rho protein. GOC:mah A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription. cellular_component GO:0017053 transcriptional repressor complex GO:0017053 A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription. GOC:mah A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which cations ions may pass in response to an intracellular cyclic nucleotide binding to the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. cellular_component GO:0017071 intracellular cyclic nucleotide activated cation channel complex GO:0017071 A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which cations ions may pass in response to an intracellular cyclic nucleotide binding to the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-1. molecular_function GO:0017075 syntaxin-1 binding GO:0017075 Interacting selectively with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-1. GOC:ai An enzyme complex that catalyzes the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates, preferentially on carboxyl side of hydrophobic residues. PABA peptide hydrolase complex cellular_component GO:0017090 meprin A complex GO:0017090 An enzyme complex that catalyzes the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates, preferentially on carboxyl side of hydrophobic residues. EC:3.4.24.18 A multienzyme complex found in all multicellular eukaryotes composed of eight proteins with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities (abbreviated as: ArgRS, AspRS, GluProRS, GlnRS, IleRS, LeuRS, LysRS, MetRS where RS is the enzyme, preceded by the amino acid it uses as a substrate) as well as three non-synthetase proteins (p43, p38, and p18) with diverse functions. Several of these subunits are known dimers, so the total polypeptide count in the multisynthetase complex is at least fifteen. All of the enzymes in this assembly catalyze the same reaction, the covalent attachment of an amino acid to either the 2'- or 3'-hydroxyl of the 3'-terminal adenosine of tRNA, but using different substrates. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex multisynthetase complex cellular_component GO:0017101 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex GO:0017101 A multienzyme complex found in all multicellular eukaryotes composed of eight proteins with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities (abbreviated as: ArgRS, AspRS, GluProRS, GlnRS, IleRS, LeuRS, LysRS, MetRS where RS is the enzyme, preceded by the amino acid it uses as a substrate) as well as three non-synthetase proteins (p43, p38, and p18) with diverse functions. Several of these subunits are known dimers, so the total polypeptide count in the multisynthetase complex is at least fifteen. All of the enzymes in this assembly catalyze the same reaction, the covalent attachment of an amino acid to either the 2'- or 3'-hydroxyl of the 3'-terminal adenosine of tRNA, but using different substrates. GOC:jl PMID:16169847 An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of glutamate to cysteine, forming glutamylcysteine. gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase complex cellular_component GO:0017109 glutamate-cysteine ligase complex GO:0017109 An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of glutamate to cysteine, forming glutamylcysteine. EC:6.3.2.2 Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside triphosphate + H2O = nucleoside diphosphate + phosphate. apyrase activity EC:3.6.1.15 MetaCyc:NUCLEOSIDE-TRIPHOSPHATASE-RXN NTPase activity nucleoside 5-triphosphatase activity nucleoside triphosphatase activity nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase activity nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity nucleoside-5-triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity unspecific diphosphate phosphohydrolase activity molecular_function GO:0017111 nucleoside-triphosphatase activity GO:0017111 Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside triphosphate + H2O = nucleoside diphosphate + phosphate. EC:3.6.1.15 NTPase activity EC:3.6.1.15 nucleoside 5-triphosphatase activity EC:3.6.1.15 nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase activity EC:3.6.1.15 nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity EC:3.6.1.15 nucleoside-5-triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity EC:3.6.1.15 unspecific diphosphate phosphohydrolase activity EC:3.6.1.15 A complex of proteins that, in vitro, stimulates intra-Golgi transport; a 13S complex, about 800 kDa in size and consists of at least five polypeptides. In yeast, this complex is called the Sec34/35 complex and is composed of eight subunits (Sec34p, Sec35p, Dor1p, Cod1p, Cod2p, Cod3p, Cod4p, and Cod5p). COG complex conserved oligomeric Golgi complex Sec34/35 complex cellular_component GO:0017119 Golgi transport complex GO:0017119 A complex of proteins that, in vitro, stimulates intra-Golgi transport; a 13S complex, about 800 kDa in size and consists of at least five polypeptides. In yeast, this complex is called the Sec34/35 complex and is composed of eight subunits (Sec34p, Sec35p, Dor1p, Cod1p, Cod2p, Cod3p, Cod4p, and Cod5p). GOC:krc PMID:9792665 A protein complex located in the mitochondrion. It contains flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that, together with an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, forms a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the mitochondrial electron transport system. electron transfer flavoprotein complex (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0017133 mitochondrial electron transfer flavoprotein complex GO:0017133 A protein complex located in the mitochondrion. It contains flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that, together with an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, forms a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the mitochondrial electron transport system. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with fibroblast growth factor. FGF binding molecular_function GO:0017134 fibroblast growth factor binding GO:0017134 Interacting selectively with fibroblast growth factor. PMID:9806903 The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types. stem cell renewal biological_process GO:0017145 stem cell division GO:0017145 The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types. GOC:jic ISBN:0582227089 An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. NMDA receptors are composed of assemblies of NR1 subunits (Figure 3) and NR2 subunits, which can be one of four separate gene products (NR2A-D). Expression of both subunits are required to form functional channels. The glutamate binding domain is formed at the junction of NR1 and NR2 subunits. NMDA receptors are permeable to calcium ions as well as being permeable to other ions. Thus NMDA receptor activation leads to a calcium influx into the post-synaptic cells, a signal thought to be crucial for the induction of NMDA-receptor dependent LTP and LTD. NMDA-selective glutamate receptor cellular_component GO:0017146 N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor complex GO:0017146 An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. NMDA receptors are composed of assemblies of NR1 subunits (Figure 3) and NR2 subunits, which can be one of four separate gene products (NR2A-D). Expression of both subunits are required to form functional channels. The glutamate binding domain is formed at the junction of NR1 and NR2 subunits. NMDA receptors are permeable to calcium ions as well as being permeable to other ions. Thus NMDA receptor activation leads to a calcium influx into the post-synaptic cells, a signal thought to be crucial for the induction of NMDA-receptor dependent LTP and LTD. http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Synaptic/info/glutamate.html Interacting selectively with Wnt-protein, a secreted growth factor involved in signaling. molecular_function GO:0017147 Wnt-protein binding GO:0017147 Interacting selectively with Wnt-protein, a secreted growth factor involved in signaling. GOC:jl molecular_function GO:0017154 semaphorin receptor activity GO:0017154 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. biological_process GO:0017157 regulation of exocytosis GO:0017157 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with vinculin, a protein found in muscle, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells that binds actin and appears to mediate attachment of actin filaments to integral proteins of the plasma membrane. molecular_function GO:0017166 vinculin binding GO:0017166 Interacting selectively with vinculin, a protein found in muscle, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells that binds actin and appears to mediate attachment of actin filaments to integral proteins of the plasma membrane. ISBN:0721662544 A heterodimeric complex that catalyzes the trimming of glucose residues from N-linked core glycans on newly synthesized glycoproteins. cellular_component GO:0017177 Note that alpha-glucosidase I functions as a monomer, and therefore does not have a corresponding cellular component term. alpha-glucosidase II complex GO:0017177 A heterodimeric complex that catalyzes the trimming of glucose residues from N-linked core glycans on newly synthesized glycoproteins. PMID:10464333 PMID:8910335 The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine. RESID:AA0037 biological_process GO:0018105 peptidyl-serine phosphorylation GO:0018105 The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine. RESID:AA0037 The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine. RESID:AA0038 biological_process GO:0018107 peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation GO:0018107 The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine. RESID:AA0038 The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine. RESID:AA0039 biological_process GO:0018108 peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation GO:0018108 The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine. RESID:AA0039 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). heterocycle anabolism heterocycle biosynthesis heterocycle formation heterocycle synthesis biological_process GO:0018130 heterocycle biosynthetic process GO:0018130 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). ISBN:0198547684 The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide. biological_process GO:0018193 peptidyl-amino acid modification GO:0018193 The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide. GOC:mah The modification of peptidyl-serine. biological_process GO:0018209 peptidyl-serine modification GO:0018209 The modification of peptidyl-serine. GOC:go_curators The modification of peptidyl-threonine. biological_process GO:0018210 peptidyl-threonine modification GO:0018210 The modification of peptidyl-threonine. GOC:go_curators The modification of peptidyl-tyrosine. biological_process GO:0018212 peptidyl-tyrosine modification GO:0018212 The modification of peptidyl-tyrosine. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. The largest single use of phenol is in the production of plastics, but it is also used in the synthesis of caprolactam, a precursor for nylon 6 and other man-made fibers. UM-BBD_pathwayID:phe carbolic acid metabolic process carbolic acid metabolism hydroxybenzene metabolic process hydroxybenzene metabolism phenol metabolism biological_process GO:0018958 Note that phenol metabolism is not included as a child of 'xenobiotic metabolism' because although it is synthesized industrially, phenol is also found naturally in animal wastes and other organic materials. It is often formed by the activity of microorganisms, which can chemically modify a variety of xenobiotic and naturally occurring phenolic compounds. phenol metabolic process GO:0018958 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. The largest single use of phenol is in the production of plastics, but it is also used in the synthesis of caprolactam, a precursor for nylon 6 and other man-made fibers. ISBN:0198506732 A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1). Wikipedia:SCF_complex CDL1 complex CRL1 complex Cul1-RING ubiquitin ligase complex SCF complex Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein complex cullin-RING ligase 1 SCF complex substrate recognition subunit cellular_component GO:0019005 SCF ubiquitin ligase complex GO:0019005 A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1). PMID:15571813 PMID:15688063 A protein complex that possesses molybdopterin synthase activity. In E. coli, the complex is a heterotetramer consisting of two MoaD and two MoaE subunits. molybdopterin converting factor complex cellular_component GO:0019008 molybdopterin synthase complex GO:0019008 A protein complex that possesses molybdopterin synthase activity. In E. coli, the complex is a heterotetramer consisting of two MoaD and two MoaE subunits. GOC:mah PMID:12571227 PMID:15709772 The complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle. Wikipedia:Virus complete virus particle cellular_component GO:0019012 virion GO:0019012 The complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle. ISBN:0781718325 The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles. It comprises numerous regularly arranged subunits, or capsomeres. Wikipedia:Capsid viral capsid (sensu Retroviridae) cellular_component GO:0019028 viral capsid GO:0019028 The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles. It comprises numerous regularly arranged subunits, or capsomeres. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198506732 The lipid bilayer and associated glycoproteins that surround many types of virus particle. Wikipedia:Viral_envelope viral membrane cellular_component viral glycoprotein GO:0019031 viral envelope GO:0019031 The lipid bilayer and associated glycoproteins that surround many types of virus particle. ISBN:0781718325 Virus-specific complex of protein required for integrating viral genomes into the host genome. cellular_component GO:0019035 viral integration complex GO:0019035 Virus-specific complex of protein required for integrating viral genomes into the host genome. ISBN:0781718325 The reactivation of a virus from a latent to a lytic state. biological_process GO:0019046 reactivation of latent virus GO:0019046 The reactivation of a virus from a latent to a lytic state. ISBN:0781702534 Interactions, directly with the host cell macromolecular machinery, to allow virus replication. Reactome:168253 viral interaction with host biological_process GO:0019048 virus-host interaction GO:0019048 Interactions, directly with the host cell macromolecular machinery, to allow virus replication. ISBN:0781718325 Any process, either active or passive, by which a virus avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the virus or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. viral host defence evasion viral host defense evasion biological_process GO:0019049 evasion of host defenses by virus GO:0019049 Any process, either active or passive, by which a virus avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the virus or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. ISBN:1555811272 A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome. Reactome:168254 lytic viral life cycle biological_process GO:0019058 viral infectious cycle GO:0019058 A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome. ISBN:1555811272 The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells. Reactome:162594 biological_process GO:0019059 initiation of viral infection GO:0019059 The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells. ISBN:0781702534 The directed movement of viral proteins within the host cell. Reactome:168869 Reactome:168871 Reactome:168874 Reactome:168884 intracellular viral protein transport biological_process GO:0019060 intracellular transport of viral proteins in host cell GO:0019060 The directed movement of viral proteins within the host cell. ISBN:0781702534 Any process involved in the specific binding of a viral antireceptor to a cell surface receptor. virion attachment biological_process GO:0019062 virion attachment to host cell surface receptor GO:0019062 Any process involved in the specific binding of a viral antireceptor to a cell surface receptor. ISBN:0781702534 Any process involved in the assembly, maturation, egress, and release of progeny virions. Reactome:168268 biological_process GO:0019067 viral assembly, maturation, egress, and release GO:0019067 Any process involved in the assembly, maturation, egress, and release of progeny virions. ISBN:1555811272 A late phase of viral replication during which all the components necessary for the formation of a mature virion collect at a particular site in the cell and the basic structure of the virus particle is formed. Reactome:168302 Reactome:168316 Reactome:168862 Reactome:168882 Reactome:168894 viral assembly viral particle assembly virus particle assembly biological_process GO:0019068 virus assembly GO:0019068 A late phase of viral replication during which all the components necessary for the formation of a mature virion collect at a particular site in the cell and the basic structure of the virus particle is formed. ISBN:0121585336 Any virus-induced change in the morphological, biochemical, or growth parameters of a cell. viral transformation viral transformation of host cell biological_process GO:0019087 transformation of host cell by virus GO:0019087 Any virus-induced change in the morphological, biochemical, or growth parameters of a cell. ISBN:0781702534 The transfer of virions in order to create new infection. viral transmission biological_process GO:0019089 transmission of virus GO:0019089 The transfer of virions in order to create new infection. ISBN:0781702534 The specific actions or reactions of an organism that are associated with reproduction. reproductive behaviour biological_process GO:0019098 reproductive behavior GO:0019098 The specific actions or reactions of an organism that are associated with reproduction. GOC:jl A protein complex that recognizes the proximal sequence element of RNA polymerase II and III snRNA promoters. SNAPc cellular_component GO:0019185 snRNA-activating protein complex GO:0019185 A protein complex that recognizes the proximal sequence element of RNA polymerase II and III snRNA promoters. PMID:7715707 PMID:9003788 The catalysis of phosphate removal from a phosphotyrosine using aspartic acid as a nucleophile in a metal-dependent manner. EC:3.1.3.- molecular_function GO:0019198 transmembrane receptor protein phosphatase activity GO:0019198 The catalysis of phosphate removal from a phosphotyrosine using aspartic acid as a nucleophile in a metal-dependent manner. GOC:hjd EC:2.7.11.- molecular_function GO:0019199 transmembrane receptor protein kinase activity GO:0019199 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside monophosphate = ADP + nucleoside diphosphate. molecular_function GO:0019201 nucleotide kinase activity GO:0019201 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside monophosphate = ADP + nucleoside diphosphate. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP or GTP, to a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or polynucleotide substrate. molecular_function GO:0019205 nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide kinase activity GO:0019205 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP or GTP, to a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or polynucleotide substrate. GOC:jl Modulates the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. molecular_function GO:0019207 kinase regulator activity GO:0019207 Modulates the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. GOC:ai Increases the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. molecular_function GO:0019209 kinase activator activity GO:0019209 Increases the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. GOC:ai Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. molecular_function GO:0019210 kinase inhibitor activity GO:0019210 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0019219 regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0019219 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. regulation of phosphate metabolism biological_process GO:0019220 regulation of phosphate metabolic process GO:0019220 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. GOC:go_curators Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor. cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway cytokine mediated signalling pathway biological_process GO:0019221 cytokine-mediated signaling pathway GO:0019221 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. regulation of metabolism biological_process GO:0019222 regulation of metabolic process GO:0019222 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:go_curators The sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) in response to stimulation. biological_process GO:0019226 transmission of nerve impulse GO:0019226 The sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) in response to stimulation. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk A neurological process that causes the sequential depolarization of a neuron's cell membrane along an axon. biological_process GO:0019227 action potential propagation GO:0019227 A neurological process that causes the sequential depolarization of a neuron's cell membrane along an axon. GOC:isa_complete The process that modulates the membrane potential involved in the propagation of a signal in a neuron. biological_process generation of action potential GO:0019228 regulation of action potential in neuron GO:0019228 The process that modulates the membrane potential involved in the propagation of a signal in a neuron. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb generation of action potential GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of events by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, sensory nerve terminals found in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules, which give information concerning movements and position of the body. The receptors in the labyrinth are sometimes also considered proprioceptors. biological_process GO:0019230 proprioception GO:0019230 The series of events by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, sensory nerve terminals found in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules, which give information concerning movements and position of the body. The receptors in the labyrinth are sometimes also considered proprioceptors. ISBN:072168677X http://www.onelook.com/ The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. nociception perception of physiological pain biological_process GO:0019233 sensory perception of pain GO:0019233 The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. http://www.onelook.com/ A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus. pheromone response biological_process GO:0019236 response to pheromone GO:0019236 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. hexose metabolism biological_process GO:0019318 hexose metabolic process GO:0019318 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer. arachidonic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0019369 arachidonic acid metabolic process GO:0019369 The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid. leukotriene anabolism leukotriene biosynthesis leukotriene formation leukotriene synthesis biological_process GO:0019370 leukotriene biosynthetic process GO:0019370 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid. GOC:go_curators biological_process GO:0019371 cyclooxygenase pathway GO:0019371 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring. aromatic compound breakdown aromatic compound catabolism aromatic compound degradation aromatic hydrocarbon catabolic process aromatic hydrocarbon catabolism biological_process GO:0019439 aromatic compound catabolic process GO:0019439 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including kynurenine. MetaCyc:TRPKYNCAT-PWY tryptophan breakdown to kynurenine tryptophan degradation to kynurenine biological_process GO:0019441 tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine GO:0019441 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including kynurenine. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification. protein metabolic process and modification protein metabolism protein metabolism and modification biological_process GO:0019538 protein metabolic process GO:0019538 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification. GOC:ma The chemical reactions and pathways involving any butyrate, the anions of butyric acid (butanoic acid), a saturated, unbranched aliphatic acid. butyrate metabolism biological_process GO:0019605 butyrate metabolic process GO:0019605 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any butyrate, the anions of butyric acid (butanoic acid), a saturated, unbranched aliphatic acid. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fatty acids with a chain length of less than 8 carbons. MetaCyc:ACETOACETATE-DEG-PWY short-chain fatty acid breakdown short-chain fatty acid catabolism short-chain fatty acid degradation biological_process GO:0019626 short-chain fatty acid catabolic process GO:0019626 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fatty acids with a chain length of less than 8 carbons. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. choline metabolism biological_process GO:0019695 choline metabolic process GO:0019695 The chemical reactions and pathways involving choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:jl ISBN:0192801023 Any of the discrete particles (nerve-ending particles) formed from the clublike presynaptic nerve endings that resist disruption and are snapped or torn off their attachments when brain tissue is homogenized in media isosmotic to plasma. Wikipedia:Synaptosome cellular_component GO:0019717 Note that this term refers to disrupted cells, and does not necessarily correspond to any specific structure(s) in an intact cell. synaptosome GO:0019717 Any of the discrete particles (nerve-ending particles) formed from the clublike presynaptic nerve endings that resist disruption and are snapped or torn off their attachments when brain tissue is homogenized in media isosmotic to plasma. ISBN:0198506732 Vesicular particles formed from disrupted endoplasmic reticulum membranes and studded with ribosomes on the outside. cellular_component GO:0019718 Note that this term refers to disrupted cells, and does not necessarily correspond to any specific structure(s) in an intact cell. rough microsome GO:0019718 Vesicular particles formed from disrupted endoplasmic reticulum membranes and studded with ribosomes on the outside. ISBN:0198506732 Vesicular particles formed from disrupted endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes without any adhering ribosomes. cellular_component GO:0019719 Note that this term refers to disrupted cells, and does not necessarily correspond to any specific structure(s) in an intact cell. smooth microsome GO:0019719 Vesicular particles formed from disrupted endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes without any adhering ribosomes. ISBN:0198506732 A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response. calcium signaling calcium signalling calcium-mediated signalling biological_process GO:0019722 calcium-mediated signaling GO:0019722 A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response. GOC:ceb Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells. B lymphocyte mediated immune effector process B lymphocyte mediated immunity B-cell mediated immune effector process B-cell mediated immunity B-lymphocyte mediated immune effector process B-lymphocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0019724 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. B cell mediated immunity GO:0019724 Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium at the level of the cell. biological_process GO:0019725 cellular homeostasis GO:0019725 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium at the level of the cell. GOC:isa_complete GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. antimicrobial humoral response (sensu Protostomia) antimicrobial humoral response (sensu Vertebrata) biological_process GO:0019730 antimicrobial humoral response GO:0019730 An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. antibacterial humoral response (sensu Protostomia) antibacterial humoral response (sensu Vertebrata) biological_process GO:0019731 antibacterial humoral response GO:0019731 An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms. polyhydric alcohol metabolic process polyol metabolism biological_process GO:0019751 polyol metabolic process GO:0019751 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms. ChEBI:26191 GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). carboxylic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0019752 carboxylic acid metabolic process GO:0019752 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). ISBN:0198506732 Combining with the Fc region of an immunoglobulin protein to initiate a change in cell activity. FC receptor activity molecular_function GO:0019763 immunoglobulin receptor activity GO:0019763 Combining with the Fc region of an immunoglobulin protein to initiate a change in cell activity. ISBN:0198547684 Combining with an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype via the Fc region to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0019767 IgE receptor activity GO:0019767 Combining with an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype via the Fc region to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Combining with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0019770 IgG receptor activity GO:0019770 Combining with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier ISG15, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. UBE1L molecular_function GO:0019782 ISG15 activating enzyme activity GO:0019782 Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier ISG15, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. GOC:mah Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide or isopeptide bonds within small proteins such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins (e.g. APG8, ISG15, NEDD8, SUMO), or between the small protein and a larger protein to which it has been conjugated. ubiquitin-like specific protease activity ubiquitin-like-protein-specific protease activity molecular_function GO:0019783 small conjugating protein-specific protease activity GO:0019783 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide or isopeptide bonds within small proteins such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins (e.g. APG8, ISG15, NEDD8, SUMO), or between the small protein and a larger protein to which it has been conjugated. GOC:ma GOC:mah Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ISG15, a small ubiquitin-related modifier, from previously modified substrates. molecular_function GO:0019785 ISG15-specific protease activity GO:0019785 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ISG15, a small ubiquitin-related modifier, from previously modified substrates. GOC:mah Catalysis of ATP-dependent isopeptide bond formation between the carboxy-terminal residues of a small conjugating protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, and a substrate lysine residue. This function may be performed alone or in conjunction with an E3, ubiquitin-like protein ligase. small protein conjugating enzyme activity E2 ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme activity ubiquitin-like-protein ligase activity molecular_function GO:0019787 small conjugating protein ligase activity GO:0019787 Catalysis of ATP-dependent isopeptide bond formation between the carboxy-terminal residues of a small conjugating protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, and a substrate lysine residue. This function may be performed alone or in conjunction with an E3, ubiquitin-like protein ligase. GOC:mah GOC:rn PMID:10806345 PMID:10884686 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid not found, or rarely found, in peptide linkage in proteins. nonprotein amino acid metabolism biological_process GO:0019794 nonprotein amino acid metabolic process GO:0019794 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid not found, or rarely found, in peptide linkage in proteins. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. quinolinate anabolism quinolinate biosynthesis quinolinate formation quinolinate synthesis biological_process GO:0019805 quinolinate biosynthetic process GO:0019805 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. GOC:ai A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. antibody cellular_component GO:0019814 Note that an immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. immunoglobulin complex GO:0019814 A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GOC:add GOC:jl ISBN:0781765196 antibody GOC:add An immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. B lymphocyte receptor complex B-cell receptor complex B-lymphocyte receptor complex BCR complex immunoglobulin complex, membrane bound cellular_component B cell receptor accessory molecule complex antibody GO:0019815 Note that an immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. B cell receptor complex GO:0019815 An immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 antibody GOC:mah The process by which an organism retains a population of stem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate. biological_process GO:0019827 stem cell maintenance GO:0019827 The process by which an organism retains a population of stem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate. GOC:mah ISBN:0878932437 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2. molecular_function GO:0019834 phospholipase A2 inhibitor activity GO:0019834 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2. GOC:ai The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in the host organism by a symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. haemolysis in host hemolysis by symbiont of host RBCs hemolysis by symbiont of host red blood cells regulation of cytolysis of host cells by symbiont biological_process hemolysin activity GO:0019836 hemolysis by symbiont of host erythrocytes GO:0019836 The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in the host organism by a symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:add SP_KW:KW-0354 hemolysis by symbiont of host RBCs CL:0000232 hemolysis by symbiont of host red blood cells CL:0000232 regulation of cytolysis of host cells by symbiont GOC:dph GOC:tb Interacting selectively with any growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate. molecular_function neurotrophin TRK receptor activity GO:0019838 growth factor binding GO:0019838 Interacting selectively with any growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Long whiplike or feathery structures borne either singly or in groups by the motile cells of many bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes and by the motile male gametes of many eukaryotic organisms, which propel the cell through a liquid medium. Wikipedia:Flagellum cellular_component GO:0019861 flagellum GO:0019861 Long whiplike or feathery structures borne either singly or in groups by the motile cells of many bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes and by the motile male gametes of many eukaryotic organisms, which propel the cell through a liquid medium. SP_KW:KW-0282 Interacting selectively with an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype. molecular_function GO:0019862 IgA binding GO:0019862 Interacting selectively with an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Interacting selectively with an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype. molecular_function GO:0019863 IgE binding GO:0019863 Interacting selectively with an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Interacting selectively with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype. molecular_function GO:0019864 IgG binding GO:0019864 Interacting selectively with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Interacting selectively with an immunoglobulin. molecular_function GO:0019865 immunoglobulin binding GO:0019865 Interacting selectively with an immunoglobulin. GOC:ma The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope; usually highly selective to most ions and metabolites. cellular_component GO:0019866 organelle inner membrane GO:0019866 The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope; usually highly selective to most ions and metabolites. GOC:mah The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites. cellular_component GO:0019867 outer membrane GO:0019867 The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites. GOC:go_curators The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. antigen presentation antigen processing biological_process GO:0019882 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was renamed and redefined. antigen processing and presentation GO:0019882 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 PMID:15928678 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. antigen presentation, endogenous antigen biological_process GO:0019883 antigen processing and presentation of endogenous antigen GO:0019883 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 PMID:15928678 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. antigen presentation, exogenous antigen biological_process GO:0019884 antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen GO:0019884 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 PMID:15928678 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. antigen presentation, endogenous peptide antigen antigen processing, endogenous antigen via MHC class I antigen processing, endogenous antigen via major histocompatibility complex class I endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I biological_process GO:0019885 antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I GO:0019885 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via MHC class II antigen presentation, exogenous peptide antigen antigen processing, exogenous antigen via major histocompatibility complex class II exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II biological_process GO:0019886 antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II GO:0019886 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 Modulates the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein. molecular_function GO:0019887 protein kinase regulator activity GO:0019887 Modulates the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein. GOC:ai The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons. axon transport of mitochondria biological_process GO:0019896 axon transport of mitochondrion GO:0019896 The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons. GOC:ai Loosely bound to one surface of the plasma membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. juxtamembrane peripheral plasma membrane protein cellular_component GO:0019897 extrinsic to plasma membrane GO:0019897 Loosely bound to one surface of the plasma membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Loosely bound to one surface of a membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. Wikipedia:Peripheral_membrane_protein peripheral membrane protein cellular_component GO:0019898 Note that proteins extrinsic to membranes can be removed by treatments that do not disrupt the membrane, such as salt solutions. extrinsic to membrane GO:0019898 Loosely bound to one surface of a membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. GOC:jl GOC:mah http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Interacting selectively with any enzyme. molecular_function GO:0019899 enzyme binding GO:0019899 Interacting selectively with any enzyme. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. molecular_function GO:0019900 kinase binding GO:0019900 Interacting selectively with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. molecular_function GO:0019901 protein kinase binding GO:0019901 Interacting selectively with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with any phosphatase. molecular_function GO:0019902 phosphatase binding GO:0019902 Interacting selectively with any phosphatase. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with any protein phosphatase. molecular_function GO:0019903 protein phosphatase binding GO:0019903 Interacting selectively with any protein phosphatase. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with a specific domain of a protein. protein domain-specific binding molecular_function GO:0019904 protein domain specific binding GO:0019904 Interacting selectively with a specific domain of a protein. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with a syntaxin, a SNAP receptor involved in the docking of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic zone of a synapse. molecular_function GO:0019905 syntaxin binding GO:0019905 Interacting selectively with a syntaxin, a SNAP receptor involved in the docking of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic zone of a synapse. ISBN:0198506732 A protein complex that phosphorylates cyclin-dependent kinases such as Cdc2 on Thr161 (or an equivalent residue); contains a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit, and some examples also include an assembly factor. CAK complex CDK-activating kinase complex cellular_component GO:0019907 cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase holoenzyme complex GO:0019907 A protein complex that phosphorylates cyclin-dependent kinases such as Cdc2 on Thr161 (or an equivalent residue); contains a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit, and some examples also include an assembly factor. GOC:mah PMID:8752210 The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the myelin sheath of a nerve. molecular_function GO:0019911 structural constituent of myelin sheath GO:0019911 The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the myelin sheath of a nerve. GOC:mah A series of molecular signals in which an ion or small molecule is formed or released into the cytosol, thereby helping relay the signal within the cell. second messenger mediated signaling second messenger mediated signalling second messenger-mediated signaling second messenger-mediated signalling second-messenger-mediated signalling biological_process GO:0019932 second-messenger-mediated signaling GO:0019932 A series of molecular signals in which an ion or small molecule is formed or released into the cytosol, thereby helping relay the signal within the cell. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic AMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response. 3',5' cAMP-mediated signaling 3',5' cAMP-mediated signalling 3',5'-cAMP-mediated signaling 3',5'-cAMP-mediated signalling adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate-mediated signaling adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate-mediated signalling cAMP signaling cAMP signalling cAMP-mediated signal transduction cAMP-mediated signalling cyclic AMP-mediated signaling cyclic AMP-mediated signalling biological_process GO:0019933 cAMP-mediated signaling GO:0019933 A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic AMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response. GOC:mah A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a cyclic nucleotide to convert an extracellular signal into a response. cyclic-nucleotide-mediated signalling biological_process GO:0019935 cyclic-nucleotide-mediated signaling GO:0019935 A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a cyclic nucleotide to convert an extracellular signal into a response. GOC:ceb The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein. modification-dependent protein breakdown modification-dependent protein catabolism modification-dependent protein degradation modification-dependent proteolysis modification-initiated protein catabolic process modification-initiated protein catabolism modification-initiated proteolysis protein-ligand-dependent protein catabolic process protein-ligand-dependent protein catabolism biological_process protein degradation tagging activity GO:0019941 modification-dependent protein catabolic process GO:0019941 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein. GOC:go_curators modification-dependent proteolysis GOC:rl modification-initiated protein catabolic process GOC:rl modification-initiated protein catabolism GOC:rl modification-initiated proteolysis GOC:rl The regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times. biological_process GO:0019953 sexual reproduction GO:0019953 The regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times. ISBN:0387520546 Interacting selectively with a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. GO:0019965 IL binding interleukin binding molecular_function GO:0019955 cytokine binding GO:0019955 Interacting selectively with a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. GOC:ai GOC:bf ISBN:0198599471 Interacting selectively with a chemokine, any of a subgroup of cytokines which act primarily on hemopoietic cells in acute and inflammatory processes and other immunoregulatory functions. molecular_function GO:0019956 chemokine binding GO:0019956 Interacting selectively with a chemokine, any of a subgroup of cytokines which act primarily on hemopoietic cells in acute and inflammatory processes and other immunoregulatory functions. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with a C-C chemokine; C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif. molecular_function GO:0019957 C-C chemokine binding GO:0019957 Interacting selectively with a C-C chemokine; C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with a C-X-C chemokine; C-X-C chemokines have a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif. molecular_function GO:0019958 C-X-C chemokine binding GO:0019958 Interacting selectively with a C-X-C chemokine; C-X-C chemokines have a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with interleukin-8. IL-8 binding molecular_function GO:0019959 interleukin-8 binding GO:0019959 Interacting selectively with interleukin-8. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with an interferon, a protein produced by the immune systems of many animals in response to a challenge by a foreign agent. molecular_function GO:0019961 interferon binding GO:0019961 Interacting selectively with an interferon, a protein produced by the immune systems of many animals in response to a challenge by a foreign agent. Wikipedia:Interferon Interacting selectively with a type I interferon. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. interferon-alpha binding interferon-alpha/beta binding interferon-beta binding interferon-delta binding interferon-epsilon binding interferon-kappa binding interferon-omega binding interferon-tau binding interferon-zeta binding molecular_function GO:0019962 type I interferon binding GO:0019962 Interacting selectively with a type I interferon. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. GOC:add ISBN:0126896631 PMID:15546383 PMID:16681834 Interacting selectively with interferon-gamma. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. type II interferon binding molecular_function GO:0019964 interferon-gamma binding GO:0019964 Interacting selectively with interferon-gamma. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. GOC:add GOC:ai ISBN:0126896631 PMID:15546383 true GO:0019965 Interacting selectively with interleukin-1. IL-1 binding molecular_function GO:0019966 interleukin-1 binding GO:0019966 Interacting selectively with interleukin-1. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 IL-1 type I, activating binding molecular_function GO:0019967 interleukin-1, Type I, activating binding GO:0019967 IL-1 type II, blocking binding molecular_function GO:0019968 interleukin-1, Type II, blocking binding GO:0019968 Interacting selectively with interleukin-10. IL-10 binding molecular_function GO:0019969 interleukin-10 binding GO:0019969 Interacting selectively with interleukin-10. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-11. IL-11 binding molecular_function GO:0019970 interleukin-11 binding GO:0019970 Interacting selectively with interleukin-11. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-12. IL-12 binding molecular_function GO:0019972 interleukin-12 binding GO:0019972 Interacting selectively with interleukin-12. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-13. IL-13 binding molecular_function GO:0019973 interleukin-13 binding GO:0019973 Interacting selectively with interleukin-13. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-17. IL-17 binding molecular_function GO:0019975 interleukin-17 binding GO:0019975 Interacting selectively with interleukin-17. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-2. IL-2 binding molecular_function GO:0019976 interleukin-2 binding GO:0019976 Interacting selectively with interleukin-2. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-21. IL-21 binding molecular_function GO:0019977 interleukin-21 binding GO:0019977 Interacting selectively with interleukin-21. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-3. IL-3 binding molecular_function GO:0019978 interleukin-3 binding GO:0019978 Interacting selectively with interleukin-3. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-4. IL-4 binding molecular_function GO:0019979 interleukin-4 binding GO:0019979 Interacting selectively with interleukin-4. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-5. IL-5 binding molecular_function GO:0019980 interleukin-5 binding GO:0019980 Interacting selectively with interleukin-5. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-6. IL-6 binding molecular_function GO:0019981 interleukin-6 binding GO:0019981 Interacting selectively with interleukin-6. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-7. IL-7 binding molecular_function GO:0019982 interleukin-7 binding GO:0019982 Interacting selectively with interleukin-7. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-9. IL-9 binding molecular_function GO:0019983 interleukin-9 binding GO:0019983 Interacting selectively with interleukin-9. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis. down regulation of anti-apoptosis down-regulation of anti-apoptosis downregulation of anti-apoptosis inhibition of anti-apoptosis biological_process GO:0019987 negative regulation of anti-apoptosis GO:0019987 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis. GOC:go_curators The joining together of the neural folds of the rostral opening of the neural tube. The anterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete. biological_process GO:0021506 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. anterior neuropore closure GO:0021506 The joining together of the neural folds of the rostral opening of the neural tube. The anterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The formation of a ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage. biological_process GO:0021508 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. floor plate formation GO:0021508 The formation of a ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues. biological_process GO:0021510 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. spinal cord development GO:0021510 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth and establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the spinal cord. biological_process GO:0021511 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. spinal cord patterning GO:0021511 The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth and establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the spinal cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the spinal cord. spinal cord anterior-posterior patterning biological_process spinal cord rostrocaudal patterning GO:0021512 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. spinal cord anterior/posterior patterning GO:0021512 The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the spinal cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 spinal cord rostrocaudal patterning GOC:dph The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord. spinal cord dorsal-ventral patterning biological_process GO:0021513 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning GO:0021513 The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021515 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cell differentiation in spinal cord GO:0021515 The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input. biological_process GO:0021516 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. dorsal spinal cord development GO:0021516 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11179871 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output. biological_process GO:0021517 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. ventral spinal cord development GO:0021517 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. biological_process GO:0021520 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification GO:0021520 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ventral spinal cord interneuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. biological_process GO:0021521 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. ventral spinal cord interneuron specification GO:0021521 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ventral spinal cord interneuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021522 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. spinal cord motor neuron differentiation GO:0021522 The process whereby neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process whereby neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of somatic motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021523 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. somatic motor neuron differentiation GO:0021523 The process whereby neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of somatic motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process whereby neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of visceral motor neurons. Visceral motor neurons innervate glandular targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021524 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. visceral motor neuron differentiation GO:0021524 The process whereby neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of visceral motor neurons. Visceral motor neurons innervate glandular targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process whereby differentiating motor neurons in the neural tube acquire the specialized structural and/or functional features of medial motor column neurons. Medial motor column neurons are generated at all rostrocaudal levels and send axons to the axial muscles (medial group) and to the body wall muscles (lateral group). Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021526 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. medial motor column neuron differentiation GO:0021526 The process whereby differentiating motor neurons in the neural tube acquire the specialized structural and/or functional features of medial motor column neurons. Medial motor column neurons are generated at all rostrocaudal levels and send axons to the axial muscles (medial group) and to the body wall muscles (lateral group). Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process whereby neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of association neurons. Association neurons are cells located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that integrate sensory input. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. spinal cord dorsal interneuron differentiation biological_process GO:0021527 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. spinal cord association neuron differentiation GO:0021527 The process whereby neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of association neurons. Association neurons are cells located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that integrate sensory input. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 spinal cord dorsal interneuron differentiation GOC:dph The process whereby neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are non-neuronal cells. The primary function of oligodendrocytes is the myelination of nerve axons in the central nervous system. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021529 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. spinal cord oligodendrocyte cell differentiation GO:0021529 The process whereby neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are non-neuronal cells. The primary function of oligodendrocytes is the myelination of nerve axons in the central nervous system. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oligodendrocyte in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. biological_process GO:0021530 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. spinal cord oligodendrocyte cell fate specification GO:0021530 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oligodendrocyte in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube. biological_process GO:0021532 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. neural tube patterning GO:0021532 The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021533 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cell differentiation in hindbrain GO:0021533 The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain. biological_process GO:0021534 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cell proliferation in hindbrain GO:0021534 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The orderly movement of cells that will reside in the hindbrain. biological_process GO:0021535 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cell migration in hindbrain GO:0021535 The orderly movement of cells that will reside in the hindbrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the diencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex. biological_process GO:0021536 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. diencephalon development GO:0021536 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the diencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived. biological_process GO:0021537 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. telencephalon development GO:0021537 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The process by which the anatomical structures of the corpus callosum are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. biological_process GO:0021540 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. corpus callosum morphogenesis GO:0021540 The process by which the anatomical structures of the corpus callosum are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dentate gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus. biological_process GO:0021542 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. dentate gyrus development GO:0021542 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dentate gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pallium is the roof region of the telencephalon. biological_process GO:0021543 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. pallium development GO:0021543 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pallium is the roof region of the telencephalon. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subpallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon. biological_process GO:0021544 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. subpallium development GO:0021544 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subpallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. biological_process GO:0021545 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cranial nerve development GO:0021545 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. biological_process GO:0021546 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. rhombomere development GO:0021546 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. biological_process GO:0021549 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellum development GO:0021549 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain. cranial nerve 2 development cranial nerve II development biological_process CN II development GO:0021554 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. optic nerve development GO:0021554 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 cranial nerve 2 development GOC:cls cranial nerve II development GOC:cls CN II development GOC:cls The process by which the anatomical structure of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. MHB morphogenesis isthmus morphogenesis biological_process GO:0021555 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. midbrain-hindbrain boundary morphogenesis GO:0021555 The process by which the anatomical structure of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15541513 MHB morphogenesis GOC:cls isthmus morphogenesis GOC:cls The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oculomotor nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle. cranial nerve 3 development cranial nerve III development biological_process CN III development GO:0021557 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. oculomotor nerve development GO:0021557 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oculomotor nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 cranial nerve 3 development GOC:cls cranial nerve III development GOC:cls CN III development GOC:cls The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle. cranial nerve 4 development cranial nerve IV development biological_process CN IV development GO:0021558 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. trochlear nerve development GO:0021558 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 cranial nerve 4 development GOC:cls cranial nerve IV development GOC:cls CN IV development GOC:cls The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. cranial nerve 5 development cranial nerve V development biological_process CN V development GO:0021559 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. trigeminal nerve development GO:0021559 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 cranial nerve 5 development GOC:cls cranial nerve V development GOC:cls CN V development GOC:cls The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibulocochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea. CN VIII development acoustic nerve development cranial nerve 8 development cranial nerve VIII development biological_process GO:0021562 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. vestibulocochlear nerve development GO:0021562 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibulocochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 CN VIII development GOC:cls acoustic nerve development PMID:11533729 cranial nerve 8 development GOC:cls cranial nerve VIII development GOC:cls The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 2 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. biological_process GO:0021568 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. rhombomere 2 development GO:0021568 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 2 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 3 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. biological_process GO:0021569 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. rhombomere 3 development GO:0021569 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 3 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 4 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. biological_process GO:0021570 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. rhombomere 4 development GO:0021570 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 4 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 5 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. biological_process GO:0021571 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. rhombomere 5 development GO:0021571 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 5 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 6 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. biological_process GO:0021572 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. rhombomere 6 development GO:0021572 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 6 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process by which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. biological_process rhombencephalon morphogenesis GO:0021575 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. hindbrain morphogenesis GO:0021575 The process by which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. biological_process GO:0021586 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. pons maturation GO:0021586 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process by which the anatomical structure of the cerebellum is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. biological_process GO:0021587 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellum morphogenesis GO:0021587 The process by which the anatomical structure of the cerebellum is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellum. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. biological_process GO:0021589 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellum structural organization GO:0021589 The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellum. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellum to attain its fully functional state. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. biological_process GO:0021590 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellum maturation GO:0021590 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellum to attain its fully functional state. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain ventricular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain ventricular system consists of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. These cavities include two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and is produced by the choroid plexus. biological_process GO:0021591 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. ventricular system development GO:0021591 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain ventricular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain ventricular system consists of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. These cavities include two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and is produced by the choroid plexus. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fourth ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. biological_process GO:0021592 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. fourth ventricle development GO:0021592 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fourth ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0683400078 The process by which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. biological_process GO:0021593 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. rhombomere morphogenesis GO:0021593 The process by which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the rhombomere. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. biological_process GO:0021594 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. rhombomere formation GO:0021594 The process that gives rise to the rhombomere. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process by which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. biological_process GO:0021602 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cranial nerve morphogenesis GO:0021602 The process by which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. biological_process GO:0021604 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cranial nerve structural organization GO:0021604 The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the facial nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities. biological_process CN VII structural organization GO:0021612 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. facial nerve structural organization GO:0021612 The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the facial nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process by which the anatomical structure of the glossopharyngeal nerve is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion. biological_process CN IX morphogenesis GO:0021615 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. glossopharyngeal nerve morphogenesis GO:0021615 The process by which the anatomical structure of the glossopharyngeal nerve is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process by which the anatomical structure of the optic nerve is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain. biological_process CN II morphogenesis GO:0021631 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. optic nerve morphogenesis GO:0021631 The process by which the anatomical structure of the optic nerve is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process by which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 3 is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order. biological_process GO:0021658 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. rhombomere 3 morphogenesis GO:0021658 The process by which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 3 is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process that gives rise to rhombomere 3. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. biological_process GO:0021660 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. rhombomere 3 formation GO:0021660 The process that gives rise to rhombomere 3. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process that gives rise to rhombomere 5. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. biological_process GO:0021666 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. rhombomere 5 formation GO:0021666 The process that gives rise to rhombomere 5. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral ventricles over time, from the formation to the mature structure. The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle. biological_process GO:0021670 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. lateral ventricle development GO:0021670 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral ventricles over time, from the formation to the mature structure. The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0683400078 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0021675 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. nerve development GO:0021675 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the third ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The third ventricle is the narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma, and it communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. biological_process GO:0021678 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. third ventricle development GO:0021678 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the third ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The third ventricle is the narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma, and it communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0683400078 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar molecular layer nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells. biological_process GO:0021679 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellar molecular layer development GO:0021679 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar molecular layer nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells. biological_process GO:0021680 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellar Purkinje cell layer development GO:0021680 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process by which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells. biological_process GO:0021692 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellar Purkinje cell layer morphogenesis GO:0021692 The process by which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function. biological_process GO:0021695 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellar cortex development GO:0021695 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process by which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function. biological_process GO:0021696 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellar cortex morphogenesis GO:0021696 The process by which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the cerebellar cortex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function. biological_process GO:0021697 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellar cortex formation GO:0021697 The process that gives rise to the cerebellar cortex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0021700 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. developmental maturation GO:0021700 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem. biological_process GO:0021702 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellar Purkinje cell differentiation GO:0021702 The process whereby neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15157725 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. locus caeruleus development locus coeruleus development biological_process GO:0021703 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. locus ceruleus development GO:0021703 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whereby neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar granule cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a granule cell fate. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. biological_process GO:0021707 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellar granule cell differentiation GO:0021707 The process whereby neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar granule cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a granule cell fate. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15157725 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0021747 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cochlear nucleus development GO:0021747 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibular nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0021750 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. vestibular nucleus development GO:0021750 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibular nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0021754 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. facial nucleus development GO:0021754 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The progression of the striatum over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The striatum is a large cluster of dopaminergic nerve cells, consisting of the caudate nucleus and the putamen, that controls movement, balance, and walking. biological_process GO:0021756 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. striatum development GO:0021756 The progression of the striatum over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The striatum is a large cluster of dopaminergic nerve cells, consisting of the caudate nucleus and the putamen, that controls movement, balance, and walking. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878937420 The progression of the caudate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The caudate nucleus is the C-shaped structures of the striatum containing input neurons involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain. biological_process GO:0021757 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. caudate nucleus development GO:0021757 The progression of the caudate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The caudate nucleus is the C-shaped structures of the striatum containing input neurons involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878937420 The progression of the putamen over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The putamen is the lens-shaped basal ganglion involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain. biological_process GO:0021758 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. putamen development GO:0021758 The progression of the putamen over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The putamen is the lens-shaped basal ganglion involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878937420 The progression of the globus pallidus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The globus pallidus is one of the basal ganglia involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain. pallidum development biological_process GO:0021759 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. globus pallidus development GO:0021759 The progression of the globus pallidus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The globus pallidus is one of the basal ganglia involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878937420 pallidum development PMID:16271465 The progression of the limbic system over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The limbic system is a collection of structures in the brain involved in emotion, motivation and emotional aspects of memory. biological_process GO:0021761 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. limbic system development GO:0021761 The progression of the limbic system over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The limbic system is a collection of structures in the brain involved in emotion, motivation and emotional aspects of memory. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878937420 The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. biological_process GO:0021766 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. hippocampus development GO:0021766 The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878937420 The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. ventral striatum development accumbens nucleus development biological_process GO:0021768 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. nucleus accumbens development GO:0021768 The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878937420 accumbens nucleus development GOC:dgh The progression of the lateral geniculate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary processor of visual information received from the retina. LGN development biological_process GO:0021771 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. lateral geniculate nucleus development GO:0021771 The progression of the lateral geniculate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary processor of visual information received from the retina. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878937420 LGN development GOC:dgh The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex. biological_process GO:0021772 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. olfactory bulb development GO:0021772 The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878937420 The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor smoothened in a precursor cell in the ventral spinal cord that contributes to the commitment of the precursor cell to an interneuron fate. smoothened signalling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification biological_process GO:0021775 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification GO:0021775 The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor smoothened in a precursor cell in the ventral spinal cord that contributes to the commitment of the precursor cell to an interneuron fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor smoothened in a precursor cell in the spinal cord that contributes to the process of a precursor cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. smoothened signalling pathway involved in spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification biological_process GO:0021776 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. smoothened signaling pathway involved in spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification GO:0021776 The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor smoothened in a precursor cell in the spinal cord that contributes to the process of a precursor cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15936325 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oligodendrocyte in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. biological_process GO:0021778 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. oligodendrocyte cell fate specification GO:0021778 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oligodendrocyte in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an oligodendrocyte. biological_process GO:0021779 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. oligodendrocyte cell fate commitment GO:0021779 The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an oligodendrocyte. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. biological_process GO:0021780 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. glial cell fate specification GO:0021780 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glial cell. biological_process GO:0021781 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. glial cell fate commitment GO:0021781 The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glial cell. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0021782 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. glial cell development GO:0021782 The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process by which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx. BMN axon guidance branchial motor axon guidance special visceral motor neuron axon guidance biological_process GO:0021785 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. branchiomotor neuron axon guidance GO:0021785 The process by which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:14699587 BMN axon guidance PMID:14699587 branchial motor axon guidance PMID:14699587 special visceral motor neuron axon guidance PMID:14699587 The process by which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. biological_process GO:0021794 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. thalamus development GO:0021794 The process by which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex. biological_process GO:0021795 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebral cortex cell migration GO:0021795 The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The creation of specific areas of progenitor domains along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing forebrain. forebrain anterior-posterior pattern formation biological_process GO:0021797 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. forebrain anterior/posterior pattern formation GO:0021797 The creation of specific areas of progenitor domains along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing forebrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The formation of specific regional progenitor domains along the dorsal-ventral axis in the developing forebrain. forebrain dorsal-ventral pattern formation biological_process GO:0021798 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. forebrain dorsal/ventral pattern formation GO:0021798 The formation of specific regional progenitor domains along the dorsal-ventral axis in the developing forebrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain. biological_process GO:0021799 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebral cortex radially oriented cell migration GO:0021799 The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration. biological_process GO:0021800 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebral cortex tangential migration GO:0021800 The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The interaction between two cells that modulates the association of a neuronal cell and a glial cell involved in glial-mediated radial cell migration in the cerebral cortex. cell-cell adhesion involved in neuronal-glial interactions involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration biological_process GO:0021813 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cell-cell adhesion involved in neuronal-glial interactions involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration GO:0021813 The interaction between two cells that modulates the association of a neuronal cell and a glial cell involved in glial-mediated radial cell migration in the cerebral cortex. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 cell-cell adhesion involved in neuronal-glial interactions involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration GOC:dph The detachment of cells from radial glial fibers at the appropriate time when they cease to migrate and form distinct layer in the cerebral cortex. biological_process cerebral cortex lamination GO:0021819 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. layer formation in the cerebral cortex GO:0021819 The detachment of cells from radial glial fibers at the appropriate time when they cease to migrate and form distinct layer in the cerebral cortex. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 cerebral cortex lamination PMID:12626695 The process where neuronal precursors migrate tangentially in the telencephalon, primarily guided by interactions that do not require cell-cell contact. biological_process GO:0021826 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. substrate-independent telencephalic tangential migration GO:0021826 The process where neuronal precursors migrate tangentially in the telencephalon, primarily guided by interactions that do not require cell-cell contact. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The directed movement of interneurons from the subpallium to the cortex during forebrain development. biological_process GO:0021830 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex GO:0021830 The directed movement of interneurons from the subpallium to the cortex during forebrain development. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The directed movement of individual interneuron precursors during the embryonic development of the olfactory bulb. biological_process GO:0021831 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration GO:0021831 The directed movement of individual interneuron precursors during the embryonic development of the olfactory bulb. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The directional movement of tangentially migrating interneurons that are not guided by attaching to extracellular substrates. biological_process GO:0021843 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. substrate-independent telencephalic tangential interneuron migration GO:0021843 The directional movement of tangentially migrating interneurons that are not guided by attaching to extracellular substrates. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells. biological_process GO:0021846 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cell proliferation in forebrain GO:0021846 The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The migration of GABAergic interneuron precursors from the subpallium to the cerebral cortex. biological_process GO:0021853 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration GO:0021853 The migration of GABAergic interneuron precursors from the subpallium to the cerebral cortex. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The progression of the hypothalamus region of the forebrain, from its initial formation to its mature state. biological_process GO:0021854 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. hypothalamus development GO:0021854 The progression of the hypothalamus region of the forebrain, from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic inhibitory neuron in the basal ganglia. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a GABAergic neuron. biological_process GO:0021858 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. GABAergic neuron differentiation in the basal ganglia GO:0021858 The process whereby a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic inhibitory neuron in the basal ganglia. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a GABAergic neuron. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:16226447 The progression of a pyramidal neuron from its initial formation to its mature state. projection neuron development biological_process GO:0021860 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. pyramidal neuron development GO:0021860 The progression of a pyramidal neuron from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 projection neuron development PMID:16226447 The mitotic division of a basal progenitor giving rise to two neurons. biological_process GO:0021869 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. forebrain ventricular zone progenitor cell division GO:0021869 The mitotic division of a basal progenitor giving rise to two neurons. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:16226447 The process whereby a neuroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Cajal-Retzius cell, one of a transient population of pioneering neurons in the cerebral cortex. These cells are slender bipolar cells of the developing marginal zone. One feature of these cells in mammals is that they express the Reelin gene. biological_process GO:0021870 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. Cajal-Retzius cell differentiation GO:0021870 The process whereby a neuroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Cajal-Retzius cell, one of a transient population of pioneering neurons in the cerebral cortex. These cells are slender bipolar cells of the developing marginal zone. One feature of these cells in mammals is that they express the Reelin gene. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The division of a neuroblast located in the forebrain. Neuroblast division gives rise to at least another neuroblast. As in, but not restricted to, the vertebrates (Vertebrata, ncbi_taxonomy_id:7742). biological_process GO:0021873 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. forebrain neuroblast division GO:0021873 The division of a neuroblast located in the forebrain. Neuroblast division gives rise to at least another neuroblast. As in, but not restricted to, the vertebrates (Vertebrata, ncbi_taxonomy_id:7742). GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to the self renewal of neuroblasts in the forebrain. Wnt receptor signalling pathway in forebrain neuroblast division biological_process GO:0021874 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. Wnt receptor signaling pathway in forebrain neuroblast division GO:0021874 The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to the self renewal of neuroblasts in the forebrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:16226447 The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron that resides in the forebrain. biological_process GO:0021877 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. forebrain neuron fate commitment GO:0021877 The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron that resides in the forebrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:16226447 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain. biological_process GO:0021879 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. forebrain neuron differentiation GO:0021879 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:16226447 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain. biological_process GO:0021882 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment GO:0021882 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:16226447 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0021884 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. forebrain neuron development GO:0021884 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The orderly movement of cells from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain. biological_process GO:0021885 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. forebrain cell migration GO:0021885 The orderly movement of cells from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb. biological_process GO:0021889 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. olfactory bulb interneuron differentiation GO:0021889 The process whereby a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb, from its initial commitment, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0021891 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. olfactory bulb interneuron development GO:0021891 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb, from its initial commitment, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The process whereby the developmental fate of a neuroblast becomes restricted such that it will develop into a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex. biological_process GO:0021893 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron fate commitment GO:0021893 The process whereby the developmental fate of a neuroblast becomes restricted such that it will develop into a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex. biological_process GO:0021895 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebral cortex neuron differentiation GO:0021895 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte that resides in the forebrain, from initial commitment of the cell to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function. biological_process GO:0021897 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. forebrain astrocyte development GO:0021897 The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte that resides in the forebrain, from initial commitment of the cell to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The commitment of neuronal precursor cells to become specialized types of neurons in the forebrain. biological_process GO:0021902 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. commitment of a neuronal cell to a specific type of neuron in the forebrain GO:0021902 The commitment of neuronal precursor cells to become specialized types of neurons in the forebrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:16226447 The process by which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis. biological_process anterior-posterior neural tube patterning GO:0021903 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. rostrocaudal neural tube patterning GO:0021903 The process by which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 anterior-posterior neural tube patterning GOC:dph The process by which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis. dorsal ventral neural tube patterning biological_process GO:0021904 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. dorsoventral neural tube patterning GO:0021904 The process by which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 dorsal ventral neural tube patterning GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the creation of the forebrain-midbrain boundary. biological_process GO:0021905 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. forebrain-midbrain boundary formation GO:0021905 The process whose specific outcome is the creation of the forebrain-midbrain boundary. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that results in the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord. smoothened signalling pathway in ventral spinal cord patterning biological_process GO:0021910 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning GO:0021910 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that results in the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GOC:tb GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that results the commitment of a cell to become a motor neuron in the ventral spinal cord. biological_process GO:0021912 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in spinal cord motor neuron fate specification GO:0021912 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that results the commitment of a cell to become a motor neuron in the ventral spinal cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that results in the commitment of a cell to become an interneuron in the ventral spinal cord. biological_process GO:0021913 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification GO:0021913 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that results in the commitment of a cell to become an interneuron in the ventral spinal cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. biological_process GO:0021915 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. neural tube development GO:0021915 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that results in the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord. BMP signalling pathway in spinal cord dorsal-ventral patterning bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway in spinal cord dorsal-ventral patterning bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway in spinal cord dorsal-ventral patterning biological_process GO:0021919 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. BMP signaling pathway in spinal cord dorsal-ventral patterning GO:0021919 A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that results in the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12593981 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of neuronal precursors to association neurons in the dorsal spinal cord. biological_process GO:0021920 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in spinal cord association neuron specification GO:0021920 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of neuronal precursors to association neurons in the dorsal spinal cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12593981 The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the external granule layer of the hindbrain. The external granule layer is the layer that originates from the rostral half of the rhombic lip in the first rhombomere. biological_process GO:0021924 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cell proliferation in the external granule layer GO:0021924 The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the external granule layer of the hindbrain. The external granule layer is the layer that originates from the rostral half of the rhombic lip in the first rhombomere. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15157725 The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. biological_process GO:0021930 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. granule cell precursor proliferation GO:0021930 The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15157725 The radially directed movement of cells along radial glial cells in the hindbrain. Radial migration refers to a directed movement from the internal ventricular area to the outer surface of the hindbrain. biological_process GO:0021932 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. hindbrain radial glia guided cell migration GO:0021932 The radially directed movement of cells along radial glial cells in the hindbrain. Radial migration refers to a directed movement from the internal ventricular area to the outer surface of the hindbrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15157725 The inward migration of postmitotic granule cells along radial glial cells from the external granule layer to the internal granule cell layer. biological_process GO:0021933 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. radial glia guided migration of granule cell GO:0021933 The inward migration of postmitotic granule cells along radial glial cells from the external granule layer to the internal granule cell layer. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15157725 The migration of cells in the hindbrain in which cells move orthogonal to the direction of radial migration. biological_process hindbrain neurophilic migration GO:0021934 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. hindbrain tangential cell migration GO:0021934 The migration of cells in the hindbrain in which cells move orthogonal to the direction of radial migration. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 hindbrain neurophilic migration PMID:15157725 The early migration of granule cell precursors in which cells move orthogonal to the direction of radial migration and ultimately cover the superficial zone of the cerebellar primordium. biological_process GO:0021935 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. granule cell precursor tangential migration GO:0021935 The early migration of granule cell precursors in which cells move orthogonal to the direction of radial migration and ultimately cover the superficial zone of the cerebellar primordium. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15157725 The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation. biological_process GO:0021936 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. regulation of granule cell precursor proliferation GO:0021936 The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15157725 The process that mediates the transfer of information from Purkinje cells to granule cell precursors resulting in an increase in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation. Purkinje cell-granule cell precursor cell signalling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation biological_process GO:0021937 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. Purkinje cell-granule cell precursor cell signaling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation GO:0021937 The process that mediates the transfer of information from Purkinje cells to granule cell precursors resulting in an increase in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15157725 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened in granule cells that contributes to the regulation of proliferation of the cells. smoothened signalling pathway in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation biological_process GO:0021938 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. smoothened signaling pathway involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation GO:0021938 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened in granule cells that contributes to the regulation of proliferation of the cells. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GOC:tb GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15157725 The process that activates or increases the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation. up regulation of granule cell precursor proliferation up-regulation of granule cell precursor proliferation upregulation of granule cell precursor proliferation activation of granule cell precursor proliferation stimulation of granule cell precursor proliferation biological_process GO:0021940 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. positive regulation of granule cell precursor proliferation GO:0021940 The process that activates or increases the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15157725 The migration of postmitotic Purkinje cells along radial glial cells from the ventricular zone to the Purkinje cell layer. biological_process GO:0021942 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. radial glia guided migration of Purkinje cell GO:0021942 The migration of postmitotic Purkinje cells along radial glial cells from the ventricular zone to the Purkinje cell layer. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15157725 Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region. central nervous system axon tract development biological_process GO:0021952 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesis GO:0021952 Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 central nervous system axon tract development GOC:dph The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. biological_process GO:0021953 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. central nervous system neuron differentiation GO:0021953 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron. biological_process GO:0021954 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. central nervous system neuron development GO:0021954 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. biological_process GO:0021955 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. central nervous system neuron axonogenesis GO:0021955 Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 Generation of a long process that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells from a neuron located in the central nervous system whose axons remain within a single brain region. biological_process GO:0021956 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. central nervous system interneuron axonogenesis GO:0021956 Generation of a long process that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells from a neuron located in the central nervous system whose axons remain within a single brain region. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in one half of the cerebral cortex towards target cells in the contralateral half. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the anterior commissure, a small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum. biological_process GO:0021960 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. anterior commissure morphogenesis GO:0021960 Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in one half of the cerebral cortex towards target cells in the contralateral half. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the anterior commissure, a small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878937420 The process by which the anatomical structures of the spinal cord ventral commissure are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. biological_process GO:0021965 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. spinal cord ventral commissure morphogenesis GO:0021965 The process by which the anatomical structures of the spinal cord ventral commissure are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The regionalization process that creates areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the telencephalon develops. biological_process GO:0021978 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. telencephalon regionalization GO:0021978 The regionalization process that creates areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the telencephalon develops. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mgi_curators GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The differentiation of cells that will contribute to the structure and function of the hypothalamus. biological_process GO:0021979 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. hypothalamus cell differentiation GO:0021979 The differentiation of cells that will contribute to the structure and function of the hypothalamus. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mgi_curators GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands. biological_process hypophysis development GO:0021983 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. pituitary gland development GO:0021983 The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 hypophysis development GOC:dph The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus. adenophysis development anterior pituitary development anterior pituitary gland development biological_process GO:0021984 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. adenohypophysis development GO:0021984 The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The progression of the neurohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation. neurophysis development posterior pituitary development posterior pituitary gland development biological_process GO:0021985 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. neurohypophysis development GO:0021985 The progression of the neurohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon. biological_process neocortex development GO:0021987 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebral cortex development GO:0021987 The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 neocortex development GOC:dph The progression of the olfactory lobe over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory lobe is the area of the brain that process the neural inputs for the sense of smell. biological_process GO:0021988 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. olfactory lobe development GO:0021988 The progression of the olfactory lobe over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory lobe is the area of the brain that process the neural inputs for the sense of smell. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. biological_process GO:0021990 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. neural plate formation GO:0021990 The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878932437 ISBN:0878932585 PMID:15806586 The pattern specification process whereby the axes of the nervous system are established. biological_process GO:0021997 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. neural plate pattern formation GO:0021997 The pattern specification process whereby the axes of the nervous system are established. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate. biological_process GO:0021999 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. neural plate anterioposterior pattern formation GO:0021999 The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 A developmental process occurring during brain development, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. biological_process GO:0022004 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation during brain development GO:0022004 A developmental process occurring during brain development, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15541513 Generation of cells within the nervous system. nervous system cell generation biological_process GO:0022008 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. neurogenesis GO:0022008 Generation of cells within the nervous system. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. central nervous system myelination biological_process GO:0022010 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. myelination in the central nervous system GO:0022010 The process whereby neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. peripheral nervous system myelination biological_process GO:0022011 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. myelination in the peripheral nervous system GO:0022011 The process whereby neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The migration of cells in the telencephalon from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration. rostral migratory stream migration biological_process GO:0022028 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. tangential migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb GO:0022028 The migration of cells in the telencephalon from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The orderly movement of cells from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon. biological_process GO:0022029 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. telencephalon cell migration GO:0022029 The orderly movement of cells from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corpus callosum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provide communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. biological_process GO:0022038 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. corpus callosum development GO:0022038 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corpus callosum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provide communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The negative regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus. adaptation of signal transduction pathway adaptation of signalling pathway desensitization of signaling pathway desensitization of signalling pathway biological_process GO:0022401 adaptation of signaling pathway GO:0022401 The negative regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus. GOC:isa_complete A cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. biological_process GO:0022402 cell cycle process GO:0022402 A cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:isa_complete A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through one of the biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. biological_process GO:0022403 cell cycle phase GO:0022403 A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through one of the biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:isa_complete A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin. biological_process GO:0022404 molting cycle process GO:0022404 A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin. GOC:isa_complete A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. biological_process GO:0022405 hair cycle process GO:0022405 A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell. biological_process GO:0022407 regulation of cell-cell adhesion GO:0022407 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell. GOC:isa_complete Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell. up regulation of cell-cell adhesion up-regulation of cell-cell adhesion upregulation of cell-cell adhesion activation of cell-cell adhesion stimulation of cell-cell adhesion biological_process GO:0022409 positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion GO:0022409 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell. GOC:isa_complete A behavioral process involved in the cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm. biological_process GO:0022410 circadian sleep/wake cycle process GO:0022410 A behavioral process involved in the cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm. GOC:isa_complete A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a part of the cell. cell structure disassembly biological_process GO:0022411 cellular component disassembly GO:0022411 A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a part of the cell. GOC:isa_complete A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. biological_process GO:0022414 reproductive process GO:0022414 A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete A reproductive process involved in viral reproduction. Usually, this is by infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle. viral life cycle process biological_process GO:0022415 viral reproductive process GO:0022415 A reproductive process involved in viral reproduction. Usually, this is by infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis. regulation of morphogenesis biological_process GO:0022603 regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis GO:0022603 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process by which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. biological_process negative regulation of cell shape and cell size positive regulation of cell shape and cell size regulation of cell shape and cell size GO:0022604 regulation of cell morphogenesis GO:0022604 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process by which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. GOC:isa_complete negative regulation of cell shape and cell size GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of cell shape and cell size GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of cell shape and cell size GOC:dph GOC:tb A cellular process that results in the assembly of a part of the cell. cell structure assembly biological_process GO:0022607 cellular component assembly GO:0022607 A cellular process that results in the assembly of a part of the cell. GOC:isa_complete The attachment of a cell or organism to a substrate or other organism. biological_process GO:0022610 biological adhesion GO:0022610 The attachment of a cell or organism to a substrate or other organism. GOC:isa_complete The process by which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. biological_process GO:0022612 gland morphogenesis GO:0022612 The process by which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:isa_complete The cellular process by which a complex containing RNA and proteins is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together. Includes the synthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules. RNA-protein complex biogenesis ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly biological_process GO:0022613 ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis GO:0022613 The cellular process by which a complex containing RNA and proteins is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together. Includes the synthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules. GOC:isa_complete GOC:mah RNA-protein complex biogenesis GOC:mah ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. RNA-protein complex assembly RNP complex assembly protein-RNA complex assembly biological_process GO:0022618 ribonucleoprotein complex assembly GO:0022618 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. GOC:jl The large subunit of the ribosome that is found in the cytosol of the cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. 50S ribosomal subunit 60S ribosomal subunit cytosolic large ribosomal subunit (sensu Archaea) cytosolic large ribosomal subunit (sensu Bacteria) cytosolic large ribosomal subunit (sensu Eukaryota) eukaryotic ribosomal LSU prokaryotic large ribosomal subunit cellular_component GO:0022625 cytosolic large ribosomal subunit GO:0022625 The large subunit of the ribosome that is found in the cytosol of the cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. GOC:mtg_sensu A ribosome that is found in the cytosol of the cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. 70S ribosome 80S ribosome cytosolic ribosome (sensu Archaea) cytosolic ribosome (sensu Bacteria) cytosolic ribosome (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0022626 cytosolic ribosome GO:0022626 A ribosome that is found in the cytosol of the cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. GOC:mtg_sensu The small subunit of the ribosome that is found in the cytosol of the cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. 30S ribosomal subunit 40S ribosomal subunit cytosolic small ribosomal subunit (sensu Archaea) cytosolic small ribosomal subunit (sensu Bacteria) cytosolic small ribosomal subunit (sensu Eukaryota) eukaryotic ribosomal SSU prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit cellular_component GO:0022627 cytosolic small ribosomal subunit GO:0022627 The small subunit of the ribosome that is found in the cytosol of the cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. GOC:mtg_sensu Catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of the membrane to the other, down the solute's concentration gradient. molecular_function GO:0022803 passive transmembrane transporter activity GO:0022803 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of the membrane to the other, down the solute's concentration gradient. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction. active carrier activity carrier activity permease activity pump activity molecular_function GO:0022804 active transmembrane transporter activity GO:0022804 Catalysis of the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. molecular_function GO:0022832 voltage-gated channel activity GO:0022832 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. molecular_function GO:0022834 ligand-gated channel activity GO:0022834 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific stimulus. molecular_function GO:0022836 gated channel activity GO:0022836 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific stimulus. GOC:mtg_transport Catalysis of energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a specific solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel. Stereospecificity is not exhibited but this transport may be specific for a particular molecular species or class of molecules. molecular_function GO:0022838 substrate specific channel activity GO:0022838 Catalysis of energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a specific solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel. Stereospecificity is not exhibited but this transport may be specific for a particular molecular species or class of molecules. GOC:mtg_transport Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus. molecular_function GO:0022839 ion gated channel activity GO:0022839 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus. GOC:mtg_transport Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a voltage-gated channel. A cation is a positively charged ion. molecular_function GO:0022843 voltage-gated cation channel activity GO:0022843 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a voltage-gated channel. A cation is a positively charged ion. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other. molecular_function GO:0022857 transmembrane transporter activity GO:0022857 Catalysis of the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Catalysis of the transfer of a specific substance or group of related substances from one side of a membrane to the other. molecular_function GO:0022891 substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity GO:0022891 Catalysis of the transfer of a specific substance or group of related substances from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:jic GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Enables the directed movement of a specific substance or group of related substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. molecular_function GO:0022892 substrate-specific transporter activity GO:0022892 Enables the directed movement of a specific substance or group of related substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:mtg_transport A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. biological_process GO:0022900 electron transport chain GO:0022900 A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. GOC:mtg_electron_transport A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. electron transfer biological_process 6-phosphofructokinase reduction dihydrobiopterin reduction dihydrolipoamide reduction dihydrolipoylprotein reduction dihydropteridine reduction other pathways of electron transport oxidized glutathione reduction protein-disulfide reduction GO:0022904 respiratory electron transport chain GO:0022904 A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. GOC:mtg_electron_transport http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cations at the level of a cell. biological_process GO:0030003 cellular cation homeostasis GO:0030003 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cations at the level of a cell. GOC:ceb GOC:mah Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of monovalent inorganic cations at the level of a cell. biological_process GO:0030004 cellular monovalent inorganic cation homeostasis GO:0030004 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of monovalent inorganic cations at the level of a cell. GOC:ai GOC:mah Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of divalent or trivalent cations at the level of a cell. biological_process GO:0030005 cellular di-, tri-valent inorganic cation homeostasis GO:0030005 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of divalent or trivalent cations at the level of a cell. GOC:ceb GOC:mah A large complex present on the cis-Golgi that acts prior to SNARE complex assembly to mediate vesicle docking and fusion. Wikipedia:TRAPP_complex transport protein particle cellular_component GO:0030008 TRAPP complex GO:0030008 A large complex present on the cis-Golgi that acts prior to SNARE complex assembly to mediate vesicle docking and fusion. PMID:9564032 The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. cell polarization bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity (sensu Saccharomyces) establishment of cell polarity (sensu Fungi) establishment of cell polarity (sensu Saccharomyces) biological_process GO:0030010 establishment of cell polarity GO:0030010 The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GOC:mah A large multimeric transcription factor complex that can regulate transcription positively or negatively; consists of a core complex plus additional proteins; may interact with other proteins to control initiation of transcription. In Saccharomyces the core complex comprises Ccr4p, Caf1p, Not1p, Not2p, Not3p, Not4p, and Not5p; Caf4p, Caf16p, and several less well characterized proteins. cellular_component GO:0030014 CCR4-NOT complex GO:0030014 A large multimeric transcription factor complex that can regulate transcription positively or negatively; consists of a core complex plus additional proteins; may interact with other proteins to control initiation of transcription. In Saccharomyces the core complex comprises Ccr4p, Caf1p, Not1p, Not2p, Not3p, Not4p, and Not5p; Caf4p, Caf16p, and several less well characterized proteins. PMID:11113136 The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. Wikipedia:Myofibril striated muscle fiber striated muscle fibre cellular_component GO:0030016 myofibril GO:0030016 The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. ISBN:0815316194 The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. Wikipedia:Sarcomere cellular_component GO:0030017 sarcomere GO:0030017 The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. ISBN:0815316194 Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached. Z band Z disk Z line cellular_component GO:0030018 Z disc GO:0030018 Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached. GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0815316194 A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments. Wikipedia:Lamellipodia cellular_component GO:0030027 lamellipodium GO:0030027 A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments. ISBN:0815316194 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. cell surface structure organization and biogenesis cell projection organisation and biogenesis cell projection organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0030030 cell projection organization GO:0030030 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl GOC:mah http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. formation of a cell surface projection biological_process cell projection biogenesis GO:0030031 cell projection assembly GO:0030031 Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl GOC:mah http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ cell projection biogenesis GOC:mah A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. Wikipedia:Cell_junction cellular_component GO:0030054 cell junction GO:0030054 A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html A cell junction that forms a connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix. cell-matrix junction cellular_component GO:0030055 cell-substrate junction GO:0030055 A cell junction that forms a connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix. GOC:hb GOC:mah A cell-substrate junction that forms a point of contact between the basal surface of epithelial cells and the basal lamina. Morphologically resembles desmosomes; attached to intermediate filaments. Wikipedia:Hemidesmosome cellular_component hemi-adherens junction GO:0030056 hemidesmosome GO:0030056 A cell-substrate junction that forms a point of contact between the basal surface of epithelial cells and the basal lamina. Morphologically resembles desmosomes; attached to intermediate filaments. ISBN:0815316208 hemi-adherens junction http://www.wormatlas.org/glossaries/hglossary.htm#hemiadherensjunction A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism. Wikipedia:Desmosome macula adherens spot desmosome cellular_component GO:0030057 desmosome GO:0030057 A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0815332181 Any of the inward folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Their number, extent, and shape differ in mitochondria from different tissues and organisms. They appear to be devices for increasing the surface area of the mitochondrial inner membrane, where the enzymes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are found. Their shape can vary with the respiratory state of the mitochondria. mitochondrial cristae cellular_component GO:0030061 mitochondrial crista GO:0030061 Any of the inward folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Their number, extent, and shape differ in mitochondria from different tissues and organisms. They appear to be devices for increasing the surface area of the mitochondrial inner membrane, where the enzymes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are found. Their shape can vary with the respiratory state of the mitochondria. ISBN:0198506732 Any of the heteromeric enzymes, located in the mitochondrion, that act in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. TCA cycle enzyme complex (sensu Eukaryota) tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0030062 mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex GO:0030062 Any of the heteromeric enzymes, located in the mitochondrion, that act in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_sensu Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the onset of anaphase (chromosome movement) in the mitotic cell cycle. biological_process GO:0030071 regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition GO:0030071 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the onset of anaphase (chromosome movement) in the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:mah A protein-pigment complex that may be closely or peripherally associated to photosynthetic reaction centers that participate in harvesting and transferring radiant energy to the reaction center. Wikipedia:Light-harvesting_complex cellular_component antenna complex GO:0030076 light-harvesting complex GO:0030076 A protein-pigment complex that may be closely or peripherally associated to photosynthetic reaction centers that participate in harvesting and transferring radiant energy to the reaction center. GOC:lr A plasma membrane protein-pigment complex that may be closely or peripherally associated to photosynthetic reaction centers that participate in harvesting and transferring radiant energy to the reaction center. light-harvesting complex (sensu Gram-negative Bacteria) light-harvesting complex (sensu Proteobacteria) cellular_component GO:0030077 plasma membrane light-harvesting complex GO:0030077 A plasma membrane protein-pigment complex that may be closely or peripherally associated to photosynthetic reaction centers that participate in harvesting and transferring radiant energy to the reaction center. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. blood cell biosynthesis blood cell formation haemopoiesis hematopoiesis biological_process GO:0030097 hemopoiesis GO:0030097 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. GOC:dgh ISBN:0198506732 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of B cells, T cells, or natural killer cells. lymphocyte cell differentiation lymphocytic blood cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030098 lymphocyte differentiation GO:0030098 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of B cells, T cells, or natural killer cells. GOC:go_curators The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages. biological_process GO:0030099 myeloid cell differentiation GO:0030099 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. biological_process GO:0030100 regulation of endocytosis GO:0030100 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. GOC:go_curators The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. NK cell activation biological_process GO:0030101 natural killer cell activation GO:0030101 The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735140 Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-B subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte. molecular_function GO:0030109 HLA-B specific inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity GO:0030109 Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-B subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte. GOC:add GOC:mah PMID:11929129 PMID:9368779 Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-C subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte. molecular_function GO:0030110 HLA-C specific inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity GO:0030110 Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-C subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte. GOC:add GOC:mah PMID:11929129 PMID:9368779 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt receptor mediated signal transduction pathway. regulation of Wnt receptor signalling pathway regulation of frizzled signaling pathway regulation of frizzled signalling pathway biological_process GO:0030111 regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway GO:0030111 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt receptor mediated signal transduction pathway. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb A viscous, carbohydrate rich layer at the outermost periphery of a cell. Wikipedia:Glycocalyx cellular_component GO:0030112 glycocalyx GO:0030112 A viscous, carbohydrate rich layer at the outermost periphery of a cell. GOC:mlg ISBN:0815316208 Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules. cellular_component GO:0030117 membrane coat GO:0030117 Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules. GOC:mah A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes. Wikipedia:Clathrin clathrin cage cellular_component GO:0030118 clathrin coat GO:0030118 A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes. GOC:mah PMID:11252894 PMID:9531549 Any of several heterotetrameric complexes that link clathrin (or another coat-forming molecule, as hypothesized for AP-3 and AP-4) to a membrane surface; they are found on coated pits and coated vesicles, and mediate sorting of cargo proteins into vesicles. Each AP complex contains two large (a beta and one of either an alpha, gamma, delta, or epsilon) subunits (110-130 kDa), a medium (mu) subunit (approximately 50 kDa), and a small (sigma) subunit (15-20 kDa). cellular_component clathrin adaptor GO:0030119 AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex GO:0030119 Any of several heterotetrameric complexes that link clathrin (or another coat-forming molecule, as hypothesized for AP-3 and AP-4) to a membrane surface; they are found on coated pits and coated vesicles, and mediate sorting of cargo proteins into vesicles. Each AP complex contains two large (a beta and one of either an alpha, gamma, delta, or epsilon) subunits (110-130 kDa), a medium (mu) subunit (approximately 50 kDa), and a small (sigma) subunit (15-20 kDa). GOC:mah PMID:10611976 PMID:15473838 A membrane coat found on a coated vesicle. cellular_component GO:0030120 vesicle coat GO:0030120 A membrane coat found on a coated vesicle. GOC:mah An AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma1, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-1-containing coats are normally found primarily in the trans-Golgi network. HA1 HA1 clathrin adaptor cellular_component GO:0030121 AP-1 adaptor complex GO:0030121 An AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma1, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-1-containing coats are normally found primarily in the trans-Golgi network. GOC:mah PMID:10611976 An AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-2-containing coats are normally found primarily near the plasma membrane, on endocytic vesicles. HA2 HA2 clathrin adaptor cellular_component GO:0030122 AP-2 adaptor complex GO:0030122 An AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-2-containing coats are normally found primarily near the plasma membrane, on endocytic vesicles. GOC:mah PMID:10611976 A clathrin coat found on a vesicle. cellular_component GO:0030125 clathrin vesicle coat GO:0030125 A clathrin coat found on a vesicle. GOC:mah One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. The mammalian COPI subunits are called alpha-, beta-, beta'-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-COP. Vesicles with COPI coats are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state. coatomer cellular_component GO:0030126 COPI vesicle coat GO:0030126 One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. The mammalian COPI subunits are called alpha-, beta-, beta'-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-COP. Vesicles with COPI coats are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state. GOC:mah PMID:11252894 One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. COPII is best characterized in S. cerevisiae, where the subunits are called Sar1p, Sec13p, Sec31p, Sec23p, and Sec24p. Vesicles with COPII coats are found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state. cellular_component GO:0030127 COPII vesicle coat GO:0030127 One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. COPII is best characterized in S. cerevisiae, where the subunits are called Sar1p, Sec13p, Sec31p, Sec23p, and Sec24p. Vesicles with COPII coats are found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state. GOC:mah PMID:11252894 A clathrin coat found on an endocytic vesicle. clathrin coat of endocytotic vesicle cellular_component GO:0030128 clathrin coat of endocytic vesicle GO:0030128 A clathrin coat found on an endocytic vesicle. GOC:mah A clathrin coat found on a vesicle of the trans-Golgi network. clathrin coat of TGN vesicle cellular_component GO:0030130 clathrin coat of trans-Golgi network vesicle GO:0030130 A clathrin coat found on a vesicle of the trans-Golgi network. GOC:mah A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane. cellular_component GO:0030131 clathrin adaptor complex GO:0030131 A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane. GOC:mah The coat found on coated pits and the coated vesicles derived from coated pits; comprises clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex. cellular_component GO:0030132 clathrin coat of coated pit GO:0030132 The coat found on coated pits and the coated vesicles derived from coated pits; comprises clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex. GOC:mah Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, or to destinations within or outside the cell. secretory vesicle Golgi to vacuole transport vesicle Golgi-vacuole transport vesicle cellular_component GO:0030133 transport vesicle GO:0030133 Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, or to destinations within or outside the cell. GOC:mah A vesicle that mediates transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex; bears a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins; such vesicles found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state, and are involved in ER to Golgi (anterograde) vesicle transport. COPII-coated vesicle ER-Golgi transport vesicle endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport vesicle endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport vesicle cellular_component COPII vesicle GO:0030134 ER to Golgi transport vesicle GO:0030134 A vesicle that mediates transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex; bears a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins; such vesicles found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state, and are involved in ER to Golgi (anterograde) vesicle transport. GOC:mah PMID:11252894 Small membrane-bounded organelle formed by pinching off of a coated region of membrane. Some coats are made of clathrin, whereas others are made from other proteins. cellular_component GO:0030135 coated vesicle GO:0030135 Small membrane-bounded organelle formed by pinching off of a coated region of membrane. Some coats are made of clathrin, whereas others are made from other proteins. ISBN:0815316194 A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes. cellular_component GO:0030136 clathrin-coated vesicle GO:0030136 A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes. GOC:mah PMID:11252894 A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPI coat complex proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state, are involved in Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum (retrograde) vesicle transport, and possibly also in intra-Golgi transport. cellular_component coatomer GO:0030137 COPI-coated vesicle GO:0030137 A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPI coat complex proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state, are involved in Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum (retrograde) vesicle transport, and possibly also in intra-Golgi transport. GOC:mah PMID:11252894 A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. endocytotic transport vesicle endocytotic vesicle cellular_component GO:0030139 endocytic vesicle GO:0030139 A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. GOC:go_curators A vesicle that mediates transport between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell. TGN transport vesicle cellular_component GO:0030140 trans-Golgi network transport vesicle GO:0030140 A vesicle that mediates transport between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell. GOC:mah A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules. secretory vesicle cellular_component GO:0030141 secretory granule GO:0030141 A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules. GOC:mah ISBN:0198596732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). MetaCyc:PWY-5129 sphingolipid anabolism sphingolipid biosynthesis sphingolipid formation sphingolipid synthesis biological_process GO:0030148 sphingolipid biosynthetic process GO:0030148 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). sphingolipid breakdown sphingolipid catabolism sphingolipid degradation biological_process GO:0030149 sphingolipid catabolic process GO:0030149 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0030154 cell differentiation GO:0030154 The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. biological_process cell adhesion receptor regulator activity GO:0030155 regulation of cell adhesion GO:0030155 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). benzodiazepine receptor ligand molecular_function diazepam binding inhibitor activity GO:0030156 benzodiazepine receptor binding GO:0030156 Interacting selectively with the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). GOC:ceb GOC:mah PMID:9915832 Functions to provide a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein receptor signaling complex. receptor signaling complex scaffold protein activity receptor signalling complex scaffold activity molecular_function GO:0030159 receptor signaling complex scaffold activity GO:0030159 Functions to provide a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein receptor signaling complex. GOC:mah Functions as a physical support bridging the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-PSD-95-GKAP complex and the mGluR-Homer complex, which are involved in receptor signaling in synapses. GKAP/Homer scaffold protein postsynaptic density scaffold protein molecular_function GO:0030160 GKAP/Homer scaffold activity GO:0030160 Functions as a physical support bridging the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-PSD-95-GKAP complex and the mGluR-Homer complex, which are involved in receptor signaling in synapses. PMID:10506216 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. regulation of peptidolysis biological_process GO:0030162 regulation of proteolysis GO:0030162 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. protein breakdown protein catabolism protein degradation pheromone catabolic process (sensu Saccharomyces) pheromone catabolism (sensu Saccharomyces) biological_process GO:0030163 protein catabolic process GO:0030163 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. GOC:mah Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the Golgi complex membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. cellular_component Golgi integral membrane protein GO:0030173 integral to Golgi membrane GO:0030173 Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the Golgi complex membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. GOC:go_curators Thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone; usually approximately 0.1 um wide, 5-10 um long, can be up to 50 um long in axon growth cones; contains a loose bundle of about 20 actin filaments oriented with their plus ends pointing outward. Wikipedia:Filopodia microspike cellular_component GO:0030175 filopodium GO:0030175 Thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone; usually approximately 0.1 um wide, 5-10 um long, can be up to 50 um long in axon growth cones; contains a loose bundle of about 20 actin filaments oriented with their plus ends pointing outward. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. ER integral membrane protein integral to ER membrane cellular_component GO:0030176 integral to endoplasmic reticulum membrane GO:0030176 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity. positive regulation of Wnt receptor signalling pathway positive regulation of frizzled signaling pathway positive regulation of frizzled signalling pathway up regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway up regulation of frizzled signaling pathway up-regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway up-regulation of frizzled signaling pathway upregulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway upregulation of frizzled signaling pathway activation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activation of frizzled signaling pathway stimulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway stimulation of frizzled signaling pathway biological_process GO:0030177 positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway GO:0030177 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity. down regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway down regulation of frizzled signaling pathway down-regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway down-regulation of frizzled signaling pathway downregulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway downregulation of frizzled signaling pathway negative regulation of Wnt receptor signalling pathway negative regulation of frizzled signaling pathway negative regulation of frizzled signalling pathway inhibition of Wnt receptor signaling pathway inhibition of frizzled signaling pathway biological_process GO:0030178 negative regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway GO:0030178 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. biological_process GO:0030182 neuron differentiation GO:0030182 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. GOC:mah The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. B lymphocyte differentiation B-cell differentiation B-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0030183 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. B cell differentiation GO:0030183 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0030185 nitric oxide transport GO:0030185 The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with semaphorin receptors. plexin binding plexin ligand semaphorin receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0030215 semaphorin receptor binding GO:0030215 Interacting selectively with semaphorin receptors. GOC:ceb PMID:12001990 The process by which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. T cell development T lymphocyte differentiation T-cell development T-cell differentiation T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0030217 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. Note that the term 'thymocyte differentiation' was merged into this term because thymocytes are T cells, and thus the term was essentially redundant. T cell differentiation GO:0030217 The process by which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. GOC:jic GOC:mah GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil. eosinophil cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030222 eosinophil differentiation GO:0030222 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil. GOC:mah The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil. neutrophil cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030223 neutrophil differentiation GO:0030223 The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil. GOC:mah The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte. monocyte cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030224 monocyte differentiation GO:0030224 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte. GOC:mah The process whereby a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage. macrophage cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030225 macrophage differentiation GO:0030225 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Transcription factor complex that binds to the insulin control element (ICE), a DNA sequence element found within the 5'-flanking region of the insulin gene, and activates ICE-mediated transcription. ICE activator complex cellular_component GO:0030232 insulin control element activator complex GO:0030232 Transcription factor complex that binds to the insulin control element (ICE), a DNA sequence element found within the 5'-flanking region of the insulin gene, and activates ICE-mediated transcription. PMID:7935390 Modulates the activity of an enzyme. catalytic regulator activity enzyme modulator molecular_function GO:0030234 enzyme regulator activity GO:0030234 Modulates the activity of an enzyme. GOC:mah catalytic regulator activity GOC:dph Modulates the activity of nitric oxide synthase. nitric oxide synthase regulator activity molecular_function GO:0030235 nitric-oxide synthase regulator activity GO:0030235 Modulates the activity of nitric oxide synthase. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with any carbohydrate, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. molecular_function selectin GO:0030246 carbohydrate binding GO:0030246 Interacting selectively with any carbohydrate, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with any polysaccharide, a polymer of more than 20 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages. molecular_function GO:0030247 polysaccharide binding GO:0030247 Interacting selectively with any polysaccharide, a polymer of more than 20 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages. GOC:mah The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. biological_process GO:0030261 chromosome condensation GO:0030261 The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by the nucleus during apoptosis. biological_process GO:0030262 apoptotic nuclear changes GO:0030262 The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by the nucleus during apoptosis. GOC:mah The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis. pyknosis biological_process GO:0030263 apoptotic chromosome condensation GO:0030263 The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis. GOC:mah The breakdown of the nucleus into small membrane-bounded compartments, or blebs, each of which contain compacted DNA. apoptotic nuclear fragmentation nucleus fragmentation biological_process GO:0030264 nuclear fragmentation during apoptosis GO:0030264 The breakdown of the nucleus into small membrane-bounded compartments, or blebs, each of which contain compacted DNA. GOC:mah ISBN:0721639976 Combining with the cyclic peptide hormone melanin-concentrating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. MCH receptor molecular_function GO:0030273 melanin-concentrating hormone receptor activity GO:0030273 Combining with the cyclic peptide hormone melanin-concentrating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with a LRR domain (leucine rich repeats) of a protein. molecular_function GO:0030275 LRR domain binding GO:0030275 Interacting selectively with a LRR domain (leucine rich repeats) of a protein. GOC:go_curators Pfam:PF00560 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a synaptic vesicle membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. cellular_component GO:0030285 integral to synaptic vesicle membrane GO:0030285 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a synaptic vesicle membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. GOC:go_curators Any of several large complexes that contain two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and have microtubule motor activity. cellular_component GO:0030286 dynein complex GO:0030286 Any of several large complexes that contain two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and have microtubule motor activity. ISBN:0815316194 The region between the inner (cytoplasmic or plasma) membrane and outer membrane of organisms with two membranes such as Gram negative bacteria. These periplasmic spaces are relatively thick and contain a thin cell wall. Wikipedia:Periplasmic_space outer membrane bounded periplasmic space outer membrane-enclosed periplasmic space periplasmic space (sensu Gram-negative Bacteria) periplasmic space (sensu Proteobacteria) cellular_component GO:0030288 outer membrane-bounded periplasmic space GO:0030288 The region between the inner (cytoplasmic or plasma) membrane and outer membrane of organisms with two membranes such as Gram negative bacteria. These periplasmic spaces are relatively thick and contain a thin cell wall. GOC:mlg GOC:mtg_sensu Any of a group of peptide cofactors of enzymes for the lysosomal degradation of sphingolipids. They stimulate various enzymes, including glucosylceramidase, galactosylceramidase, cerebroside-sulfatase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, and sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase. saposin molecular_function GO:0030290 sphingolipid activator protein activity GO:0030290 Any of a group of peptide cofactors of enzymes for the lysosomal degradation of sphingolipids. They stimulate various enzymes, including glucosylceramidase, galactosylceramidase, cerebroside-sulfatase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, and sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase. ISBN:0198506732 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase. molecular_function GO:0030291 protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity GO:0030291 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase. GOC:mah Increases the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein. molecular_function GO:0030295 protein kinase activator activity GO:0030295 Increases the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth. up regulation of cell growth up-regulation of cell growth upregulation of cell growth activation of cell growth stimulation of cell growth biological_process GO:0030307 positive regulation of cell growth GO:0030307 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth. Reactome:110491 down regulation of cell growth down-regulation of cell growth downregulation of cell growth inhibition of cell growth biological_process GO:0030308 negative regulation of cell growth GO:0030308 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth. GOC:go_curators A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell. cellular_component GO:0030312 external encapsulating structure GO:0030312 A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell. GOC:go_curators Complex formed in muscle cells between the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and invaginations of the plasma membrane (T-tubules). triad junction cellular_component GO:0030314 junctional membrane complex GO:0030314 Complex formed in muscle cells between the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and invaginations of the plasma membrane (T-tubules). PMID:11535622 Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. Wikipedia:T-tubule transverse tubule cellular_component triad GO:0030315 T-tubule GO:0030315 Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0815316194 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a osteoclast cell. osteoclast cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030316 osteoclast differentiation GO:0030316 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a osteoclast cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12161749 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. biological_process GO:0030334 regulation of cell migration GO:0030334 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. up regulation of cell migration up-regulation of cell migration upregulation of cell migration activation of cell migration stimulation of cell migration biological_process GO:0030335 positive regulation of cell migration GO:0030335 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. down regulation of cell migration down-regulation of cell migration downregulation of cell migration inhibition of cell migration biological_process GO:0030336 negative regulation of cell migration GO:0030336 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-2. molecular_function GO:0030347 syntaxin-2 binding GO:0030347 Interacting selectively with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-2. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-3. molecular_function GO:0030348 syntaxin-3 binding GO:0030348 Interacting selectively with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-3. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-13. molecular_function GO:0030349 syntaxin-13 binding GO:0030349 Interacting selectively with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-13. GOC:ai Interacts with the fibroblast growth factor receptor to reduce the action of another ligand, the agonist. FGF receptor antagonist activity FGFR antagonist activity molecular_function GO:0030353 fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist activity GO:0030353 Interacts with the fibroblast growth factor receptor to reduce the action of another ligand, the agonist. GOC:mah The action characteristic of melanin-concentrating hormone, a cyclic peptide hormone that, upon receptor binding, induces melanin aggregation in melanocytes, and is also involved in regulating food intake and energy balance in mammals. molecular_function GO:0030354 melanin-concentrating hormone activity GO:0030354 The action characteristic of melanin-concentrating hormone, a cyclic peptide hormone that, upon receptor binding, induces melanin aggregation in melanocytes, and is also involved in regulating food intake and energy balance in mammals. GOC:mah PMID:11416225 PMID:9792536 Combining with interleukin-17 to initiate a change in cell activity. Wikipedia:Interleukin-17_receptor IL-17 receptor activity IL-17R molecular_function GO:0030368 interleukin-17 receptor activity GO:0030368 Combining with interleukin-17 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-17 receptor activity GOC:mah Combining with ICAM-3, intercellular adhesion molecule 3, to initiate a change in cell activity. ICAM-3, or CD50, are constitutively expressed on monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes; on physiological stimulation, they become transiently phosphorylated on serine residues. molecular_function GO:0030369 ICAM-3 receptor activity GO:0030369 Combining with ICAM-3, intercellular adhesion molecule 3, to initiate a change in cell activity. ICAM-3, or CD50, are constitutively expressed on monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes; on physiological stimulation, they become transiently phosphorylated on serine residues. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with the high molecular weight B cell growth factor receptor. high molecular weight B lymphocyte growth factor receptor binding high molecular weight B-cell growth factor receptor binding high molecular weight B-lymphocyte growth factor receptor binding high molecular weight B cell growth factor receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0030372 high molecular weight B cell growth factor receptor binding GO:0030372 Interacting selectively with the high molecular weight B cell growth factor receptor. GOC:ai neurotensin receptor activity, non G protein coupled non G protein coupled neurotensin receptor activity non-G-protein coupled neurotensin receptor activity non-G-protein-coupled neurotensin receptor activity molecular_function GO:0030379 neurotensin receptor activity, non-G-protein coupled GO:0030379 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-17E receptor. IL-17E interleukin-17E receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0030380 interleukin-17E receptor binding GO:0030380 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-17E receptor. GOC:ai The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. Wikipedia:Axon cellular_component GO:0030424 axon GO:0030424 The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. GOC:nln ISBN:0198506732 A branching protoplasmic process of a neuron that receive and integrate signals coming from axons of other neurons, and convey the resulting signal to the body of the cell. Wikipedia:Dendrite cellular_component GO:0030425 dendrite GO:0030425 A branching protoplasmic process of a neuron that receive and integrate signals coming from axons of other neurons, and convey the resulting signal to the body of the cell. GOC:nln ISBN:0198506732 The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite. Wikipedia:Growth_cone cellular_component GO:0030426 growth cone GO:0030426 The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite. ISBN:0815316194 Any part of a cell where non-isotropic growth takes place. site of polarized growth (sensu Fungi) site of polarized growth (sensu Saccharomyces) cellular_component GO:0030427 site of polarized growth GO:0030427 Any part of a cell where non-isotropic growth takes place. GOC:mah Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine. EC:3.7.1.3 MetaCyc:KYNURENINASE-RXN Reactome:23316 L-kynurenine hydrolase activity kynurenine hydrolase activity l-kynurenine hydrolase activity molecular_function GO:0030429 kynureninase activity GO:0030429 Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine. EC:3.7.1.3 L-kynurenine hydrolase activity EC:3.7.1.3 kynurenine hydrolase activity EC:3.7.1.3 l-kynurenine hydrolase activity EC:3.7.1.3 Any process by which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain. biological_process diapause dormancy lethargus GO:0030431 sleep GO:0030431 Any process by which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain. ISBN:0192800981 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation. biological_process GO:0030449 regulation of complement activation GO:0030449 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation. GOC:go_curators Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. actin cap (sensu Fungi) actin cap (sensu Saccharomyces) cellular_component GO:0030478 actin cap GO:0030478 Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. GOC:mah ISBN:10652251 A long bundle of actin filaments, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, found in cells. actin cable (sensu Fungi) actin cable (sensu Saccharomyces) cellular_component GO:0030482 actin cable GO:0030482 A long bundle of actin filaments, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, found in cells. ISBN:0879693649 The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells. smooth muscle fiber smooth muscle fibre cellular_component GO:0030485 smooth muscle contractile fiber GO:0030485 The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells. GOC:mah A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis. Wikipedia:Midbody_(cell_biology) cellular_component GO:0030496 midbody GO:0030496 A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis. ISBN:0815316194 A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor. BMP signalling pathway bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway biological_process BMP receptor signaling pathway GO:0030509 BMP signaling pathway GO:0030509 A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor. ISBN:0878932437 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any BMP receptor signaling pathway. regulation of BMP signalling pathway regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway biological_process regulation of BMP receptor signaling pathway GO:0030510 regulation of BMP signaling pathway GO:0030510 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any BMP receptor signaling pathway. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity. positive regulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway up regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway up-regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway upregulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway activation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway stimulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0030511 positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway GO:0030511 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway. Reactome:173481 Reactome:173512 Reactome:209023 Reactome:211004 Reactome:218684 Reactome:220848 Reactome:235817 Reactome:237538 down regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway down-regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway downregulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway inhibition of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0030512 negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway GO:0030512 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity. positive regulation of BMP signalling pathway positive regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway positive regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway up regulation of BMP signaling pathway up-regulation of BMP signaling pathway upregulation of BMP signaling pathway activation of BMP signaling pathway stimulation of BMP signaling pathway biological_process positive regulation of BMP receptor signaling pathway GO:0030513 positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway GO:0030513 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity. down regulation of BMP signaling pathway down-regulation of BMP signaling pathway downregulation of BMP signaling pathway negative regulation of BMP signalling pathway negative regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway negative regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway inhibition of BMP signaling pathway biological_process negative regulation of BMP receptor signaling pathway GO:0030514 negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway GO:0030514 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension. biological_process GO:0030516 regulation of axon extension GO:0030516 Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth. down regulation of axon extension down-regulation of axon extension downregulation of axon extension inhibition of axon extension biological_process GO:0030517 negative regulation of axon extension GO:0030517 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth. GOC:mah The heterodimeric receptor for granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. cellular_component GO:0030526 granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor complex GO:0030526 The heterodimeric receptor for granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. GOC:mah Plays a role in regulating transcription; may bind a promoter or enhancer DNA sequence or interact with a DNA-binding transcription factor. transcriptional regulator activity molecular_function GO:0030528 transcription regulator activity GO:0030528 Plays a role in regulating transcription; may bind a promoter or enhancer DNA sequence or interact with a DNA-binding transcription factor. GOC:mah A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules. Wikipedia:Ribonucleoprotein RNA-protein complex RNP protein-RNA complex ribonucleoprotein cellular_component GO:0030529 ribonucleoprotein complex GO:0030529 A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules. GOC:krc Particulate complex of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA; a heterogeneous mixture of RNA molecules of high Mr with a rapid turnover rate that occurs in cell nuclei during protein synthesis; it is the form of RNA synthesized in eukaryotes by RNA polymerase II, that which is translated into protein) with protein, which is cell-specific and heterogeneous. The protein component may play a role in the processing of the hnRNA to mRNA. Wikipedia:Heterogeneous_ribonucleoprotein_particle heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP cellular_component GO:0030530 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex GO:0030530 Particulate complex of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA; a heterogeneous mixture of RNA molecules of high Mr with a rapid turnover rate that occurs in cell nuclei during protein synthesis; it is the form of RNA synthesized in eukaryotes by RNA polymerase II, that which is translated into protein) with protein, which is cell-specific and heterogeneous. The protein component may play a role in the processing of the hnRNA to mRNA. ISBN:0198506732 A complex composed of RNA of the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) class and protein, found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. These are typically named after the snRNA(s) they contain, e.g. U1 snRNP or U4/U6 snRNP. Many, but not all, of these complexes are involved in splicing of nuclear mRNAs. Wikipedia:SnRNP small nuclear ribonucleoprotein snRNP cellular_component GO:0030532 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex GO:0030532 A complex composed of RNA of the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) class and protein, found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. These are typically named after the snRNA(s) they contain, e.g. U1 snRNP or U4/U6 snRNP. Many, but not all, of these complexes are involved in splicing of nuclear mRNAs. GOC:krc GOC:mah ISBN:0879695897 Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. adult behavioral response to stimulus adult behaviour adult behavioural response to stimulus adult behavior (sensu Insecta) biological_process GO:0030534 adult behavior GO:0030534 Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. GOC:mah ISBN:0877797099 The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is changed. molecular_function GO:0030545 receptor regulator activity GO:0030545 The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is changed. GOC:ceb The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased. molecular_function GO:0030546 receptor activator activity GO:0030546 The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased. GOC:ceb The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is decreased. molecular_function GO:0030547 receptor inhibitor activity GO:0030547 The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is decreased. GOC:ceb Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is changed. molecular_function GO:0030548 acetylcholine receptor regulator activity GO:0030548 Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is changed. GOC:mah Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased. molecular_function GO:0030549 acetylcholine receptor activator activity GO:0030549 Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased. GOC:mah Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is decreased. molecular_function GO:0030550 acetylcholine receptor inhibitor activity GO:0030550 Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is decreased. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of SMAD signaling proteins by ubiquitination and targeting to the proteasome. ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein breakdown ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein catabolism ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein degradation biological_process GO:0030579 ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein catabolic process GO:0030579 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of SMAD signaling proteins by ubiquitination and targeting to the proteasome. GOC:go_curators The directed movement of a symbiont's proteins within a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. host cell protein transport biological_process GO:0030581 intracellular protein transport in host GO:0030581 The directed movement of a symbiont's proteins within a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mb The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. biological_process GO:0030593 neutrophil chemotaxis GO:0030593 The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Combining with a neurotransmitter to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0030594 neurotransmitter receptor activity GO:0030594 Combining with a neurotransmitter to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus. immune cell chemotaxis leucocyte chemotaxis biological_process GO:0030595 leukocyte chemotaxis GO:0030595 The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus. GOC:add GOC:jl A TGF-beta cytoplasmic mediator that inhibits the signaling function of common-partner and pathway-specific mediators. TGF-beta receptor, inhibitory cytoplasmic mediator activity TGFbeta receptor, inhibitory cytoplasmic mediator activity molecular_function inhibitory SMAD protein GO:0030617 transforming growth factor beta receptor, inhibitory cytoplasmic mediator activity GO:0030617 A TGF-beta cytoplasmic mediator that inhibits the signaling function of common-partner and pathway-specific mediators. PMID:9759503 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. cellular hydrogen ion homeostasis proton homeostasis biological_process GO:0030641 regulation of cellular pH GO:0030641 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb cellular hydrogen ion homeostasis GOC:dph GOC:tb The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle. secretory vesicle membrane cellular_component GO:0030658 transport vesicle membrane GO:0030658 The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. cellular_component GO:0030659 cytoplasmic vesicle membrane GO:0030659 The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus. cellular_component Golgi vesicle membrane GO:0030660 Golgi-associated vesicle membrane GO:0030660 The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a coated vesicle. cellular_component GO:0030662 coated vesicle membrane GO:0030662 The lipid bilayer surrounding a coated vesicle. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle. cellular_component GO:0030665 clathrin coated vesicle membrane GO:0030665 The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding an endocytic vesicle. cellular_component GO:0030666 endocytic vesicle membrane GO:0030666 The lipid bilayer surrounding an endocytic vesicle. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule. secretory vesicle membrane cellular_component GO:0030667 secretory granule membrane GO:0030667 The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle. cellular_component GO:0030669 clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane GO:0030669 The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle. cellular_component GO:0030670 phagocytic vesicle membrane GO:0030670 The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle. cellular_component GO:0030672 synaptic vesicle membrane GO:0030672 The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle. GOC:mah The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness. Wikipedia:Axolemma cellular_component GO:0030673 axolemma GO:0030673 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness. ISBN:0124325653 http://www.medik.sk/clanky/bio_jun.htm Interacting selectively with two or more protein molecules, or a protein and another macromolecule or complex, simultaneously, thereby physically linking the bound proteins or complexes to each other. molecular_function protein-protein adaptor GO:0030674 protein binding, bridging GO:0030674 Interacting selectively with two or more protein molecules, or a protein and another macromolecule or complex, simultaneously, thereby physically linking the bound proteins or complexes to each other. GOC:mah Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Rac family. Rac GAP activity molecular_function GO:0030675 Rac GTPase activator activity GO:0030675 Increases the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase of the Rac family. GOC:mah Rac GAP activity GOC:pg Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides by a GTPase of the Rac family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. molecular_function GO:0030676 Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity GO:0030676 Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides by a GTPase of the Rac family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase. GOC:mah A ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes cleavage of the leader sequence of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs), generating the mature 5' end of tRNAs. RNase P complex cellular_component GO:0030677 Note that chloroplasts possess a complex that is called 'RNase P' because it catalyzes pre-tRNA cleavage, but the chloroplast complex appears not to contain RNA. ribonuclease P complex GO:0030677 A ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes cleavage of the leader sequence of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs), generating the mature 5' end of tRNAs. GOC:mah PMID:12045094 A ribonuclease P complex that generally contains a single RNA molecule and several protein molecules. multimeric RNase P complex RNase P complex (sensu Archaea) ribonuclease P complex (sensu Archaea cellular_component GO:0030681 multimeric ribonuclease P complex GO:0030681 A ribonuclease P complex that generally contains a single RNA molecule and several protein molecules. GOC:mah PMID:11142368 PMID:12045094 Any complex of pre-rRNAs, ribosomal proteins, and associated proteins formed during ribosome biogenesis. cellular_component GO:0030684 preribosome GO:0030684 Any complex of pre-rRNAs, ribosomal proteins, and associated proteins formed during ribosome biogenesis. PMID:10567516 A preribosomal complex consisting of 20S pre-rRNA, ribosomal proteins including late-associating small subunit proteins, and associated proteins; a precursor of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic small ribosomal subunit. 43S preribosome cellular_component GO:0030688 Note that this complex is 43S in Saccharomyces. preribosome, small subunit precursor GO:0030688 A preribosomal complex consisting of 20S pre-rRNA, ribosomal proteins including late-associating small subunit proteins, and associated proteins; a precursor of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic small ribosomal subunit. PMID:10567516 Any of several heterodimers containing one or two Noc proteins, associated with preribosomal complexes; involved in ribosome biogenesis. cellular_component GO:0030689 Note that the definition uses Saccharomyces gene product names because this complex has only been described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and no other names have yet arisen; the term nevertheless can be used for analogous complexes in other eukaryotes, and the definition can be changed if better wording is found. Noc complex GO:0030689 Any of several heterodimers containing one or two Noc proteins, associated with preribosomal complexes; involved in ribosome biogenesis. PMID:12446671 A heterodimer associated with 90S and 66S preribosomes in the nucleolus; involved in ribosomal large subunit biogenesis. cellular_component GO:0030690 Note that the term name uses Saccharomyces gene product names because no other names have yet arisen for this complex; the term nevertheless can be used for analogous complexes in other eukaryotes, and the name can be changed if better wording is found. Noc1p-Noc2p complex GO:0030690 A heterodimer associated with 90S and 66S preribosomes in the nucleolus; involved in ribosomal large subunit biogenesis. PMID:12446671 Modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. molecular_function GO:0030695 GTPase regulator activity GO:0030695 Modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. GOC:mah The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal elements such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell. biological_process GO:0030705 cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport GO:0030705 The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal elements such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic nucleotides. regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism biological_process GO:0030799 regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process GO:0030799 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic nucleotides. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic nucleotides. positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism up regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process up-regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process upregulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process activation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process stimulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process biological_process GO:0030801 positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process GO:0030801 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic nucleotides. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides. regulation of nucleotide anabolism regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis regulation of nucleotide formation regulation of nucleotide synthesis biological_process GO:0030808 regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process GO:0030808 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides. GOC:mah Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome. Wikipedia:Autosome cellular_component GO:0030849 Note that this term is mainly relevant in organisms that have both sex chromosomes and non-sex-determining chromosomes in an individual organism. autosome GO:0030849 Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome. GOC:mah The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils. granulocyte cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030851 granulocyte differentiation GO:0030851 The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils. GOC:ecd http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~g864204/dict-search1.htm Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0030852 regulation of granulocyte differentiation GO:0030852 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation. down regulation of granulocyte differentiation down-regulation of granulocyte differentiation downregulation of granulocyte differentiation inhibition of granulocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0030853 negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation GO:0030853 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation. up regulation of granulocyte differentiation up-regulation of granulocyte differentiation upregulation of granulocyte differentiation activation of granulocyte differentiation stimulation of granulocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0030854 positive regulation of granulocyte differentiation GO:0030854 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation. GOC:mah The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. biological_process GO:0030855 epithelial cell differentiation GO:0030855 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. GOC:ecd PMID:11839751 The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0030863 cortical cytoskeleton GO:0030863 The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. GOC:mah The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0030864 cortical actin cytoskeleton GO:0030864 The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum. rough ER membrane cellular_component GO:0030867 rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane GO:0030867 The lipid bilayer surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. smooth ER membrane cellular_component GO:0030868 smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane GO:0030868 The lipid bilayer surrounding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. GOC:mah Trimeric protein complex that possesses endonuclease activity; involved in DNA repair and checkpoint signaling. In Saccharomyces the complex comprises Mre11p, Rad50p, and Xrs2p; complexes identified in other species generally contain proteins related to the Saccharomyces proteins. MRN complex MRX complex RMX complex Rad50 complex Rad50-Rad32-Nbs1 complex cellular_component GO:0030870 Mre11 complex GO:0030870 Trimeric protein complex that possesses endonuclease activity; involved in DNA repair and checkpoint signaling. In Saccharomyces the complex comprises Mre11p, Rad50p, and Xrs2p; complexes identified in other species generally contain proteins related to the Saccharomyces proteins. GOC:mah PMID:11988766 The portion of nuclear chromatin associated with the nucleolus; includes the DNA encoding the ribosomal RNA. cellular_component GO:0030874 nucleolar chromatin GO:0030874 The portion of nuclear chromatin associated with the nucleolus; includes the DNA encoding the ribosomal RNA. GOC:mah A cytoplasmic protein complex containing glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3-beta), the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), and the scaffolding protein axin, among others; phosphorylates beta-catenin, targets it for degradation by the proteasome. beta-catenin degradation complex cellular_component GO:0030877 beta-catenin destruction complex GO:0030877 A cytoplasmic protein complex containing glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3-beta), the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), and the scaffolding protein axin, among others; phosphorylates beta-catenin, targets it for degradation by the proteasome. PMID:14600025 Any complex that possesses RNA polymerase activity; generally comprises a catalytic subunit and one or more additional subunits. multisubunit RNA polymerase cellular_component GO:0030880 RNA polymerase complex GO:0030880 Any complex that possesses RNA polymerase activity; generally comprises a catalytic subunit and one or more additional subunits. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with beta-2-microglobulin. molecular_function GO:0030881 beta-2-microglobulin binding GO:0030881 Interacting selectively with beta-2-microglobulin. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with a lipid antigen. molecular_function GO:0030882 lipid antigen binding GO:0030882 Interacting selectively with a lipid antigen. PMID:14500461 Interacting selectively with an endogenous cellular lipid antigen. molecular_function GO:0030883 endogenous lipid antigen binding GO:0030883 Interacting selectively with an endogenous cellular lipid antigen. PMID:14500461 Interacting selectively with an exogenous lipid antigen (examples include microbial lipids and glycolipids). molecular_function GO:0030884 exogenous lipid antigen binding GO:0030884 Interacting selectively with an exogenous lipid antigen (examples include microbial lipids and glycolipids). PMID:14500461 Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation. biological_process GO:0030885 regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation GO:0030885 Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell activation. down regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation down-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation downregulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation inhibition of myeloid dendritic cell activation biological_process GO:0030886 negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation GO:0030886 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell activation. GOC:mah Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation. up regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation up-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation upregulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation activation of myeloid dendritic cell activation stimulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation biological_process GO:0030887 positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation GO:0030887 Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell proliferation. regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation regulation of B-cell proliferation regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0030888 regulation of B cell proliferation GO:0030888 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell proliferation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. down regulation of B cell proliferation down-regulation of B cell proliferation downregulation of B cell proliferation negative regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation negative regulation of B-cell proliferation negative regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferation inhibition of B cell proliferation biological_process GO:0030889 negative regulation of B cell proliferation GO:0030889 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. positive regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation positive regulation of B-cell proliferation positive regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferation up regulation of B cell proliferation up-regulation of B cell proliferation upregulation of B cell proliferation activation of B cell proliferation stimulation of B cell proliferation biological_process GO:0030890 positive regulation of B cell proliferation GO:0030890 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. GOC:mah A protein complex that possesses ubiquitin ligase activity; the complex is usually pentameric; for example, in mammals the subunits are pVHL, elongin B, elongin C, cullin-2 (Cul2), and Rbx1. VHL complex pVHL-elongin C-elongin B complex von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor complex cellular_component GO:0030891 VCB complex GO:0030891 A protein complex that possesses ubiquitin ligase activity; the complex is usually pentameric; for example, in mammals the subunits are pVHL, elongin B, elongin C, cullin-2 (Cul2), and Rbx1. GOC:mah PMID:11865071 A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the meiotic cohesin complex. cellular_component GO:0030892 mitotic cohesin complex GO:0030892 A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the meiotic cohesin complex. GOC:mah PMID:12750522 A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the mitotic cohesin complex. cellular_component GO:0030893 meiotic cohesin complex GO:0030893 A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the mitotic cohesin complex. GOC:mah PMID:12750522 Protein complex that mediates editing of the mRNA encoding apolipoprotein B; catalyzes the deamination of C to U (residue 6666 in the human mRNA). Contains a catalytic subunit, APOBEC-1, and other proteins (e.g. human ASP; rat ASP and KSRP). APOBEC apoB mRNA editing enzyme complex cellular_component GO:0030895 apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme complex GO:0030895 Protein complex that mediates editing of the mRNA encoding apolipoprotein B; catalyzes the deamination of C to U (residue 6666 in the human mRNA). Contains a catalytic subunit, APOBEC-1, and other proteins (e.g. human ASP; rat ASP and KSRP). PMID:10781591 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). prosencephalon development biological_process GO:0030900 forebrain development GO:0030900 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=forebrain The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles). mesencephalon development biological_process GO:0030901 midbrain development GO:0030901 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles). http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=midbrain The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium). rhombencephalon development biological_process GO:0030902 hindbrain development GO:0030902 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium). http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=hindbrain The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. biological_process GO:0030903 notochord development GO:0030903 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. GOC:dgh A conserved multimeric membrane-associated complex involved in retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. For example, the budding yeast retromer comprises Vps35p, Vps29p, Vps26p, Vps5p, and Vps17p. cellular_component GO:0030904 retromer complex GO:0030904 A conserved multimeric membrane-associated complex involved in retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. For example, the budding yeast retromer comprises Vps35p, Vps29p, Vps26p, Vps5p, and Vps17p. PMID:9700157 The formation of a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. biological_process GO:0030910 olfactory placode formation GO:0030910 The formation of a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. MHB development isthmic organizer development isthmomesencephalic boundary development isthmus development midbrain-hindbrain orgainizer development biological_process GO:0030917 midbrain-hindbrain boundary development GO:0030917 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. GOC:dgh Any collagen polymer which links one collagen assembly, such as a collagen fibril or sheet, to other structures. connecting collagen linking collagen cellular_component GO:0030934 anchoring collagen GO:0030934 Any collagen polymer which links one collagen assembly, such as a collagen fibril or sheet, to other structures. ISBN:0721639976 connecting collagen ISBN:0721639976 linking collagen ISBN:0721639976 Any collagen polymer in which collagen triple helices associate to form sheet-like networks. network-forming collagen cellular_component GO:0030935 sheet-forming collagen GO:0030935 Any collagen polymer in which collagen triple helices associate to form sheet-like networks. ISBN:0721639976 network-forming collagen ISBN:0815316194 Any collagen polymer that passes through a lipid bilayer membrane. MACIT cellular_component GO:0030936 transmembrane collagen GO:0030936 Any collagen polymer that passes through a lipid bilayer membrane. ISBN:0721639976 MACIT ISBN:0198599587 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XVIII) chains. cellular_component GO:0030938 collagen type XVIII GO:0030938 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XVIII) chains. ISBN:0721639976 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. regulation of VEGF receptor signaling pathway regulation of VEGF receptor signalling pathway regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0030947 regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0030947 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. GOC:dgh Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. down regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of VEGF receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of VEGF receptor signalling pathway negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling pathway inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0030948 negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0030948 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. GOC:dgh Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. positive regulation of VEGF receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of VEGF receptor signalling pathway positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling pathway up regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0030949 positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0030949 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. GOC:dgh Interacting selectively with Tat, a viral transactivating regulatory protein from the human immunodeficiency virus, or the equivalent protein from another virus. molecular_function GO:0030957 Tat protein binding GO:0030957 Interacting selectively with Tat, a viral transactivating regulatory protein from the human immunodeficiency virus, or the equivalent protein from another virus. GOC:mah PMID:9094689 An integral membrane complex that possesses NADH oxidoreductase activity. The complex is one of the components of the electron transport chain. It catalyses the transfer of a pair of electrons from NADH to a quinone. Wikipedia:NADH_dehydrogenase Complex I NADH dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone) NADH dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone) (sensu Cyanobacteria) NADH dehydrogenase complex (quinone) (sensu Bacteria) NADH dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) (sensu Bacteria) NADH:plastoquinone reductase complex plastid NADH dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone) cellular_component GO:0030964 NADH dehydrogenase complex GO:0030964 An integral membrane complex that possesses NADH oxidoreductase activity. The complex is one of the components of the electron transport chain. It catalyses the transfer of a pair of electrons from NADH to a quinone. GOC:mah The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation. ER unfolded protein response erUPR biological_process SREBP-mediated signalling pathway GO:0030968 endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response GO:0030968 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation. GOC:mah PMID:12042763 Interacting selectively with taurine. molecular_function GO:0030977 taurine binding GO:0030977 Interacting selectively with taurine. GOC:mlg The portion of the microtubule cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0030981 cortical microtubule cytoskeleton GO:0030981 The portion of the microtubule cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them. biological_process GO:0031000 response to caffeine GO:0031000 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them. CHEBI:27732 GOC:ef GOC:mah A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as in plants). Wikipedia:Extracellular_matrix cellular_component GO:0031012 extracellular matrix GO:0031012 A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as in plants). GOC:mah A microtubule organizing center found in interphase cells, which organize a longitudinal array of three to five MT bundles from the nuclear envelope during interphase. Each MT bundle is composed of two to seven MTs arranged in an antiparallel configuration, with the dynamic MT plus ends extending toward the cell tips and stable minus ends near the nucleus. iMTOC interphase MTOC interphase microtubule organising center cellular_component GO:0031021 interphase microtubule organizing center GO:0031021 A microtubule organizing center found in interphase cells, which organize a longitudinal array of three to five MT bundles from the nuclear envelope during interphase. Each MT bundle is composed of two to seven MTs arranged in an antiparallel configuration, with the dynamic MT plus ends extending toward the cell tips and stable minus ends near the nucleus. PMID:15068790 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone. biological_process GO:0031056 regulation of histone modification GO:0031056 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone. down regulation of histone modification down-regulation of histone modification downregulation of histone modification inhibition of histone modification biological_process GO:0031057 negative regulation of histone modification GO:0031057 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone. GOC:mah The process by which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0031069 hair follicle morphogenesis GO:0031069 The process by which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized. GOC:ln Any complex that acts to move proteins or RNAs into or out of the nucleus through nuclear pores. cellular_component GO:0031074 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling complex GO:0031074 Any complex that acts to move proteins or RNAs into or out of the nucleus through nuclear pores. GOC:mah The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. embryonic eye development embryonic eye development (sensu Actinopterygii) biological_process GO:0031076 embryonic camera-type eye development GO:0031076 The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_sensu The process occurring during the post-embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. post-embryonic camera-style eye development post-embryonic eye development (sensu Actinopterygii) biological_process GO:0031077 post-embryonic camera-type eye development GO:0031077 The process occurring during the post-embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_sensu The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense granule. cellular_component GO:0031088 platelet dense granule membrane GO:0031088 The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense granule. GOC:mah The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet dense granule. cellular_component GO:0031089 platelet dense granule lumen GO:0031089 The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet dense granule. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle. cellular_component GO:0031090 organelle membrane GO:0031090 The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle. GOC:mah A secretory organelle found in blood platelets, which is unique in that it exhibits further compartmentalization and acquires its protein content via two distinct mechanisms: (1) biosynthesis predominantly at the megakaryocyte (MK) level (with some vestigial platelet synthesis) (e.g. platelet factor 4) and (2) endocytosis and pinocytosis at both the MK and circulating platelet levels (e.g. fibrinogen (Fg) and IgG). Wikipedia:Platelet_alpha-granule platelet alpha-granule cellular_component GO:0031091 platelet alpha granule GO:0031091 A secretory organelle found in blood platelets, which is unique in that it exhibits further compartmentalization and acquires its protein content via two distinct mechanisms: (1) biosynthesis predominantly at the megakaryocyte (MK) level (with some vestigial platelet synthesis) (e.g. platelet factor 4) and (2) endocytosis and pinocytosis at both the MK and circulating platelet levels (e.g. fibrinogen (Fg) and IgG). PMID:8467233 The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet alpha granule. platelet alpha-granule membrane cellular_component GO:0031092 platelet alpha granule membrane GO:0031092 The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet alpha granule. GOC:mah PMID:8467233 The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet alpha granule. platelet alpha-granule lumen cellular_component GO:0031093 platelet alpha granule lumen GO:0031093 The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet alpha granule. GOC:mah PMID:8467233 A network of membrane-bounded compartments found in blood platelets, where they regulate platelet activation by sequestering or releasing calcium. The dense tubular network exists as thin elongated membranes in resting platelets, and undergoes a major ultrastructural change, to a rounded vesicular form, upon addition of thrombin. cellular_component GO:0031094 platelet dense tubular network GO:0031094 A network of membrane-bounded compartments found in blood platelets, where they regulate platelet activation by sequestering or releasing calcium. The dense tubular network exists as thin elongated membranes in resting platelets, and undergoes a major ultrastructural change, to a rounded vesicular form, upon addition of thrombin. PMID:1322202 The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense tubular network. cellular_component GO:0031095 platelet dense tubular network membrane GO:0031095 The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense tubular network. GOC:mah PMID:1322202 A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals. SAPK signaling pathway SAPK signalling pathway stress-activated protein kinase signalling pathway JNK signaling pathway JNK signalling pathway biological_process GO:0031098 stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway GO:0031098 A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals. GOC:mah The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. biological_process GO:0031099 regeneration GO:0031099 The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. GOC:mah The regrowth of a lost or destroyed organ. biological_process GO:0031100 organ regeneration GO:0031100 The regrowth of a lost or destroyed organ. GOC:mah The regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage. biological_process GO:0031102 neurite regeneration GO:0031102 The regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage. GOC:dgh The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage. biological_process GO:0031103 axon regeneration GO:0031103 The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage. GOC:dgh Any of several heterooligomeric complexes containing multiple septins. cellular_component GO:0031105 septin complex GO:0031105 Any of several heterooligomeric complexes containing multiple septins. GOC:mah PMID:15385632 Signaling at short range between cells or tissues of different ancestry and developmental potential that results in one cell or tissue effecting a developmental change in the other. biological_process GO:0031128 induction GO:0031128 Signaling at short range between cells or tissues of different ancestry and developmental potential that results in one cell or tissue effecting a developmental change in the other. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon growth such that the correct diameter is attained and maintained. biological_process GO:0031133 regulation of axon diameter GO:0031133 Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon growth such that the correct diameter is attained and maintained. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding. Wikipedia:Pseudopod pseudopod cellular_component GO:0031143 pseudopodium GO:0031143 A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding. ISBN:0198506732 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites. neurite biosynthesis neurite formation neurite growth biological_process GO:0031175 neurite development GO:0031175 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites. GOC:mah A protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. One well-characterized example is the neuronal SNARE complex formed of synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin 1a, and SNAP-25. cellular_component GO:0031201 SNARE complex GO:0031201 A protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. One well-characterized example is the neuronal SNARE complex formed of synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin 1a, and SNAP-25. PMID:10872468 A chromatin remodeling complex that mediates nucleosome deposition and generates regularly spaced nucleosome arrays. In humans, the complex is composed of the ATPase hSNF2H and the HBXAP protein (RSF-1). remodeling and spacing factor complex cellular_component GO:0031213 RSF complex GO:0031213 A chromatin remodeling complex that mediates nucleosome deposition and generates regularly spaced nucleosome arrays. In humans, the complex is composed of the ATPase hSNF2H and the HBXAP protein (RSF-1). PMID:12972596 Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation. biomineralization mineralization biological_process GO:0031214 biomineral formation GO:0031214 Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation. PMID:15132736 The actions or reactions of an organism in response to a sound. auditory behaviour behavioral response to sound behavioural response to sound biological_process GO:0031223 auditory behavior GO:0031223 The actions or reactions of an organism in response to a sound. GOC:rc Located in a membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. cellular_component GO:0031224 Note that proteins intrinsic to membranes cannot be removed without disrupting the membrane, e.g. by detergent. intrinsic to membrane GO:0031224 Located in a membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. GOC:mah Tethered to a membrane by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid moiety, that is embedded in the membrane. When used to describe a protein, indicates that none of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane. cellular_component GO:0031225 anchored to membrane GO:0031225 Tethered to a membrane by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid moiety, that is embedded in the membrane. When used to describe a protein, indicates that none of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane. GOC:mah Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. cellular_component GO:0031226 intrinsic to plasma membrane GO:0031226 Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. GOC:mah Located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. cellular_component GO:0031227 intrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane GO:0031227 Located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. GOC:mah Located in the Golgi membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. cellular_component GO:0031228 intrinsic to Golgi membrane GO:0031228 Located in the Golgi membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. GOC:mah Located in the nuclear inner membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. cellular_component GO:0031229 intrinsic to nuclear inner membrane GO:0031229 Located in the nuclear inner membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. GOC:mah Located in the peroxisomal membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. cellular_component GO:0031231 intrinsic to peroxisomal membrane GO:0031231 Located in the peroxisomal membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. GOC:mah Loosely bound to the surface of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. cellular_component GO:0031232 extrinsic to external side of plasma membrane GO:0031232 Loosely bound to the surface of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. GOC:mah Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side opposite to the side that faces the cytoplasm. cellular_component GO:0031233 intrinsic to external side of plasma membrane GO:0031233 Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side opposite to the side that faces the cytoplasm. GOC:mah Loosely bound to the surface of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. cellular_component GO:0031234 extrinsic to internal side of plasma membrane GO:0031234 Loosely bound to the surface of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. GOC:mah The side of the outer membrane that is opposite to the side that faces the periplasm of the cell. cellular_component external side of outer membrane GO:0031240 external side of cell outer membrane GO:0031240 The side of the outer membrane that is opposite to the side that faces the periplasm of the cell. GOC:mlg GOC:mtg_sensu The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. front of cell leading edge of cell cellular_component GO:0031252 cell leading edge GO:0031252 The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. GOC:pg The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cell surface projection. cellular_component membrane extension membrane projection GO:0031253 cell projection membrane GO:0031253 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cell surface projection. GOC:mah The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell. cellular_component GO:0031256 leading edge membrane GO:0031256 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell. GOC:mah A protein complex formed by the association of signaling proteins with a death receptor upon ligand binding. The complex includes procaspases and death domain-containing proteins in addition to the ligand-bound receptor. Wikipedia:Death-inducing_signaling_complex DISC death-inducing signalling complex cellular_component GO:0031264 death-inducing signaling complex GO:0031264 A protein complex formed by the association of signaling proteins with a death receptor upon ligand binding. The complex includes procaspases and death domain-containing proteins in addition to the ligand-bound receptor. PMID:12628743 PMID:12655293 A protein complex formed upon binding of Fas/CD95/APO-1 to its ligand. The complex includes FADD/Mort1, procaspase-8/10 and c-FLIP in addition to the ligand-bound receptor. CD95 DISC CD95 death-inducing signalling complex Fas death-inducing signaling complex cellular_component GO:0031265 CD95 death-inducing signaling complex GO:0031265 A protein complex formed upon binding of Fas/CD95/APO-1 to its ligand. The complex includes FADD/Mort1, procaspase-8/10 and c-FLIP in addition to the ligand-bound receptor. PMID:12628743 PMID:12655293 Interacting selectively with a small monomeric GTPase. molecular_function GO:0031267 small GTPase binding GO:0031267 Interacting selectively with a small monomeric GTPase. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia. biological_process GO:0031272 regulation of pseudopodium formation GO:0031272 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia. GOC:pg Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia. up regulation of pseudopodium formation up-regulation of pseudopodium formation upregulation of pseudopodium formation activation of pseudopodium formation stimulation of pseudopodium formation biological_process GO:0031274 positive regulation of pseudopodium formation GO:0031274 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia. GOC:pg Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclase activity. biological_process GO:0031279 regulation of cyclase activity GO:0031279 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclase activity. GOC:mah Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a cyclase. down regulation of cyclase activity down-regulation of cyclase activity downregulation of cyclase activity inhibition of cyclase activity biological_process GO:0031280 negative regulation of cyclase activity GO:0031280 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a cyclase. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cyclase. up regulation of cyclase activity up-regulation of cyclase activity upregulation of cyclase activity activation of cyclase activity stimulation of cyclase activity biological_process GO:0031281 positive regulation of cyclase activity GO:0031281 Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cyclase. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity. biological_process GO:0031282 regulation of guanylate cyclase activity GO:0031282 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity. up regulation of guanylate cyclase activity up-regulation of guanylate cyclase activity upregulation of guanylate cyclase activity activation of guanylate cyclase activity stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity biological_process GO:0031284 positive regulation of guanylate cyclase activity GO:0031284 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity. GOC:mah The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. retinal ganglion cell axon pathfinding biological_process GO:0031290 retinal ganglion cell axon guidance GO:0031290 The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. GOC:ejs The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B- or T cell receptor to augment B- or T cell activation. lymphocyte co-stimulation biological_process GO:0031294 lymphocyte costimulation GO:0031294 The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B- or T cell receptor to augment B- or T cell activation. ISBN:0781735149 The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation. T cell co-stimulation T lymphocyte costimulation T-cell co-stimulation T-cell costimulation T-lymphocyte costimulation biological_process GO:0031295 T cell costimulation GO:0031295 The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation. ISBN:0781735149 The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B cell receptor to augment B cell activation. B cell co-stimulation B lymphocyte co-stimulation B lymphocyte costimulation B-cell co-stimulation B-cell costimulation B-lymphocyte co-stimulation B-lymphocyte costimulation biological_process GO:0031296 B cell costimulation GO:0031296 The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B cell receptor to augment B cell activation. ISBN:0781735149 Located in an organelle membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. cellular_component GO:0031300 intrinsic to organelle membrane GO:0031300 Located in an organelle membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. GOC:mah Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of an organelle membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. cellular_component GO:0031301 integral to organelle membrane GO:0031301 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of an organelle membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. GOC:mah Located in the endosome membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. cellular_component GO:0031302 intrinsic to endosome membrane GO:0031302 Located in the endosome membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. GOC:mah Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the endosome membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. cellular_component GO:0031303 integral to endosome membrane GO:0031303 Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the endosome membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. GOC:mah Located in the mitochondrial inner membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. cellular_component GO:0031304 intrinsic to mitochondrial inner membrane GO:0031304 Located in the mitochondrial inner membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. GOC:mah Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the mitochondrial inner membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. cellular_component GO:0031305 integral to mitochondrial inner membrane GO:0031305 Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the mitochondrial inner membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. GOC:mah Located in the mitochondrial outer membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. cellular_component GO:0031306 intrinsic to mitochondrial outer membrane GO:0031306 Located in the mitochondrial outer membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. GOC:mah Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the mitochondrial outer membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. cellular_component GO:0031307 integral to mitochondrial outer membrane GO:0031307 Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the mitochondrial outer membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. GOC:mah Loosely bound to one surface of an organelle membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. cellular_component GO:0031312 extrinsic to organelle membrane GO:0031312 Loosely bound to one surface of an organelle membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. GOC:mah Loosely bound to one surface of the mitochondrial inner membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. cellular_component GO:0031314 extrinsic to mitochondrial inner membrane GO:0031314 Loosely bound to one surface of the mitochondrial inner membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. GOC:mah Loosely bound to one surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. cellular_component GO:0031315 extrinsic to mitochondrial outer membrane GO:0031315 Loosely bound to one surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. regulation of cellular metabolism biological_process GO:0031323 regulation of cellular metabolic process GO:0031323 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. down regulation of cellular metabolic process down-regulation of cellular metabolic process downregulation of cellular metabolic process negative regulation of cellular metabolism inhibition of cellular metabolic process biological_process GO:0031324 negative regulation of cellular metabolic process GO:0031324 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. positive regulation of cellular metabolism up regulation of cellular metabolic process up-regulation of cellular metabolic process upregulation of cellular metabolic process activation of cellular metabolic process stimulation of cellular metabolic process biological_process GO:0031325 positive regulation of cellular metabolic process GO:0031325 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. regulation of cellular anabolism regulation of cellular biosynthesis regulation of cellular formation regulation of cellular synthesis biological_process GO:0031326 regulation of cellular biosynthetic process GO:0031326 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. down regulation of cellular biosynthetic process down-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process downregulation of cellular biosynthetic process negative regulation of cellular anabolism negative regulation of cellular biosynthesis negative regulation of cellular formation negative regulation of cellular synthesis inhibition of cellular biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0031327 negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process GO:0031327 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. positive regulation of cellular anabolism positive regulation of cellular biosynthesis positive regulation of cellular formation positive regulation of cellular synthesis up regulation of cellular biosynthetic process up-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process upregulation of cellular biosynthetic process activation of cellular biosynthetic process stimulation of cellular biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0031328 positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process GO:0031328 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. regulation of cellular breakdown regulation of cellular catabolism regulation of cellular degradation biological_process GO:0031329 regulation of cellular catabolic process GO:0031329 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. positive regulation of cellular breakdown positive regulation of cellular catabolism positive regulation of cellular degradation up regulation of cellular catabolic process up-regulation of cellular catabolic process upregulation of cellular catabolic process activation of cellular catabolic process stimulation of cellular catabolic process biological_process GO:0031331 positive regulation of cellular catabolic process GO:0031331 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any protein complex that mediates the effects of small interfering RNAs on gene expression. Most known examples contain one or more members of the Argonaute family of proteins. cellular_component GO:0031332 RNAi effector complex GO:0031332 Any protein complex that mediates the effects of small interfering RNAs on gene expression. Most known examples contain one or more members of the Argonaute family of proteins. GOC:mah PMID:14704433 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. biological_process GO:0031338 regulation of vesicle fusion GO:0031338 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. up regulation of vesicle fusion up-regulation of vesicle fusion upregulation of vesicle fusion activation of vesicle fusion stimulation of vesicle fusion biological_process GO:0031340 positive regulation of vesicle fusion GO:0031340 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing, the process by which a cell brings about the death of another cell, either in the same or a different organism. biological_process GO:0031341 regulation of cell killing GO:0031341 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing, the process by which a cell brings about the death of another cell, either in the same or a different organism. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing. down regulation of cell killing down-regulation of cell killing downregulation of cell killing inhibition of cell killing biological_process GO:0031342 negative regulation of cell killing GO:0031342 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing. up regulation of cell killing up-regulation of cell killing upregulation of cell killing activation of cell killing stimulation of cell killing biological_process GO:0031343 positive regulation of cell killing GO:0031343 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. regulation of cell projection organisation and biogenesis regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0031344 regulation of cell projection organization GO:0031344 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. down regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis down-regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis downregulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis negative regulation of cell projection organisation and biogenesis negative regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis inhibition of cell projection organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0031345 negative regulation of cell projection organization GO:0031345 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. positive regulation of cell projection organisation and biogenesis positive regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis up regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis up-regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis upregulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis activation of cell projection organization and biogenesis stimulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0031346 positive regulation of cell projection organization GO:0031346 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. biological_process GO:0031347 regulation of defense response GO:0031347 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. down regulation of defense response down-regulation of defense response downregulation of defense response inhibition of defense response biological_process GO:0031348 negative regulation of defense response GO:0031348 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. up regulation of defense response up-regulation of defense response upregulation of defense response activation of defense response stimulation of defense response biological_process GO:0031349 positive regulation of defense response GO:0031349 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GOC:mah Tethered to the plasma membrane by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid moiety, that is embedded in the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side opposite to the side that faces the cytoplasm. When used to describe a protein, indicates that the peptide sequence does not span the membrane. cellular_component GO:0031362 anchored to external side of plasma membrane GO:0031362 Tethered to the plasma membrane by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid moiety, that is embedded in the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side opposite to the side that faces the cytoplasm. When used to describe a protein, indicates that the peptide sequence does not span the membrane. GOC:mah Any complex that possesses ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. cellular_component E2 complex GO:0031371 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex GO:0031371 Any complex that possesses ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. GOC:mah A heterodimeric ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex that catalyzes assembly of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which act as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair; in Saccharomyces the complex comprises Ubc13p and Mms2p. cellular_component GO:0031372 UBC13-MMS2 complex GO:0031372 A heterodimeric ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex that catalyzes assembly of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which act as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair; in Saccharomyces the complex comprises Ubc13p and Mms2p. GOC:mah PMID:15772086 A protein complex that possesses RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity. cellular_component GO:0031379 RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex GO:0031379 A protein complex that possesses RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity. GOC:mah A complex required for RNAi mediated heterochromatin assembly. In S. pombe this contains RNA-directed RNA polymerase, a putative helicase and a protein containing a pap25 associated domain. RDRC Rdr1 complex cellular_component GO:0031380 nuclear RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex GO:0031380 A complex required for RNAi mediated heterochromatin assembly. In S. pombe this contains RNA-directed RNA polymerase, a putative helicase and a protein containing a pap25 associated domain. GOC:vw PMID:15607976 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. biological_process GO:0031399 regulation of protein modification process GO:0031399 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. GOC:mah GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. down regulation of protein modification down-regulation of protein modification downregulation of protein modification inhibition of protein modification biological_process GO:0031400 negative regulation of protein modification process GO:0031400 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. GOC:mah GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. up regulation of protein modification up-regulation of protein modification upregulation of protein modification activation of protein modification stimulation of protein modification biological_process GO:0031401 positive regulation of protein modification process GO:0031401 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. GOC:mah GOC:tb Interacting selectively with lithium ions (Li+). molecular_function GO:0031403 lithium ion binding GO:0031403 Interacting selectively with lithium ions (Li+). GOC:mah A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell. cellular_component GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle GO:0031410 A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with any alkali metal ion; alkali metals are those elements in group Ia of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen. molecular_function GO:0031420 alkali metal ion binding GO:0031420 Interacting selectively with any alkali metal ion; alkali metals are those elements in group Ia of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen. GOC:mah The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines. midline Wikipedia:Sarcomere#bands M disc mesophragma M line cellular_component GO:0031430 M band GO:0031430 The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines. GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0815316194 Interacting selectively with a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, any protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase. MAPKK binding molecular_function GO:0031434 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding GO:0031434 Interacting selectively with a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, any protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, any protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase. MAPKKK binding molecular_function GO:0031435 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase binding GO:0031435 Interacting selectively with a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, any protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase. GOC:bf A heterodimeric complex comprising BRCA1 and BARD1, which possesses ubiquitin ligase activity and is involved in genome maintenance, possibly by functioning in surveillance for DNA damage. cellular_component GO:0031436 BRCA1-BARD1 complex GO:0031436 A heterodimeric complex comprising BRCA1 and BARD1, which possesses ubiquitin ligase activity and is involved in genome maintenance, possibly by functioning in surveillance for DNA damage. PMID:12787778 Any ubiquitin ligase complex in which the catalytic core consists of a member of the cullin family and a RING domain protein; the core is associated with one or more additional proteins that confer substrate specificity. CRL complex cullin complex cellular_component cullin-RING ligase GO:0031461 cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex GO:0031461 Any ubiquitin ligase complex in which the catalytic core consists of a member of the cullin family and a RING domain protein; the core is associated with one or more additional proteins that confer substrate specificity. PMID:15571813 PMID:15688063 A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul2 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an elongin-BC adaptor and a SOCS/BC box protein. CBC complex EC2S complex ECS complex CDL2 complex CRL2 complex cullin-RING ligase 2 VBC complex cellular_component SCF2 complex GO:0031462 Cul2-RING ubiquitin ligase complex GO:0031462 A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul2 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an elongin-BC adaptor and a SOCS/BC box protein. PMID:15571813 PMID:15688063 A complex that posseses mannosyltransferase activity. cellular_component GO:0031501 mannosyltransferase complex GO:0031501 A complex that posseses mannosyltransferase activity. GOC:mah A specialized primary cilium that contains a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubules, radial spokes, and a dynein apparatus, but no inner doublet microtubules. Motile primary cilia display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface. cellular_component GO:0031512 motile primary cilium GO:0031512 A specialized primary cilium that contains a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubules, radial spokes, and a dynein apparatus, but no inner doublet microtubules. Motile primary cilia display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface. GOC:kmv An immotile primary cilium that may be missing the central pair of microtubules, or the central pair of microtubules and outer dynein arms. Some primary cilia also have altered arrangements of outer microtubules (fewer than nine and/or not always present as doublets). Nonmotile primary cilia typically function as sensory organelles that concentrate and organize sensory signaling molecules. cellular_component GO:0031513 nonmotile primary cilium GO:0031513 An immotile primary cilium that may be missing the central pair of microtubules, or the central pair of microtubules and outer dynein arms. Some primary cilia also have altered arrangements of outer microtubules (fewer than nine and/or not always present as doublets). Nonmotile primary cilia typically function as sensory organelles that concentrate and organize sensory signaling molecules. GOC:kna A cilium that consists of a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, radial spokes, and a dynein apparatus. Motile cilia, found on cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues, beat with a characteristic whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface. cellular_component GO:0031514 motile secondary cilium GO:0031514 A cilium that consists of a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, radial spokes, and a dynein apparatus. Motile cilia, found on cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues, beat with a characteristic whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface. GOC:kmv A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure. Polycomb Group protein complex cellular_component GO:0031519 PcG protein complex GO:0031519 A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure. PMID:9372908 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the brush border. cellular_component GO:0031526 brush border membrane GO:0031526 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the brush border. GOC:mah The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a filopodium. cellular_component GO:0031527 filopodium membrane GO:0031527 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a filopodium. GOC:mah The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a microvillus. cellular_component GO:0031528 microvillus membrane GO:0031528 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a microvillus. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with a receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone, a tripeptide hormone that is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin by the anterior pituitary. thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0031531 thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor binding GO:0031531 Interacting selectively with a receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone, a tripeptide hormone that is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin by the anterior pituitary. PMID:8592728 A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death as a result of a chemical stimulus. induction of programmed cell death in response to chemical substance biological_process GO:0031557 induction of programmed cell death in response to chemical stimulus GO:0031557 A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death as a result of a chemical stimulus. GOC:mah Any cell cycle checkpoint that delays or arrests cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure. biological_process GO:0031570 DNA integrity checkpoint GO:0031570 Any cell cycle checkpoint that delays or arrests cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure. GOC:mah GOC:vw A cell cycle checkpoint that blocks cell cycle progression from G2 to M phase in response to DNA damage. biological_process GO:0031572 G2/M transition DNA damage checkpoint GO:0031572 A cell cycle checkpoint that blocks cell cycle progression from G2 to M phase in response to DNA damage. GOC:mah The slowing of DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progession. biological_process GO:0031573 intra-S DNA damage checkpoint GO:0031573 The slowing of DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progession. GOC:vw A cell cycle checkpoint which halts replication in response to nucleotide depletion. biological_process GO:0031574 S-M checkpoint GO:0031574 A cell cycle checkpoint which halts replication in response to nucleotide depletion. GOC:vw Any cell cycle checkpoint that blocks entry into M phase. G2/M checkpoint biological_process GO:0031576 G2/M transition checkpoint GO:0031576 Any cell cycle checkpoint that blocks entry into M phase. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of membrane rafts, small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. lipid raft organization and biogenesis membrane raft organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0031579 membrane raft organization GO:0031579 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of membrane rafts, small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah The process that establishes the spatial arrangement of membrane rafts within a cellular membrane. lipid raft distribution biological_process GO:0031580 membrane raft distribution GO:0031580 The process that establishes the spatial arrangement of membrane rafts within a cellular membrane. GOC:mah A protein complex that possesses AMP-dependent protein kinase activity. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase complex Snf1 kinase complex Snf1 serine/threonine protein kinase complex cellular_component GO:0031588 AMP-activated protein kinase complex GO:0031588 A protein complex that possesses AMP-dependent protein kinase activity. GOC:mah An amorphous structure surrounding the core of the centrosome, from which microtubules are nucleated; contains gamma-tubulin. cellular_component GO:0031592 Note that the centrosomal corona has been observed in Dictyostelium, and is the functional equivalent of pericentriolar material. centrosomal corona GO:0031592 An amorphous structure surrounding the core of the centrosome, from which microtubules are nucleated; contains gamma-tubulin. GOC:kp GOC:mah The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a post-synaptic potential responsible of the muscle contraction. Wikipedia:Neuromuscular_junction cellular_component GO:0031594 neuromuscular junction GO:0031594 The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a post-synaptic potential responsible of the muscle contraction. GOC:nln A centrosome from which one pole of a mitotic or meiotic spindle is organized. cellular_component GO:0031616 spindle pole centrosome GO:0031616 A centrosome from which one pole of a mitotic or meiotic spindle is organized. GOC:mah A region of heterochromatin located near the centromere of a chromosome in the nucleus. nuclear centric heterochromatin cellular_component GO:0031618 nuclear centromeric heterochromatin GO:0031618 A region of heterochromatin located near the centromere of a chromosome in the nucleus. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the rate or extent of fever. regulation of pyrexia biological_process GO:0031620 regulation of fever GO:0031620 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of fever. GOC:add GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of fever. positive regulation of pyrexia up regulation of fever up-regulation of fever upregulation of fever activation of fever stimulation of fever biological_process GO:0031622 positive regulation of fever GO:0031622 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of fever. GOC:add The process by which cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation, and subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles and targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation; serves as a mechanism to downregulate receptor signaling. biological_process GO:0031623 receptor internalization GO:0031623 The process by which cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation, and subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles and targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation; serves as a mechanism to downregulate receptor signaling. GOC:mah PMID:15006537 Interacting selectively with an opioid receptor. molecular_function GO:0031628 opioid receptor binding GO:0031628 Interacting selectively with an opioid receptor. GOC:nln Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane. biological_process GO:0031630 regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane GO:0031630 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane. up regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane up-regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane upregulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane activation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane stimulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane biological_process GO:0031632 positive regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane GO:0031632 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane. GOC:mah The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an opioid receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP. inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by opioid receptor signalling pathway opioid receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway biological_process GO:0031635 inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by opioid receptor signaling pathway GO:0031635 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an opioid receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by opioid receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah opioid receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions. killing of cells of another, non-host, organism biological_process GO:0031640 killing of cells of another organism GO:0031640 Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. biological_process GO:0031641 regulation of myelination GO:0031641 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. down regulation of myelination down-regulation of myelination downregulation of myelination inhibition of myelination biological_process GO:0031642 negative regulation of myelination GO:0031642 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. up regulation of myelination up-regulation of myelination upregulation of myelination activation of myelination stimulation of myelination biological_process GO:0031643 positive regulation of myelination GO:0031643 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system. regulation of neurological process regulation of neurophysiological process biological_process GO:0031644 regulation of neurological system process GO:0031644 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb regulation of neurological process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. positive regulation of neurological process positive regulation of neurophysiological process up regulation of neurological process up-regulation of neurological process upregulation of neurological process activation of neurological process stimulation of neurological process biological_process GO:0031646 positive regulation of neurological system process GO:0031646 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb positive regulation of neurological process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any homeostatic process by which an organism produces heat, thereby raising its internal temperature. biological_process GO:0031649 heat generation GO:0031649 Any homeostatic process by which an organism produces heat, thereby raising its internal temperature. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heat generation. biological_process GO:0031650 regulation of heat generation GO:0031650 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heat generation. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of heat generation. up regulation of heat generation up-regulation of heat generation upregulation of heat generation activation of heat generation stimulation of heat generation biological_process GO:0031652 positive regulation of heat generation GO:0031652 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of heat generation. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb The series of molecular signals generated in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide. LPS-mediated signaling pathway lipopolysaccharide-mediated signalling pathway biological_process GO:0031663 lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway GO:0031663 The series of molecular signals generated in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide. regulation of LPS-mediated signaling pathway regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signalling pathway biological_process GO:0031664 regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway GO:0031664 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide. down regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway down-regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway downregulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway negative regulation of LPS-mediated signaling pathway negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signalling pathway inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway biological_process GO:0031665 negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway GO:0031665 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients. biological_process GO:0031667 response to nutrient levels GO:0031667 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients. GOC:mah The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line. Wikipedia:Sarcomere#bands A disc Q disc anisotropic disc transverse disc cellular_component GO:0031672 A band GO:0031672 The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line. ISBN:0321204131 A relatively pale zone traversing the center of the A band of a sarcomere, visible in relaxed muscle fibers; consists of the central portion of thick (myosin) filaments that are not overlapped by thin (actin) filaments. Wikipedia:Sarcomere#bands H band H disc cellular_component GO:0031673 H zone GO:0031673 A relatively pale zone traversing the center of the A band of a sarcomere, visible in relaxed muscle fibers; consists of the central portion of thick (myosin) filaments that are not overlapped by thin (actin) filaments. GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0321204131 A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments; contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end. Wikipedia:Sarcomere#bands I disc J disc isotropic disc cellular_component GO:0031674 I band GO:0031674 A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments; contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end. ISBN:0321204131 Interacting selectively with a CCR1 chemokine receptor. macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha receptor binding CCR1 chemokine receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0031726 CCR1 chemokine receptor binding GO:0031726 Interacting selectively with a CCR1 chemokine receptor. GOC:mah GOC:nln Interacting selectively with a CCR2 chemokine receptor. monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptor binding CCR2 chemokine receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0031727 CCR2 chemokine receptor binding GO:0031727 Interacting selectively with a CCR2 chemokine receptor. GOC:mah GOC:nln Interacting selectively with a D3 dopamine receptor. D3 dopamine receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0031750 D3 dopamine receptor binding GO:0031750 Interacting selectively with a D3 dopamine receptor. GOC:mah GOC:nln Interacting selectively with a ghrelin receptor. type 1 growth hormone secretagogue GH-releasing peptide receptor binding ghrelin receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0031768 ghrelin receptor binding GO:0031768 Interacting selectively with a ghrelin receptor. GOC:mah GOC:nln Interacting selectively with a growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0031770 growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor binding GO:0031770 Interacting selectively with a growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. GOC:mah GOC:nln Interacting selectively with a type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor. type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0031802 type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding GO:0031802 Interacting selectively with a type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor. GOC:mah GOC:nln Interacting selectively with an olfactory receptor. olfactory receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0031849 olfactory receptor binding GO:0031849 Interacting selectively with an olfactory receptor. GOC:mah GOC:nln Interacting selectively with a mu-type opioid receptor. mu-type opioid receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0031852 mu-type opioid receptor binding GO:0031852 Interacting selectively with a mu-type opioid receptor. GOC:mah GOC:nln The lipid bilayer surrounding an early endosome. cellular_component GO:0031901 early endosome membrane GO:0031901 The lipid bilayer surrounding an early endosome. GOC:pz The lipid bilayer surrounding a late endosome. cellular_component GO:0031902 late endosome membrane GO:0031902 The lipid bilayer surrounding a late endosome. GOC:pz The lipid bilayer surrounding a microbody. cellular_component GO:0031903 microbody membrane GO:0031903 The lipid bilayer surrounding a microbody. GOC:mah The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endosome. cellular_component GO:0031904 endosome lumen GO:0031904 The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endosome. GOC:mah A process that decreases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers. down regulation of synaptic plasticity down-regulation of synaptic plasticity downregulation of synaptic plasticity inhibition of synaptic plasticity biological_process GO:0031914 negative regulation of synaptic plasticity GO:0031914 A process that decreases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers. GOC:mah A protein complex that contains the TOR (target of rapamycin) serine/threonine kinase and mediates spatial control of cell growth via regulation of actin cytoskeleton polarization. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Avo1p, Avo2p, Tsc11p, Lst8p, Bit61p, Slm1p, Slm2p, and Tor2p; in mammals the complex contains orthologs of the yeast proteins. TOR complex 2 TORC 2 complex cellular_component GO:0031932 TORC2 complex GO:0031932 A protein complex that contains the TOR (target of rapamycin) serine/threonine kinase and mediates spatial control of cell growth via regulation of actin cytoskeleton polarization. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Avo1p, Avo2p, Tsc11p, Lst8p, Bit61p, Slm1p, Slm2p, and Tor2p; in mammals the complex contains orthologs of the yeast proteins. GOC:jh PMID:14736892 PMID:15780592 Heterochromatic regions of the chromosome found at the telomeres. cellular_component GO:0031933 telomeric heterochromatin GO:0031933 Heterochromatic regions of the chromosome found at the telomeres. GOC:mah A two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin. Wikipedia:Actin F-actin cellular_component GO:0031941 filamentous actin GO:0031941 A two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. biological_process GO:0031960 response to corticosteroid stimulus GO:0031960 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. GOC:mah PMID:11027914 Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. cellular_component GO:0031965 nuclear membrane GO:0031965 Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. GOC:mah GOC:pz Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. cellular_component GO:0031966 mitochondrial membrane GO:0031966 Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. GOC:mah A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes. cellular_component GO:0031967 organelle envelope GO:0031967 A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes. GOC:mah GOC:pz The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope. cellular_component GO:0031968 organelle outer membrane GO:0031968 The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope. GOC:mah The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope. organelle intermembrane space cellular_component GO:0031970 organelle envelope lumen GO:0031970 The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope. GOC:mah The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen. cellular_component GO:0031974 membrane-enclosed lumen GO:0031974 The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen. GOC:add GOC:mah A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers. cellular_component GO:0031975 envelope GO:0031975 A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers. GOC:mah GOC:pz The volume enclosed by a thylakoid membrane. cellular_component GO:0031977 thylakoid lumen GO:0031977 The volume enclosed by a thylakoid membrane. GOC:mah GOC:pz The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane. cellular_component GO:0031981 nuclear lumen GO:0031981 The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane. GOC:mah GOC:pz Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane or protein. Wikipedia:Vesicle_(biology) cellular_component GO:0031982 vesicle GO:0031982 Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane or protein. GOC:mah GOC:pz The volume enclosed by the membrane or protein that forms a vesicle. cellular_component GO:0031983 vesicle lumen GO:0031983 The volume enclosed by the membrane or protein that forms a vesicle. GOC:mah A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of an organelle. suborganelle compartment cellular_component GO:0031984 Note that this term refers to membrane-bounded compartments that are not considered organelles in their own right, but form parts of larger organelles. organelle subcompartment GO:0031984 A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of an organelle. GOC:mah GOC:pz Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. cellular_component GO:0031985 Golgi cisterna GO:0031985 Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. GOC:mah Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. locomotion during locomotory behaviour biological_process GO:0031987 locomotion during locomotory behavior GO:0031987 Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. GOC:mah Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by a lipid bilayer. membrane-enclosed vesicle cellular_component GO:0031988 membrane-bounded vesicle GO:0031988 Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by a lipid bilayer. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with insulin-like growth factor I. IGF-I binding molecular_function GO:0031994 insulin-like growth factor I binding GO:0031994 Interacting selectively with insulin-like growth factor I. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with insulin-like growth factor II. IGF-II binding molecular_function GO:0031995 insulin-like growth factor II binding GO:0031995 Interacting selectively with insulin-like growth factor II. GOC:mah A protein complex that binds interleukin-28 and interleukin-29. Composed of two subunits, IL-28R alpha and IL-10R beta. IL-28 receptor complex cellular_component GO:0032002 interleukin-28 receptor complex GO:0032002 A protein complex that binds interleukin-28 and interleukin-29. Composed of two subunits, IL-28R alpha and IL-10R beta. GOC:rh2 IL-28 receptor complex GOC:add Interacting selectively with the interleukin-28 receptor. IL-28 interleukin-28 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0032003 interleukin-28 receptor binding GO:0032003 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-28 receptor. GOC:rh2 A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the ARF family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. biological_process GO:0032011 ARF protein signal transduction GO:0032011 A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the ARF family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction. biological_process GO:0032012 regulation of ARF protein signal transduction GO:0032012 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction. GOC:mah A protein complex that stably associates with the C-terminus of RNA polymerase II and mediates 3'-end processing of small nuclear RNAs generated by RNA polymerase II. cellular_component GO:0032039 integrator complex GO:0032039 A protein complex that stably associates with the C-terminus of RNA polymerase II and mediates 3'-end processing of small nuclear RNAs generated by RNA polymerase II. PMID:16239144 A large ribonucleoprotein complex that is an early preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 80S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins. SSU processome small subunit processome cellular_component GO:0032040 small-subunit processome GO:0032040 A large ribonucleoprotein complex that is an early preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 80S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins. PMID:12068309 PMID:12957375 PMID:15120992 PMID:15590835 A protein complex that stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides by a GTPase. cellular_component GO:0032045 guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor complex GO:0032045 A protein complex that stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides by a GTPase. GOC:mah A cell extension characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusions. Wikipedia:Bleb_(cell_biology) cellular_component GO:0032059 bleb GO:0032059 A cell extension characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusions. PMID:12083798 PMID:16624291 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. inhibition of NF-kappaB transcription factor biological_process NF-kappaB inhibitor GO:0032088 negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity GO:0032088 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb inhibition of NF-kappaB transcription factor GOC:dph GOC:tb Interacting selectively with a NACHT (NAIP, CIITA, HET-E and TP1) domain. The NACHT domain consists of seven distinct conserved motifs, including an ATP/GTPase specific P-loop, a Mg(2+)-binding site and five more specific motifs. molecular_function GO:0032089 NACHT domain binding GO:0032089 Interacting selectively with a NACHT (NAIP, CIITA, HET-E and TP1) domain. The NACHT domain consists of seven distinct conserved motifs, including an ATP/GTPase specific P-loop, a Mg(2+)-binding site and five more specific motifs. GOC:rl Interacting selectively with a Pyrin (PAAD/DAPIN) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that has the same fold as the Death domain. DAPIN domain binding PAAD domain binding molecular_function GO:0032090 Pyrin domain binding GO:0032090 Interacting selectively with a Pyrin (PAAD/DAPIN) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that has the same fold as the Death domain. GOC:rl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. up regulation of protein binding up-regulation of protein binding upregulation of protein binding activation of protein binding stimulation of protein binding biological_process GO:0032092 positive regulation of protein binding GO:0032092 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus. biological_process GO:0032095 regulation of response to food GO:0032095 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus. down regulation of response to food down-regulation of response to food downregulation of response to food inhibition of response to food biological_process GO:0032096 negative regulation of response to food GO:0032096 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus. GOC:add Any process that activates, maintains, or increases the rate of a response to a food stimulus. up regulation of response to food up-regulation of response to food upregulation of response to food activation of response to food stimulation of response to food biological_process GO:0032097 positive regulation of response to food GO:0032097 Any process that activates, maintains, or increases the rate of a response to a food stimulus. GOC:add Any process which modulates appetite, the desire or physical craving for food. biological_process regulation of hunger GO:0032098 regulation of appetite GO:0032098 Any process which modulates appetite, the desire or physical craving for food. GOC:add Any process that reduces appetite. down regulation of appetite down-regulation of appetite downregulation of appetite inhibition of appetite biological_process appetite suppression negative regulation of hunger GO:0032099 negative regulation of appetite GO:0032099 Any process that reduces appetite. GOC:add Any process that increases appetite. up regulation of appetite up-regulation of appetite upregulation of appetite activation of appetite stimulation of appetite biological_process appetite stimulation positive regulation of hunger GO:0032100 positive regulation of appetite GO:0032100 Any process that increases appetite. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. biological_process GO:0032101 regulation of response to external stimulus GO:0032101 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. down regulation of response to external stimulus down-regulation of response to external stimulus downregulation of response to external stimulus inhibition of response to external stimulus biological_process GO:0032102 negative regulation of response to external stimulus GO:0032102 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus. up regulation of response to external stimulus up-regulation of response to external stimulus upregulation of response to external stimulus activation of response to external stimulus stimulation of response to external stimulus biological_process GO:0032103 positive regulation of response to external stimulus GO:0032103 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus. biological_process GO:0032104 regulation of response to extracellular stimulus GO:0032104 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus. down regulation of response to extracellular stimulus down-regulation of response to extracellular stimulus downregulation of response to extracellular stimulus inhibition of response to extracellular stimulus biological_process GO:0032105 negative regulation of response to extracellular stimulus GO:0032105 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an extracellular stimulus. up regulation of response to extracellular stimulus up-regulation of response to extracellular stimulus upregulation of response to extracellular stimulus activation of response to extracellular stimulus stimulation of response to extracellular stimulus biological_process GO:0032106 positive regulation of response to extracellular stimulus GO:0032106 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an extracellular stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels. biological_process GO:0032107 regulation of response to nutrient levels GO:0032107 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels. down regulation of response to nutrient levels down-regulation of response to nutrient levels downregulation of response to nutrient levels inhibition of response to nutrient levels biological_process GO:0032108 negative regulation of response to nutrient levels GO:0032108 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels. up regulation of response to nutrient levels up-regulation of response to nutrient levels upregulation of response to nutrient levels activation of response to nutrient levels stimulation of response to nutrient levels biological_process GO:0032109 positive regulation of response to nutrient levels GO:0032109 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense core granule. cellular_component GO:0032127 dense core granule membrane GO:0032127 The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense core granule. GOC:mah A homodimeric protein complex that possesses 4-aminobutyrate transaminase activity. ABAT complex GABA transaminase complex GABA-T complex cellular_component GO:0032144 4-aminobutyrate transaminase complex GO:0032144 A homodimeric protein complex that possesses 4-aminobutyrate transaminase activity. GOC:mah PMID:15528998 Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase. biological_process protein kinase activation GO:0032147 activation of protein kinase activity GO:0032147 Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase. GOC:mah In animal cells, the first sign of cleavage, or cytokinesis, is the appearance of a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. A contractile ring containing actin and myosin, is located just inside the plasma membrane at the location of the furrow. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that deepens the cleavage furrow and divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells. While the term 'cleavage furrow' was initially associated with animal cells, such a structure occurs in many other types of cells, including unicellular protists. Wikipedia:Cleavage_furrow cellular_component GO:0032154 cleavage furrow GO:0032154 In animal cells, the first sign of cleavage, or cytokinesis, is the appearance of a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. A contractile ring containing actin and myosin, is located just inside the plasma membrane at the location of the furrow. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that deepens the cleavage furrow and divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells. While the term 'cleavage furrow' was initially associated with animal cells, such a structure occurs in many other types of cells, including unicellular protists. ISBN:0805319409 Any constituent part of the cell division plane, the eventual plane of cell division in a dividing cell. cell division plane part cellular_component GO:0032155 cell division site part GO:0032155 Any constituent part of the cell division plane, the eventual plane of cell division in a dividing cell. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. biological_process GO:0032222 regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic GO:0032222 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. down regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic down-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic downregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic inhibition of synaptic transmission, cholinergic biological_process GO:0032223 negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic GO:0032223 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. up regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic up-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic upregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic activation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic stimulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic biological_process GO:0032224 positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic GO:0032224 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine. biological_process GO:0032225 regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic GO:0032225 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine. GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine. up regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic up-regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic upregulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic activation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic stimulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic biological_process GO:0032226 positive regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic GO:0032226 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). biological_process GO:0032228 regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic GO:0032228 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). down regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic down-regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic downregulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic inhibition of synaptic transmission, GABAergic biological_process GO:0032229 negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic GO:0032229 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). up regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic up-regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic upregulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic activation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic stimulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic biological_process GO:0032230 positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic GO:0032230 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0032239 regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0032239 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, a phosphorylated derivative of phosphatidylinositol. PtdIns-3-P binding molecular_function GO:0032266 phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate binding GO:0032266 Interacting selectively with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, a phosphorylated derivative of phosphatidylinositol. PMID:11557775 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. regulation of cellular protein metabolism biological_process GO:0032268 regulation of cellular protein metabolic process GO:0032268 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. down regulation of cellular protein metabolic process down-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process downregulation of cellular protein metabolic process negative regulation of cellular protein metabolism inhibition of cellular protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0032269 negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process GO:0032269 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. positive regulation of cellular protein metabolism up regulation of cellular protein metabolic process up-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process upregulation of cellular protein metabolic process activation of cellular protein metabolic process stimulation of cellular protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0032270 positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process GO:0032270 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. up regulation of protein polymerization up-regulation of protein polymerization upregulation of protein polymerization activation of protein polymerization stimulation of protein polymerization biological_process GO:0032273 positive regulation of protein polymerization GO:0032273 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. GOC:mah A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density. cellular_component GO:0032279 asymmetric synapse GO:0032279 A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density. GOC:dgh GOC:ef An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. The AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the CNS and are composed of subunits GluR1-4, products from separate genes. These subunits have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus. AMPA-selective glutamate receptor complex cellular_component AMPA receptor GO:0032281 alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid selective glutamate receptor complex GO:0032281 An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. The AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the CNS and are composed of subunits GluR1-4, products from separate genes. These subunits have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus. GOC:ef The process by which the structure and material content of mature peripheral nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state. biological_process GO:0032287 myelin maintenance in the peripheral nervous system GO:0032287 The process by which the structure and material content of mature peripheral nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state. GOC:dgh The process by which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system. biological_process GO:0032288 myelin formation GO:0032288 The process by which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system. GOC:dgh The process by which a glial cell membrane closes around an axon in the central nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction. biological_process GO:0032291 ensheathment of axons in the central nervous system GO:0032291 The process by which a glial cell membrane closes around an axon in the central nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction. GOC:dgh The process by which a Schwann cell membrane closes around an axon in the peripheral nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction. biological_process GO:0032292 ensheathment of axons in the peripheral nervous system GO:0032292 The process by which a Schwann cell membrane closes around an axon in the peripheral nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction. GOC:dgh Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair. cellular_component GO:0032300 mismatch repair complex GO:0032300 Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair. GOC:mah A heterodimer involved in the recognition and repair of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH6. MMR complex MSH2/MSH6 complex cellular_component GO:0032301 MutSalpha complex GO:0032301 A heterodimer involved in the recognition and repair of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH6. PMID:11005803 A heterodimer involved in binding to and correcting insertion/deletion mutations. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH3. MMR complex MSH2/MSH3 complex cellular_component GO:0032302 MutSbeta complex GO:0032302 A heterodimer involved in binding to and correcting insertion/deletion mutations. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH3. PMID:11005803 A stable heterodimer of angiogenin and placental ribonuclease inhibitor; interaction between angiogenin and PRI prevents angiogenin binding to its receptor to stimulate angiogenesis. angiogenin-placental ribonuclease inhibitor complex cellular_component GO:0032311 angiogenin-PRI complex GO:0032311 A stable heterodimer of angiogenin and placental ribonuclease inhibitor; interaction between angiogenin and PRI prevents angiogenin binding to its receptor to stimulate angiogenesis. PMID:2706246 PMID:3470787 Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF. biological_process GO:0032312 regulation of ARF GTPase activity GO:0032312 Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. biological_process GO:0032318 regulation of Ras GTPase activity GO:0032318 Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen. response to E2 stimulus biological_process GO:0032355 response to estradiol stimulus GO:0032355 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen. GOC:mah ISBN:0911910123 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. biological_process GO:0032386 regulation of intracellular transport GO:0032386 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. down regulation of intracellular transport down-regulation of intracellular transport downregulation of intracellular transport inhibition of intracellular transport biological_process GO:0032387 negative regulation of intracellular transport GO:0032387 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. up regulation of intracellular transport up-regulation of intracellular transport upregulation of intracellular transport activation of intracellular transport stimulation of intracellular transport biological_process GO:0032388 positive regulation of intracellular transport GO:0032388 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. GOC:mah A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS2. MMR complex MLH1/PMS2 complex MutL-alpha complex cellular_component GO:0032389 MutLalpha complex GO:0032389 A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS2. GOC:vk MutL-alpha complex CORUM:292 A 9+0 cilium that forms the portion of the axoneme traversing the boundary between the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. cellular_component photoreceptor cilium GO:0032391 photoreceptor connecting cilium GO:0032391 A 9+0 cilium that forms the portion of the axoneme traversing the boundary between the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. PMID:15917207 PMID:8718680 The process by which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases. biological_process GO:0032392 DNA geometric change GO:0032392 The process by which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases. GOC:mah Combining with an MHC class I protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. molecular_function T cell receptor activity alpha-beta T cell receptor activity gamma-delta T cell receptor activity GO:0032393 Note that this term is intended for annotation of gene products that act as receptors for MHC class I protein complexes, not for components of the MHC class I protein complexes themselves. MHC class I receptor activity GO:0032393 Combining with an MHC class I protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Combining with an MHC class Ib protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families. molecular_function T cell receptor activity alpha-beta T cell receptor activity gamma-delta T cell receptor activity GO:0032394 Note that this term is intended for annotation of gene products that act as receptors for MHC class Ib protein complexes, not for components of the MHC class Ib protein complexes themselves. MHC class Ib receptor activity GO:0032394 Combining with an MHC class Ib protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Combining with an MHC class II protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. molecular_function T cell receptor activity alpha-beta T cell receptor activity gamma-delta T cell receptor activity GO:0032395 Note that this term is intended for annotation of gene products that act as receptors for MHC class II protein complexes, not for components of the MHC class II protein complexes themselves. MHC class II receptor activity GO:0032395 Combining with an MHC class II protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Combining with a MHC class I protein complex to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte. molecular_function GO:0032396 inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity GO:0032396 Combining with a MHC class I protein complex to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte. GOC:add PMID:11858820 PMID:9368779 PMID:9597134 A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class Ib alpha chain and, in most cases, an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide or lipid antigen. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families. cellular_component GO:0032398 MHC class Ib protein complex GO:0032398 A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class Ib alpha chain and, in most cases, an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide or lipid antigen. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15928678 Interacting selectively with any protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). molecular_function GO:0032403 protein complex binding GO:0032403 Interacting selectively with any protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). GOC:mah Interacting selectively with a mismatch repair complex. molecular_function GO:0032404 mismatch repair complex binding GO:0032404 Interacting selectively with a mismatch repair complex. GOC:vk Interacting selectively with the mismatch repair complex MutLalpha. molecular_function GO:0032405 MutLalpha complex binding GO:0032405 Interacting selectively with the mismatch repair complex MutLalpha. GOC:vk An actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells. Bundles of stereocilia act as mechanosensory organelles. cellular_component GO:0032420 stereocilium GO:0032420 An actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells. Bundles of stereocilia act as mechanosensory organelles. GOC:ecd PMID:15661519 PMID:7840137 An actin-based, cross-linked cellular protrusion on the apical surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells. Stereocilium bundles act as mechanosensory organelles by responding to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes. stereocilia bundle cellular_component GO:0032421 stereocilium bundle GO:0032421 An actin-based, cross-linked cellular protrusion on the apical surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells. Stereocilium bundles act as mechanosensory organelles by responding to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes. GOC:ecd PMID:15661519 PMID:7840137 The end of a stereocilium bundle, distal to the site of the bundle's attachment to the apical cell surface. cellular_component stereocilium tip GO:0032426 stereocilium bundle tip GO:0032426 The end of a stereocilium bundle, distal to the site of the bundle's attachment to the apical cell surface. GOC:ecd PMID:17021180 Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2. biological_process GO:0032429 regulation of phospholipase A2 activity GO:0032429 Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2. up regulation of phospholipase A2 activity up-regulation of phospholipase A2 activity upregulation of phospholipase A2 activity activation of phospholipase A2 activity stimulation of phospholipase A2 activity biological_process GO:0032430 positive regulation of phospholipase A2 activity GO:0032430 Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2. GOC:mah Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme phospholipase A2. phospholipase A2 activation biological_process GO:0032431 activation of phospholipase A2 activity GO:0032431 Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme phospholipase A2. GOC:mah An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness. cellular_component GO:0032432 actin filament bundle GO:0032432 An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness. GOC:mah The end of a filopodium distal to the body of the cell. cellular_component GO:0032433 filopodium tip GO:0032433 The end of a filopodium distal to the body of the cell. GOC:mah A dense network of actin filaments found beneath the apical cell surface of hair cells, and into which stereocilia are inserted. cellular_component GO:0032437 cuticular plate GO:0032437 A dense network of actin filaments found beneath the apical cell surface of hair cells, and into which stereocilia are inserted. PMID:12485990 PMID:2592408 PMID:8071151 A transcriptionally active complex that binds to an activin response element (ARE) in the promoter of target genes, and is composed of two SMAD2 proteins, one SMAD4 protein and a Forkhead activin signal transducer (FAST) transcription factor. ARF complex cellular_component GO:0032444 Note that this term should not be confused with any of the molecular function and biological process terms that refer to the small GTPase ARF (ADP-ribosylation factor). activin responsive factor complex GO:0032444 A transcriptionally active complex that binds to an activin response element (ARE) in the promoter of target genes, and is composed of two SMAD2 proteins, one SMAD4 protein and a Forkhead activin signal transducer (FAST) transcription factor. PMID:12374795 PMID:9288972 A process by which one or more moieties of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein. biological_process GO:0032446 protein modification by small protein conjugation GO:0032446 A process by which one or more moieties of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein. GOC:mah A protein complex comprising Carma1, Bcl10 and MALT1; plays a role in signal transduction during NF-kappaB activation. CARMA1-BCL10-Malt1 complex cellular_component GO:0032449 CBM complex GO:0032449 A protein complex comprising Carma1, Bcl10 and MALT1; plays a role in signal transduction during NF-kappaB activation. PMID:12909454 The generation of a mature nerve growth factor by proteolysis of a precursor. biological_process GO:0032455 nerve growth factor processing GO:0032455 The generation of a mature nerve growth factor by proteolysis of a precursor. GOC:mah PMID:8615794 The external (cytoplasmic face) of the mitochondrial outer membrane. cytosolic side of mitochondrial outer membrane cellular_component external side of mitochondrial envelope GO:0032473 external side of mitochondrial outer membrane GO:0032473 The external (cytoplasmic face) of the mitochondrial outer membrane. GOC:mah The process by which the anatomical structures of an otolith are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. biological_process GO:0032474 otolith morphogenesis GO:0032474 The process by which the anatomical structures of an otolith are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:dgh Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon type I production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. regulation of type I IFN production biological_process GO:0032479 regulation of type I interferon production GO:0032479 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon type I production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. up regulation of type I interferon production up-regulation of type I interferon production upregulation of type I interferon production activation of type I interferon production stimulation of type I interferon production biological_process GO:0032481 positive regulation of type I interferon production GO:0032481 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. GOC:add GOC:mah The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of bacterial origin is received and converted into a molecular signal. detection of bacteria associated molecule detection of bacterial associated molecule detection of bacterium associated molecule biological_process GO:0032490 detection of molecule of bacterial origin GO:0032490 The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of bacterial origin is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:add GOC:rl A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus. biological_process GO:0032493 response to bacterial lipoprotein GO:0032493 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus. GOC:add PMID:12077222 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule. biological_process GO:0032494 response to peptidoglycan GO:0032494 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan. biological_process GO:0032495 response to muramyl dipeptide GO:0032495 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan. GOC:add A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a of lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. response to LPS biological_process GO:0032496 response to lipopolysaccharide GO:0032496 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a of lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 The series of events in which a muramyl dipeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan. biological_process GO:0032498 detection of muramyl dipeptide GO:0032498 The series of events in which a muramyl dipeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan. GOC:rl PMID:15998797 The series of events in which a peptidoglycan stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule. biological_process GO:0032499 detection of peptidoglycan GO:0032499 The series of events in which a peptidoglycan stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 Interacting selectively, in a non-covalent manner, with muramyl dipeptide; muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan. molecular_function GO:0032500 muramyl dipeptide binding GO:0032500 Interacting selectively, in a non-covalent manner, with muramyl dipeptide; muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan. GOC:rl Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function. organismal physiological process biological_process GO:0032501 multicellular organismal process GO:0032501 Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function. GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. development biological_process GO:0032502 developmental process GO:0032502 A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. GOC:isa_complete A cellular process that is involved in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. biological_process GO:0032506 cytokinetic process GO:0032506 A cellular process that is involved in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. GOC:isa_complete GOC:mah Any process by which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. biological_process maintenance of protein localization in cell GO:0032507 maintenance of protein location in cell GO:0032507 Any process by which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. GOC:isa_complete GOC:mah maintenance of protein localization in cell GOC:dph GOC:tb The process by which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands. DNA unwinding duplex DNA melting biological_process GO:0032508 DNA duplex unwinding GO:0032508 The process by which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands. GOC:isa_complete GOC:mah Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2B. regulation of calcineurin activity biological_process GO:0032512 regulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity GO:0032512 Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2B. GOC:mah Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2B. down regulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity down-regulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity downregulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity negative regulation of calcineurin activity inhibition of protein phosphatase type 2B activity biological_process GO:0032513 negative regulation of protein phosphatase type 2B activity GO:0032513 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2B. GOC:mah Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase. down regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity down-regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity downregulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity inhibition of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity biological_process GO:0032515 negative regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity GO:0032515 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase. GOC:mah A process that modulates the size of a cellular component. biological_process GO:0032535 regulation of cellular component size GO:0032535 A process that modulates the size of a cellular component. GOC:mah A process that modulates the size of a cell projection. biological_process GO:0032536 regulation of cell projection size GO:0032536 A process that modulates the size of a cell projection. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus. biological_process GO:0032570 response to progesterone stimulus GO:0032570 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus. GOC:sl The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. Golgi stack membrane cellular_component GO:0032580 Golgi cisterna membrane GO:0032580 The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. GOC:ecd GOC:mah Any process that modulates the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes. biological_process GO:0032583 regulation of gene-specific transcription GO:0032583 Any process that modulates the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes. GOC:mah The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a ruffle. cellular_component membrane ruffle GO:0032587 ruffle membrane GO:0032587 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a ruffle. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network. trans Golgi network membrane cellular_component Golgi trans face membrane GO:0032588 trans-Golgi network membrane GO:0032588 The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network. GOC:mah The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection. cellular_component GO:0032589 neuron projection membrane GO:0032589 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection. GOC:mah Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. cellular_component GO:0032592 integral to mitochondrial membrane GO:0032592 Located such that some or all of the gene product itself penetrates at least one phospholipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. GOC:mah A small membrane-bounded vesicle that releases its contents by exocytosis in response to insulin stimulation; the contents are enriched in GLUT4, IRAP and VAMP2. GLUT4 storage compartment cellular_component GSC IRC GO:0032593 insulin-responsive compartment GO:0032593 A small membrane-bounded vesicle that releases its contents by exocytosis in response to insulin stimulation; the contents are enriched in GLUT4, IRAP and VAMP2. PMID:17644329 The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer. protein translocation within membrane receptor translocation within membrane receptor transport within lipid bilayer biological_process GO:0032594 protein transport within lipid bilayer GO:0032594 The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer. GOC:mah The directed movement of a B cell receptor within a lipid bilayer. B cell receptor translocation within membrane BCR translocation within membrane BCR transport within lipid bilayer biological_process GO:0032595 B cell receptor transport within lipid bilayer GO:0032595 The directed movement of a B cell receptor within a lipid bilayer. GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein into a membrane raft. protein translocation into membrane raft protein transport into lipid raft receptor translocation into membrane raft receptor transport into membrane raft biological_process GO:0032596 protein transport into membrane raft GO:0032596 The directed movement of a protein into a membrane raft. GOC:mah The directed movement of a B cell receptor into a membrane raft. B cell receptor translocation into membrane raft B cell receptor transport into lipid raft BCR translocation into membrane raft BCR transport into membrane raft biological_process GO:0032597 B cell receptor transport into membrane raft GO:0032597 The directed movement of a B cell receptor into a membrane raft. GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein out of a membrane raft. protein translocation out of membrane raft protein transport out of lipid raft receptor translocation out of membrane raft receptor transport out of membrane raft biological_process GO:0032599 protein transport out of membrane raft GO:0032599 The directed movement of a protein out of a membrane raft. GOC:mah The directed movement of a chemokine receptor out of a membrane raft. chemokine receptor translocation out of membrane raft chemokine receptor transport out of lipid raft biological_process GO:0032600 chemokine receptor transport out of membrane raft GO:0032600 The directed movement of a chemokine receptor out of a membrane raft. GOC:mah The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. type II interferon production biological_process GO:0032609 interferon-gamma production GO:0032609 The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. GOC:add GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-10 production biological_process GO:0032613 interleukin-10 production GO:0032613 The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-12 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-12 production biological_process GO:0032615 interleukin-12 production GO:0032615 The appearance of interleukin-12 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-18 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-18 production biological_process GO:0032621 interleukin-18 production GO:0032621 The appearance of interleukin-18 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-6 production biological_process GO:0032635 interleukin-6 production GO:0032635 The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-8 production biological_process GO:0032637 interleukin-8 production GO:0032637 The appearance of interleukin-8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:mah The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. TNF production TNF-alpha production tumor necrosis factor-alpha production biological_process GO:0032640 Note that this term refers only to the specific, original 'tumor necrosis factor' protein (TNF) and not other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (those with the gene symbol root 'TNFSF'). tumor necrosis factor production GO:0032640 The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. biological_process GO:0032642 regulation of chemokine production GO:0032642 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production. biological_process GO:0032644 regulation of fractalkine production GO:0032644 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production. biological_process GO:0032645 regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production GO:0032645 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hepatocyte growth factor production. biological_process GO:0032646 regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production GO:0032646 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hepatocyte growth factor production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production. biological_process GO:0032647 regulation of interferon-alpha production GO:0032647 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production. biological_process GO:0032648 regulation of interferon-beta production GO:0032648 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. regulation of type II interferon production biological_process GO:0032649 regulation of interferon-gamma production GO:0032649 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production. regulation of IL-1 alpha production biological_process GO:0032650 regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production GO:0032650 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production. regulation of IL-1 beta production biological_process GO:0032651 regulation of interleukin-1 beta production GO:0032651 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production. regulation of IL-1 production biological_process GO:0032652 regulation of interleukin-1 production GO:0032652 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. regulation of IL-10 production biological_process GO:0032653 regulation of interleukin-10 production GO:0032653 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production. regulation of IL-12 production biological_process GO:0032655 regulation of interleukin-12 production GO:0032655 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production. regulation of IL-13 production biological_process GO:0032656 regulation of interleukin-13 production GO:0032656 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-17 production. regulation of IL-17 production biological_process GO:0032660 regulation of interleukin-17 production GO:0032660 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-17 production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production. regulation of IL-18 production biological_process GO:0032661 regulation of interleukin-18 production GO:0032661 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production. regulation of IL-2 production biological_process GO:0032663 regulation of interleukin-2 production GO:0032663 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production. regulation of IL-3 production biological_process GO:0032672 regulation of interleukin-3 production GO:0032672 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production. regulation of IL-4 production biological_process GO:0032673 regulation of interleukin-4 production GO:0032673 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production. regulation of IL-5 production biological_process GO:0032674 regulation of interleukin-5 production GO:0032674 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. regulation of IL-6 production biological_process GO:0032675 regulation of interleukin-6 production GO:0032675 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. regulation of IL-8 production biological_process GO:0032677 regulation of interleukin-8 production GO:0032677 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of TRAIL production. biological_process GO:0032679 regulation of TRAIL production GO:0032679 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of TRAIL production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. regulation of TNF production regulation of TNF-alpha production regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production biological_process GO:0032680 Note that this term refers only to the specific, original 'tumor necrosis factor' protein (TNF) and not other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (those with the gene symbol root 'TNFSF'). regulation of tumor necrosis factor production GO:0032680 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphotoxin A production. regulation of LTA production regulation of TNF-beta production regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha production regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta production biological_process GO:0032681 regulation of lymphotoxin A production GO:0032681 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphotoxin A production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. down regulation of chemokine production down-regulation of chemokine production downregulation of chemokine production inhibition of chemokine production biological_process GO:0032682 negative regulation of chemokine production GO:0032682 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. down regulation of interferon-gamma production down-regulation of interferon-gamma production downregulation of interferon-gamma production negative regulation of type II interferon production inhibition of interferon-gamma production biological_process GO:0032689 negative regulation of interferon-gamma production GO:0032689 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production. down regulation of interleukin-1 beta production down-regulation of interleukin-1 beta production downregulation of interleukin-1 beta production negative regulation of IL-1 beta production inhibition of interleukin-1 beta production biological_process GO:0032691 negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production GO:0032691 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production. down regulation of interleukin-1 production down-regulation of interleukin-1 production downregulation of interleukin-1 production negative regulation of IL-1 production inhibition of interleukin-1 production biological_process GO:0032692 negative regulation of interleukin-1 production GO:0032692 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. down regulation of interleukin-10 production down-regulation of interleukin-10 production downregulation of interleukin-10 production negative regulation of IL-10 production inhibition of interleukin-10 production biological_process GO:0032693 negative regulation of interleukin-10 production GO:0032693 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production. down regulation of interleukin-12 production down-regulation of interleukin-12 production downregulation of interleukin-12 production negative regulation of IL-12 production inhibition of interleukin-12 production biological_process GO:0032695 negative regulation of interleukin-12 production GO:0032695 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production. down regulation of interleukin-13 production down-regulation of interleukin-13 production downregulation of interleukin-13 production negative regulation of IL-13 production inhibition of interleukin-13 production biological_process GO:0032696 negative regulation of interleukin-13 production GO:0032696 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production. down regulation of interleukin-18 production down-regulation of interleukin-18 production downregulation of interleukin-18 production negative regulation of IL-18 production inhibition of interleukin-18 production biological_process GO:0032701 negative regulation of interleukin-18 production GO:0032701 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production. down regulation of interleukin-2 production down-regulation of interleukin-2 production downregulation of interleukin-2 production negative regulation of IL-2 production inhibition of interleukin-2 production biological_process GO:0032703 negative regulation of interleukin-2 production GO:0032703 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production. down regulation of interleukin-4 production down-regulation of interleukin-4 production downregulation of interleukin-4 production negative regulation of IL-4 production inhibition of interleukin-4 production biological_process GO:0032713 negative regulation of interleukin-4 production GO:0032713 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production. down regulation of interleukin-5 production down-regulation of interleukin-5 production downregulation of interleukin-5 production negative regulation of IL-5 production inhibition of interleukin-5 production biological_process GO:0032714 negative regulation of interleukin-5 production GO:0032714 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. down regulation of interleukin-6 production down-regulation of interleukin-6 production downregulation of interleukin-6 production negative regulation of IL-6 production inhibition of interleukin-6 production biological_process GO:0032715 negative regulation of interleukin-6 production GO:0032715 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. down regulation of interleukin-8 production down-regulation of interleukin-8 production downregulation of interleukin-8 production negative regulation of IL-8 production inhibition of interleukin-8 production biological_process GO:0032717 negative regulation of interleukin-8 production GO:0032717 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. down regulation of tumor necrosis factor production down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor production downregulation of tumor necrosis factor production negative regulation TNF production negative regulation TNF-alpha production negative regulation tumor necrosis factor-alpha production inhibition of tumor necrosis factor production biological_process GO:0032720 Note that this term refers only to the specific, original 'tumor necrosis factor' protein (TNF) and not other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (those with the gene symbol root 'TNFSF'). negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production GO:0032720 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. up regulation of chemokine production up-regulation of chemokine production upregulation of chemokine production activation of chemokine production stimulation of chemokine production biological_process GO:0032722 positive regulation of chemokine production GO:0032722 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production. up regulation of interferon-alpha production up-regulation of interferon-alpha production upregulation of interferon-alpha production activation of interferon-alpha production stimulation of interferon-alpha production biological_process GO:0032727 positive regulation of interferon-alpha production GO:0032727 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. positive regulation of type II interferon production up regulation of interferon-gamma production up-regulation of interferon-gamma production upregulation of interferon-gamma production activation of interferon-gamma production stimulation of interferon-gamma production biological_process GO:0032729 positive regulation of interferon-gamma production GO:0032729 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production. positive regulation of IL-1 alpha production up regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production up-regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production upregulation of interleukin-1 alpha production activation of interleukin-1 alpha production stimulation of interleukin-1 alpha production biological_process GO:0032730 positive regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production GO:0032730 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production. positive regulation of IL-1 beta production up regulation of interleukin-1 beta production up-regulation of interleukin-1 beta production upregulation of interleukin-1 beta production activation of interleukin-1 beta production stimulation of interleukin-1 beta production biological_process GO:0032731 positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production GO:0032731 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production. positive regulation of IL-1 production up regulation of interleukin-1 production up-regulation of interleukin-1 production upregulation of interleukin-1 production activation of interleukin-1 production stimulation of interleukin-1 production biological_process GO:0032732 positive regulation of interleukin-1 production GO:0032732 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. positive regulation of IL-10 production up regulation of interleukin-10 production up-regulation of interleukin-10 production upregulation of interleukin-10 production activation of interleukin-10 production stimulation of interleukin-10 production biological_process GO:0032733 positive regulation of interleukin-10 production GO:0032733 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production. positive regulation of IL-12 production up regulation of interleukin-12 production up-regulation of interleukin-12 production upregulation of interleukin-12 production activation of interleukin-12 production stimulation of interleukin-12 production biological_process GO:0032735 positive regulation of interleukin-12 production GO:0032735 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production. positive regulation of IL-13 production up regulation of interleukin-13 production up-regulation of interleukin-13 production upregulation of interleukin-13 production activation of interleukin-13 production stimulation of interleukin-13 production biological_process GO:0032736 positive regulation of interleukin-13 production GO:0032736 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-17 production. positive regulation of IL-17 production up regulation of interleukin-17 production up-regulation of interleukin-17 production upregulation of interleukin-17 production activation of interleukin-17 production stimulation of interleukin-17 production biological_process GO:0032740 positive regulation of interleukin-17 production GO:0032740 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-17 production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production. positive regulation of IL-2 production up regulation of interleukin-2 production up-regulation of interleukin-2 production upregulation of interleukin-2 production activation of interleukin-2 production stimulation of interleukin-2 production biological_process GO:0032743 positive regulation of interleukin-2 production GO:0032743 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production. positive regulation of IL-4 production up regulation of interleukin-4 production up-regulation of interleukin-4 production upregulation of interleukin-4 production activation of interleukin-4 production stimulation of interleukin-4 production biological_process GO:0032753 positive regulation of interleukin-4 production GO:0032753 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production. positive regulation of IL-5 production up regulation of interleukin-5 production up-regulation of interleukin-5 production upregulation of interleukin-5 production activation of interleukin-5 production stimulation of interleukin-5 production biological_process GO:0032754 positive regulation of interleukin-5 production GO:0032754 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. positive regulation of IL-6 production up regulation of interleukin-6 production up-regulation of interleukin-6 production upregulation of interleukin-6 production activation of interleukin-6 production stimulation of interleukin-6 production biological_process GO:0032755 positive regulation of interleukin-6 production GO:0032755 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. positive regulation of IL-8 production up regulation of interleukin-8 production up-regulation of interleukin-8 production upregulation of interleukin-8 production activation of interleukin-8 production stimulation of interleukin-8 production biological_process GO:0032757 positive regulation of interleukin-8 production GO:0032757 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. positive regulation of TNF production positive regulation of TNF-alpha production positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production up regulation of tumor necrosis factor production up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor production upregulation of tumor necrosis factor production activation of tumor necrosis factor production stimulation of tumor necrosis factor production biological_process GO:0032760 Note that this term refers only to the specific, original 'tumor necrosis factor' protein (TNF) and not other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (those with the gene symbol root 'TNFSF'). positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production GO:0032760 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production. biological_process GO:0032763 regulation of mast cell cytokine production GO:0032763 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production. down regulation of mast cell cytokine production down-regulation of mast cell cytokine production downregulation of mast cell cytokine production inhibition of mast cell cytokine production biological_process GO:0032764 negative regulation of mast cell cytokine production GO:0032764 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production. up regulation of mast cell cytokine production up-regulation of mast cell cytokine production upregulation of mast cell cytokine production activation of mast cell cytokine production stimulation of mast cell cytokine production biological_process GO:0032765 positive regulation of mast cell cytokine production GO:0032765 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the activity of a monooxygenase. biological_process GO:0032768 regulation of monooxygenase activity GO:0032768 Any process that modulates the activity of a monooxygenase. GOC:mah Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a monooxygenase. down regulation of monooxygenase activity down-regulation of monooxygenase activity downregulation of monooxygenase activity inhibition of monooxygenase activity biological_process GO:0032769 negative regulation of monooxygenase activity GO:0032769 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a monooxygenase. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the activity of a monooxygenase. up regulation of monooxygenase activity up-regulation of monooxygenase activity upregulation of monooxygenase activity activation of monooxygenase activity stimulation of monooxygenase activity biological_process GO:0032770 positive regulation of monooxygenase activity GO:0032770 Any process that activates or increases the activity of a monooxygenase. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. RNA anabolism RNA biosynthesis RNA formation RNA synthesis biological_process GO:0032774 RNA biosynthetic process GO:0032774 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase. regulation of transcription elongation regulation of transcriptional elongation biological_process GO:0032784 regulation of RNA elongation GO:0032784 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-). monocarboxylate metabolic process monocarboxylic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0032787 monocarboxylic acid metabolic process GO:0032787 The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-). GOC:vk Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor CREB. inhibition of CREB transcription factor biological_process CREB inhibitor GO:0032792 negative regulation of CREB transcription factor activity GO:0032792 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor CREB. GOC:dph GOC:ecd GOC:tb inhibition of CREB transcription factor GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor CREB. activation of CREB activation of CREB transcription factor biological_process CREB activator GO:0032793 positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity GO:0032793 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor CREB. GOC:dph GOC:ecd GOC:tb activation of CREB transcription factor GOC:dph GOC:tb A protein complex that contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and at least eight additional integral components, including the Gemin2-8 and Unrip proteins; the complex is found in the cytoplasm and in nuclear Gems, and is involved in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm and in pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus. SMN core complex survival motor neuron complex cellular_component GO:0032797 SMN complex GO:0032797 A protein complex that contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and at least eight additional integral components, including the Gemin2-8 and Unrip proteins; the complex is found in the cytoplasm and in nuclear Gems, and is involved in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm and in pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus. PMID:16434402 PMID:17023415 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. receptor anabolism receptor biosynthesis receptor formation receptor synthesis biological_process GO:0032800 receptor biosynthetic process GO:0032800 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. GOC:mah A eukaryotically conserved protein complex that contains DNA ligase IV and is involved in DNA repair by non-homologous end joining; in addition to the ligase, the complex also contains XRCC4 or a homolog, e.g. Saccharomyces Lif1p. DNA ligase IV-XRCC4 complex cellular_component GO:0032807 DNA ligase IV complex GO:0032807 A eukaryotically conserved protein complex that contains DNA ligase IV and is involved in DNA repair by non-homologous end joining; in addition to the ligase, the complex also contains XRCC4 or a homolog, e.g. Saccharomyces Lif1p. PMID:16314503 DNA ligase IV-XRCC4 complex GOC:mah Interacting selectively with any member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. TNF receptor superfamily binding molecular_function GO:0032813 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily binding GO:0032813 Interacting selectively with any member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation. regulation of NK cell activation biological_process GO:0032814 regulation of natural killer cell activation GO:0032814 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation. positive regulation of NK cell activation up regulation of natural killer cell activation up-regulation of natural killer cell activation upregulation of natural killer cell activation activation of natural killer cell activation stimulation of natural killer cell activation biological_process GO:0032816 positive regulation of natural killer cell activation GO:0032816 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation. regulation of NK cell differentiation biological_process GO:0032823 regulation of natural killer cell differentiation GO:0032823 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation. positive regulation of NK cell differentiation up regulation of natural killer cell differentiation up-regulation of natural killer cell differentiation upregulation of natural killer cell differentiation activation of natural killer cell differentiation stimulation of natural killer cell differentiation biological_process GO:0032825 positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation GO:0032825 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells. regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0032829 regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation GO:0032829 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells. positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation up regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation up-regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation upregulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation activation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation stimulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation biological_process GO:0032831 positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation GO:0032831 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells. GOC:mah All of the contents of a cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection. cellular_component GO:0032838 cell projection cytoplasm GO:0032838 All of the contents of a cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection. GOC:mah All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane. dendritic cytoplasm cellular_component GO:0032839 dendrite cytoplasm GO:0032839 All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a homeostatic process. biological_process GO:0032844 regulation of homeostatic process GO:0032844 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a homeostatic process. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a homeostatic process. up regulation of homeostatic process up-regulation of homeostatic process upregulation of homeostatic process activation of homeostatic process stimulation of homeostatic process biological_process GO:0032846 positive regulation of homeostatic process GO:0032846 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a homeostatic process. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. biological_process GO:0032868 response to insulin stimulus GO:0032868 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. biological_process GO:0032869 cellular response to insulin stimulus GO:0032869 A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. biological_process GO:0032870 cellular response to hormone stimulus GO:0032870 A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade. regulation of p38 MAPK signaling regulation of p38 MAPK signalling regulation of stress-activated MAPK signaling pathway regulation of stress-activated MAPK signalling pathway regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK cascade regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signaling pathway regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signalling pathway biological_process GO:0032872 regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade GO:0032872 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade. positive regulation of p38 MAPK signaling positive regulation of p38 MAPK signalling positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK signaling pathway positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK signalling pathway positive regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK cascade positive regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signaling pathway positive regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signalling pathway up regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade up-regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade upregulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade activation of stress-activated MAPK cascade stimulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade biological_process GO:0032874 positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade GO:0032874 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process by which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. biological_process GO:0032879 regulation of localization GO:0032879 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process by which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. biological_process GO:0032880 regulation of protein localization GO:0032880 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0032890 regulation of organic acid transport GO:0032890 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of, within or between cells. down regulation of organic acid transport down-regulation of organic acid transport downregulation of organic acid transport inhibition of organic acid transport biological_process GO:0032891 negative regulation of organic acid transport GO:0032891 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of, within or between cells. up regulation of organic acid transport up-regulation of organic acid transport upregulation of organic acid transport activation of organic acid transport stimulation of organic acid transport biological_process GO:0032892 positive regulation of organic acid transport GO:0032892 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:mah The appearance of a neurotrophin due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. A neurotrophin is any of a family of growth factors that block apoptosis in neurons and thus promote nerve growth. biological_process GO:0032898 neurotrophin production GO:0032898 The appearance of a neurotrophin due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. A neurotrophin is any of a family of growth factors that block apoptosis in neurons and thus promote nerve growth. GOC:ecd GOC:mah GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin. biological_process GO:0032899 regulation of neurotrophin production GO:0032899 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin. down regulation of neurotrophin production down-regulation of neurotrophin production downregulation of neurotrophin production inhibition of neurotrophin production biological_process GO:0032900 negative regulation of neurotrophin production GO:0032900 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin. GOC:mah The appearance of nerve growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. NGF production biological_process GO:0032902 nerve growth factor production GO:0032902 The appearance of nerve growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:ecd GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor. regulation of NGF production biological_process GO:0032903 regulation of nerve growth factor production GO:0032903 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor. down regulation of nerve growth factor production down-regulation of nerve growth factor production downregulation of nerve growth factor production negative regulation of NGF production inhibition of nerve growth factor production biological_process GO:0032904 negative regulation of nerve growth factor production GO:0032904 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1. regulation of TGF-B1 production regulation of TGFB1 production biological_process GO:0032908 regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production GO:0032908 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2. regulation of TGF-B2 production regulation of TGFB2 production biological_process GO:0032909 regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production GO:0032909 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3. regulation of TGF-B3 production regulation of TGFB3 production biological_process GO:0032910 regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production GO:0032910 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1. down regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production downregulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production negative regulation of TGF-B1 production negative regulation of TGFB1 production inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta1 production biological_process GO:0032911 negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production GO:0032911 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3. down regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production downregulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production negative regulation of TGF-B3 production negative regulation of TGFB3 production inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta3 production biological_process GO:0032913 negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production GO:0032913 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1. positive regulation of TGF-B1 production positive regulation of TGFB1 production up regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production activation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production stimulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production biological_process GO:0032914 positive regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production GO:0032914 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. biological_process circadian regulation of protein expression diurnal variation of gene expression diurnal variation of protein expression GO:0032922 circadian regulation of gene expression GO:0032922 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. GOC:mah A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the activin family binding to a cell surface receptor. activin receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0032924 activin receptor signaling pathway GO:0032924 A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the activin family binding to a cell surface receptor. GOC:rl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway. regulation of activin receptor signalling pathway biological_process regulation of activin signaling pathway regulation of activin signalling pathway GO:0032925 regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway GO:0032925 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway. GOC:rl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway. down regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway down-regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway downregulation of activin receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of activin receptor signalling pathway inhibition of activin receptor signaling pathway biological_process negative regulation of activin signaling pathway negative regulation of activin signalling pathway GO:0032926 negative regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway GO:0032926 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway. GOC:rl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway. positive regulation of activin receptor signalling pathway up regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway up-regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway upregulation of activin receptor signaling pathway activation of activin receptor signaling pathway stimulation of activin receptor signaling pathway biological_process positive regulation of activin signaling pathway positive regulation of activin signalling pathway GO:0032927 positive regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway GO:0032927 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway. GOC:rl Interacting selectively with a sterol, any steroid containing a hydroxy group in the 3 position, closely related to cholestan-3-ol. molecular_function GO:0032934 sterol binding GO:0032934 Interacting selectively with a sterol, any steroid containing a hydroxy group in the 3 position, closely related to cholestan-3-ol. ChEBI:15889 GOC:mah The controlled release of a substance by a cell. cellular secretion biological_process GO:0032940 secretion by cell GO:0032940 The controlled release of a substance by a cell. GOC:mah The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. PBMC proliferation peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation biological_process GO:0032943 mononuclear cell proliferation GO:0032943 The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. regulation of PBMC proliferation regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation biological_process GO:0032944 regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation GO:0032944 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. negative regulation of PBMC proliferation negative regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation biological_process GO:0032945 negative regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation GO:0032945 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. up regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation up-regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation upregulation of mononuclear cell proliferation activation of mononuclear cell proliferation positive regulation of PBMC proliferation positive regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation stimulation of mononuclear cell proliferation biological_process GO:0032946 positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation GO:0032946 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. GOC:add Functions to provide a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein complex. molecular_function GO:0032947 protein complex scaffold GO:0032947 Functions to provide a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein complex. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving myo-inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached. IP3 metabolic process IP3 metabolism inositol trisphosphate metabolism myo-inositol trisphosphate metabolic process biological_process GO:0032957 inositol trisphosphate metabolic process GO:0032957 The chemical reactions and pathways involving myo-inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached. ChEBI:24540 ChEBI:24848 GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached. inositol phosphate anabolism inositol phosphate biosynthesis inositol phosphate formation inositol phosphate synthesis myo-inositol phosphate biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0032958 inositol phosphate biosynthetic process GO:0032958 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached. ChEBI:24848 ChEBI:25448 GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached. IP3 biosynthesis IP3 biosynthetic process inositol trisphosphate anabolism inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis inositol trisphosphate formation inositol trisphosphate synthesis myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0032959 inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process GO:0032959 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached. ChEBI:24848 ChEBI:25450 GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate. regulation of IP3 biosynthesis regulation of IP3 biosynthetic process regulation of inositol trisphosphate anabolism regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis regulation of inositol trisphosphate formation regulation of inositol trisphosphate synthesis regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0032960 regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process GO:0032960 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate. positive regulation of IP3 biosynthesis positive regulation of IP3 biosynthetic process positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate anabolism positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate formation positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate synthesis positive regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis positive regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0032962 positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process GO:0032962 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate. GOC:mah A protein complex containing myosin heavy chains, plus associated light chains and other proteins, in which the myosin heavy chains are arranged into a filament. cellular_component myosin thick filament thick filament GO:0032982 myosin filament GO:0032982 A protein complex containing myosin heavy chains, plus associated light chains and other proteins, in which the myosin heavy chains are arranged into a filament. GOC:mah An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. Kainate receptors are multimeric assemblies of GluR5-7 and KA-1/2 subunits. cellular_component GO:0032983 kainate selective glutamate receptor complex GO:0032983 An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. Kainate receptors are multimeric assemblies of GluR5-7 and KA-1/2 subunits. http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Synaptic/info/glutamate.html The process by which cellular structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. biological_process GO:0032989 cellular structure morphogenesis GO:0032989 The process by which cellular structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:mah The process by which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. biological_process GO:0032990 cell part morphogenesis GO:0032990 The process by which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:mah A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which the constituent parts function together. macromolecule complex cellular_component GO:0032991 macromolecular complex GO:0032991 A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which the constituent parts function together. GOC:mah A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules. cellular_component GO:0032993 protein-DNA complex GO:0032993 A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules. GOC:mah A macromolecular complex containing both protein and lipid molecules. cellular_component GO:0032994 protein-lipid complex GO:0032994 A macromolecular complex containing both protein and lipid molecules. GOC:mah A protein complex containing Bcl3 and Bcl10, which forms when Akt1 is activated by TNF-alpha to phosphorylate Bcl10; the Bcl3-Bcl10 complex is translocated to the nucleus. cellular_component GO:0032996 Bcl3-Bcl10 complex GO:0032996 A protein complex containing Bcl3 and Bcl10, which forms when Akt1 is activated by TNF-alpha to phosphorylate Bcl10; the Bcl3-Bcl10 complex is translocated to the nucleus. PMID:16280327 A protein complex composed of a subunit or subunits capable of binding the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin with additional signaling components. The complex functions as a receptor for immunoglobulin. immunoglobulin receptor complex Fc-receptor complex FcR complex cellular_component GO:0032997 Fc receptor complex GO:0032997 A protein complex composed of a subunit or subunits capable of binding the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin with additional signaling components. The complex functions as a receptor for immunoglobulin. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A protein complex composed of an Fc-epsilon RI alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-episilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgE. IgE receptor complex immunoglobulin E receptor complex FceRI complex cellular_component GO:0032998 Fc-epsilon receptor I complex GO:0032998 A protein complex composed of an Fc-epsilon RI alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-episilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgE. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation. biological_process GO:0033003 regulation of mast cell activation GO:0033003 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation. biological_process GO:0033004 negative regulation of mast cell activation GO:0033004 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation. biological_process GO:0033005 positive regulation of mast cell activation GO:0033005 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation. GOC:mah A condensed cytoplasmic structure that covers the nucleus of mammalian spermatozoa except for a narrow zone around the insertion of the tail. It shows two distinct regions, a subacrosomal layer and, continuing caudally beyond the acrosomic system, the postacrosomal sheath. The perinuclear theca has been considered a cytoskeletal scaffold responsible for maintaining the overall architecture of the mature sperm head; however, recent studies indicate that the bulk of its constituent proteins are not traditional cytoskeletal proteins but rather a variety of cytosolic proteins. cellular_component GO:0033011 perinuclear theca GO:0033011 A condensed cytoplasmic structure that covers the nucleus of mammalian spermatozoa except for a narrow zone around the insertion of the tail. It shows two distinct regions, a subacrosomal layer and, continuing caudally beyond the acrosomic system, the postacrosomal sheath. The perinuclear theca has been considered a cytoskeletal scaffold responsible for maintaining the overall architecture of the mature sperm head; however, recent studies indicate that the bulk of its constituent proteins are not traditional cytoskeletal proteins but rather a variety of cytosolic proteins. PMID:17289678 PMID:8025156 The lipid bilayer surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum. cellular_component GO:0033017 sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane GO:0033017 The lipid bilayer surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum. GOC:rph The volume enclosed by the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. cellular_component GO:0033018 sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen GO:0033018 The volume enclosed by the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. GOC:rph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptosis. biological_process GO:0033025 regulation of mast cell apoptosis GO:0033025 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptosis. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a mast cell apoptosis. down regulation of mast cell apoptosis down-regulation of mast cell apoptosis downregulation of mast cell apoptosis inhibition of mast cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0033026 negative regulation of mast cell apoptosis GO:0033026 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a mast cell apoptosis. GOC:add The process of apoptosis in myeloid cells. apoptosis of myeloid cells biological_process GO:0033028 myeloid cell apoptosis GO:0033028 The process of apoptosis in myeloid cells. GOC:add PMID:11292031 PMID:15330259 PMID:17133093 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptosis. biological_process GO:0033029 regulation of neutrophil apoptosis GO:0033029 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptosis. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptosis. up regulation of neutrophil apoptosis up-regulation of neutrophil apoptosis upregulation of neutrophil apoptosis activation of neutrophil apoptosis stimulation of neutrophil apoptosis biological_process GO:0033031 positive regulation of neutrophil apoptosis GO:0033031 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptosis. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptosis. biological_process GO:0033032 regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis GO:0033032 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptosis. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptosis. down regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis down-regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis downregulation of myeloid cell apoptosis inhibition of myeloid cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0033033 negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis GO:0033033 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptosis. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptosis. up regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis up-regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis upregulation of myeloid cell apoptosis activation of myeloid cell apoptosis stimulation of myeloid cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0033034 positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis GO:0033034 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptosis. GOC:add Combining with soluble bitter compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of bitter taste. molecular_function GO:0033038 bitter taste receptor activity GO:0033038 Combining with soluble bitter compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of bitter taste. GOC:mah Combining with soluble sweet compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of sweet taste. molecular_function GO:0033041 sweet taste receptor activity GO:0033041 Combining with soluble sweet compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of sweet taste. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0033043 regulation of organelle organization GO:0033043 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome. regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0033044 regulation of chromosome organization GO:0033044 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome. GOC:mah The specific actions or reactions of an organism that are associated with reproduction in a multicellular organism. biological_process GO:0033057 reproductive behavior in a multicellular organism GO:0033057 The specific actions or reactions of an organism that are associated with reproduction in a multicellular organism. GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07 Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another along an axis. biological_process GO:0033058 directional locomotion GO:0033058 Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another along an axis. GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus. thymic T cell differentiation thymocyte cell differentiation thymocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0033077 T cell differentiation in the thymus GO:0033077 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus. regulation of thymic T cell differentiation regulation of thymocyte cell differentiation regulation of thymocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0033081 regulation of T cell differentiation in the thymus GO:0033081 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0033083 regulation of immature T cell proliferation GO:0033083 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus. regulation of thymic T cell proliferation regulation of thymocyte cell proliferation regulation of thymocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0033084 regulation of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus GO:0033084 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus. negative regulation of thymic T cell differentiation negative regulation of thymocyte cell differentiation negative regulation of thymocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0033085 negative regulation of T cell differentiation in the thymus GO:0033085 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0033087 negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation GO:0033087 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus. negative regulation of thymic T cell proliferation negative regulation of thymocyte cell proliferation negative regulation of thymocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0033088 negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus GO:0033088 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus. positive regulation of thymic T cell differentiation positive regulation of thymocyte cell differentiation positive regulation of thymocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0033089 positive regulation of T cell differentiation in the thymus GO:0033089 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0033091 positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation GO:0033091 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus. positive regulation of thymic T cell proliferation positive regulation of thymocyte cell proliferation positive regulation of thymocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0033092 positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus GO:0033092 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus. GOC:add GOC:mah A large, elongated, rod-shaped secretory granule characteristic of vascular endothelial cells that contain a number of structurally and functionally distinct proteins, of which the best characterized are von Willebrand factor (VWF) and P-selectin. Weibel-Palade bodies are formed from the trans-Golgi network in a process that depends on VWF, which is densely packed in a highly organized manner, and on coat proteins that remain associated with the granules. Upon cell stimulation, regulated exocytosis releases the contained proteins to the cell surface, where they act in the recruitment of platelets and leukocytes and in inflammatory and vasoactive responses. Wikipedia:Weibel-Palade_body cellular_component GO:0033093 Weibel-Palade body GO:0033093 A large, elongated, rod-shaped secretory granule characteristic of vascular endothelial cells that contain a number of structurally and functionally distinct proteins, of which the best characterized are von Willebrand factor (VWF) and P-selectin. Weibel-Palade bodies are formed from the trans-Golgi network in a process that depends on VWF, which is densely packed in a highly organized manner, and on coat proteins that remain associated with the granules. Upon cell stimulation, regulated exocytosis releases the contained proteins to the cell surface, where they act in the recruitment of platelets and leukocytes and in inflammatory and vasoactive responses. PMID:11935287 PMID:16087708 The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment system. cellular_component GO:0033116 ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane GO:0033116 The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment system. GOC:mah PMID:16723730 Interacting selectively with an acetylcholine receptor. molecular_function GO:0033130 acetylcholine receptor binding GO:0033130 Interacting selectively with an acetylcholine receptor. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. biological_process GO:0033135 regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation GO:0033135 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. GOC:mah The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of the STAT3 protein. biological_process GO:0033136 serine phosphorylation of STAT3 protein GO:0033136 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of the STAT3 protein. GOC:jl GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. biological_process GO:0033138 positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation GO:0033138 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway. regulation of steroid hormone receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0033143 regulation of steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway GO:0033143 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway. GOC:mah The process by which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). V(D)J joining V-D-J joining V-D-J recombination V-J joining V-J recombination biological_process GO:0033151 V(D)J recombination GO:0033151 The process by which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). GOC:add ISBN:0781700221 ISBN:0781735149 The process by which immunoglobulin heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin light chains the same process is used to join V and J gene segments directly. immunoglobulin V(D)J joining immunoglobulin V-D-J joining immunoglobulin V-D-J recombination immunoglobulin V-J joining immunoglobulin V-J recombination biological_process GO:0033152 immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination GO:0033152 The process by which immunoglobulin heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin light chains the same process is used to join V and J gene segments directly. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process by which T cell receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific locus, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). T cell receptor V(D)J joining T cell receptor V-D-J joining T cell receptor V-D-J recombination T cell receptor V-J joining T cell receptor V-J recombination T-cell receptor V(D)J recombination TCR V(D)J recombination biological_process GO:0033153 T cell receptor V(D)J recombination GO:0033153 The process by which T cell receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific locus, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). GOC:add ISBN:0781700221 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. biological_process GO:0033157 regulation of intracellular protein transport GO:0033157 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a melanosome. cellular_component GO:0033162 melanosome membrane GO:0033162 The lipid bilayer surrounding a melanosome. GOC:mah A series of molecular signals that results in activation of transcription by a member of the NFAT protein family as a consequence of NFAT dephosphorylation by activated calcineurin. The signaling is generated by a receptor binding a ligand, followed by activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate, which in turn leads to an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration that mediates the activation of calcineurin. calcineurin-NFAT signalling pathway biological_process GO:0033173 calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway GO:0033173 A series of molecular signals that results in activation of transcription by a member of the NFAT protein family as a consequence of NFAT dephosphorylation by activated calcineurin. The signaling is generated by a receptor binding a ligand, followed by activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate, which in turn leads to an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration that mediates the activation of calcineurin. GOC:lm GOC:mah PMID:15928679 A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient. The resulting transmembrane electrochemical potential of H+ is used to drive a variety of (i) secondary active transport systems via H+-dependent symporters and antiporters and (ii) channel-mediated transport systems. The complex comprises a membrane sector (V0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (V1) that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. V-type ATPases are found in the membranes of organelles such as vacuoles, endosomes, and lysosomes, and in the plasma membrane. hydrogen-translocating V-type ATPase complex cellular_component GO:0033176 proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex GO:0033176 A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient. The resulting transmembrane electrochemical potential of H+ is used to drive a variety of (i) secondary active transport systems via H+-dependent symporters and antiporters and (ii) channel-mediated transport systems. The complex comprises a membrane sector (V0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (V1) that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. V-type ATPases are found in the membranes of organelles such as vacuoles, endosomes, and lysosomes, and in the plasma membrane. GOC:mah ISBN:0716743663 PMID:16449553 A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex and carries out proton transport across a membrane. The proton-transporting domain (F0, V0, or A0) includes integral and peripheral membrane proteins. cellular_component GO:0033177 proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, proton-transporting domain GO:0033177 A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex and carries out proton transport across a membrane. The proton-transporting domain (F0, V0, or A0) includes integral and peripheral membrane proteins. GOC:mah PMID:10838056 A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis or synthesis. The catalytic domain (F1, V1, or A1) comprises a hexameric catalytic core and a central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the membrane when the two-sector ATPase is assembled. cellular_component GO:0033178 proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, catalytic domain GO:0033178 A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis or synthesis. The catalytic domain (F1, V1, or A1) comprises a hexameric catalytic core and a central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the membrane when the two-sector ATPase is assembled. GOC:mah PMID:10838056 A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. The V1 complex consists of: (1) a globular headpiece with three alternating copies of subunits A and B that form a ring, (2) a central rotational stalk composed of single copies of subunits D and F, and (3) a peripheral stalk made of subunits C, E, G and H. Subunits A and B mediate the hydrolysis of ATP at three reaction sites associated with subunit A. cellular_component GO:0033180 proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain GO:0033180 A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. The V1 complex consists of: (1) a globular headpiece with three alternating copies of subunits A and B that form a ring, (2) a central rotational stalk composed of single copies of subunits D and F, and (3) a peripheral stalk made of subunits C, E, G and H. Subunits A and B mediate the hydrolysis of ATP at three reaction sites associated with subunit A. GOC:mah ISBN:0716743663 PMID:16449553 A protein complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity; contains a catalytic subunit, a regulatory subunit, and a third subunit that stabilizes the complex. In human and several other metazoa, the subunits are named DPM1, DPM2 and DPM3, respectively. DPM synthase complex dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase complex cellular_component GO:0033185 dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase complex GO:0033185 A protein complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity; contains a catalytic subunit, a regulatory subunit, and a third subunit that stabilizes the complex. In human and several other metazoa, the subunits are named DPM1, DPM2 and DPM3, respectively. PMID:10835346 Catalysis of the reaction: a ceramide + a phosphatidylcholine = a sphingomyelin + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol. EC:2.7.8.27 SM synthase activity ceramide:phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphotransferase activity phosphatidylcholine:ceramide cholinephosphotransferase activity molecular_function SMS1 SMS2 GO:0033188 sphingomyelin synthase activity GO:0033188 Catalysis of the reaction: a ceramide + a phosphatidylcholine = a sphingomyelin + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol. EC:2.7.8.27 SM synthase activity EC:2.7.8.27 ceramide:phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.8.27 phosphatidylcholine:ceramide cholinephosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.8.27 SMS1 EC:2.7.8.27 SMS2 EC:2.7.8.27 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin E stimulus. response to DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate response to DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate response to O-Acetyl-alpha-tocopherol biological_process GO:0033197 response to vitamin E GO:0033197 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin E stimulus. GOC:sl A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus. response to adenosine 5'-triphosphate response to adenosine triphosphate biological_process GO:0033198 response to ATP GO:0033198 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus. GOC:sl A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor. TNF-alpha-mediated signaling pathway tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated signaling pathway tumor necrosis factor-mediated signalling pathway biological_process adipocytokine signaling pathway GO:0033209 tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway GO:0033209 A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor. GOC:mah tumor necrosis factor-mediated signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines. regulation of amine metabolism biological_process GO:0033238 regulation of cellular amine metabolic process GO:0033238 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. negative regulation of amine metabolism biological_process GO:0033239 negative regulation of cellular amine metabolic process GO:0033239 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. positive regulation of amine metabolism biological_process GO:0033240 positive regulation of cellular amine metabolic process GO:0033240 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. GOC:mah A protein complex containing an I-kappaB protein and one or more copies of an NF-kappaB protein; mediates regulation of NF-kappaB activity by I-kappaB. cellular_component GO:0033256 I-kappaB/NF-kappaB complex GO:0033256 A protein complex containing an I-kappaB protein and one or more copies of an NF-kappaB protein; mediates regulation of NF-kappaB activity by I-kappaB. GOC:mah PMID:9407099 A protein complex containing one Bcl protein and one or more copies of NF-kappaB2; formation of complexes of different stoichiometry depends on the Bcl3:NF-kappaB2 ratio, and allow Bcl3 to exert different regulatory effects on NF-kappaB2-dependent transcription. Bcl3-p52 complex cellular_component Bcl3-NFKB2 complex GO:0033257 Bcl3/NF-kappaB2 complex GO:0033257 A protein complex containing one Bcl protein and one or more copies of NF-kappaB2; formation of complexes of different stoichiometry depends on the Bcl3:NF-kappaB2 ratio, and allow Bcl3 to exert different regulatory effects on NF-kappaB2-dependent transcription. GOC:mah PMID:9407099 A cell projection part that is part of an axon. cellular_component GO:0033267 axon part GO:0033267 A cell projection part that is part of an axon. GOC:mh An axon part that is a gap in the myelin where voltage-gated sodium channels cluster and saltatory conduction is executed. Wikipedia:Nodes_of_Ranvier cellular_component GO:0033268 node of Ranvier GO:0033268 An axon part that is a gap in the myelin where voltage-gated sodium channels cluster and saltatory conduction is executed. GOC:mh An axon part that is located between the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by compact myelin sheath. cellular_component GO:0033269 internode region of axon GO:0033269 An axon part that is located between the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by compact myelin sheath. GOC:mah GOC:mh An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath. cellular_component GO:0033270 paranode region of axon GO:0033270 An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath. GOC:mah GOC:mh A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus. biological_process GO:0033273 response to vitamin GO:0033273 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus. GOC:sl Either of the two ribonucleoprotein complexes that associate to form a ribosome. cellular_component GO:0033279 ribosomal subunit GO:0033279 Either of the two ribonucleoprotein complexes that associate to form a ribosome. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus. response to calciferol response to cholecalciferol response to ergocalciferol biological_process GO:0033280 response to vitamin D GO:0033280 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus. GOC:sl The regulated release of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the choroid plexus of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. The cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid that located within the ventricles, spinal canal, and subarachnoid spaces. CSF secretion biological_process GO:0033326 cerebrospinal fluid secretion GO:0033326 The regulated release of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the choroid plexus of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. The cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid that located within the ventricles, spinal canal, and subarachnoid spaces. GOC:ln PMID:10716451 http://users.ahsc.arizona.edu/davis/csf.htm A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. secretory granule organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0033363 secretory granule organization GO:0033363 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a mast cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. mast cell secretory granule organization and biogenesis biological_process mast cell secretory granule maturation GO:0033364 mast cell secretory granule organization GO:0033364 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a mast cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. GOC:mah A process by which a protein is maintained in a secretory granule in a mast cell and prevented from moving elsewhere. mast cell protein retention biological_process maintenance of protein localization in mast cell secretory granule GO:0033370 maintenance of protein location in mast cell secretory granule GO:0033370 A process by which a protein is maintained in a secretory granule in a mast cell and prevented from moving elsewhere. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb maintenance of protein localization in mast cell secretory granule GOC:dph GOC:tb A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a T cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. T cell secretory granule organization and biogenesis T lymphocyte secretory granule organization and biogenesis T-cell secretory granule organization and biogenesis T-lymphocyte secretory granule organization and biogenesis biological_process T-lymphocyte secretory granule maturation GO:0033371 T cell secretory granule organization GO:0033371 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a T cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. GOC:mah A process by which a protease is maintained in a secretory granule in a mast cell and prevented from moving elsewhere. mast cell protease retention biological_process maintenance of protease localization in mast cell secretory granule GO:0033373 maintenance of protease location in mast cell secretory granule GO:0033373 A process by which a protease is maintained in a secretory granule in a mast cell and prevented from moving elsewhere. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb maintenance of protease localization in mast cell secretory granule GOC:dph GOC:tb A process by which a protein is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere. maintenance of protein localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule maintenance of protein localization in T-cell secretory granule maintenance of protein localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule biological_process maintenance of protein localization in T cell secretory granule GO:0033377 maintenance of protein location in T cell secretory granule GO:0033377 A process by which a protein is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb maintenance of protein localization in T cell secretory granule GOC:dph GOC:tb A process by which a protease is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere. maintenance of protease localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule maintenance of protease localization in T-cell secretory granule maintenance of protease localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule biological_process maintenance of protease localization in T cell secretory granule GO:0033379 maintenance of protease location in T cell secretory granule GO:0033379 A process by which a protease is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb maintenance of protease localization in T cell secretory granule GOC:dph GOC:tb A process by which the protease granyme B is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere. maintenance of granzyme B localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule maintenance of granzyme B localization in T-cell secretory granule maintenance of granzyme B localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule biological_process maintenance of granzyme B localization in T cell secretory granule GO:0033382 maintenance of granzyme B location in T cell secretory granule GO:0033382 A process by which the protease granyme B is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere. GOC:mah maintenance of granzyme B localization in T cell secretory granule GOC:dph GOC:tb A ribonucleoprotein complex found in the cytoplasm of male germ cells, composed of exceedingly thin filaments that are consolidated into a compact mass or into dense strands of varying thickness that branch to form an irregular network. Contains mRNAs, miRNAs, and protein components involved in miRNA processing (such as Argonaute proteins and the endonuclease Dicer) and in RNA decay (such as the decapping enzyme DCP1a and GW182). cellular_component GO:0033391 chromatoid body GO:0033391 A ribonucleoprotein complex found in the cytoplasm of male germ cells, composed of exceedingly thin filaments that are consolidated into a compact mass or into dense strands of varying thickness that branch to form an irregular network. Contains mRNAs, miRNAs, and protein components involved in miRNA processing (such as Argonaute proteins and the endonuclease Dicer) and in RNA decay (such as the decapping enzyme DCP1a and GW182). PMID:17183363 A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of a gas within an organism or cell. biological_process GO:0033483 gas homeostasis GO:0033483 A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of a gas within an organism or cell. GOC:mah A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of nitric oxide within an organism or cell. NO homeostasis biological_process GO:0033484 nitric oxide homeostasis GO:0033484 A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of nitric oxide within an organism or cell. GOC:mah A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell. biological_process GO:0033500 carbohydrate homeostasis GO:0033500 A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell. GOC:mah The progression of the floor plate over time from its initial formation until its mature state. biological_process GO:0033504 floor plate development GO:0033504 The progression of the floor plate over time from its initial formation until its mature state. GOC:dh Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphorylated MAP kinase + H2O = a MAP kinase + phosphate. molecular_function GO:0033549 MAP kinase phosphatase activity GO:0033549 Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphorylated MAP kinase + H2O = a MAP kinase + phosphate. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). biological_process GO:0033554 cellular response to stress GO:0033554 A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a multicellular organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). biological_process GO:0033555 multicellular organismal response to stress GO:0033555 A change in state or activity of a multicellular organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). GOC:mah A heterohexameric protein complex that is involved in tRNA modification, and exerts indirect effects on transcriptional elongation and exocytosis. The complex can associate physically with hyperphosphorylated RNA polymerase II; it contains two discrete heterotrimeric subcomplexes. cellular_component Elongator core complex GO:0033588 Elongator holoenzyme complex GO:0033588 A heterohexameric protein complex that is involved in tRNA modification, and exerts indirect effects on transcriptional elongation and exocytosis. The complex can associate physically with hyperphosphorylated RNA polymerase II; it contains two discrete heterotrimeric subcomplexes. GOC:mah PMID:11689709 PMID:17018299 A heterodimeric protein complex formed of BRCA2 and MAGE-D1; may mediate the synergistic activities of the two proteins in regulating cell growth. cellular_component GO:0033593 BRCA2-MAGE-D1 complex GO:0033593 A heterodimeric protein complex formed of BRCA2 and MAGE-D1; may mediate the synergistic activities of the two proteins in regulating cell growth. PMID:15930293 A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of tumerin and hamartin; its formation may regulate hamartin homomultimer formation. The complex acts as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase (Rheb), and inhibits the TOR signaling pathway. tuberin-hamartin complex tuberous sclerosis complex cellular_component GO:0033596 TSC1-TSC2 complex GO:0033596 A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of tumerin and hamartin; its formation may regulate hamartin homomultimer formation. The complex acts as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase (Rheb), and inhibits the TOR signaling pathway. PMID:10585443 PMID:17121544 PMID:9580671 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine. up regulation of dopamine secretion up-regulation of dopamine secretion upregulation of dopamine secretion activation of dopamine secretion stimulation of dopamine secretion biological_process GO:0033603 positive regulation of dopamine secretion GO:0033603 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine. GOC:sl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine. up regulation of catecholamine secretion up-regulation of catecholamine secretion upregulation of catecholamine secretion activation of catecholamine secretion stimulation of catecholamine secretion biological_process GO:0033605 positive regulation of catecholamine secretion GO:0033605 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine. GOC:mah The directed movement of a chemokine receptor within a lipid bilayer. chemokine receptor translocation within membrane biological_process GO:0033606 chemokine receptor transport within lipid bilayer GO:0033606 The directed movement of a chemokine receptor within a lipid bilayer. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation. regulation of integrin complex activation biological_process GO:0033623 regulation of integrin activation GO:0033623 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation. positive regulation of integrin complex activation biological_process GO:0033625 positive regulation of integrin activation GO:0033625 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation. GOC:add The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits. cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex biological_process GO:0033627 cell adhesion mediated by integrin GO:0033627 The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits. GOC:add PMID:12213832 PMID:14754902 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin. regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex biological_process GO:0033628 regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin GO:0033628 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin. positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex biological_process GO:0033630 positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin GO:0033630 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin. GOC:add The attachment of one cell to another cell via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits. cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex biological_process GO:0033631 cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin GO:0033631 The attachment of one cell to another cell via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits. GOC:add PMID:12213832 PMID:14754902 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin. regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex biological_process GO:0033632 regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin GO:0033632 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin. positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex biological_process GO:0033634 positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin GO:0033634 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin. GOC:add Any constituent part of a host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. cellular_component GO:0033643 host cell part GO:0033643 Any constituent part of a host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:pamgo_curators Any constituent part of the living contents of a host cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. cellular_component GO:0033646 host intracellular part GO:0033646 Any constituent part of the living contents of a host cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:pamgo_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the host cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. cellular_component GO:0033647 host intracellular organelle GO:0033647 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the host cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:pamgo_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, as found in host cells, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. host intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0033648 host intracellular membrane-bounded organelle GO:0033648 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, as found in host cells, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:pamgo_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. down regulation of kinase activity down-regulation of kinase activity downregulation of kinase activity inhibition of kinase activity kinase inhibitor biological_process GO:0033673 negative regulation of kinase activity GO:0033673 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. up regulation of kinase activity up-regulation of kinase activity upregulation of kinase activity kinase activator stimulation of kinase activity biological_process GO:0033674 positive regulation of kinase activity GO:0033674 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. GOC:mah A process that results in the endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. biological_process GO:0033683 nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision GO:0033683 A process that results in the endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. GOC:elh PMID:8631896 Catalysis of the reaction: tryptophan + O2 = N-formylkynurenine; includes both reactions D-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-D-kynurenine and L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine. tryptophan pyrrolase activity EC:1.13.11.52 D-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) activity molecular_function IDO GO:0033754 indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity GO:0033754 Catalysis of the reaction: tryptophan + O2 = N-formylkynurenine; includes both reactions D-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-D-kynurenine and L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine. EC:1.13.11.52 tryptophan pyrrolase activity EC:1.13.11.52 D-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) activity EC:1.13.11.52 IDO EC:1.13.11.52 Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase. biological_process GO:0033860 regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity GO:0033860 Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase. GOC:mah Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase. down regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity down-regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity downregulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase activity biological_process GO:0033861 negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity GO:0033861 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase. up regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity up-regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity upregulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity activation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity stimulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity biological_process GO:0033864 positive regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity GO:0033864 Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase. GOC:mah Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + Fas-activated serine/threonine protein = ADP + Fas-activated serine/threonine phosphoprotein. EC:2.7.11.8 ATP:Fas-activated serine/threonine protein phosphotransferase activity molecular_function FAST FASTK STK10 GO:0033867 Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase activity GO:0033867 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + Fas-activated serine/threonine protein = ADP + Fas-activated serine/threonine phosphoprotein. EC:2.7.11.8 ATP:Fas-activated serine/threonine protein phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.11.8 FAST EC:2.7.11.8 FASTK EC:2.7.11.8 STK10 EC:2.7.11.8 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + Goodpasture antigen-binding protein = ADP + Goodpasture antigen-binding phosphoprotein. EC:2.7.11.9 ATP:Goodpasture antigen-binding protein phosphotransferase activity GPBP kinase activity Goodpasture antigen-binding protein kinase activity molecular_function GPBPK STK11 GO:0033868 Goodpasture-antigen-binding protein kinase activity GO:0033868 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + Goodpasture antigen-binding protein = ADP + Goodpasture antigen-binding phosphoprotein. EC:2.7.11.9 ATP:Goodpasture antigen-binding protein phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.11.9 GPBP kinase activity EC:2.7.11.9 Goodpasture antigen-binding protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.9 GPBPK EC:2.7.11.9 STK11 EC:2.7.11.9 Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + H2O = pyridoxal + phosphate. vitamin B6-phosphate phosphatase activity vitamine B6 (pyridoxine) phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.74 PLP phosphatase activity PNP phosphatase activity pyridoxal-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity molecular_function GO:0033883 pyridoxal phosphatase activity GO:0033883 Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + H2O = pyridoxal + phosphate. EC:3.1.3.74 vitamin B6-phosphate phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.74 vitamine B6 (pyridoxine) phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.74 PLP phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.74 PNP phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.74 pyridoxal-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity EC:3.1.3.74 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus. biological_process GO:0033993 response to lipid GO:0033993 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus. GOC:sl A cellular membrane associated with the pre-autophagosomal structure. PAS membrane cellular_component isolation membrane GO:0034045 pre-autophagosomal structure membrane GO:0034045 A cellular membrane associated with the pre-autophagosomal structure. GOC:mah GOC:rph PMID:16874040 PMID:17382324 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule. biological_process GO:0034063 stress granule assembly GO:0034063 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule. GOC:mah PMID:17392519 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus. biological_process GO:0034097 response to cytokine stimulus GO:0034097 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus. GOC:sl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway. regulation of TLR signaling pathway regulation of toll-like receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0034121 regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway GO:0034121 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway. GOC:add PMID:16551253 PMID:17328678 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway. negative regulation of TLR signaling pathway negative regulation of toll-like receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0034122 negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway GO:0034122 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway. GOC:add PMID:16551253 PMID:17328678 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway. positive regulation of TLR signaling pathway positive regulation of toll-like receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0034123 positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway GO:0034123 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway. GOC:add PMID:16551253 PMID:17328678 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway. regulation of TLR2 signaling pathway regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signalling pathway biological_process GO:0034135 regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway GO:0034135 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway. GOC:add PMID:16551253 PMID:17328678 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway. negative regulation of TLR2 signaling pathway negative regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signalling pathway biological_process GO:0034136 negative regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway GO:0034136 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway. GOC:add PMID:16551253 PMID:17328678 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. regulation of TLR4 signaling pathway regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway biological_process GO:0034143 regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway GO:0034143 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. GOC:add PMID:16551253 PMID:17328678 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. positive regulation of TLR4 signaling pathway positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway biological_process GO:0034145 positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway GO:0034145 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. GOC:add PMID:16551253 PMID:17328678 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. quinolinate breakdown quinolinate catabolism quinolinate degradation biological_process GO:0034213 quinolinate catabolic process GO:0034213 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. GOC:mah The formation of mature enkephalin, a pentapeptide hormone involved in regulating pain and nociception in the body by proteolytic processing of enkephalin propeptide. enkephalin formation peptide enkephalin formation peptide enkephalin processing biological_process GO:0034230 enkephalin processing GO:0034230 The formation of mature enkephalin, a pentapeptide hormone involved in regulating pain and nociception in the body by proteolytic processing of enkephalin propeptide. GOC:mah GOC:rl PMID:8262946 The binding and fusion of a macrophage to one or more other cells to form a multinucleated cell. biological_process GO:0034238 macrophage fusion GO:0034238 The binding and fusion of a macrophage to one or more other cells to form a multinucleated cell. GOC:sl A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. cell junction assembly and maintenance biological_process cell junction biogenesis GO:0034330 cell junction organization GO:0034330 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. response to immune interferon response to type II IFN response to type II interferon biological_process response to gamma-interferon GO:0034341 response to interferon-gamma GO:0034341 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. GOC:add ISBN:0126896631 PMID:15546383 A spherical particle with a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and/or cholesterol esters, surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Plasma lipoprotein particles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood or lymph. cellular_component GO:0034358 plasma lipoprotein particle GO:0034358 A spherical particle with a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and/or cholesterol esters, surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Plasma lipoprotein particles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood or lymph. GOC:expert_pt GOC:rl A chylomicron that contains apolipoprotein C2 (APOC2), a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, and has a mean diameter of 500 nm and density of 0.95g/ml. Mature chylomicron particles transport exogenous (dietary) lipids from the intestines to other body tissues, via the blood and lymph. cellular_component GO:0034359 mature chylomicron GO:0034359 A chylomicron that contains apolipoprotein C2 (APOC2), a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, and has a mean diameter of 500 nm and density of 0.95g/ml. Mature chylomicron particles transport exogenous (dietary) lipids from the intestines to other body tissues, via the blood and lymph. GOC:expert_pt GOC:mah GOC:rl A lipoprotein particle that is derived from a mature chylomicron particle by the removal of triglycerides from the chylomicron core by lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of surface components. It characteristically contains apolipoprotein E (APOE) and is cleared from the blood by the liver. cellular_component GO:0034360 chylomicron remnant GO:0034360 A lipoprotein particle that is derived from a mature chylomicron particle by the removal of triglycerides from the chylomicron core by lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of surface components. It characteristically contains apolipoprotein E (APOE) and is cleared from the blood by the liver. GOC:expert_pt GOC:mah GOC:rl A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm. It is found in blood and transports endogenous products (newly synthesized cholesterol and triglycerides) from the liver. VLDL complex VLDL particle very-low-density lipoprotein complex cellular_component GO:0034361 very-low-density lipoprotein particle GO:0034361 A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm. It is found in blood and transports endogenous products (newly synthesized cholesterol and triglycerides) from the liver. GOC:expert_pt GOC:mah GOC:rl A lipoprotein particle, rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides that is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm. LDL particles are formed from VLDL particles (via IDL) by the loss of triglyceride and gain of cholesterol ester. They transport endogenous cholesterol (and to some extent triglycerides) from peripheral tissues back to the liver. LDL complex LDL particle low-density lipoprotein complex cellular_component GO:0034362 low-density lipoprotein particle GO:0034362 A lipoprotein particle, rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides that is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm. LDL particles are formed from VLDL particles (via IDL) by the loss of triglyceride and gain of cholesterol ester. They transport endogenous cholesterol (and to some extent triglycerides) from peripheral tissues back to the liver. GOC:expert_pt GOC:mah GOC:rl A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that typically contains APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of 1.006-1.019 g/ml and a diameter of between 25-30 nm. IDL particles are found in blood and are formed by the delipidation of very-low-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL). IDL particles are removed from blood by the liver, following binding to the APOE receptor, or are converted to low-density lipoprotein (LDL). IDL complex IDL particle intermediate-density lipoprotein complex cellular_component GO:0034363 intermediate-density lipoprotein particle GO:0034363 A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that typically contains APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of 1.006-1.019 g/ml and a diameter of between 25-30 nm. IDL particles are found in blood and are formed by the delipidation of very-low-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL). IDL particles are removed from blood by the liver, following binding to the APOE receptor, or are converted to low-density lipoprotein (LDL). GOC:expert_pt GOC:mah GOC:rl A lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE; found in blood and carries lipids from body tissues to the liver as part of the reverse cholesterol transport process. HDL complex HDL particle high-density lipoprotein class complex cellular_component HDL2 HDL3 GO:0034364 high-density lipoprotein particle GO:0034364 A lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE; found in blood and carries lipids from body tissues to the liver as part of the reverse cholesterol transport process. GOC:expert_pt GOC:mah GOC:pd GOC:rl A mature high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle, converted from discoidal HDL particles following the esterification of cholesterol in the particle by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT). mature HDL mature high-density lipoprotein particle spherical HDL cellular_component GO:0034366 spherical high-density lipoprotein particle GO:0034366 A mature high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle, converted from discoidal HDL particles following the esterification of cholesterol in the particle by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT). GOC:expert_pt GOC:mah GOC:rl A plasma lipoprotein particle that has a hydrophobic core enriched in triglycerides surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteinparticles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood. triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein particle cellular_component GO:0034385 triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle GO:0034385 A plasma lipoprotein particle that has a hydrophobic core enriched in triglycerides surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteinparticles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood. GOC:mah GOC:rl triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein particle GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptosis. regulation of SMC apoptosis biological_process GO:0034391 regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis GO:0034391 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptosis. GOC:rl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptosis. down regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis down-regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis downregulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis negative regulation of SMC apoptosis inhibition of smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034392 negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis GO:0034392 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptosis. GOC:rl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptosis. positive regulation of SMC apoptosis up regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis up-regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis upregulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis activation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis stimulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034393 positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis GO:0034393 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptosis. GOC:rl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide anabolism nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide biosynthesis nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide formation nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide synthesis biological_process GO:0034404 nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide biosynthetic process GO:0034404 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. GOC:mah The single layer of phopholipids surrounding a lipid storage body. lipid storage body surface lipid monolayer oil body outer lipid monolayer oleosome outer lipid monolayer spherosome outer lipid monolayer cellular_component lipid droplet outer lipid monolayer GO:0034430 monolayer-surrounded lipid storage body outer lipid monolayer GO:0034430 The single layer of phopholipids surrounding a lipid storage body. GOC:rph A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; cetriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome. cellular_component GO:0034451 centriolar satellite GO:0034451 A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; cetriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome. PMID:10579718 PMID:12403812 A protein complex that associates with the primary cilium and is involved in cilium biogenesis; consists of seven conserved proteins: BBS1, BBS2, BBS4, BBS5, BBS7, BBS8 and BBS9. Bardet-Biedl syndrome complex cellular_component GO:0034464 BBSome GO:0034464 A protein complex that associates with the primary cilium and is involved in cilium biogenesis; consists of seven conserved proteins: BBS1, BBS2, BBS4, BBS5, BBS7, BBS8 and BBS9. PMID:17574030 Any protein complex that binds to a specialized RNA cap structure at any time in the lifetime of the RNA. cellular_component GO:0034518 RNA cap binding complex GO:0034518 Any protein complex that binds to a specialized RNA cap structure at any time in the lifetime of the RNA. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. cellular response to heat stress biological_process GO:0034605 cellular response to heat GO:0034605 A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus. response to TNF biological_process GO:0034612 response to tumor necrosis factor GO:0034612 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus. biological_process heat shock protein activity GO:0034620 cellular response to unfolded protein GO:0034620 A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus. GOC:mah Any process carried out at the cellular level by which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a macromolecular complex. cellular macromolecular complex organization cellular macromolecular complex subunit organisation biological_process GO:0034621 cellular macromolecular complex subunit organization GO:0034621 Any process carried out at the cellular level by which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a macromolecular complex. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_mpo The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a complex, carried out at the cellular level. cellular macromolecule complex assembly biological_process GO:0034622 cellular macromolecular complex assembly GO:0034622 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a complex, carried out at the cellular level. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells. cellular nitrogen compound metabolism biological_process GO:0034641 cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0034641 The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells. biological_process GO:0034645 cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process GO:0034645 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah A lipid monolayer that surrounds and encloses an organelle. cellular_component GO:0034646 organelle-enclosing lipid monolayer GO:0034646 A lipid monolayer that surrounds and encloses an organelle. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid anabolism nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid formation nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis biological_process GO:0034654 nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthetic process GO:0034654 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid breakdown nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolism nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid degradation biological_process GO:0034655 nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolic process GO:0034655 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide breakdown nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide catabolism nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide degradation biological_process GO:0034656 nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide catabolic process GO:0034656 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. GOC:mah A protein complex that consists of inhibin, type III transforming growth factor beta receptor (also known as betaglycan), and the type II activin receptor ActRII. The complex is thought to negatively regulate the activity of activin B. cellular_component GO:0034673 inhibin-betaglycan-ActRII complex GO:0034673 A protein complex that consists of inhibin, type III transforming growth factor beta receptor (also known as betaglycan), and the type II activin receptor ActRII. The complex is thought to negatively regulate the activity of activin B. PMID:10746731 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin stimulus. biological_process GO:0034694 response to prostaglandin stimulus GO:0034694 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin stimulus. GOC:vk A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus. biological_process GO:0034695 response to prostaglandin E stimulus GO:0034695 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus. GOC:vk A protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient. cellular_component GO:0034702 ion channel complex GO:0034702 A protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient. GOC:mah ISBN:071673706X An ion channel complex through which cations pass. cellular_component GO:0034703 cation channel complex GO:0034703 An ion channel complex through which cations pass. GOC:mah An ion channel complex through which calcium ions pass. cellular_component GO:0034704 calcium channel complex GO:0034704 An ion channel complex through which calcium ions pass. GOC:mah An ion channel complex through which potassium ions pass. cellular_component GO:0034705 potassium channel complex GO:0034705 An ion channel complex through which potassium ions pass. GOC:mah An ion channel complex through which sodium ions pass. cellular_component GO:0034706 sodium channel complex GO:0034706 An ion channel complex through which sodium ions pass. GOC:mah A protein complex that possesses methyltransferase activity. cellular_component GO:0034708 methyltransferase complex GO:0034708 A protein complex that possesses methyltransferase activity. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with a type I transforming growth factor beta receptor. TGF-beta type I binding transforming growth factor beta receptor type I binding type I TGF-beta binding babo binding babo ligand baboon binding baboon ligand baboon receptor ligand sax binding sax ligand saxophone binding saxophone ligand thickveins binding thickveins ligand tkv binding tkv ligand molecular_function transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type I receptor GO:0034713 type I transforming growth factor beta receptor binding GO:0034713 Interacting selectively with a type I transforming growth factor beta receptor. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with a type III transforming growth factor beta receptor. TGF-beta type III binding transforming growth factor beta receptor type III binding type IIII TGF-beta binding molecular_function betaglycan binding transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type III receptor GO:0034714 type III transforming growth factor beta receptor binding GO:0034714 Interacting selectively with a type III transforming growth factor beta receptor. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. cellular biopolymer metabolism biological_process GO:0034960 cellular biopolymer metabolic process GO:0034960 The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. cellular biopolymer anabolism cellular biopolymer formation cellular biopolymer synthesis biological_process cellular biopolymer biosynthesis GO:0034961 cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process GO:0034961 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. ER stress response response to ER stress biological_process GO:0034976 response to endoplasmic reticulum stress GO:0034976 A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. GOC:mah A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. cellular DNA damage response biological_process GO:0034984 cellular response to DNA damage stimulus GO:0034984 A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. GOC:mah The most apical region of the lateral plasma membrane of an invertebrate epithelial cell. The subapical complex lies above the zonula adherens and the septate junction, and is comparable to the position of the tight junction of vertebrate cells. SAC cellular_component GO:0035003 subapical complex GO:0035003 The most apical region of the lateral plasma membrane of an invertebrate epithelial cell. The subapical complex lies above the zonula adherens and the septate junction, and is comparable to the position of the tight junction of vertebrate cells. PMID:11752566 PMID:12500938 Catalysis of the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring to generate the 3-phosphoinositides: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate [PI(3)P], phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2] and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3]. EC:2.7.1.- Wikipedia:Phosphoinositide_3-kinase molecular_function GO:0035004 phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity GO:0035004 Catalysis of the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring to generate the 3-phosphoinositides: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate [PI(3)P], phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2] and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3]. GOC:bf PMID:10209156 PMID:9255069 Modulates the activity of any of the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks). Regulatory subunits can link a PI3K catalytic subunit to upstream signaling events and help position the catalytic subunits close to their lipid substrates. PI3K regulator activity molecular_function GO:0035014 phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulator activity GO:0035014 Modulates the activity of any of the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks). Regulatory subunits can link a PI3K catalytic subunit to upstream signaling events and help position the catalytic subunits close to their lipid substrates. GOC:bf PMID:9255069 The process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. biological_process GO:0035019 somatic stem cell maintenance GO:0035019 The process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. GOC:bf ISBN:0582227089 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. biological_process GO:0035023 regulation of Rho protein signal transduction GO:0035023 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. down regulation of Rho protein signal transduction down-regulation of Rho protein signal transduction downregulation of Rho protein signal transduction inhibition of Rho protein signal transduction biological_process GO:0035024 negative regulation of Rho protein signal transduction GO:0035024 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. GOC:bf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. up regulation of Rho protein signal transduction up-regulation of Rho protein signal transduction upregulation of Rho protein signal transduction activation of Rho protein signal transduction stimulation of Rho protein signal transduction biological_process GO:0035025 positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction GO:0035025 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. GOC:bf The assembly of a sensory cilium, a primary cilium found on sensory neurons that contains an a 9+0 axonemal arrangement of microtubules. biological_process sensory cilium biogenesis GO:0035058 sensory cilium assembly GO:0035058 The assembly of a sensory cilium, a primary cilium found on sensory neurons that contains an a 9+0 axonemal arrangement of microtubules. GOC:bf PMID:14521833 PMID:14521834 sensory cilium biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein. biological_process GO:0035065 regulation of histone acetylation GO:0035065 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein. GOC:bf Any process induced by hormones that directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death. biological_process GO:0035081 induction of programmed cell death by hormones GO:0035081 Any process induced by hormones that directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death. GOC:bf The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. cellular_component GO:0035085 cilium axoneme GO:0035085 The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GOC:bf ISBN:0198547684 The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of flagellar in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. flagellum axoneme cellular_component GO:0035086 flagellar axoneme GO:0035086 The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of flagellar in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GOC:bf ISBN:0198547684 Interacting selectively with any inositol-containing glycerophospholipid. molecular_function GO:0035091 phosphoinositide binding GO:0035091 Interacting selectively with any inositol-containing glycerophospholipid. GOC:bf ISBN:0198506732 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus. biological_process GO:0035094 response to nicotine GO:0035094 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus. CHEBI:17688 GOC:bf GOC:ef ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0582227089 A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nicotine stimulus. behavioural response to nicotine biological_process GO:0035095 behavioral response to nicotine GO:0035095 A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nicotine stimulus. GOC:bf ISBN:0198506732 A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins. cellular_component GO:0035097 histone methyltransferase complex GO:0035097 A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins. GOC:bf A multimeric protein complex that can methylate lysine-27 and lysine-9 residues of histone H3. In Drosophila the core subunits of the complex include ESC, E(Z), CAF1 (NURF-55) and SU(Z)12. Extra Sex Combs/Enhancer of Zeste complex cellular_component GO:0035098 ESC/E(Z) complex GO:0035098 A multimeric protein complex that can methylate lysine-27 and lysine-9 residues of histone H3. In Drosophila the core subunits of the complex include ESC, E(Z), CAF1 (NURF-55) and SU(Z)12. GOC:bf PMID:12408863 PMID:12408864 The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo. embryonic haematopoiesis embryonic haemopoiesis embryonic hematopoiesis biological_process GO:0035162 embryonic hemopoiesis GO:0035162 The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo. GOC:bf The stages of blood cell formation that take place after completion of embryonic development. post-embryonic haemopoiesis biological_process GO:0035166 post-embryonic hemopoiesis GO:0035166 The stages of blood cell formation that take place after completion of embryonic development. GOC:bf Behavior that occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group. social behaviour biological_process cooperative behavior GO:0035176 social behavior GO:0035176 Behavior that occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group. PMID:12848939 Any process that modulates the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase. biological_process GO:0035227 regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity GO:0035227 Any process that modulates the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase. GOC:bf Any process that activates or increases the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase, typically by lowering its sensitivity to inhibition by glutathione and by increasing its affinity for glutamate. up regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity up-regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity upregulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity activation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity stimulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity biological_process GO:0035229 positive regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity GO:0035229 Any process that activates or increases the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase, typically by lowering its sensitivity to inhibition by glutathione and by increasing its affinity for glutamate. PMID:12954617 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex. ionotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0035235 ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway GO:0035235 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex. ISBN:0198506732 The process by which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. biological_process GO:0035239 tube morphogenesis GO:0035239 The process by which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. GOC:bf PMID:14624839 Interacting selectively with dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine. molecular_function GO:0035240 dopamine binding GO:0035240 Interacting selectively with dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose group from UDP-galactose to an acceptor molecule. molecular_function GO:0035250 UDP-galactosyltransferase activity GO:0035250 Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose group from UDP-galactose to an acceptor molecule. http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/reaction/polysacc/UDPsugar.html A cytoskeleton-like structure, originating from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium, and extending proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm. cellular_component GO:0035253 ciliary rootlet GO:0035253 A cytoskeleton-like structure, originating from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium, and extending proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm. PMID:12427867 Interacting selectively with a glutamate receptor. molecular_function GO:0035254 glutamate receptor binding GO:0035254 Interacting selectively with a glutamate receptor. GOC:bf Interacting selectively with an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels. molecular_function GO:0035255 ionotropic glutamate receptor binding GO:0035255 Interacting selectively with an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels. GOC:bf ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with a metabotropic glutamate receptor. Metabotropic glutamate receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of enzyme activity. molecular_function GO:0035256 metabotropic glutatmate receptor binding GO:0035256 Interacting selectively with a metabotropic glutamate receptor. Metabotropic glutamate receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of enzyme activity. GOC:bf ISBN:0198506732 PMID:9069287 Interacting selectively with a nuclear hormone receptor, a ligand-dependent receptor found in the nucleus of the cell. molecular_function GO:0035257 nuclear hormone receptor binding GO:0035257 Interacting selectively with a nuclear hormone receptor, a ligand-dependent receptor found in the nucleus of the cell. GOC:bf Interacting selectively with a steroid hormone receptor. molecular_function GO:0035258 steroid hormone receptor binding GO:0035258 Interacting selectively with a steroid hormone receptor. GOC:bf Interacting selectively with a glucocorticoid receptor. molecular_function GO:0035259 glucocorticoid receptor binding GO:0035259 Interacting selectively with a glucocorticoid receptor. GOC:bf A complex having histone acetylase activity on chromatin, as well as ATPase, DNA helicase and structural DNA binding activities. The complex is thought to be involved in double-strand DNA break repair. Subunits of the human complex include HTATIP/TIP60, TRRAP, RUVBL1, BUVBL2, beta-actin and BAF53/ACTL6A. In yeast, the complex has 13 subunits, including the catalytic subunit Esa1 (homologous to human Tip60). TIP60 histone acetylase complex TIP60 histone acetyltransferase complex cellular_component GO:0035267 NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex GO:0035267 A complex having histone acetylase activity on chromatin, as well as ATPase, DNA helicase and structural DNA binding activities. The complex is thought to be involved in double-strand DNA break repair. Subunits of the human complex include HTATIP/TIP60, TRRAP, RUVBL1, BUVBL2, beta-actin and BAF53/ACTL6A. In yeast, the complex has 13 subunits, including the catalytic subunit Esa1 (homologous to human Tip60). GOC:ecd PMID:10966108 PMID:14966270 The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis. biological_process GO:0035282 segmentation GO:0035282 The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis. PMID:10611687 PMID:9706689 Division of the brain into a series of semi-repetitive parts or segments. biological_process GO:0035284 brain segmentation GO:0035284 Division of the brain into a series of semi-repetitive parts or segments. GOC:bf The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell. biological_process growth pattern GO:0040007 growth GO:0040007 The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell. GOC:bf GOC:ma Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development. biological_process GO:0040008 regulation of growth GO:0040008 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development. GOC:ems GOC:mah Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another. biological_process GO:0040011 locomotion GO:0040011 Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another. GOC:dgh Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. biological_process GO:0040012 regulation of locomotion GO:0040012 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GOC:ems Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. down regulation of locomotion down-regulation of locomotion downregulation of locomotion inhibition of locomotion biological_process GO:0040013 negative regulation of locomotion GO:0040013 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size. regulation of body growth regulation of body size biological_process GO:0040014 regulation of multicellular organism growth GO:0040014 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:tb regulation of body growth GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of body size GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. negative regulation of body growth negative regulation of body size biological_process GO:0040015 negative regulation of multicellular organism growth GO:0040015 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:tb negative regulation of body growth GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of body size GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. up regulation of locomotion up-regulation of locomotion upregulation of locomotion activation of locomotion stimulation of locomotion biological_process GO:0040017 positive regulation of locomotion GO:0040017 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GOC:go_curators Controlling the timing and/or rate of a developmental event. heterochronic regulation of development temporal regulation of development biological_process developmental timing GO:0040034 regulation of development, heterochronic GO:0040034 Controlling the timing and/or rate of a developmental event. PMID:9442909 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. regulation of FGF receptor signaling pathway regulation of FGF receptor signalling pathway regulation of FGFR signaling pathway biological_process GO:0040036 regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0040036 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. down regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway down-regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway downregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of FGF receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of FGF receptor signalling pathway negative regulation of FGFR signaling pathway inhibition of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0040037 negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0040037 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with interleukin-18. IL-18 binding molecular_function GO:0042007 interleukin-18 binding GO:0042007 Interacting selectively with interleukin-18. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with interleukin-22. IL-22 binding molecular_function GO:0042017 interleukin-22 binding GO:0042017 Interacting selectively with interleukin-22. GOC:jl Combining with interleukin-22 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-22 receptor activity IL-22R molecular_function GO:0042018 interleukin-22 receptor activity GO:0042018 Combining with interleukin-22 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-22 receptor activity GOC:mah A membrane-bounded organelle as it is found in the host cell in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. cellular_component GO:0042025 host cell nucleus GO:0042025 A membrane-bounded organelle as it is found in the host cell in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:pamgo_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines, any of a subgroup of cytokines which act primarily on hemopoietic cells in acute and inflammatory processes and other immunoregulatory functions. chemokine anabolism chemokine biosynthesis chemokine formation chemokine synthesis biological_process GO:0042033 chemokine biosynthetic process GO:0042033 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines, any of a subgroup of cytokines which act primarily on hemopoietic cells in acute and inflammatory processes and other immunoregulatory functions. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines. regulation of cytokine anabolism regulation of cytokine biosynthesis regulation of cytokine formation regulation of cytokine synthesis biological_process GO:0042035 regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process GO:0042035 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines. down regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process down-regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process downregulation of cytokine biosynthetic process negative regulation of cytokine anabolism negative regulation of cytokine biosynthesis negative regulation of cytokine formation negative regulation of cytokine synthesis inhibition of cytokine biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0042036 negative regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process GO:0042036 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with neurexins, synaptic cell surface proteins related to latrotoxin receptor, laminin and agrin. Neurexins act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals. molecular_function neuroligin GO:0042043 neurexin binding GO:0042043 Interacting selectively with neurexins, synaptic cell surface proteins related to latrotoxin receptor, laminin and agrin. Neurexins act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The actions or reactions of an organism in response to an odor. behavioral response to scent behavioral response to smell behavioural response to odour behavioural response to scent behavioural response to smell olfactory behaviour biological_process GO:0042048 olfactory behavior GO:0042048 The actions or reactions of an organism in response to an odor. GOC:jic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine. regulation of dopamine metabolism biological_process GO:0042053 regulation of dopamine metabolic process GO:0042053 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine. GOC:go_curators Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal. attractant molecular_function GO:0042056 chemoattractant activity GO:0042056 Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. regulation of EGF receptor signaling pathway regulation of EGF receptor signalling pathway regulation of EGFR signaling pathway biological_process GO:0042058 regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0042058 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. down regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway down-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway downregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of EGF receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of EGF receptor signalling pathway negative regulation of EGFR signaling pathway inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0042059 negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0042059 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. GOC:go_curators The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. biological_process GO:0042060 wound healing GO:0042060 The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. GOC:bf PMID:15269788 The process by which glial cells are generated. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia. glial cell generation biological_process GO:0042063 gliogenesis GO:0042063 The process by which glial cells are generated. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia. GOC:dgh GOC:jic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines. regulation of catecholamine metabolism biological_process GO:0042069 regulation of catecholamine metabolic process GO:0042069 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines. GOC:go_curators An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin. Th1 immune response biological_process GO:0042088 T-helper 1 type immune response GO:0042088 An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. cytokine anabolism cytokine biosynthesis cytokine formation cytokine synthesis induction of cytokines biological_process GO:0042089 cytokine biosynthetic process GO:0042089 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. GOC:bf ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0198599471 An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 2 cells, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects. Th2 immune response biological_process GO:0042092 T-helper 2 type immune response GO:0042092 An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 2 cells, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized thymocyte acquires specialized features of a T-helper cell. biological_process GO:0042093 T-helper cell differentiation GO:0042093 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized thymocyte acquires specialized features of a T-helper cell. GOC:ebc The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2. IL-2 biosynthesis IL-2 biosynthetic process interleukin-2 anabolism interleukin-2 biosynthesis interleukin-2 formation interleukin-2 synthesis biological_process GO:0042094 interleukin-2 biosynthetic process GO:0042094 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma. IFN-gamma biosynthesis IFN-gamma biosynthetic process interferon type II biosynthesis interferon type II biosynthetic process interferon-gamma anabolism interferon-gamma biosynthesis interferon-gamma formation interferon-gamma synthesis biological_process GO:0042095 interferon-gamma biosynthetic process GO:0042095 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma. GOC:go_curators The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation. T lymphocyte proliferation T-cell proliferation T-lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0042098 T cell proliferation GO:0042098 The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation. GOC:jl The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation. B lymphocyte proliferation B-cell proliferation B-lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0042100 B cell proliferation GO:0042100 The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation. GOC:jl A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains. Wikipedia:T_cell_receptor T lymphocyte receptor complex T-cell receptor complex T-lymphocyte receptor complex TCR cellular_component GO:0042101 T cell receptor complex GO:0042101 A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains. GOC:mah ISBN:0781735149 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. positive regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation positive regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation up regulation of T cell proliferation up-regulation of T cell proliferation upregulation of T cell proliferation activation of T cell proliferation stimulation of T cell proliferation biological_process GO:0042102 positive regulation of T cell proliferation GO:0042102 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation. positive regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation positive regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation positive regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation positive regulation of resting T cell proliferation up regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation up-regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation upregulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation activation of T cell homeostatic proliferation stimulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation biological_process GO:0042103 positive regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation GO:0042103 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation. positive regulation of activated T lymphocyte proliferation positive regulation of activated T-cell proliferation positive regulation of activated T-lymphocyte proliferation up regulation of activated T cell proliferation up-regulation of activated T cell proliferation upregulation of activated T cell proliferation activation of activated T cell proliferation stimulation of activated T cell proliferation biological_process GO:0042104 positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation GO:0042104 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation. GOC:jl A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises alpha and beta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes a complex consisting of an antigen-derived peptide bound to a class I or class II MHC protein. alpha-beta T lymphocyte receptor complex alpha-beta T-cell receptor complex alpha-beta T-lymphocyte receptor complex alpha-beta TCR complex cellular_component GO:0042105 alpha-beta T cell receptor complex GO:0042105 A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises alpha and beta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes a complex consisting of an antigen-derived peptide bound to a class I or class II MHC protein. GOC:mah ISBN:0781735149 The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytokines, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. cytokine metabolism biological_process GO:0042107 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. cytokine metabolic process GO:0042107 The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytokines, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. GOC:bf GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0198599471 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines. positive regulation of cytokine anabolism positive regulation of cytokine biosynthesis positive regulation of cytokine formation positive regulation of cytokine synthesis up regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process up-regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process upregulation of cytokine biosynthetic process activation of cytokine biosynthetic process stimulation of cytokine biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0042108 positive regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process GO:0042108 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A. LTA biosynthesis LTA biosynthetic process TNF-B biosynthesis TNF-B biosynthetic process TNF-beta biosynthesis TNF-beta biosynthetic process lymphotoxin A anabolism lymphotoxin A biosynthesis lymphotoxin A formation lymphotoxin A synthesis lymphotoxin-alpha biosynthesis lymphotoxin-alpha biosynthetic process tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthesis tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0042109 lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process GO:0042109 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A. GOC:jl The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. T lymphocyte activation T-cell activation T-lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0042110 T cell activation GO:0042110 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735140 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. B lymphocyte activation B-cell activation B-lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0042113 B cell activation GO:0042113 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735140 A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. biological_process GO:0042116 macrophage activation GO:0042116 A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14506301 The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. biological_process GO:0042117 monocyte activation GO:0042117 The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. biological_process GO:0042119 neutrophil activation GO:0042119 The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0042127 regulation of cell proliferation GO:0042127 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation. regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation regulation of T-cell proliferation regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0042129 regulation of T cell proliferation GO:0042129 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. down regulation of T cell proliferation down-regulation of T cell proliferation downregulation of T cell proliferation negative regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation negative regulation of T-cell proliferation negative regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation inhibition of T cell proliferation biological_process GO:0042130 negative regulation of T cell proliferation GO:0042130 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. GOC:jl The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system. neurotransmitter retention neurotransmitter sequestration neurotransmitter storage retention of neurotransmitter sequestration of neurotransmitter storage of neurotransmitter biological_process neurotransmitter biosynthesis and storage neurotransmitter biosynthetic process and storage GO:0042137 sequestering of neurotransmitter GO:0042137 The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the beta subunit of interleukin-12. CLMFp40 binding IL-12B binding IL-12p40 binding NKSFp40 binding molecular_function GO:0042163 interleukin-12 beta subunit binding GO:0042163 Interacting selectively with the beta subunit of interleukin-12. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with the alpha subunit of interleukin-12. CLMFp35 binding IL-12A binding IL-12p35 binding NKSFp35 binding molecular_function GO:0042164 interleukin-12 alpha subunit binding GO:0042164 Interacting selectively with the alpha subunit of interleukin-12. GOC:mah Interacting selectively with a neurotransmitter, any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. molecular_function GO:0042165 neurotransmitter binding GO:0042165 Interacting selectively with a neurotransmitter, any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. molecular_function GO:0042166 acetylcholine binding GO:0042166 Interacting selectively with acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. GOC:ai The continuous network of membranes encompassing the outer nuclear membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. NE-ER continuum NE-ER network nuclear envelope-ER network nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum continuum cellular_component GO:0042175 nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum network GO:0042175 The continuous network of membranes encompassing the outer nuclear membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. ketone metabolism biological_process GO:0042180 cellular ketone metabolic process GO:0042180 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. GOC:jl ISBN:0787650153 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. amino acid derivative breakdown amino acid derivative catabolism amino acid derivative degradation biological_process GO:0042219 amino acid derivative catabolic process GO:0042219 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. GOC:ai A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. biological_process GO:0042220 response to cocaine GO:0042220 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. CHEBI:27958 GOC:ef GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. response to chemical substance biological_process GO:0042221 response to chemical stimulus GO:0042221 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6. IL-6 biosynthesis IL-6 biosynthetic process interleukin-6 anabolism interleukin-6 biosynthesis interleukin-6 formation interleukin-6 synthesis biological_process GO:0042226 interleukin-6 biosynthetic process GO:0042226 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8. IL-8 biosynthesis IL-8 biosynthetic process interleukin-8 anabolism interleukin-8 biosynthesis interleukin-8 formation interleukin-8 synthesis biological_process GO:0042228 interleukin-8 biosynthetic process GO:0042228 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13. IL-13 biosynthesis IL-13 biosynthetic process interleukin-13 anabolism interleukin-13 biosynthesis interleukin-13 formation interleukin-13 synthesis biological_process GO:0042231 interleukin-13 biosynthetic process GO:0042231 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13. GOC:go_curators The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues. biological_process GO:0042246 tissue regeneration GO:0042246 The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cytokines that act in hemopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of two related white cell populations, granulocytes and monocytes-macrophages. GM-CSF biosynthesis GM-CSF biosynthetic process GMC-SF biosynthesis GMC-SF biosynthetic process granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor anabolism granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthesis granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor formation granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor synthesis biological_process GO:0042253 granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process GO:0042253 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cytokines that act in hemopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of two related white cell populations, granulocytes and monocytes-macrophages. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. NK cell mediated cell death NK cell mediated cell killing NK cell mediated cytotoxicity natural killer cell mediated cell death natural killer cell mediated cell killing biological_process NK cell mediated cytolysis killer activity natural killer cell mediated cytolysis natural killer-cell mediated cytolysis GO:0042267 Note that either or both mechanisms mentioned in the definition may be used in this process. Note that both granule release and the engagement of death receptors on target cells result in induction of apoptosis in the target cell. natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0042267 The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. biological_process GO:0042268 regulation of cytolysis GO:0042268 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. regulation of NK cell mediated cell death regulation of NK cell mediated cell killing regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell death regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell killing biological_process regulation of NK cell mediated cytolysis regulation of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytolysis regulation of natural killer-cell mediated cytolysis GO:0042269 regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0042269 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process of protecting a cell from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. protection from NK cell mediated cell death protection from NK cell mediated cell killing protection from NK cell mediated cytotoxicity protection from natural killer cell mediated cell death protection from natural killer cell mediated cell killing biological_process protection from NK cell mediated cytolysis protection from natural killer cell mediated cytolysis GO:0042270 protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0042270 The process of protecting a cell from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. susceptibility to NK cell mediated cell death susceptibility to NK cell mediated cell killing susceptibility to NK cell mediated cytolysis susceptibility to NK cell mediated cytotoxicity susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cell death susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cell killing biological_process susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cytolysis GO:0042271 Note that this term is intended for cell-surface molecules on a target cell which interact with activating receptors on a natural killer cell to promote natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0042271 The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A complex of NXF1 and NXF2 required for the export of the majority of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; localized in the nucleoplasm and at both the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pore complex; shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Mex67-Mtr2 complex NXF1-NXT1 complex TAP-p15 complex cellular_component GO:0042272 nuclear RNA export factor complex GO:0042272 A complex of NXF1 and NXF2 required for the export of the majority of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; localized in the nucleoplasm and at both the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pore complex; shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. UniProtKB:Q9U1H9 Interacting selectively with peptides, any of a group of organic compounds comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds. molecular_function GO:0042277 peptide binding GO:0042277 Interacting selectively with peptides, any of a group of organic compounds comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with major histocompatibility complex molecules; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation. major histocompatibility complex binding major histocompatibility complex ligand molecular_function GO:0042287 MHC protein binding GO:0042287 Interacting selectively with major histocompatibility complex molecules; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation. major histocompatibility complex class I binding major histocompatibility complex class I ligand molecular_function T cell receptor activity alpha-beta T cell receptor activity gamma-delta T cell receptor activity GO:0042288 MHC class I protein binding GO:0042288 Interacting selectively with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with major histocompatibility complex class II molecules; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation. major histocompatibility complex class II binding major histocompatibility complex class II ligand molecular_function GO:0042289 MHC class II protein binding GO:0042289 Interacting selectively with major histocompatibility complex class II molecules; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation. GOC:jl Catalysis of the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 to other proteins. ISG15 conjugating enzyme activity molecular_function GO:0042296 ISG15 ligase activity GO:0042296 Catalysis of the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 to other proteins. GOC:mah PMID:12826404 A behavioral process whose outcome is a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change whereby an organism modifies innate vocalizations to imitate or create new sounds. biological_process GO:0042297 vocal learning GO:0042297 A behavioral process whose outcome is a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change whereby an organism modifies innate vocalizations to imitate or create new sounds. PMID:16418265 PMID:17035521 The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc. biological_process GO:0042303 molting cycle GO:0042303 The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. regulation of protein import into cell nucleus regulation of protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus regulation of protein-nucleus import biological_process GO:0042306 regulation of protein import into nucleus GO:0042306 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. positive regulation of protein import into cell nucleus positive regulation of protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus positive regulation of protein-nucleus import up regulation of protein import into nucleus up-regulation of protein import into nucleus upregulation of protein import into nucleus activation of protein import into nucleus stimulation of protein import into nucleus biological_process GO:0042307 positive regulation of protein import into nucleus GO:0042307 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. down regulation of protein import into nucleus down-regulation of protein import into nucleus downregulation of protein import into nucleus negative regulation of protein import into cell nucleus negative regulation of protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus negative regulation of protein-nucleus import inhibition of protein import into nucleus biological_process GO:0042308 negative regulation of protein import into nucleus GO:0042308 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. regulation of REM sleep biological_process GO:0042320 regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep GO:0042320 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. GOC:jl PMID:11506998 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule. biological_process GO:0042325 regulation of phosphorylation GO:0042325 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. down regulation of phosphorylation down-regulation of phosphorylation downregulation of phosphorylation inhibition of phosphorylation biological_process GO:0042326 negative regulation of phosphorylation GO:0042326 Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. up regulation of phosphorylation up-regulation of phosphorylation upregulation of phosphorylation activation of phosphorylation stimulation of phosphorylation biological_process GO:0042327 positive regulation of phosphorylation GO:0042327 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. GOC:jl The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus. directed movement in response to stimulus biological_process GO:0042330 taxis GO:0042330 The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus. GOC:jl ISBN:0192801023 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. regulation of NF-kappaB import into cell nucleus regulation of NF-kappaB transport from cytoplasm to nucleus regulation of NF-kappaB-nucleus import biological_process GO:0042345 regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus GO:0042345 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into cell nucleus positive regulation of NF-kappaB transport from cytoplasm to nucleus positive regulation of NF-kappaB-nucleus import up regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus up-regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus upregulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus activation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus stimulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus biological_process GO:0042346 positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus GO:0042346 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. down regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus down-regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus downregulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus negative regulation of NF-kappaB import into cell nucleus negative regulation of NF-kappaB transport from cytoplasm to nucleus negative regulation of NF-kappaB-nucleus import inhibition of NF-kappaB import into nucleus biological_process GO:0042347 negative regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus GO:0042347 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the human bloodstream. Vitamin D is also known as calciferol and five different forms are known, including ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol. calciferol metabolic process calciferol metabolism vitamin D metabolism cholecalciferol metabolic process cholecalciferol metabolism ergocalciferol metabolic process ergocalciferol metabolism biological_process GO:0042359 vitamin D metabolic process GO:0042359 The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the human bloodstream. Vitamin D is also known as calciferol and five different forms are known, including ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with any chemokine receptor. chemokine receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0042379 chemokine receptor binding GO:0042379 Interacting selectively with any chemokine receptor. GOC:ai Discrete subnuclear bodies in the interchromatin nucleoplasmic space, often located adjacent to nuclear specks. 10-20 paraspeckles are typically found in human cell nuclei. Wikipedia:Paraspeckle cellular_component GO:0042382 paraspeckles GO:0042382 Discrete subnuclear bodies in the interchromatin nucleoplasmic space, often located adjacent to nuclear specks. 10-20 paraspeckles are typically found in human cell nuclei. GOC:jl PMID:11790299 The outer membrane of a muscle fiber, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers. Wikipedia:Sarcolemma cellular_component GO:0042383 sarcolemma GO:0042383 The outer membrane of a muscle fiber, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers. ISBN:0198506732 The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic locomotor organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. ciliogenesis biological_process cilium biogenesis GO:0042384 cilium assembly GO:0042384 The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic locomotor organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. ISBN:0198506732 cilium biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. biological_process GO:0042391 regulation of membrane potential GO:0042391 Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_cardio GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine 1-phosphate + H2O = sphingosine + phosphate. SPP phosphatase activity SPPase activity sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity molecular_function GO:0042392 sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase activity GO:0042392 Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine 1-phosphate + H2O = sphingosine + phosphate. GOC:jl PMID:11331102 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. amino acid derivative anabolism amino acid derivative biosynthesis amino acid derivative formation amino acid derivative synthesis biological_process GO:0042398 amino acid derivative biosynthetic process GO:0042398 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. biogenic amine anabolism biogenic amine biosynthesis biogenic amine formation biogenic amine synthesis biological_process GO:0042401 biogenic amine biosynthetic process GO:0042401 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. biogenic amine breakdown biogenic amine catabolism biogenic amine degradation biological_process GO:0042402 biogenic amine catabolic process GO:0042402 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. GOC:go_curators GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 An intranuclear focus at which aggregated proteins have been sequestered. cellular_component GO:0042405 nuclear inclusion body GO:0042405 An intranuclear focus at which aggregated proteins have been sequestered. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. levarterenol metabolic process levarterenol metabolism noradrenaline metabolic process noradrenaline metabolism norepinephrine metabolism biological_process GO:0042415 norepinephrine metabolic process GO:0042415 The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. dopamine anabolism dopamine biosynthesis dopamine formation dopamine synthesis biological_process GO:0042416 dopamine biosynthetic process GO:0042416 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. dopamine metabolism biological_process GO:0042417 dopamine metabolic process GO:0042417 The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. dopamine breakdown dopamine catabolism dopamine degradation biological_process GO:0042420 dopamine catabolic process GO:0042420 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. levarterenol biosynthesis levarterenol biosynthetic process noradrenaline biosynthesis noradrenaline biosynthetic process norepinephrine anabolism norepinephrine biosynthesis norepinephrine formation norepinephrine synthesis biological_process GO:0042421 norepinephrine biosynthetic process GO:0042421 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. catecholamine anabolism catecholamine biosynthesis catecholamine formation catecholamine synthesis biological_process GO:0042423 catecholamine biosynthetic process GO:0042423 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. catecholamine breakdown catecholamine catabolism catecholamine degradation biological_process GO:0042424 catecholamine catabolic process GO:0042424 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. choline breakdown choline catabolism choline degradation biological_process GO:0042426 choline catabolic process GO:0042426 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:jl ISBN:0192801023 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. serotonin anabolism serotonin biosynthesis serotonin formation serotonin synthesis biological_process GO:0042427 serotonin biosynthetic process GO:0042427 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. serotonin metabolism biological_process GO:0042428 serotonin metabolic process GO:0042428 The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan) formed in degradation of tryptophan, and compounds derived from it. indole and derivative metabolism ketole metabolic process ketole metabolism biological_process GO:0042430 indole and derivative metabolic process GO:0042430 The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan) formed in degradation of tryptophan, and compounds derived from it. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from indole (2,3-benzopyrrole). indole derivative metabolism biological_process GO:0042434 indole derivative metabolic process GO:0042434 The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from indole (2,3-benzopyrrole). GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from indole (2,3-benzopyrrole). indole derivative anabolism indole derivative biosynthesis indole derivative formation indole derivative synthesis biological_process GO:0042435 indole derivative biosynthetic process GO:0042435 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from indole (2,3-benzopyrrole). GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from indole (2,3-benzopyrrole). indole derivative breakdown indole derivative catabolism indole derivative degradation biological_process GO:0042436 indole derivative catabolic process GO:0042436 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from indole (2,3-benzopyrrole). GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol) and compounds derived from it. ethanolamine and derivative metabolism biological_process GO:0042439 ethanolamine and derivative metabolic process GO:0042439 The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol) and compounds derived from it. ChEBI:16000 GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. Reactome:207167 Reactome:216741 Reactome:225626 Reactome:234265 Reactome:242016 Reactome:247390 Reactome:76521 hormone metabolism biological_process GO:0042445 hormone metabolic process GO:0042445 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. photoreceptor morphogenesis biological_process GO:0042461 photoreceptor cell development GO:0042461 Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. GOC:go_curators Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve. biological_process GO:0042462 eye photoreceptor cell development GO:0042462 Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve. GOC:jl ISBN:0192800981 A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells. Wikipedia:Melanosome cellular_component GO:0042470 melanosome GO:0042470 A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells. GOC:jl PMID:11584301 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. regulation of tooth development regulation of odontogenesis (sensu Protostomia) regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth biological_process GO:0042481 regulation of odontogenesis GO:0042481 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. positive regulation of odontogenesis (sensu Protostomia) positive regulation of tooth development up regulation of odontogenesis up-regulation of odontogenesis upregulation of odontogenesis activation of odontogenesis activation of odontogenesis (sensu Protostomia) positive regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth stimulation of odontogenesis stimulation of odontogenesis (sensu Protostomia) up regulation of odontogenesis (sensu Protostomia) up-regulation of odontogenesis (sensu Protostomia) upregulation of odontogenesis (sensu Protostomia) biological_process GO:0042482 positive regulation of odontogenesis GO:0042482 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates. regulation of odontogenesis (sensu Vertebrata) regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth biological_process GO:0042487 regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth GO:0042487 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:15355794 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates. positive regulation of odontogenesis (sensu Vertebrata) positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth up regulation of odontogenesis (sensu Vertebrata) up-regulation of odontogenesis (sensu Vertebrata) upregulation of odontogenesis (sensu Vertebrata) activation of odontogenesis (sensu Vertebrata) stimulation of odontogenesis (sensu Vertebrata) biological_process GO:0042488 positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth GO:0042488 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates. DDB_REF:2530 GOC:jl PMID:15355794 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth GOC:mah The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. biological_process GO:0042490 mechanoreceptor differentiation GO:0042490 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell. auditory hair cell differentiation biological_process GO:0042491 Note that this term refers to the mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear. auditory receptor cell differentiation GO:0042491 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The process whereby a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation gamma-delta T-cell differentiation gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0042492 gamma-delta T cell differentiation GO:0042492 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. GOC:jl A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. biological_process drug resistance drug susceptibility/resistance GO:0042493 response to drug GO:0042493 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. GOC:jl The series of events in which a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Bacterial lipoproteins are lipoproteins characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). biological_process detection of BLP detection of Lpp perception of BLP perception of Lpp perception of bacterial lipoprotein GO:0042494 detection of bacterial lipoprotein GO:0042494 The series of events in which a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Bacterial lipoproteins are lipoproteins characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). GOC:jl PMID:12077222 The series of events in which a triacylated bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Triacylated bacterial lipoproteins are triacylated lipoproteins characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). biological_process perception of triacylated bacterial lipoprotein GO:0042495 detection of triacylated bacterial lipoprotein GO:0042495 The series of events in which a triacylated bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Triacylated bacterial lipoproteins are triacylated lipoproteins characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). GOC:jl PMID:12077222 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. biological_process GO:0042501 serine phosphorylation of STAT protein GO:0042501 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. GOC:jl PMID:10918594 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. biological_process GO:0042503 tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein GO:0042503 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein. biological_process GO:0042506 tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein GO:0042506 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat1 protein. biological_process GO:0042508 tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1 protein GO:0042508 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat1 protein. GOC:jl PMID:10918594 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. biological_process GO:0042509 regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein GO:0042509 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. biological_process GO:0042516 regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein GO:0042516 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. up regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein biological_process GO:0042517 positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein GO:0042517 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein down-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein downregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein biological_process GO:0042518 negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein GO:0042518 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat4 protein. biological_process GO:0042519 regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein GO:0042519 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat4 protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat4 protein. up regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein biological_process GO:0042520 positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 protein GO:0042520 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat4 protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein. biological_process GO:0042522 regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein GO:0042522 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein. up regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein biological_process GO:0042523 positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein GO:0042523 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein. down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein down-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein downregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein biological_process GO:0042524 negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein GO:0042524 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. up regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein biological_process GO:0042531 positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein GO:0042531 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. down regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein down-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein downregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein biological_process GO:0042532 negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein GO:0042532 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. GOC:jl PMID:11426647 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. regulation of TNF alpha biosynthesis regulation of TNF alpha biosynthetic process regulation of TNF biosynthesis regulation of TNF biosynthetic process regulation of TNF-alpha biosynthesis regulation of TNF-alpha biosynthetic process regulation of tumor necrosis factor anabolism regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis regulation of tumor necrosis factor formation regulation of tumor necrosis factor synthesis regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthesis regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0042534 Note that this term refers only to the specific, original 'tumor necrosis factor' protein (TNF) and not other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (those with the gene symbol root 'TNFSF'). regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process GO:0042534 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. GOC:jl PMID:10891884 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. positive regulation of TNF alpha biosynthesis positive regulation of TNF alpha biosynthetic process positive regulation of TNF biosynthesis positive regulation of TNF biosynthetic process positive regulation of TNF-alpha biosynthesis positive regulation of TNF-alpha biosynthetic process positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor anabolism positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor formation positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor synthesis positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthesis positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthetic process up regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process upregulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process activation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process stimulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0042535 Note that this term refers only to the specific, original 'tumor necrosis factor' protein (TNF) and not other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (those with the gene symbol root 'TNFSF'). positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process GO:0042535 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. GOC:jl PMID:10891884 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. down regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process downregulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process negative regulation of TNF alpha biosynthesis negative regulation of TNF alpha biosynthetic process negative regulation of TNF biosynthesis negative regulation of TNF biosynthetic process negative regulation of TNF-alpha biosynthesis negative regulation of TNF-alpha biosynthetic process negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor anabolism negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor formation negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor synthesis negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthesis negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthetic process inhibition of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0042536 Note that this term refers only to the specific, original 'tumor necrosis factor' protein (TNF) and not other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (those with the gene symbol root 'TNFSF'). negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process GO:0042536 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. GOC:jl PMID:10891884 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus. biological_process GO:0042542 response to hydrogen peroxide GO:0042542 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus. GOC:jl A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0042551 neuron maturation GO:0042551 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph GOC:jl The process by which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. biological_process GO:0042552 myelination GO:0042552 The process by which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. GOC:dgh GOC:mah A hexameric protein complex required for the initiation and regulation of DNA replication. mini-chromosome maintenance complex cellular_component GO:0042555 MCM complex GO:0042555 A hexameric protein complex required for the initiation and regulation of DNA replication. GOC:jl PMID:11282021 Interacting selectively with any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. molecular_function GO:0042562 hormone binding GO:0042562 Interacting selectively with any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ A protein complex which usually consists of three components, e.g. in Xenopus, the importin alpha and beta-subunits and any protein which has a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). The complex acts to import proteins with an NLS into the nucleus through a nuclear pore. cellular_component GO:0042564 NLS-dependent protein nuclear import complex GO:0042564 A protein complex which usually consists of three components, e.g. in Xenopus, the importin alpha and beta-subunits and any protein which has a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). The complex acts to import proteins with an NLS into the nucleus through a nuclear pore. GOC:jl PMID:9323123 PMID:9323134 A complex of three proteins, which in animals is approximately 150kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF), the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), or -5 (IGFBP-5) and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). The complex plays a role in growth and development. IGF ternary complex cellular_component GO:0042567 insulin-like growth factor ternary complex GO:0042567 A complex of three proteins, which in animals is approximately 150kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF), the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), or -5 (IGFBP-5) and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). The complex plays a role in growth and development. GOC:jl PMID:12239079 An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component. Wikipedia:Antibody antibody cellular_component GO:0042571 Note that an immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. immunoglobulin complex, circulating GO:0042571 An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 antibody GOC:add A protein complex that possesses DNA polymerase activity and is involved in template directed synthesis of DNA. cellular_component GO:0042575 DNA polymerase complex GO:0042575 A protein complex that possesses DNA polymerase activity and is involved in template directed synthesis of DNA. GOC:jl PMID:12045093 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Catalysis of the reaction: RPO-R' + H2O = RPOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any phosphoric ester bond, any ester formed from orthophosphoric acid, O=P(OH)3. EC:3.1.-.- molecular_function GO:0042578 phosphoric ester hydrolase activity GO:0042578 Catalysis of the reaction: RPO-R' + H2O = RPOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any phosphoric ester bond, any ester formed from orthophosphoric acid, O=P(OH)3. GOC:jl Cytoplasmic organelles, spherical or oval in shape, that are bounded by a single membrane and contain oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Wikipedia:Microbody cellular_component GO:0042579 microbody GO:0042579 Cytoplasmic organelles, spherical or oval in shape, that are bounded by a single membrane and contain oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). ISBN:0198506732 Granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase. Wikipedia:Specific_granule secondary granule cellular_component GO:0042581 specific granule GO:0042581 Granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase. GOC:jl ISBN:0721662544 PMID:7334549 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes. Contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid. primary granule cellular_component GO:0042582 azurophil granule GO:0042582 Primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes. Contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. cellular_component GO:0042583 chromaffin granule GO:0042583 Specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The enlarged, fluid filled nucleus of a primary oocyte, the development of which is suspended in prophase I of the first meiotic division between embryohood and sexual maturity. primary oocyte nucleus cellular_component GO:0042585 germinal vesicle GO:0042585 The enlarged, fluid filled nucleus of a primary oocyte, the development of which is suspended in prophase I of the first meiotic division between embryohood and sexual maturity. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_sensu http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Cytoplasmic bead-like structures of animal cells, visible by electron microscope. Each granule is a functional unit with the biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen being catalyzed by enzymes bound to the granule surface. glycogen particle cellular_component GO:0042587 glycogen granule GO:0042587 Cytoplasmic bead-like structures of animal cells, visible by electron microscope. Each granule is a functional unit with the biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen being catalyzed by enzymes bound to the granule surface. GOC:jl PMID:12179957 http://148.216.10.83/cellbio/the_mi19.gif A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme. cellular_component GO:0042588 zymogen granule GO:0042588 A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule. cellular_component GO:0042589 zymogen granule membrane GO:0042589 The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule. GOC:jl The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. cross presentation cross priming cross-presentation cross-priming antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via MHC class I antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via major histocompatibility complex class I exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I biological_process GO:0042590 antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I GO:0042590 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium. biological_process homeostasis GO:0042592 homeostatic process GO:0042592 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell. biological_process GO:0042593 glucose homeostasis GO:0042593 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell. GOC:go_curators The response of an organism to a perceived external threat. physiological fear response biological_process GO:0042596 fear response GO:0042596 The response of an organism to a perceived external threat. GOC:go_curators The region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane (Gram-negative Bacteria) or inner membrane and cell wall (Fungi). periplasm cellular_component GO:0042597 periplasmic space GO:0042597 The region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane (Gram-negative Bacteria) or inner membrane and cell wall (Fungi). GOC:go_curators Any of the small, heterogeneous, artifactual, vesicular particles that are formed when some cells are homogenized. cellular_component GO:0042598 Note that this term refers to disrupted cells, and does not necessarily correspond to any specific structure(s) in an intact cell. vesicular fraction GO:0042598 Any of the small, heterogeneous, artifactual, vesicular particles that are formed when some cells are homogenized. GOC:jl A membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome. Odland body keratinosome lamellar granule membrane-coating granule cellular_component GO:0042599 lamellar body GO:0042599 A membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome. GOC:jl PMID:12243725 Interacting selectively with an antigen peptide, a fragment of a foreign protein derived by proteolysis within the cell. endogenous peptide antigen binding exogenous peptide antigen binding molecular_function GO:0042605 Note that this term can be used to describe binding to the peptide expressed by an MHC molecule. peptide antigen binding GO:0042605 Interacting selectively with an antigen peptide, a fragment of a foreign protein derived by proteolysis within the cell. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with a T cell receptor, the antigen-recognizing receptor on the surface of T cells. T lymphocyte receptor binding T-cell receptor binding T-lymphocyte receptor binding TCR binding molecular_function GO:0042608 T cell receptor binding GO:0042608 Interacting selectively with a T cell receptor, the antigen-recognizing receptor on the surface of T cells. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Interacting selectively with a CD4, a receptor found on the surface of T cells, monocytes and macrophages. molecular_function GO:0042609 CD4 receptor binding GO:0042609 Interacting selectively with a CD4, a receptor found on the surface of T cells, monocytes and macrophages. GOC:jl MeSH:D015704 Interacting selectively with a CD8, a receptor found on the surface of thymocytes and cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. molecular_function GO:0042610 CD8 receptor binding GO:0042610 Interacting selectively with a CD8, a receptor found on the surface of thymocytes and cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. GOC:jl MeSH:D016827 A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen. cellular_component GO:0042611 MHC protein complex GO:0042611 A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen. GOC:add GOC:jl ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15928678 PMID:16153240 A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class I alpha chain and an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide antigen. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. cellular_component GO:0042612 MHC class I protein complex GO:0042612 A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class I alpha chain and an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide antigen. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. GOC:add GOC:jl ISBN:0120781859 ISBN:0781735149 A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen. cellular_component GO:0042613 MHC class II protein complex GO:0042613 A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen. GOC:add GOC:jl ISBN:0120781859 PMID:15928678 The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor. cellular_component GO:0042622 photoreceptor outer segment membrane GO:0042622 The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor. GOC:jl Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate to directly drive some other reaction, for example ion transport across a membrane. ATP phosphohydrolase (polypeptide-unfolding) molecular_function chaperonin chaperonin ATPase activity non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase activity nucleoplasmin ATPase activity peroxisome-assembly ATPase activity GO:0042623 ATPase activity, coupled GO:0042623 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate to directly drive some other reaction, for example ion transport across a membrane. EC:3.6.1.3 GOC:jl ATP phosphohydrolase (polypeptide-unfolding) EC:3.6.4.9 chaperonin EC:3.6.4.9 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate to directly drive the active transport of a substance across a membrane. ABC transporter ABC-type efflux permease activity ABC-type efflux porter activity ABC-type uptake permease activity ATP binding cassette transporter ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter activity ATP-binding cassette transporter mating pheromone exporter molecular_function GO:0042626 ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances GO:0042626 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate to directly drive the active transport of a substance across a membrane. EC:3.6.1.3 GOC:jl A large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE. Chylomicrons are found in blood or lymph and carry lipids from the intestines into other body tissues. Wikipedia:Chylomicron cellular_component GO:0042627 chylomicron GO:0042627 A large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE. Chylomicrons are found in blood or lymph and carry lipids from the intestines into other body tissues. GOC:jl GOC:rl http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/search/dict-search.html http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Coarse, bluish-black staining cytoplasmic granules, bounded by a plasma membrane and found in mast cells and basophils. Contents include histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfates, chymase and tryptase. cellular_component GO:0042629 mast cell granule GO:0042629 Coarse, bluish-black staining cytoplasmic granules, bounded by a plasma membrane and found in mast cells and basophils. Contents include histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfates, chymase and tryptase. GOC:jl PMID:12360215 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ http://www.ijp-online.com/archives/1969/001/02/r0000-0000tc.htm Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair. biological_process GO:0042634 regulation of hair cycle GO:0042634 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair. GOC:go_curators PMID:12230507 Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins. actomyosin complex actomyosin structure cellular_component GO:0042641 actomyosin GO:0042641 Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins. GOC:go_curators The actin part of any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins. cellular_component GO:0042643 actomyosin, actin part GO:0042643 The actin part of any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins. GOC:go_curators Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. auditory hair cell fate specification biological_process GO:0042667 auditory receptor cell fate specification GO:0042667 Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. GOC:go_curators Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. auditory hair cell fate determination biological_process GO:0042668 auditory receptor cell fate determination GO:0042668 Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. GOC:go_curators The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell. biological_process GO:0042692 muscle cell differentiation GO:0042692 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell. CL:0000187 GOC:go_curators The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments. biological_process GO:0042706 eye photoreceptor cell fate commitment GO:0042706 The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments. GOC:mtg_sensu The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA or RNA to form the complex that mediates dosage compensation on one or more X chromosomes. biological_process GO:0042714 dosage compensation complex assembly GO:0042714 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA or RNA to form the complex that mediates dosage compensation on one or more X chromosomes. GOC:jl PMID:11102361 PMID:12672493 Soluble complex of the mitochondrial intermembrane space composed of various combinations of small Tim proteins; acts as a protein transporter to guide proteins to the Tim22 complex for insertion into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Tim9-Tim10 complex cellular_component GO:0042719 mitochondrial intermembrane space protein transporter complex GO:0042719 Soluble complex of the mitochondrial intermembrane space composed of various combinations of small Tim proteins; acts as a protein transporter to guide proteins to the Tim22 complex for insertion into the mitochondrial inner membrane. PMID:12581629 Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane, consisting of at least two subunits, involved in processing of both nuclear- and mitochondrially-encoded proteins targeted to the intermembrane space. IMP cellular_component GO:0042720 mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase complex GO:0042720 Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane, consisting of at least two subunits, involved in processing of both nuclear- and mitochondrially-encoded proteins targeted to the intermembrane space. PMID:10821182 PMID:12191769 A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0042734 presynaptic membrane GO:0042734 A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. defence response to bacteria defence response to bacterium defense response to bacteria biological_process antibacterial peptide activity GO:0042742 defense response to bacterium GO:0042742 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA. hydrogen peroxide metabolism biological_process GO:0042743 hydrogen peroxide metabolic process GO:0042743 The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA. GOC:jl http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/ The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm. biological_process GO:0042745 circadian sleep/wake cycle GO:0042745 The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm. GOC:jl http://www.sleepquest.com Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. biological_process GO:0042749 regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle GO:0042749 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. biological_process GO:0042752 regulation of circadian rhythm GO:0042752 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior. up regulation of circadian rhythm up-regulation of circadian rhythm upregulation of circadian rhythm activation of circadian rhythm stimulation of circadian rhythm biological_process GO:0042753 positive regulation of circadian rhythm GO:0042753 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior. GOC:go_curators The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue. eating behaviour biological_process GO:0042755 eating behavior GO:0042755 The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue. GOC:jl ISBN:01928006X The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water. drinking behaviour biological_process GO:0042756 drinking behavior GO:0042756 The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ An enzyme complex which in humans and yeast consists of at least five proteins; for example, the complex contains GAA1, GPI8, PIG-S, PIG-U, and PIG-T in human, and Gaa1p, Gab1p, Gpi8p, Gpi16p, and Gpi17p in yeast. Catalyzes the posttranslational attachment of the carboxyl-terminus of a precursor protein to a GPI-anchor. GPIT complex cellular_component GO:0042765 GPI-anchor transamidase complex GO:0042765 An enzyme complex which in humans and yeast consists of at least five proteins; for example, the complex contains GAA1, GPI8, PIG-S, PIG-U, and PIG-T in human, and Gaa1p, Gab1p, Gpi8p, Gpi16p, and Gpi17p in yeast. Catalyzes the posttranslational attachment of the carboxyl-terminus of a precursor protein to a GPI-anchor. GOC:jl GOC:rb PMID:12802054 A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell. biological_process GO:0042770 DNA damage response, signal transduction GO:0042770 A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell. GOC:go_curators A ribosome bound to mRNA that forms part of a polysome. active ribosome cellular_component GO:0042788 polysomal ribosome GO:0042788 A ribosome bound to mRNA that forms part of a polysome. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with an identical protein or proteins. molecular_function protein homopolymerization GO:0042802 identical protein binding GO:0042802 Interacting selectively with an identical protein or proteins. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer. dimerization activity molecular_function GO:0042803 protein homodimerization activity GO:0042803 Interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with actinin, any member of a family of proteins that crosslink F-actin. molecular_function GO:0042805 actinin binding GO:0042805 Interacting selectively with actinin, any member of a family of proteins that crosslink F-actin. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with neuronal Cdc2-like kinase, an enzyme involved in the regulation of neuronal differentiation and neuro-cytoskeleton dynamics. molecular_function GO:0042808 neuronal Cdc2-like kinase binding GO:0042808 Interacting selectively with neuronal Cdc2-like kinase, an enzyme involved in the regulation of neuronal differentiation and neuro-cytoskeleton dynamics. GOC:jl PMID:10721722 Combining with a member of the Wnt family of signaling molecules to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function frizzled receptor activity frizzled-2 receptor activity GO:0042813 Wnt receptor activity GO:0042813 Combining with a member of the Wnt family of signaling molecules to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:go_curators A large, multisubunit complex which consists of the MHC class I-beta 2 microglobulin dimer, the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), tapasin (an MHC-encoded membrane protein), the chaperone calreticulin and the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57. Functions in the assembly of peptides with newly synthesized MHC class I molecules. cellular_component GO:0042824 Note that although this complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum, there is some evidence that it may also be found in the Golgi. MHC class I peptide loading complex GO:0042824 A large, multisubunit complex which consists of the MHC class I-beta 2 microglobulin dimer, the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), tapasin (an MHC-encoded membrane protein), the chaperone calreticulin and the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57. Functions in the assembly of peptides with newly synthesized MHC class I molecules. GOC:jl PMID:10631934 A heterodimer composed of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2 (transporter associated with antigen presentation). Functions in the transport of antigenic peptides from the cytosol to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. transporter associated with antigen presentation cellular_component GO:0042825 TAP complex GO:0042825 A heterodimer composed of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2 (transporter associated with antigen presentation). Functions in the transport of antigenic peptides from the cytosol to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. GOC:jl PMID:10618487 PMID:10631934 Electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins. bull's eye body platelet dense body cellular_component GO:0042827 platelet dense granule GO:0042827 Electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins. GOC:jl PMID:10403682 PMID:11487378 http://www.mercksource.com/ Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism. defence response to pathogenic protozoa defence response to protozoa defence response to protozoon defense response to pathogenic protozoa defense response to protozoa defense response to protozoon biological_process GO:0042832 defense response to protozoan GO:0042832 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism. GOC:jl Interacting selectively, in a non-covalent manner, with peptidoglycan, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls. molecular_function GO:0042834 peptidoglycan binding GO:0042834 Interacting selectively, in a non-covalent manner, with peptidoglycan, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls. GOC:go_curators PMID:14698226 Interacting selectively with the RNA element BRE (Bruno response element). molecular_function GO:0042835 BRE binding GO:0042835 Interacting selectively with the RNA element BRE (Bruno response element). PMID:10893231 Interacting selectively with one or more specific sites on a neuromedin U receptor. molecular_function GO:0042922 neuromedin U receptor binding GO:0042922 Interacting selectively with one or more specific sites on a neuromedin U receptor. GOC:jl PMID:10899166 Interacting selectively and stoichiometrically with neuropeptides, peptides with direct synaptic effects (peptide neurotransmitters) or indirect modulatory effects on the nervous system (peptide neuromodulators). molecular_function GO:0042923 neuropeptide binding GO:0042923 Interacting selectively and stoichiometrically with neuropeptides, peptides with direct synaptic effects (peptide neurotransmitters) or indirect modulatory effects on the nervous system (peptide neuromodulators). http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Interacting selectively and stoichiometrically with neuromedin U, a hypothalamic peptide involved in energy homeostasis and stress responses. NMU binding molecular_function GO:0042924 neuromedin U binding GO:0042924 Interacting selectively and stoichiometrically with neuromedin U, a hypothalamic peptide involved in energy homeostasis and stress responses. GOC:jl PMID:12584108 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it. positive regulation of JAK protein activity by tyrosine phosphorylation activation of JAK protein activation of JAK protein by tyrosine phosphorylation biological_process tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK protein GO:0042976 activation of Janus kinase activity GO:0042976 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it. GOC:jl PMID:12479803 activation of JAK protein GOC:dph GOC:tb The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK2 (Janus Activated Kinase 2) protein, thereby activating it. activation of JAK2 protein biological_process tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 protein GO:0042977 activation of JAK2 kinase activity GO:0042977 The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK2 (Janus Activated Kinase 2) protein, thereby activating it. GOC:jl PMID:12479803 activation of JAK2 protein GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis. biological_process apoptosis regulator activity GO:0042981 regulation of apoptosis GO:0042981 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease. APP metabolic process APP metabolism amyloid precursor protein metabolism biological_process GO:0042982 amyloid precursor protein metabolic process GO:0042982 The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid. regulation of APP biosynthesis regulation of APP biosynthetic process regulation of amyloid precursor protein anabolism regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthesis regulation of amyloid precursor protein formation regulation of amyloid precursor protein synthesis biological_process GO:0042984 regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process GO:0042984 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid. down regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process down-regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process downregulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process negative regulation of APP biosynthesis negative regulation of APP biosynthetic process negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein anabolism negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthesis negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein formation negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein synthesis inhibition of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0042985 negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process GO:0042985 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid. positive regulation of APP biosynthesis positive regulation of APP biosynthetic process positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein anabolism positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthesis positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein formation positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein synthesis up regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process up-regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process upregulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process activation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process stimulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0042986 positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process GO:0042986 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease. APP catabolic process APP catabolism amyloid precursor protein breakdown amyloid precursor protein catabolism amyloid precursor protein degradation biological_process GO:0042987 amyloid precursor protein catabolic process GO:0042987 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. regulation of transcription factor import into cell nucleus regulation of transcription factor transport from cytoplasm to nucleus regulation of transcription factor-nucleus import biological_process GO:0042990 regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus GO:0042990 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. down regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus down-regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus downregulation of transcription factor import into nucleus negative regulation of transcription factor import into cell nucleus negative regulation of transcription factor transport from cytoplasm to nucleus negative regulation of transcription factor-nucleus import inhibition of transcription factor import into nucleus biological_process GO:0042992 negative regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus GO:0042992 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. positive regulation of transcription factor import into cell nucleus positive regulation of transcription factor transport from cytoplasm to nucleus positive regulation of transcription factor-nucleus import up regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus up-regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus upregulation of transcription factor import into nucleus activation of transcription factor import into nucleus stimulation of transcription factor import into nucleus biological_process GO:0042993 positive regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus GO:0042993 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. GOC:jl The selective interaction of a transcription factor with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus. cytoplasmic retention of transcription factor cytoplasmic sequestration of transcription factor cytoplasmic storage of transcription factor maintenance of transcription factor protein location in cytoplasm retention of transcription factor in cytoplasm sequestering of transcription factor in cytoplasm sequestration of transcription factor in cytoplasm storage of transcription factor in cytoplasm transcription factor binding, cytoplasmic sequestering biological_process GO:0042994 cytoplasmic sequestering of transcription factor GO:0042994 The selective interaction of a transcription factor with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus. GOC:jl maintenance of transcription factor protein location in cytoplasm GOC:dph GOC:tb A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. cellular_component GO:0042995 cell projection GO:0042995 A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. neuronal cell projection neurite cellular_component GO:0043005 neuron projection GO:0043005 A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. GOC:jl http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ A series of molecular signals that leads to the upregulation of calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity in response to the signal. activation of phospholipase A2 activity by calcium-mediated signalling calcium-dependent activation of phospholipase A2 calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activation biological_process GO:0043006 activation of phospholipase A2 activity by calcium-mediated signaling GO:0043006 A series of molecular signals that leads to the upregulation of calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity in response to the signal. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:tb activation of phospholipase A2 activity by calcium-mediated signalling GOC:mah calcium-dependent activation of phospholipase A2 GOC:dph GOC:tb calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activation GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. eye development (sensu Actinopterygii) eye development (sensu Mammalia) eye development (sensu Vertebrata) biological_process GO:0043010 camera-type eye development GO:0043010 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The process by which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin. Langerhans cell differentiation biological_process GO:0043011 myeloid dendritic cell differentiation GO:0043011 The process by which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin. GOC:jl Wikipedia:Dendritic_cell http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A. regulation of LTA biosynthesis regulation of LTA biosynthetic process regulation of TNF-B biosynthesis regulation of TNF-B biosynthetic process regulation of TNF-beta biosynthesis regulation of TNF-beta biosynthetic process regulation of lymphotoxin A anabolism regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthesis regulation of lymphotoxin A formation regulation of lymphotoxin A synthesis regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha biosynthesis regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha biosynthetic process regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthesis regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0043016 regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process GO:0043016 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A. positive regulation of LTA biosynthesis positive regulation of LTA biosynthetic process positive regulation of TNF-B biosynthesis positive regulation of TNF-B biosynthetic process positive regulation of TNF-beta biosynthesis positive regulation of TNF-beta biosynthetic process positive regulation of lymphotoxin A anabolism positive regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthesis positive regulation of lymphotoxin A formation positive regulation of lymphotoxin A synthesis positive regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha biosynthesis positive regulation of lymphotoxin-alpha biosynthetic process positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthesis positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-beta biosynthetic process up regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process up-regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process upregulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process activation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process stimulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0043017 positive regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process GO:0043017 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A. GOC:jl A enzyme complex of which the core is a heterodimer composed of a light (alpha) and heavy (beta) chain, and requires several other water-soluble proteins of cytosolic origin for activity. Functions in superoxide generation by the NADPH-dependent reduction of O2. flavocytochrome b558 cellular_component respiratory-burst oxidase GO:0043020 NADPH oxidase complex GO:0043020 A enzyme complex of which the core is a heterodimer composed of a light (alpha) and heavy (beta) chain, and requires several other water-soluble proteins of cytosolic origin for activity. Functions in superoxide generation by the NADPH-dependent reduction of O2. GOC:jl PMID:11483596 PMID:12440767 The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. Wikipedia:Soma_(biology) cell body cellular_component GO:0043025 Note that 'cell body' and 'cell soma' are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections. cell soma GO:0043025 The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. GOC:go_curators The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. T lymphocyte homeostasis T-cell homeostasis T-lymphocyte homeostasis biological_process GO:0043029 Note that this term represents the return of T cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of T cells required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. T cell homeostasis GO:0043029 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation. biological_process GO:0043030 regulation of macrophage activation GO:0043030 Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage activation. down regulation of macrophage activation down-regulation of macrophage activation downregulation of macrophage activation inhibition of macrophage activation biological_process GO:0043031 negative regulation of macrophage activation GO:0043031 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage activation. GOC:jl Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation. up regulation of macrophage activation up-regulation of macrophage activation upregulation of macrophage activation activation of macrophage activation stimulation of macrophage activation biological_process GO:0043032 positive regulation of macrophage activation GO:0043032 Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation. GOC:jl A protein complex whose composition varies amongst species; in rice it probably exists in a homo-tetramer to homo-hexamer form and in Gram-negative bacteria as a dimer. Functions in the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages. debranching enzyme complex cellular_component GO:0043033 isoamylase complex GO:0043033 A protein complex whose composition varies amongst species; in rice it probably exists in a homo-tetramer to homo-hexamer form and in Gram-negative bacteria as a dimer. Functions in the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages. GOC:jl PMID:10333591 Regular periodic sub membranous arrays of vinculin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, these arrays link Z-discs to the sarcolemma and are associated with links to extracellular matrix. Wikipedia:Costamere cellular_component GO:0043034 costamere GO:0043034 Regular periodic sub membranous arrays of vinculin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, these arrays link Z-discs to the sarcolemma and are associated with links to extracellular matrix. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 PMID:6405378 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Anterior movement of an organism, following the direction of the head of the animal. biological_process GO:0043056 forward locomotion GO:0043056 Anterior movement of an organism, following the direction of the head of the animal. GOC:go_curators A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. extracellular structure organisation and biogenesis extracellular structure organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0043062 extracellular structure organization GO:0043062 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah extracellular structure organization and biogenesis GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis. up regulation of apoptosis up-regulation of apoptosis upregulation of apoptosis activation of apoptosis stimulation of apoptosis biological_process GO:0043065 positive regulation of apoptosis GO:0043065 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis. down regulation of apoptosis down-regulation of apoptosis downregulation of apoptosis inhibition of apoptosis biological_process GO:0043066 negative regulation of apoptosis GO:0043066 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GO:0043070 regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death biological_process GO:0043067 regulation of programmed cell death GO:0043067 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GO:0043071 up regulation of programmed cell death up-regulation of programmed cell death upregulation of programmed cell death activation of programmed cell death positive regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death stimulation of programmed cell death biological_process GO:0043068 positive regulation of programmed cell death GO:0043068 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GO:0043072 down regulation of programmed cell death down-regulation of programmed cell death downregulation of programmed cell death inhibition of programmed cell death negative regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death biological_process GO:0043069 negative regulation of programmed cell death GO:0043069 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:jl true GO:0043070 true GO:0043071 true GO:0043072 The nucleus of a germ cell, a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes, and its descendents. germ-cell nucleus cellular_component GO:0043073 germ cell nucleus GO:0043073 The nucleus of a germ cell, a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes, and its descendents. GOC:go_curators http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. positive regulation of enzyme activity up regulation of enzyme activity up-regulation of enzyme activity upregulation of enzyme activity activation of enzyme activity stimulation of enzyme activity biological_process GO:0043085 positive regulation of catalytic activity GO:0043085 Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. GOC:jl GOC:tb positive regulation of enzyme activity GOC:tb Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. down regulation of enzyme activity down-regulation of enzyme activity downregulation of enzyme activity negative regulation of enzyme activity inhibition of enzyme activity biological_process GO:0043086 negative regulation of catalytic activity GO:0043086 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. GOC:jl GOC:tb negative regulation of enzyme activity GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. biological_process GO:0043087 regulation of GTPase activity GO:0043087 Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. GOC:jl The directed movement of amino acids into a cell or organelle. amino acid uptake biological_process GO:0043090 amino acid import GO:0043090 The directed movement of amino acids into a cell or organelle. GOC:jl The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into a cell or organelle. L-amino acid uptake biological_process GO:0043092 L-amino acid import GO:0043092 The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into a cell or organelle. GOC:jl GOC:jsg GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. receptor metabolism biological_process GO:0043112 receptor metabolic process GO:0043112 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages. molecular_function GO:0043120 tumor necrosis factor binding GO:0043120 Interacting selectively with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages. GOC:jl http://lookwayup.com/ Interacting selectively with neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that block apoptosis in neurons and thus promote nerve growth. molecular_function neurotrophin TRK receptor activity GO:0043121 neurotrophin binding GO:0043121 Interacting selectively with neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that block apoptosis in neurons and thus promote nerve growth. GOC:jl http://www.mercksource.com/ Any process that modulates an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade. biological_process GO:0043122 regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade GO:0043122 Any process that modulates an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade. GOC:jl PMID:12773372 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade. up regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade up-regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade upregulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade activation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade stimulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade biological_process GO:0043123 positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade GO:0043123 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade. down regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade down-regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade downregulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade inhibition of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade biological_process GO:0043124 negative regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade GO:0043124 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB-3/HER3. HER3 receptor binding molecular_function Neu/ErbB-2 receptor activity GO:0043125 ErbB-3 class receptor binding GO:0043125 Interacting selectively with the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB-3/HER3. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. regulation of PI4K activity biological_process GO:0043126 regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity GO:0043126 Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the activity of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. positive regulation of PI4K activity up regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity up-regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity upregulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity activation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity stimulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity biological_process GO:0043128 positive regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity GO:0043128 Any process that activates or increases the activity of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. GOC:jl Any process by which infecting bacteria are clumped together by a host organism. biological_process GO:0043152 induction of bacterial agglutination GO:0043152 Any process by which infecting bacteria are clumped together by a host organism. GOC:jl The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to photoperiod, the intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night). biological_process GO:0043153 entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod GO:0043153 The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to photoperiod, the intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night). GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of caspase activity. down regulation of caspase activity down-regulation of caspase activity downregulation of caspase activity negative regulation of caspase activation inhibition of caspase activation inhibition of caspase activity biological_process GO:0043154 negative regulation of caspase activity GO:0043154 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of caspase activity. GOC:jl A structural framework, or 'dense core' at the interior of an acrosome. May regulate the distribution of hydrolases within the acrosome and their release during the acrosome reaction. cellular_component GO:0043159 acrosomal matrix GO:0043159 A structural framework, or 'dense core' at the interior of an acrosome. May regulate the distribution of hydrolases within the acrosome and their release during the acrosome reaction. GOC:jl PMID:8949900 PMID:9139729 The volume enclosed within the acrosome membrane. cellular_component GO:0043160 acrosomal lumen GO:0043160 The volume enclosed within the acrosome membrane. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. Reactome:174255 Reactome:207085 Reactome:216650 Reactome:225535 Reactome:234184 Reactome:241911 Reactome:261013 Reactome:266988 Reactome:271929 Reactome:277894 Reactome:284842 proteasomal pathway proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation biological_process proteasomal processing proteasome pathway GO:0043161 proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process GO:0043161 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with ions, charged atoms or groups of atoms. molecular_function atom binding GO:0043167 ion binding GO:0043167 Interacting selectively with ions, charged atoms or groups of atoms. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with cations, charged atoms or groups of atoms with a net positive charge. molecular_function GO:0043169 cation binding GO:0043169 Interacting selectively with cations, charged atoms or groups of atoms with a net positive charge. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. macromolecule metabolism biological_process GO:0043170 macromolecule metabolic process GO:0043170 The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. ChEBI:33839 GOC:mah Interacting selectively with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. molecular_function GO:0043176 amine binding GO:0043176 Interacting selectively with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. GOC:jl Any process involved in the generation of rhythmic, synchronous excitatory synaptic inputs in a neural circuit. biological_process GO:0043179 rhythmic excitation GO:0043179 Any process involved in the generation of rhythmic, synchronous excitatory synaptic inputs in a neural circuit. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0195088433 A small cytoplasmic, non-membranous RNA/protein complex aggregates in the primordial germ cells of many higher eukaryotes. nuage germline granule polar granule cellular_component GO:0043186 P granule GO:0043186 A small cytoplasmic, non-membranous RNA/protein complex aggregates in the primordial germ cells of many higher eukaryotes. GOC:dph GOC:kmv PMID:11262230 A multisubunit complex that catalyzes the acetylation of histones H4 and H2A. H4/H2A HAT complex cellular_component GO:0043189 H4/H2A histone acetyltransferase complex GO:0043189 A multisubunit complex that catalyzes the acetylation of histones H4 and H2A. GOC:mah A complex for the transport of metabolites into and out of the cell, typically comprised of four domains; two membrane-associated domains and two ATP-binding domains at the intracellular face of the membrane, that form a central pore through the plasma membrane. Each of the four core domains may be encoded as a separate polypeptide or the domains can be fused in any one of a number of ways into multidomain polypeptides. In Bacteria and Archaebacteria, ABC transporters also include substrate binding proteins to bind substrate external to the cytoplasm and deliver it to the transporter. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex (sensu Bacteria and Archaea) ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex (sensu Eukaryota) ABC-type efflux permease activity ABC-type efflux porter activity ABC-type uptake permease activity mating pheromone exporter cellular_component ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter activity GO:0043190 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex GO:0043190 A complex for the transport of metabolites into and out of the cell, typically comprised of four domains; two membrane-associated domains and two ATP-binding domains at the intracellular face of the membrane, that form a central pore through the plasma membrane. Each of the four core domains may be encoded as a separate polypeptide or the domains can be fused in any one of a number of ways into multidomain polypeptides. In Bacteria and Archaebacteria, ABC transporters also include substrate binding proteins to bind substrate external to the cytoplasm and deliver it to the transporter. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:11421269 PMID:15111107 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes. up regulation of gene-specific transcription up-regulation of gene-specific transcription upregulation of gene-specific transcription activation of gene-specific transcription stimulation of gene-specific transcription biological_process GO:0043193 positive regulation of gene-specific transcription GO:0043193 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes. GOC:jl Portion of the axon proximal to the neuronal cell body, at the level of the axon hillock. The action potentials that propagate along the axon are generated at the level of this initial segment. cellular_component GO:0043194 initial segment GO:0043194 Portion of the axon proximal to the neuronal cell body, at the level of the axon hillock. The action potentials that propagate along the axon are generated at the level of this initial segment. GOC:nln Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. bouton presynaptic bouton synaptic bouton cellular_component GO:0043195 terminal button GO:0043195 Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. GOC:nln Protrusion from a dendrite. Spines are specialised subcellular compartments involved in the synaptic transmission. They are linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Because of their bulb shape, they function as a biochemical and an electrical compartment. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity. Wikipedia:Dendritic_spine cellular_component GO:0043197 dendritic spine GO:0043197 Protrusion from a dendrite. Spines are specialised subcellular compartments involved in the synaptic transmission. They are linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Because of their bulb shape, they function as a biochemical and an electrical compartment. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity. GOC:nln Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines. cellular_component GO:0043198 dendritic shaft GO:0043198 Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines. GOC:nln The volume enclosed within the lysosomal membrane. cellular_component GO:0043202 lysosomal lumen GO:0043202 The volume enclosed within the lysosomal membrane. GOC:jl PMID:15213228 Portion of the neuronal cell soma from which the axon originates. Wikipedia:Axon_hillock cellular_component GO:0043203 axon hillock GO:0043203 Portion of the neuronal cell soma from which the axon originates. GOC:nln The portion of the cell soma (cell body) that excludes the nucleus. cellular_component cell soma cytoplasm GO:0043204 perikaryon GO:0043204 The portion of the cell soma (cell body) that excludes the nucleus. GOC:jl Extracellular matrix material consisting of polysaccharides and protein. cellular_component GO:0043205 fibril GO:0043205 Extracellular matrix material consisting of polysaccharides and protein. PMID:12704238 An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. Wikipedia:Myelin cellular_component GO:0043209 myelin sheath GO:0043209 An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. GOC:jl Wikipedia:Myelin The process of preserving the structure and function of mature myelin. This includes maintaining the compact structure of myelin necessary for its electrical insulating characteristics as well as the structure of non-compact regions such as Schmidt-Lantermann clefts and paranodal loops. This does not include processes responsible for maintaining the nodes of Ranvier, which are not part of the myelin sheath. biological_process GO:0043217 myelin maintenance GO:0043217 The process of preserving the structure and function of mature myelin. This includes maintaining the compact structure of myelin necessary for its electrical insulating characteristics as well as the structure of non-compact regions such as Schmidt-Lantermann clefts and paranodal loops. This does not include processes responsible for maintaining the nodes of Ranvier, which are not part of the myelin sheath. GOC:dgh The portion of the myelin sheath in which layers of cell membrane are tightly juxtaposed, completely excluding cytoplasm. The juxtaposed cytoplasmic surfaces form the major dense line, while the juxtaposed extracellular surfaces form the interperiod line visible in electron micrographs. cellular_component GO:0043218 compact myelin GO:0043218 The portion of the myelin sheath in which layers of cell membrane are tightly juxtaposed, completely excluding cytoplasm. The juxtaposed cytoplasmic surfaces form the major dense line, while the juxtaposed extracellular surfaces form the interperiod line visible in electron micrographs. GOC:dgh Non-compact myelin located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier in a myelin segment. These non-compact regions include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for synthesizing the myelin. Lateral loops are found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier, while Schmidt-Lantermann clefts are analogous structures found within the compact myelin internode. cellular_component GO:0043219 lateral loop GO:0043219 Non-compact myelin located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier in a myelin segment. These non-compact regions include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for synthesizing the myelin. Lateral loops are found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier, while Schmidt-Lantermann clefts are analogous structures found within the compact myelin internode. GOC:dgh Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. Wikipedia:Organelle cellular_component GO:0043226 organelle GO:0043226 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0043227 membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043227 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. non-membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0043228 non-membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043228 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0043229 intracellular organelle GO:0043229 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi. cellular_component GO:0043230 extracellular organelle GO:0043230 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi. GOC:jl PMID:9914479 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0043231 intracellular membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043231 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. intracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0043232 intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043232 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. GOC:go_curators The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen. cellular_component GO:0043233 organelle lumen GO:0043233 The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen. GOC:jl GOC:mah Any macromolecular complex composed of two or more polypeptide subunits, which may or may not be identical. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleotides, metal ions or carbohydrate groups. Wikipedia:Protein_complex protein-protein complex cellular_component GO:0043234 Note that although at some level almost all cellular components can be thought of as protein complexes, this term is intended to exclude structures composed of the same repeating subunit or subunits, for example microtubules. Protein complexes encompassed by this term are generally not structural, and usually have a defined set of subunits. protein complex GO:0043234 Any macromolecular complex composed of two or more polypeptide subunits, which may or may not be identical. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleotides, metal ions or carbohydrate groups. GOC:go_curators Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. cellular_component GO:0043235 receptor complex GO:0043235 Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates. regulation of carbohydrate anabolism regulation of carbohydrate biosynthesis regulation of carbohydrate formation regulation of carbohydrate synthesis biological_process GO:0043255 regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process GO:0043255 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates. GOC:jl A large, extracellular glycoprotein complex composed of three different polypeptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma. Provides an integral part of the structural scaffolding of basement membranes. cellular_component GO:0043256 laminin complex GO:0043256 A large, extracellular glycoprotein complex composed of three different polypeptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma. Provides an integral part of the structural scaffolding of basement membranes. GOC:jl PMID:10842354 http://www.sdbonline.org/fly/newgene/laminna1.htm A laminin complex composed of alpha2, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains. cellular_component GO:0043257 laminin-8 complex GO:0043257 A laminin complex composed of alpha2, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains. GOC:jl PMID:10842354 A laminin complex composed of alpha5, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains. cellular_component GO:0043259 laminin-10 complex GO:0043259 A laminin complex composed of alpha5, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains. GOC:jl PMID:10842354 Granule free cytoplasm, lying immediately below the plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0043265 ectoplasm GO:0043265 Granule free cytoplasm, lying immediately below the plasma membrane. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0043269 regulation of ion transport GO:0043269 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:jl The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte. apoptotic cell removal programmed cell clearance biological_process GO:0043277 Note that unlike mammals or Drosophila, C. elegans (and many lower organisms) do not have professional macrophages/phagocytes, instead cell corpses are engulfed by neighboring cells. Cell types that can function as engulfing cells include hypodermal cells, gonadal sheath cells, pharyngeal muscle cells, and intestinal cells. apoptotic cell clearance GO:0043277 The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte. GOC:rk PMID:14685684 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure. biological_process GO:0043278 response to morphine GO:0043278 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure. CHEBI:17303 GOC:ef GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active. biological_process GO:0043279 response to alkaloid GO:0043279 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Any process that activates or increases the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis. up regulation of caspase activity up-regulation of caspase activity upregulation of caspase activity activation of caspase activity stimulation of caspase activity biological_process GO:0043280 positive regulation of caspase activity GO:0043280 Any process that activates or increases the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis. regulation of caspase activation biological_process GO:0043281 regulation of caspase activity GO:0043281 Any process that modulates the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins. biopolymer metabolism biological_process GO:0043283 biopolymer metabolic process GO:0043283 The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins. GOC:jl Wikipedia:Biopolymer The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature e.g. polysaccharides and proteins. biopolymer anabolism biopolymer biosynthesis biopolymer formation biopolymer synthesis biological_process GO:0043284 biopolymer biosynthetic process GO:0043284 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature e.g. polysaccharides and proteins. GOC:jl Wikipedia:Biopolymer The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature e.g. polysaccharides and proteins. biopolymer breakdown biopolymer catabolism biopolymer degradation biological_process GO:0043285 biopolymer catabolic process GO:0043285 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature e.g. polysaccharides and proteins. GOC:jl Wikipedia:Biopolymer Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle. muscle fiber muscle fibre contractile fibre cellular_component GO:0043292 contractile fiber GO:0043292 Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0815316194 A multisubunit protein complex involved in the activation of apoptosis. In mammals it is typically composed of seven Apaf-1 subunits bound to cytochrome c and caspase-9. A similar complex to promote apoptosis is formed from homologous gene products in other eukaryotic organisms. Wikipedia:Apoptosome cellular_component GO:0043293 apoptosome GO:0043293 A multisubunit protein complex involved in the activation of apoptosis. In mammals it is typically composed of seven Apaf-1 subunits bound to cytochrome c and caspase-9. A similar complex to promote apoptosis is formed from homologous gene products in other eukaryotic organisms. PMID:10428850 PMID:11406413 PMID:12176339 PMID:15189137 A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes and in invertebrates is composed of the subapical complex (SAC), the zonula adherens and the septate junction. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability. apical cell junction complex cellular_component GO:0043296 apical junction complex GO:0043296 A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes and in invertebrates is composed of the subapical complex (SAC), the zonula adherens and the septate junction. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability. GOC:go_curators PMID:12525486 PMID:15196556 apical cell junction complex GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte degranulation. regulation of immune cell degranulation regulation of immune cell granule exocytosis regulation of leucocyte degranulation regulation of leukocyte granule exocytosis biological_process GO:0043300 regulation of leukocyte degranulation GO:0043300 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte degranulation. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte degranulation. down regulation of leukocyte degranulation down-regulation of leukocyte degranulation downregulation of leukocyte degranulation negative regulation of immune cell degranulation negative regulation of leucocyte degranulation inhibition of leukocyte degranulation biological_process GO:0043301 negative regulation of leukocyte degranulation GO:0043301 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte degranulation. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte degranulation. positive regulation of immune cell degranulation positive regulation of leucocyte degranulation up regulation of leukocyte degranulation up-regulation of leukocyte degranulation upregulation of leukocyte degranulation activation of leukocyte degranulation stimulation of leukocyte degranulation biological_process GO:0043302 positive regulation of leukocyte degranulation GO:0043302 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte degranulation. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell. mast cell granule exocytosis biological_process GO:0043303 mast cell degranulation GO:0043303 The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell. ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell degranulation. regulation of mast cell granule exocytosis biological_process GO:0043304 regulation of mast cell degranulation GO:0043304 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell degranulation. ISBN:0781735149 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of mast cell degranulation. down regulation of mast cell degranulation down-regulation of mast cell degranulation downregulation of mast cell degranulation negative regulation of mast cell granule exocytosis inhibition of mast cell degranulation biological_process GO:0043305 negative regulation of mast cell degranulation GO:0043305 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of mast cell degranulation. ISBN:0781735149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell degranulation. positive regulation of mast cell granule exocytosis up regulation of mast cell degranulation up-regulation of mast cell degranulation upregulation of mast cell degranulation activation of mast cell degranulation stimulation of mast cell degranulation biological_process GO:0043306 positive regulation of mast cell degranulation GO:0043306 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell degranulation. ISBN:0781735149 The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. biological_process GO:0043307 eosinophil activation GO:0043307 The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil cationic protein by an eosinophil. eosinophil granule exocytosis biological_process GO:0043308 eosinophil degranulation GO:0043308 The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil cationic protein by an eosinophil. ISBN:0781735149 The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil. neutrophil granule exocytosis biological_process heterophil degranulation GO:0043312 neutrophil degranulation GO:0043312 The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil. ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil degranulation. regulation of neutrophil granule exocytosis biological_process GO:0043313 regulation of neutrophil degranulation GO:0043313 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil degranulation. ISBN:0781735149 The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a cytotoxic T cell. cytotoxic T cell granule exocytosis cytotoxic T lymphocyte degranulation cytotoxic T lymphocyte granule exocytosis cytotoxic T-cell degranulation cytotoxic T-cell granule exocytosis cytotoxic T-lymphocyte degranulation cytotoxic T-lymphocyte granule exocytosis biological_process GO:0043316 cytotoxic T cell degranulation GO:0043316 The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a cytotoxic T cell. ISBN:0781735149 The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a natural killer cell. NK cell degranulation NK cell granule exocytosis natural killer cell granule exocytosis biological_process GO:0043320 natural killer cell degranulation GO:0043320 The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a natural killer cell. ISBN:0781735149 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus. response to exogenous double-stranded RNA response to viral dsRNA biological_process GO:0043330 response to exogenous dsRNA GO:0043330 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus. GOC:go_curators A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus. response to double-stranded RNA biological_process GO:0043331 response to dsRNA GO:0043331 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus. GOC:jl The process by which successful recombination of a T cell receptor beta chain into a translatable protein coding sequence leads to rescue from apoptosis and subsequent proliferation of an immature T cell. biological_process GO:0043366 beta selection GO:0043366 The process by which successful recombination of a T cell receptor beta chain into a translatable protein coding sequence leads to rescue from apoptosis and subsequent proliferation of an immature T cell. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12220932 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell. CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0043367 CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation GO:0043367 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell. ISBN:0781735149 The process of sparing immature T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death. positive T lymphocyte selection positive T-cell selection positive T-lymphocyte selection biological_process GO:0043368 positive T cell selection GO:0043368 The process of sparing immature T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12414722 The process by which an immature T cell commits to CD4-positive T cell lineage or the CD8-positive lineage of alpha-beta T cells. CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte lineage commitment CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell lineage commitment CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte lineage commitment CD4-positive/CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment biological_process GO:0043369 CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment GO:0043369 The process by which an immature T cell commits to CD4-positive T cell lineage or the CD8-positive lineage of alpha-beta T cells. ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation. regulation of CD4-positive T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation regulation of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0043370 regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation GO:0043370 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation. down regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation down-regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation downregulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation negative regulation of CD4-positive T lymphocyte differentiation negative regulation of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation negative regulation of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation inhibition of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation biological_process GO:0043371 negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation GO:0043371 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation. positive regulation of CD4-positive T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation up regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation up-regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation upregulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation activation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation stimulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation biological_process GO:0043372 positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation GO:0043372 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell. CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0043374 CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation GO:0043374 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell. ISBN:0781735149 The process by which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell. CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell fate commitment CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte lineage commitment CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell lineage commitment CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte lineage commitment biological_process GO:0043375 CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment GO:0043375 The process by which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell. ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of memory T cell differentiation. regulation of memory T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of memory T-cell differentiation regulation of memory T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0043380 regulation of memory T cell differentiation GO:0043380 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of memory T cell differentiation. ISBN:0781735149 The process of elimination of immature T cells which react strongly with self-antigens. negative T lymphocyte selection negative T-cell selection negative T-lymphocyte selection biological_process GO:0043383 negative T cell selection GO:0043383 The process of elimination of immature T cells which react strongly with self-antigens. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12414722 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid. up regulation of DNA binding up-regulation of DNA binding upregulation of DNA binding activation of DNA binding stimulation of DNA binding biological_process GO:0043388 positive regulation of DNA binding GO:0043388 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid. down regulation of DNA binding down-regulation of DNA binding downregulation of DNA binding inhibition of DNA binding biological_process GO:0043392 negative regulation of DNA binding GO:0043392 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. biological_process GO:0043393 regulation of protein binding GO:0043393 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with Helix Loop Helix, a domain of 40-50 residues that occurs in specific DNA-binding proteins that act as transcription factors. The domain is formed of two amphipathic helices joined by a variable length linker region that can form a loop and it mediates protein dimerization. molecular_function GO:0043398 HLH domain binding GO:0043398 Interacting selectively with Helix Loop Helix, a domain of 40-50 residues that occurs in specific DNA-binding proteins that act as transcription factors. The domain is formed of two amphipathic helices joined by a variable length linker region that can form a loop and it mediates protein dimerization. GOC:go_curators Prosite:PDOC0038 The regulated release of cortisol, a steroid hormone that in humans is the major circulating hormone of the cortex, or outer layer, of the adrenal gland. biological_process GO:0043400 cortisol secretion GO:0043400 The regulated release of cortisol, a steroid hormone that in humans is the major circulating hormone of the cortex, or outer layer, of the adrenal gland. PMID:11027914 Combining with corticotropin-releasing hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. molecular_function GO:0043404 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity GO:0043404 Combining with corticotropin-releasing hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. ISBN:0838577016 PMID:11027914 PMID:15134857 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. Regulation of MAPK activity regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase activity regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity biological_process GO:0043405 regulation of MAP kinase activity GO:0043405 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators Regulation of MAPK activity GOC:dph Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. positive regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase activity positive regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity up regulation of MAPK activity up-regulation of MAPK activity upregulation of MAPK activity stimulation of MAPK activity biological_process GO:0043406 positive regulation of MAP kinase activity GO:0043406 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. down regulation of MAPK activity down-regulation of MAPK activity downregulation of MAPK activity negative regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase activity negative regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity inhibition of MAPK activity biological_process GO:0043407 negative regulation of MAP kinase activity GO:0043407 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade. regulation of MAP kinase kinase kinase cascade regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade biological_process GO:0043408 regulation of MAPKKK cascade GO:0043408 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade. down regulation of MAPKKK cascade down-regulation of MAPKKK cascade downregulation of MAPKKK cascade negative regulation of MAP kinase kinase kinase cascade negative regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade negative regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade inhibition of MAPKKK cascade biological_process GO:0043409 negative regulation of MAPKKK cascade GO:0043409 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade. positive regulation of MAP kinase kinase kinase cascade positive regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade positive regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade up regulation of MAPKKK cascade up-regulation of MAPKKK cascade upregulation of MAPKKK cascade activation of MAPKKK cascade stimulation of MAPKKK cascade biological_process GO:0043410 positive regulation of MAPKKK cascade GO:0043410 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade. GOC:go_curators The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological polymer, resulting in a change in its properties. biological_process GO:0043412 biopolymer modification GO:0043412 The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological polymer, resulting in a change in its properties. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. down regulation of transcription factor activity down-regulation of transcription factor activity downregulation of transcription factor activity inhibition of transcription factor activity biological_process GO:0043433 negative regulation of transcription factor activity GO:0043433 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. GOC:jl A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. response to polypeptide hormone stimulus biological_process GO:0043434 response to peptide hormone stimulus GO:0043434 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. PMID:11027914 PMID:15134857 Wikipedia:Peptide_hormone The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkene, any cyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n, as carried out by individual cells. alkene metabolism biological_process GO:0043449 cellular alkene metabolic process GO:0043449 The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkene, any cyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n, as carried out by individual cells. ChEBI:32878 GOC:jl Wikipedia:Alkene The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkene, any cyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. alkene anabolism alkene biosynthesis alkene formation alkene synthesis biological_process GO:0043450 alkene biosynthetic process GO:0043450 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkene, any cyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. ChEBI:32878 GOC:jl Wikipedia:Alkene Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. biological_process GO:0043467 regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy GO:0043467 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates. biological_process GO:0043470 regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process GO:0043470 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates. GOC:mlg Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, carried out by individual cells. biological_process GO:0043471 regulation of cellular carbohydrate catabolic process GO:0043471 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, carried out by individual cells. GOC:jl Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate to directly drive the transport of a substance. molecular_function GO:0043492 ATPase activity, coupled to movement of substances GO:0043492 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate to directly drive the transport of a substance. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with any component on the surface of a cell. molecular_function GO:0043498 cell surface binding GO:0043498 Interacting selectively with any component on the surface of a cell. GOC:jl A process by which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. biological_process muscle plasticity GO:0043500 muscle adaptation GO:0043500 A process by which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. GOC:mtg_muscle PMID:11181628 PMID:11449884 PMID:12605307 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity. regulation of JUN kinase activity regulation of JUNK activity biological_process GO:0043506 regulation of JUN kinase activity GO:0043506 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity. positive regulation of JUN kinase activity positive regulation of JUNK activity up regulation of JNK activity up-regulation of JNK activity upregulation of JNK activity stimulation of JNK activity biological_process GO:0043507 positive regulation of JUN kinase activity GO:0043507 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity. down regulation of JNK activity down-regulation of JNK activity downregulation of JNK activity negative regulation of JUN kinase activity negative regulation of JUNK activity inhibition of JNK activity biological_process GO:0043508 negative regulation of JUN kinase activity GO:0043508 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity. GOC:jl A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-A subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-A or activin/inhibin beta-A). cellular_component GO:0043509 activin A complex GO:0043509 A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-A subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-A or activin/inhibin beta-A). GOC:go_curators Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with either an inhibin beta-A subunit, to form inhibin A, or an inhibin beta-B subunit, to form inhibin B. cellular_component GO:0043511 inhibin complex GO:0043511 Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with either an inhibin beta-A subunit, to form inhibin A, or an inhibin beta-B subunit, to form inhibin B. GOC:jl Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with an inhibin beta-A subunit. cellular_component GO:0043512 inhibin A complex GO:0043512 Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with an inhibin beta-A subunit. GOC:jl A protein complex that is composed of an interleukin-12 alpha and an interleukin-12 beta subunit and is secreted into the extracellular space. IL-12 complex cellular_component GO:0043514 interleukin-12 complex GO:0043514 A protein complex that is composed of an interleukin-12 alpha and an interleukin-12 beta subunit and is secreted into the extracellular space. GOC:ebc GOC:mah Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis in neurons. regulation of apoptosis of neuronal cells regulation of apoptosis of neurons regulation of neuron programmed cell death regulation of neuronal cell programmed cell death regulation of programmed cell death of neuronal cells regulation of programmed cell death, neurons biological_process GO:0043523 regulation of neuron apoptosis GO:0043523 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis in neurons. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis in neurons. down regulation of neuron apoptosis down-regulation of neuron apoptosis downregulation of neuron apoptosis negative regulation of programmed cell death, neurons inhibition of neuron apoptosis neuron survival biological_process GO:0043524 negative regulation of neuron apoptosis GO:0043524 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis in neurons. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptosis. positive regulation of programmed cell death, neurons up regulation of neuron apoptosis up-regulation of neuron apoptosis upregulation of neuron apoptosis activation of neuron apoptosis stimulation of neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:0043525 positive regulation of neuron apoptosis GO:0043525 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis in the nervous system. It may stop or prevent or reduce the rate of cell death by apoptosis and it is activated by stress to counteract death signals in central nervous systems. Different neuroprotective mechanisms may be activated to combat distinct types of cellular stress, ERK pathway is one of several neuroprotective mechanisms and it is a model system to study neuronal apoptosis, which may contribute to several neurodegenerative diseases and aging-related neuron loss. biological_process GO:0043526 neuroprotection GO:0043526 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis in the nervous system. It may stop or prevent or reduce the rate of cell death by apoptosis and it is activated by stress to counteract death signals in central nervous systems. Different neuroprotective mechanisms may be activated to combat distinct types of cellular stress, ERK pathway is one of several neuroprotective mechanisms and it is a model system to study neuronal apoptosis, which may contribute to several neurodegenerative diseases and aging-related neuron loss. MeSH:G04.335.139.160 PMID:10208444 PMID:11909981 PMID:15905876 Increases the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase. protein ser/thr kinase activator activity molecular_function GO:0043539 protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity GO:0043539 Increases the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase. GOC:go_curators A homodimeric, bifunctional enzyme complex which catalyzes the synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and is required for both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. cellular_component GO:0043540 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 1 complex GO:0043540 A homodimeric, bifunctional enzyme complex which catalyzes the synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and is required for both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. GOC:jl GOC:so Interacting selectively with a phosphoinositide 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring. molecular_function GO:0043548 phosphoinositide 3-kinase binding GO:0043548 Interacting selectively with a phosphoinositide 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring. PMID:10209156 PMID:9255069 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. biological_process GO:0043549 regulation of kinase activity GO:0043549 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. GOC:bf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid. biological_process GO:0043550 regulation of lipid kinase activity GO:0043550 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid. GOC:bf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring. biological_process GO:0043551 regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity GO:0043551 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring. GOC:bf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity. up regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity up-regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity upregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity stimulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity biological_process GO:0043552 positive regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity GO:0043552 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity. GOC:bf Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). translational stress response biological_process GO:0043555 regulation of translation in response to stress GO:0043555 Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. biological_process GO:0043558 regulation of translational initiation in response to stress GO:0043558 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. sequence specific DNA binding molecular_function GO:0043565 sequence-specific DNA binding GO:0043565 Interacting selectively with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling. regulation of IGF receptor signaling pathway regulation of IGF receptor signalling pathway regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0043567 regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0043567 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling. GOC:bf Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling. positive regulation of IGF receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of IGF receptor signalling pathway positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling pathway up regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway upregulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway activation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway stimulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0043568 positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0043568 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling. GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling. down regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway downregulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of IGF receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of IGF receptor signalling pathway negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling pathway inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0043569 negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0043569 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling. GOC:bf The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. animal skin development biological_process GO:0043588 skin development GO:0043588 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. GOC:jl http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The Y-shaped region of a nuclear replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes. replication fork (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0043596 nuclear replication fork GO:0043596 The Y-shaped region of a nuclear replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_sensu The orderly movement of astrocytes, class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. astrocyte migration astrocytic glial cell migration biological_process GO:0043615 astrocyte cell migration GO:0043615 The orderly movement of astrocytes, class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. CL:0000127 GOC:go_curators The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, occurring at the level of an individual cell. biological_process GO:0043623 cellular protein complex assembly GO:0043623 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, occurring at the level of an individual cell. GOC:jl A multimeric DNA polymerase enzyme complex which differs in composition amongst species; in humans it is a heterotetramer of four subunits of approximately 125, 50, 68 and 12kDa, while in S. cerevisiae, it has three different subunits which form a heterotrimer, and the active enzyme is a dimer of this heterotrimer. Functions in DNA replication, mismatch repair and excision repair. delta-DNA polymerase complex cellular_component GO:0043625 delta DNA polymerase complex GO:0043625 A multimeric DNA polymerase enzyme complex which differs in composition amongst species; in humans it is a heterotetramer of four subunits of approximately 125, 50, 68 and 12kDa, while in S. cerevisiae, it has three different subunits which form a heterotrimer, and the active enzyme is a dimer of this heterotrimer. Functions in DNA replication, mismatch repair and excision repair. GOC:jl ISBN:0198547684 PMID:11205330 PMID:12403614 A protein complex composed of three identical PCNA monomers, each comprising two similar domains, which are joined in a head-to-tail arrangement to form a homotrimer. Forms a ring-like structure in solution, with a central hole sufficiently large to accommodate the double helix of DNA. Originally characterized as a DNA sliding clamp for replicative DNA polymerases and as an essential component of the replisome, and has also been shown to be involved in other processes including Okazaki fragment processing, DNA repair, translesion DNA synthesis, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and cell cycle regulation. sliding clamp PCNA homotrimer proliferating cell nuclear antigen complex cellular_component GO:0043626 PCNA complex GO:0043626 A protein complex composed of three identical PCNA monomers, each comprising two similar domains, which are joined in a head-to-tail arrangement to form a homotrimer. Forms a ring-like structure in solution, with a central hole sufficiently large to accommodate the double helix of DNA. Originally characterized as a DNA sliding clamp for replicative DNA polymerases and as an essential component of the replisome, and has also been shown to be involved in other processes including Okazaki fragment processing, DNA repair, translesion DNA synthesis, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and cell cycle regulation. GOC:jl PMID:12829735 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. response to oestrogen stimulus biological_process GO:0043627 response to estrogen stimulus GO:0043627 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, initiated by covalent modification of the target molecule. biological_process GO:0043632 modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process GO:0043632 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, initiated by covalent modification of the target molecule. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached. inositol phosphate metabolism myo-inositol phosphate metabolic process myo-inositol phosphate metabolism biological_process GO:0043647 inositol phosphate metabolic process GO:0043647 The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached. ChEBI:24848 GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). dicarboxylate metabolic process dicarboxylate metabolism dicarboxylic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0043648 dicarboxylic acid metabolic process GO:0043648 The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). ISBN:0198506732 The removal of the apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte. engulfment of apoptotic cell corpse engulfment of cell corpse biological_process GO:0043652 engulfment of apoptotic cell GO:0043652 The removal of the apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte. GOC:rk PMID:15536015 The change in the morphology of the mitochondria in an apoptotic cell from a highly branched network to a fragmented vesicular form. mitochondrial fission during apoptosis biological_process GO:0043653 mitochondrial fragmentation during apoptosis GO:0043653 The change in the morphology of the mitochondria in an apoptotic cell from a highly branched network to a fragmented vesicular form. GOC:rk PMID:12867994 The process by which a cell interprets signals (in the form of specific proteins and lipids) on the surface of a dying cell which it will engulf and remove by phagocytosis. detection of apoptotic cell detection of apoptotic cell corpse detection of cell corpse recognition of apoptotic cell corpse recognition of cell corpse biological_process GO:0043654 recognition of apoptotic cell GO:0043654 The process by which a cell interprets signals (in the form of specific proteins and lipids) on the surface of a dying cell which it will engulf and remove by phagocytosis. GOC:rk PMID:15536015 That space within the plasma membrane of a host cell. host intracellular cellular_component GO:0043656 intracellular region of host GO:0043656 That space within the plasma membrane of a host cell. GOC:cc Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein. biological_process GO:0043666 regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity GO:0043666 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein. GOC:jp PMID:11724821 A cell projection in which the distal end of the axon of a nerve fiber terminates. Sensory nerve endings are classified as either free or encapsulated. The free nerve ending are the most common type of nerve ending, and are most frequently found in the skin. nerve ending nerve terminal cellular_component GO:0043679 nerve terminal GO:0043679 A cell projection in which the distal end of the axon of a nerve fiber terminates. Sensory nerve endings are classified as either free or encapsulated. The free nerve ending are the most common type of nerve ending, and are most frequently found in the skin. GOC:ef GOC:mah The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome. PTM post-translational amino acid modification post-translational modification posttranslational amino acid modification posttranslational modification posttranslational protein modification biological_process GO:0043687 post-translational protein modification GO:0043687 The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome. GOC:jsg The process whereby a specialized structure (cell, tissue or organ) loses structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these structures can revert back to the features of their ancestors. biological_process GO:0043696 dedifferentiation GO:0043696 The process whereby a specialized structure (cell, tissue or organ) loses structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these structures can revert back to the features of their ancestors. GOC:dph GOC:pg The process whereby a specialized cell loses the structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these cells can revert back to the features of the stem cells that were their ancestors. biological_process GO:0043697 cell dedifferentiation GO:0043697 The process whereby a specialized cell loses the structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these cells can revert back to the features of the stem cells that were their ancestors. GOC:dph GOC:pg Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process by which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. biological_process GO:0043900 regulation of multi-organism process GO:0043900 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process by which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process by which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. biological_process GO:0043901 negative regulation of multi-organism process GO:0043901 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process by which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process by which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. biological_process GO:0043902 positive regulation of multi-organism process GO:0043902 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process by which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiosis, an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. biological_process GO:0043903 regulation of symbiosis, encompassing mutualism through parasitism GO:0043903 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiosis, an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. GOC:jl Any process by which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a macromolecular complex. macromolecular complex organization macromolecular complex subunit organisation biological_process GO:0043933 macromolecular complex subunit organization GO:0043933 Any process by which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a macromolecular complex. GOC:mtg_mpo The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0044003 modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology GO:0044003 The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:cc Any process by which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the host's cells. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. disruption by organism of host cells biological_process GO:0044004 disruption by symbiont of host cells GO:0044004 Any process by which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the host's cells. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:cc The movement of an organism from a host to another host or from a host to another place in the environment. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. dissemination or transmission of organism from host biological_process GO:0044007 dissemination or transmission of symbiont from host GO:0044007 The movement of an organism from a host to another host or from a host to another place in the environment. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:cc Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. biological_process GO:0044057 regulation of system process GO:0044057 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. cellular metabolism biological_process GO:0044237 cellular metabolic process GO:0044237 The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. primary metabolism biological_process GO:0044238 primary metabolic process GO:0044238 The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. GOC:go_curators http://www.metacyc.org The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, as carried out by individual cells. cellular lipid breakdown cellular lipid catabolism cellular lipid degradation biological_process GO:0044242 cellular lipid catabolic process GO:0044242 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level. regulation of organismal metabolic process regulation of organismal metabolism biological_process GO:0044246 regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process GO:0044246 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level. GOC:go_curators GOC:tb regulation of organismal metabolic process GOC:tb The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. cellular breakdown cellular catabolism cellular degradation biological_process GO:0044248 cellular catabolic process GO:0044248 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. cellular anabolism cellular biosynthesis cellular formation cellular synthesis biological_process GO:0044249 cellular biosynthetic process GO:0044249 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level. positive regulation of organismal metabolism up regulation of organismal metabolic process up-regulation of organismal metabolic process upregulation of organismal metabolic process activation of organismal metabolic process stimulation of organismal metabolic process biological_process GO:0044253 positive regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process GO:0044253 Any process that activates or increases frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells. cellular lipid metabolism biological_process GO:0044255 cellular lipid metabolic process GO:0044255 The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells. Reactome:174731 Reactome:207150 Reactome:216723 Reactome:225605 Reactome:234256 Reactome:242004 cellular protein breakdown cellular protein catabolism cellular protein degradation biological_process GO:0044257 cellular protein catabolic process GO:0044257 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells. cellular macromolecule metabolism biological_process GO:0044260 cellular macromolecule metabolic process GO:0044260 The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells. ChEBI:33839 GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells. cellular carbohydrate metabolism main pathways of carbohydrate metabolic process main pathways of carbohydrate metabolism biological_process GO:0044262 cellular carbohydrate metabolic process GO:0044262 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any large molecule including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, as carried out by individual cells. cellular macromolecule breakdown cellular macromolecule catabolism cellular macromolecule degradation biological_process GO:0044265 cellular macromolecule catabolic process GO:0044265 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any large molecule including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes protein modification. cellular protein metabolism biological_process GO:0044267 cellular protein metabolic process GO:0044267 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes protein modification. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds. cellular nitrogen compound catabolic process nitrogen compound breakdown nitrogen compound catabolism nitrogen compound degradation biological_process GO:0044270 nitrogen compound catabolic process GO:0044270 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds. cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process nitrogen compound anabolism nitrogen compound biosynthesis nitrogen compound formation nitrogen compound synthesis biological_process GO:0044271 nitrogen compound biosynthetic process GO:0044271 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. sulfur compound anabolism sulfur compound biosynthesis sulfur compound formation sulfur compound synthesis sulfur biosynthesis sulfur biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0044272 sulfur compound biosynthetic process GO:0044272 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. GOC:jl An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is usually used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis. The smaller (micro) member is called the symbiont organism. Microscopic symbionts are often referred to as endosymbionts. The various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, in which the association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms; mutualism, in which the association is advantageous, or often necessary to one or both and not harmful to either; and commensalism, in which one member of the association benefits while the other is not affected. However, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are often not discrete categories of interactions and should rather be perceived as a continuum of interaction ranging from parasitism to mutualism. In fact, the direction of a symbiotic interaction can change during the lifetime of the symbionts due to developmental changes as well as changes in the biotic/abiotic environment in which the interaction occurs. symbiosis symbiotic interaction symbiotic interaction between organisms symbiotic interaction between species biological_process host-pathogen interaction symbiotic interaction between host and organism symbiotic interaction with other non-host organism GO:0044403 Note that this term encompasses all symbiotic relationships between species along a continuum from mutualism through to parasitism, as outlined in the definition. symbiosis, encompassing mutualism through parasitism GO:0044403 An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is usually used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis. The smaller (micro) member is called the symbiont organism. Microscopic symbionts are often referred to as endosymbionts. The various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, in which the association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms; mutualism, in which the association is advantageous, or often necessary to one or both and not harmful to either; and commensalism, in which one member of the association benefits while the other is not affected. However, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are often not discrete categories of interactions and should rather be perceived as a continuum of interaction ranging from parasitism to mutualism. In fact, the direction of a symbiotic interaction can change during the lifetime of the symbionts due to developmental changes as well as changes in the biotic/abiotic environment in which the interaction occurs. GOC:cc http://www.free-definition.com The attachment of an organism to its host via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. host adhesion biological_process GO:0044406 adhesion to host GO:0044406 The attachment of an organism to its host via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:cc Any process, either constitutive or induced, by which an organism evades, suppresses or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. avoidance of host defences biological_process GO:0044413 avoidance of host defenses GO:0044413 Any process, either constitutive or induced, by which an organism evades, suppresses or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0044415 evasion or tolerance of host defenses GO:0044415 Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:cc The activation by an organism of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. activation of host defense response biological_process GO:0044416 induction by symbiont of host defense response GO:0044416 The activation by an organism of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:cc Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species. interaction with another species interspecies interaction interspecies interaction with other organisms biological_process GO:0044419 interspecies interaction between organisms GO:0044419 Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species. GOC:cc Any constituent part of the extracellular matrix, the structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as often seen in plants). cellular_component GO:0044420 extracellular matrix part GO:0044420 Any constituent part of the extracellular matrix, the structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as often seen in plants). GOC:jl Any constituent part of the extracellular region, the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers constituent parts of the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. cellular_component GO:0044421 extracellular region part GO:0044421 Any constituent part of the extracellular region, the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers constituent parts of the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. GOC:jl Any constituent part of an organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, but excludes the plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0044422 organelle part GO:0044422 Any constituent part of an organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, but excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a virion, a complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle. cellular_component GO:0044423 virion part GO:0044423 Any constituent part of a virion, a complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle. GOC:jl Any constituent part of the living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. cellular_component GO:0044424 intracellular part GO:0044424 Any constituent part of the living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. cellular_component GO:0044425 membrane part GO:0044425 Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GOC:jl Any constituent part of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. cellular_component GO:0044426 cell wall part GO:0044426 Any constituent part of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a chromosome, a structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. chromosomal component chromosome component chromosome part cellular_component GO:0044427 chromosomal part GO:0044427 Any constituent part of a chromosome, a structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. GOC:jl Any constituent part of the nucleus, a membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. nucleus component cellular_component GO:0044428 nuclear part GO:0044428 Any constituent part of the nucleus, a membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a mitochondrion, a semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. mitochondrion component cellular_component GO:0044429 mitochondrial part GO:0044429 Any constituent part of a mitochondrion, a semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. GOC:jl Any constituent part of the cytoskeleton, a cellular scaffolding or skeleton that maintains cell shape, enables some cell motion (using structures such as flagella and cilia), and plays important roles in both intra-cellular transport (e.g. the movement of vesicles and organelles) and cellular division. Includes constituent parts of intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, and the microtrabecular lattice. cytoskeleton component cellular_component GO:0044430 cytoskeletal part GO:0044430 Any constituent part of the cytoskeleton, a cellular scaffolding or skeleton that maintains cell shape, enables some cell motion (using structures such as flagella and cilia), and plays important roles in both intra-cellular transport (e.g. the movement of vesicles and organelles) and cellular division. Includes constituent parts of intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, and the microtrabecular lattice. GOC:jl Any constituent part of the Golgi apparatus, a compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. Golgi component cellular_component GO:0044431 Golgi apparatus part GO:0044431 Any constituent part of the Golgi apparatus, a compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. GOC:jl Any constituent part of the endoplasmic reticulum, the irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. ER component cellular_component GO:0044432 endoplasmic reticulum part GO:0044432 Any constituent part of the endoplasmic reticulum, the irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. GOC:jl Any constituent part of cytoplasmic vesicle, a vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell. cellular_component GO:0044433 cytoplasmic vesicle part GO:0044433 Any constituent part of cytoplasmic vesicle, a vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a vacuole, a closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. vacuole component cellular_component GO:0044437 vacuolar part GO:0044437 Any constituent part of a vacuole, a closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a microbody, a cytoplasmic organelle, spherical or oval in shape, that is bounded by a single membrane and contains oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). cellular_component GO:0044438 microbody part GO:0044438 Any constituent part of a microbody, a cytoplasmic organelle, spherical or oval in shape, that is bounded by a single membrane and contains oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). GOC:jl Any constituent part of a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). peroxisome component cellular_component GO:0044439 peroxisomal part GO:0044439 Any constituent part of a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). GOC:jl Any constituent part of an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation. endosome component cellular_component GO:0044440 endosomal part GO:0044440 Any constituent part of an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. cellular_component GO:0044441 cilium part GO:0044441 Any constituent part of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a microtubule-based flagellum, a long, whiplike protrusion from the surface of a eukaryotic cell, whose undulations drive the cell through a liquid medium; similar in structure to a cilium. The flagellum is based on a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules. flagellar part (sensu Eukaryota) flagellum part (sensu Eukaryota) cellular_component GO:0044442 microtubule-based flagellum part GO:0044442 Any constituent part of a microtubule-based flagellum, a long, whiplike protrusion from the surface of a eukaryotic cell, whose undulations drive the cell through a liquid medium; similar in structure to a cilium. The flagellum is based on a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_sensu Any constituent part of the cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. cytoplasm component cellular_component GO:0044444 cytoplasmic part GO:0044444 Any constituent part of the cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. GOC:jl Any constituent part of cytosol, that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. cytosol component cellular_component GO:0044445 cytosolic part GO:0044445 Any constituent part of cytosol, that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. GOC:jl A constituent part of an intracellular organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton but excludes the plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0044446 intracellular organelle part GO:0044446 A constituent part of an intracellular organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton but excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:jl Any constituent part of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. cellular_component GO:0044447 axoneme part GO:0044447 Any constituent part of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GOC:jl Any constituent part of the cell cortex, the region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. cellular_component GO:0044448 cell cortex part GO:0044448 Any constituent part of the cell cortex, the region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a contractile fiber, a fiber composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle. muscle fiber component muscle fibre component contractile fibre component cellular_component GO:0044449 contractile fiber part GO:0044449 Any constituent part of a contractile fiber, a fiber composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a microtubule organizing center, a region in a eukaryotic cell, such as a centrosome or basal body, from which microtubules grow. MTOC component microtubule organizing centre component cellular_component GO:0044450 microtubule organizing center part GO:0044450 Any constituent part of a microtubule organizing center, a region in a eukaryotic cell, such as a centrosome or basal body, from which microtubules grow. GOC:jl Any constituent part of the nucleoplasm, that part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. cellular_component GO:0044451 nucleoplasm part GO:0044451 Any constituent part of the nucleoplasm, that part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. nucleolus component cellular_component GO:0044452 nucleolar part GO:0044452 Any constituent part of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. GOC:jl Any constituent part of the nuclear membrane, the envelope that surrounds the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. cellular_component GO:0044453 nuclear membrane part GO:0044453 Any constituent part of the nuclear membrane, the envelope that surrounds the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a nuclear chromosome, a chromosome found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. cellular_component GO:0044454 nuclear chromosome part GO:0044454 Any constituent part of a nuclear chromosome, a chromosome found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. GOC:jl Any constituent part of the mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. cellular_component GO:0044455 mitochondrial membrane part GO:0044455 Any constituent part of the mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. cellular_component GO:0044456 synapse part GO:0044456 Any constituent part of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. GOC:jl Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. cellular_component GO:0044459 plasma membrane part GO:0044459 Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a flagellum, a long whiplike or feathery structure borne either singly or in groups by the motile cells of many bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes and by the motile male gametes of many eukaryotic organisms, which propel the cell through a liquid medium. flagellum component cellular_component GO:0044460 flagellum part GO:0044460 Any constituent part of a flagellum, a long whiplike or feathery structure borne either singly or in groups by the motile cells of many bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes and by the motile male gametes of many eukaryotic organisms, which propel the cell through a liquid medium. GOC:jl Any constituent part of an external encapsulating structure, a structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell. cellular_component GO:0044462 external encapsulating structure part GO:0044462 Any constituent part of an external encapsulating structure, a structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a cell projection, a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. cellular_component GO:0044463 cell projection part GO:0044463 Any constituent part of a cell projection, a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. cellular_component GO:0044464 cell part GO:0044464 Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide. down regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process down-regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process downregulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process negative regulation of nitric oxide anabolism negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis negative regulation of nitric oxide formation negative regulation of nitric oxide synthesis inhibition of nitric oxide biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045019 negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process GO:0045019 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide. GOC:go_curators The joining of two or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround a cell. cell fusion cell-cell fusion biological_process GO:0045026 plasma membrane fusion GO:0045026 The joining of two or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround a cell. GOC:elh GOC:mtg_muscle The process by which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation. T lymphocyte selection T-cell selection T-lymphocyte selection biological_process GO:0045058 T cell selection GO:0045058 The process by which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12414722 The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death. positive thymic T lymphocyte selection positive thymic T-cell selection positive thymic T-lymphocyte selection biological_process GO:0045059 positive thymic T cell selection GO:0045059 The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12414722 The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens. negative thymic T lymphocyte selection negative thymic T-cell selection negative thymic T-lymphocyte selection biological_process GO:0045060 negative thymic T cell selection GO:0045060 The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12414722 The process of T cell selection that occurs in the thymus. thymic T lymphocyte selection thymic T-cell selection thymic T-lymphocyte selection biological_process GO:0045061 thymic T cell selection GO:0045061 The process of T cell selection that occurs in the thymus. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12414722 The process of T cell selection that occurs in extrathymic locations, often resulting T cells of distinct specificities from those selected in the thymus. extrathymic T lymphocyte selection extrathymic T-cell selection extrathymic T-lymphocyte selection biological_process GO:0045062 extrathymic T cell selection GO:0045062 The process of T cell selection that occurs in extrathymic locations, often resulting T cells of distinct specificities from those selected in the thymus. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:7880383 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a Th1 cell. biological_process GO:0045063 T-helper 1 cell differentiation GO:0045063 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a Th1 cell. GOC:ebc The process whereby a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a Th2 cell. biological_process GO:0045064 T-helper 2 cell differentiation GO:0045064 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a Th2 cell. GOC:ebc The process whereby a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a cytotoxic T cell. cytotoxic T lymphocyte selection cytotoxic T-cell selection cytotoxic T-lymphocyte selection biological_process GO:0045065 cytotoxic T cell differentiation GO:0045065 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a cytotoxic T cell. GOC:ai The process by which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types. regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation regulatory T-cell differentiation regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation suppressor T cell differentiation suppressor T lymphocyte differentiation suppressor T-cell differentiation suppressor T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045066 regulatory T cell differentiation GO:0045066 The process by which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types. ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. biological_process GO:0045069 regulation of viral genome replication GO:0045069 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. up regulation of viral genome replication up-regulation of viral genome replication upregulation of viral genome replication activation of viral genome replication stimulation of viral genome replication biological_process GO:0045070 positive regulation of viral genome replication GO:0045070 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. down regulation of viral genome replication down-regulation of viral genome replication downregulation of viral genome replication inhibition of viral genome replication biological_process GO:0045071 negative regulation of viral genome replication GO:0045071 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma. regulation of interferon-gamma anabolism regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthesis regulation of interferon-gamma formation regulation of interferon-gamma synthesis biological_process GO:0045072 regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process GO:0045072 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines. regulation of chemokine anabolism regulation of chemokine biosynthesis regulation of chemokine formation regulation of chemokine synthesis biological_process GO:0045073 regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process GO:0045073 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-10. regulation of IL-10 biosynthesis regulation of IL-10 biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-10 anabolism regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthesis regulation of interleukin-10 formation regulation of interleukin-10 synthesis biological_process GO:0045074 regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process GO:0045074 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-10. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12. regulation of IL-12 biosynthesis regulation of IL-12 biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-12 anabolism regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthesis regulation of interleukin-12 formation regulation of interleukin-12 synthesis biological_process GO:0045075 regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process GO:0045075 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2. regulation of IL-2 biosynthesis regulation of IL-2 biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-2 anabolism regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthesis regulation of interleukin-2 formation regulation of interleukin-2 synthesis biological_process GO:0045076 regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process GO:0045076 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma. down regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process down-regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process downregulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process negative regulation of interferon-gamma anabolism negative regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthesis negative regulation of interferon-gamma formation negative regulation of interferon-gamma synthesis inhibition of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045077 negative regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process GO:0045077 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma. positive regulation of interferon-gamma anabolism positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthesis positive regulation of interferon-gamma formation positive regulation of interferon-gamma synthesis up regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process up-regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process upregulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process activation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process stimulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045078 positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process GO:0045078 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines. down regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process down-regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process downregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process negative regulation of chemokine anabolism negative regulation of chemokine biosynthesis negative regulation of chemokine formation negative regulation of chemokine synthesis inhibition of chemokine biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045079 negative regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process GO:0045079 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines. positive regulation of chemokine anabolism positive regulation of chemokine biosynthesis positive regulation of chemokine formation positive regulation of chemokine synthesis up regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process up-regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process upregulation of chemokine biosynthetic process activation of chemokine biosynthetic process stimulation of chemokine biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045080 positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process GO:0045080 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-10. positive regulation of IL-10 biosynthesis positive regulation of IL-10 biosynthetic process positive regulation of interleukin-10 anabolism positive regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthesis positive regulation of interleukin-10 formation positive regulation of interleukin-10 synthesis up regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process up-regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process upregulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process activation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process stimulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045082 positive regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process GO:0045082 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-10. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12. down regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process down-regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process downregulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process negative regulation of IL-12 biosynthesis negative regulation of IL-12 biosynthetic process negative regulation of interleukin-12 anabolism negative regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthesis negative regulation of interleukin-12 formation negative regulation of interleukin-12 synthesis inhibition of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045083 negative regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process GO:0045083 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12. positive regulation of IL-12 biosynthesis positive regulation of IL-12 biosynthetic process positive regulation of interleukin-12 anabolism positive regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthesis positive regulation of interleukin-12 formation positive regulation of interleukin-12 synthesis up regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process up-regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process upregulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process activation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process stimulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045084 positive regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process GO:0045084 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2. down regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process down-regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process downregulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process negative regulation of IL-2 biosynthesis negative regulation of IL-2 biosynthetic process negative regulation of interleukin-2 anabolism negative regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthesis negative regulation of interleukin-2 formation negative regulation of interleukin-2 synthesis inhibition of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045085 negative regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process GO:0045085 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2. positive regulation of IL-2 biosynthesis positive regulation of IL-2 biosynthetic process positive regulation of interleukin-2 anabolism positive regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthesis positive regulation of interleukin-2 formation positive regulation of interleukin-2 synthesis up regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process up-regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process upregulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process activation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process stimulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045086 positive regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process GO:0045086 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2. GOC:go_curators Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Reactome:168249 Reactome:212097 Reactome:221856 Reactome:230427 Reactome:238466 Reactome:245026 Reactome:259214 Reactome:262571 Reactome:274227 Reactome:280696 nonspecific immune response biological_process innate immune response (sensu Viridiplantae) GO:0045087 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. innate immune response GO:0045087 Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. GOC:add GOC:ebc GOC:mtg_15nov05 GOC:mtg_sensu GO_REF:0000022 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection. biological_process GO:0045088 regulation of innate immune response GO:0045088 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection. GOC:ebc Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection. up regulation of innate immune response up-regulation of innate immune response upregulation of innate immune response stimulation of innate immune response biological_process GO:0045089 positive regulation of innate immune response GO:0045089 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection. GOC:ebc A protein complex that binds interleukin-18; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. IL-18 receptor complex cellular_component GO:0045092 interleukin-18 receptor complex GO:0045092 A protein complex that binds interleukin-18; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. GOC:mah PMID:12759435 IL-18 receptor complex GOC:add A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins. cellular_component acidic keratin basic/neutral keratin GO:0045095 keratin filament GO:0045095 A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins. ISBN:0716731363 A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments. desmin glial fibrillary acidic protein peripherin type III intermediate filament associated protein vimentin cellular_component GO:0045098 type III intermediate filament GO:0045098 A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments. ISBN:0716731363 Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. biological_process GO:0045103 intermediate filament-based process GO:0045103 Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:ai A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. intermediate filament cytoskeleton organisation and biogenesis intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0045104 intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization GO:0045104 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:ai Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. intermediate filament organisation biological_process GO:0045109 intermediate filament organization GO:0045109 Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. GOC:ai The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments, known as tonofilaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs. tonofilament assembly biological_process GO:0045110 intermediate filament bundle assembly GO:0045110 The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments, known as tonofilaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs. ISBN:0716731363 Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell. cellular_component GO:0045111 intermediate filament cytoskeleton GO:0045111 Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell. ISBN:0716731363 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins, a large family of transmembrane proteins that act as receptors for cell-adhesion molecules. integrin anabolism integrin biosynthesis integrin formation integrin synthesis biological_process GO:0045112 integrin biosynthetic process GO:0045112 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins, a large family of transmembrane proteins that act as receptors for cell-adhesion molecules. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins. regulation of integrin anabolism regulation of integrin biosynthesis regulation of integrin formation regulation of integrin synthesis biological_process GO:0045113 regulation of integrin biosynthetic process GO:0045113 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins. GOC:go_curators The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents. Wikipedia:Pronucleus cellular_component GO:0045120 pronucleus GO:0045120 The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents. ISBN:0198506732 Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. Wikipedia:Lipid_raft lipid raft cellular_component GEM domain glycolipid-enriched membrane domain GO:0045121 membrane raft GO:0045121 Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. PMID:16645198 The migration of leukocytes from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. immune cell cellular extravasation leucocyte cellular extravasation leukocyte cellular extravasation transendothelial leukocyte migration biological_process GO:0045123 cellular extravasation GO:0045123 The migration of leukocytes from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. GOC:jl transendothelial leukocyte migration GOC:rl molecular_function GO:0045125 bioactive lipid receptor activity GO:0045125 A myosin complex containing a class I myosin heavy chain and associated light chains; myosin I heavy chains are single-headed, possess tails of various lengths, and do not self-associate into bipolar filaments; myosin I complexes are involved in diverse processes related to membrane traffic and cell movement. cellular_component GO:0045160 myosin I complex GO:0045160 A myosin complex containing a class I myosin heavy chain and associated light chains; myosin I heavy chains are single-headed, possess tails of various lengths, and do not self-associate into bipolar filaments; myosin I complexes are involved in diverse processes related to membrane traffic and cell movement. GOC:mah PMID:9438839 http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/myosin/Review/Reviewframeset.html The process by which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation. biological_process GO:0045161 neuronal ion channel clustering GO:0045161 The process by which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation. PMID:11456440 The process by which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization. Nav channel clustering clustering of voltage gated sodium channels clustering of voltage-dependent sodium channels voltage-gated sodium channel clustering biological_process GO:0045162 clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels GO:0045162 The process by which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization. PMID:11456440 The process by which voltage-gated potassium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are clustered beneath the myelin sheath in regions immediately adjacent to paranodes, called juxtaparanodes, and along the inner mesaxon within the internode. Kv channel clustering clustering of voltage gated potassium channels clustering of voltage-dependent potassium channels voltage-gated potassium channel clustering biological_process GO:0045163 clustering of voltage-gated potassium channels GO:0045163 The process by which voltage-gated potassium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are clustered beneath the myelin sheath in regions immediately adjacent to paranodes, called juxtaparanodes, and along the inner mesaxon within the internode. PMID:11456440 The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. biological_process GO:0045165 cell fate commitment GO:0045165 The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. ISBN:0716731185 Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate. cell fate commitment, cell-cell signaling cell fate commitment, cell-cell signalling cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment cell-cell signaling resulting in cell fate commitment cell-cell signalling during cell fate commitment cell-cell signalling involved in cell fate commitment cell-cell signalling resulting in cell fate commitment biological_process GO:0045168 cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment GO:0045168 Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb A direct link between the cytoplasms of sister cells that allows cells to communicate with one another. Germline intercellular bridges facilitate the passage of cytoplasmic components between cells during development. Intercellular bridges have also been found connecting somatic cells. cellular_component GO:0045171 intercellular bridge GO:0045171 A direct link between the cytoplasms of sister cells that allows cells to communicate with one another. Germline intercellular bridges facilitate the passage of cytoplasmic components between cells during development. Intercellular bridges have also been found connecting somatic cells. PMID:9635420 The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. cellular_component GO:0045177 apical part of cell GO:0045177 The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The region of a cell situated near the base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the basal surface rests on the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. cellular_component GO:0045178 basal part of cell GO:0045178 The region of a cell situated near the base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the basal surface rests on the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. GOC:bmah ISBN:0185316194 The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell. cellular_component GO:0045179 apical cortex GO:0045179 The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell. GOC:bf The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell. cellular_component GO:0045180 basal cortex GO:0045180 The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell. GOC:bf The directed movement of a protein to a specific location. protein positioning protein recruitment biological_process GO:0045184 establishment of protein localization GO:0045184 The directed movement of a protein to a specific location. GOC:bf Any process by which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away. active protein retrieval protein retention protein sequestering biological_process maintenance of protein localization GO:0045185 maintenance of protein location GO:0045185 Any process by which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away. GOC:bf maintenance of protein localization GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals. regulation of sleep biological_process GO:0045187 regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep GO:0045187 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals. GOC:jl ISBN:0192800981 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep. regulation of non-REM sleep biological_process GO:0045188 regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep GO:0045188 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTGF, produced by human umbilical vein endothelial cells and by skin fibroblasts after activation with TGF-beta. CTGF biosynthesis connective tissue growth factor anabolism connective tissue growth factor biosynthesis connective tissue growth factor formation connective tissue growth factor synthesis biological_process GO:0045189 connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process GO:0045189 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTGF, produced by human umbilical vein endothelial cells and by skin fibroblasts after activation with TGF-beta. http://www.copewithcytokines.de The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. class switch recombination class switching isotype switch recombination biological_process GO:0045190 isotype switching GO:0045190 The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. ISBN:0781735149 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching. regulation of class switch recombination regulation of class switching regulation of isotype switch recombination biological_process GO:0045191 regulation of isotype switching GO:0045191 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching. GOC:ai Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast polarity (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast polarity (sensu Vertebrata) biological_process GO:0045196 establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity GO:0045196 Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. GOC:bf GOC:mah GOC:mtg_sensu The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell; the site of interneuronal communication. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. Wikipedia:Chemical_synapse synaptic junction cellular_component GO:0045202 synapse GO:0045202 The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell; the site of interneuronal communication. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FasL (CD95), an antigen originally found to be expressed on the cell surface of activated human T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes and a variety of malignant human lymphoid cell lines. Apo-1 biosynthesis Apo-1 biosynthetic process CD95 biosynthesis CD95 biosynthetic process FasL anabolism FasL biosynthesis FasL formation FasL synthesis biological_process GO:0045210 FasL biosynthetic process GO:0045210 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FasL (CD95), an antigen originally found to be expressed on the cell surface of activated human T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes and a variety of malignant human lymphoid cell lines. http://www.copewithcytokines.de/ A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. cellular_component GO:0045211 postsynaptic membrane GO:0045211 A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neurotransmitter receptors. neurotransmitter receptor anabolism neurotransmitter receptor biosynthesis neurotransmitter receptor formation neurotransmitter receptor synthesis biological_process GO:0045212 neurotransmitter receptor biosynthetic process GO:0045212 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neurotransmitter receptors. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitter receptors. neurotransmitter receptor metabolism biological_process GO:0045213 neurotransmitter receptor metabolic process GO:0045213 The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitter receptors. GOC:go_curators A receptor found on the surface of natural killer cells which binds Class I MHC antigens and is required for activation of NK activity. It belongs to the Ly49i family. NK cell receptor activity Ly49i molecular_function GO:0045233 natural killer cell receptor activity GO:0045233 A receptor found on the surface of natural killer cells which binds Class I MHC antigens and is required for activation of NK activity. It belongs to the Ly49i family. GOC:ebc Any of the heteromeric enzymes that act in the TCA cycle. TCA cycle enzyme complex cellular_component GO:0045239 tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex GO:0045239 Any of the heteromeric enzymes that act in the TCA cycle. GOC:mah A protein complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity. 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex cellular_component GO:0045240 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase complex GO:0045240 A protein complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity. GOC:mah A protein complex containing flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which form a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the mitochondrial electron transport system. cellular_component GO:0045251 electron transfer flavoprotein complex GO:0045251 A protein complex containing flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which form a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the mitochondrial electron transport system. ISBN:0198506732 A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) ; EC:1.2.4.2 (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase ; EC:2.3.1.61 (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ; EC:1.8.1.4 (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2). dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase complex cellular_component GO:0045252 oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex GO:0045252 A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) ; EC:1.2.4.2 (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase ; EC:2.3.1.61 (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ; EC:1.8.1.4 (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2). UniProtKB:Q60597 Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase complex Wikipedia:Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_complex pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (lipoamide) cellular_component GO:0045254 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex GO:0045254 Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). ISBN:0716720094 The enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of succinate and ubiquinone to fumarate and ubiquinol; involved in aerobic respiration, repressed in anaerobic respiration. cellular_component GO:0045257 succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) GO:0045257 The enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of succinate and ubiquinone to fumarate and ubiquinol; involved in aerobic respiration, repressed in anaerobic respiration. GOC:kd ISBN:0198547684 A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis by a rotational mechanism; the extramembrane sector (containing 3 a and 3 b subunits) is connected via the d-subunit to the membrane sector by several smaller subunits. Within this complex, the g and e subunits and the 9-12 c subunits rotate by consecutive 120 degree angles and perform parts of ATP synthesis. This movement is driven by the hydrogen ion electrochemical potential gradient. hydrogen-translocating F-type ATPase complex hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase complex cellular_component proton-transporting F-type ATPase complex GO:0045259 proton-transporting ATP synthase complex GO:0045259 A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis by a rotational mechanism; the extramembrane sector (containing 3 a and 3 b subunits) is connected via the d-subunit to the membrane sector by several smaller subunits. Within this complex, the g and e subunits and the 9-12 c subunits rotate by consecutive 120 degree angles and perform parts of ATP synthesis. This movement is driven by the hydrogen ion electrochemical potential gradient. EC:3.6.3.14 ISBN:0198547684 ISBN:0716743663 The sector of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase complex in which the catalytic activity resides; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with a membrane, such as the plasma membrane or the mitochondrial inner membrane, when the entire ATP synthase is assembled. hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, F1 sector cellular_component GO:0045261 proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1) GO:0045261 The sector of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase complex in which the catalytic activity resides; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with a membrane, such as the plasma membrane or the mitochondrial inner membrane, when the entire ATP synthase is assembled. GOC:mah PMID:10838056 All non-F1 subunits of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral membrane proteins. hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, F0 sector proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(0) hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, coupling factor CF(0) cellular_component GO:0045263 proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o) GO:0045263 All non-F1 subunits of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral membrane proteins. PMID:10838056 The hexamer that possesses the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase. hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core cellular_component GO:0045267 proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core GO:0045267 The hexamer that possesses the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase. PMID:10838056 Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain. It consists of at least 34 polypeptide chains and is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex NADH dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) NADH-Q oxidoreductase complex cellular_component electron transport complex I GO:0045271 respiratory chain complex I GO:0045271 Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain. It consists of at least 34 polypeptide chains and is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex. GOC:jic ISBN:0716749556 A part of the respiratory chain, containing the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain. cellular_component electron transport complex II GO:0045273 respiratory chain complex II GO:0045273 A part of the respiratory chain, containing the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain. ISBN:0198547684 A protein complex that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and translocates two protons across a membrane. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome c1, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species. Wikipedia:Coenzyme_Q_-_cytochrome_c_reductase complex III cytochrome bc(1) complex cytochrome bc1 complex ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex cellular_component electron transport complex III GO:0045275 respiratory chain complex III GO:0045275 A protein complex that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and translocates two protons across a membrane. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome c1, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species. PMID:16228398 PMID:16352458 PMID:17200733 A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2). cytochrome c oxidase complex cellular_component electron transport complex IV GO:0045277 respiratory chain complex IV GO:0045277 A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2). ISBN:0198547684 A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A ; InterPro:003952), iron-sulfur protein (subunit B) and membrane-bound cytochrome b560 (subunit C; InterPro:000701). In some Archaea, the membrane-bound subunits (C or C and D) do not necessarily contain heme. Membrane-bound subunits can bind or react with quinones. cellular_component GO:0045281 succinate dehydrogenase complex GO:0045281 A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A ; InterPro:003952), iron-sulfur protein (subunit B) and membrane-bound cytochrome b560 (subunit C; InterPro:000701). In some Archaea, the membrane-bound subunits (C or C and D) do not necessarily contain heme. Membrane-bound subunits can bind or react with quinones. GOC:kd InterPro:IPR000701 A membrane-bound flavoenzyme complex consisting of four subunits, A, B, C, and D. A and B comprise the membrane-extrinsic catalytic domain and C (InterPro:003510; InterPro:004224) and D (InterPro:003418) link the catalytic centers to the electron-transport chain. This family consists of the 13 kDa hydrophobic subunit D. This component may be required to anchor the catalytic components of the fumarate reductase complex to the cytoplasmic membrane. Fumarate reductase couples the reduction of fumarate to succinate to the oxidation of quinol to quinone, in a reaction opposite to that catalyzed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase-(ubiquinone)). cellular_component GO:0045283 fumarate reductase complex GO:0045283 A membrane-bound flavoenzyme complex consisting of four subunits, A, B, C, and D. A and B comprise the membrane-extrinsic catalytic domain and C (InterPro:003510; InterPro:004224) and D (InterPro:003418) link the catalytic centers to the electron-transport chain. This family consists of the 13 kDa hydrophobic subunit D. This component may be required to anchor the catalytic components of the fumarate reductase complex to the cytoplasmic membrane. Fumarate reductase couples the reduction of fumarate to succinate to the oxidation of quinol to quinone, in a reaction opposite to that catalyzed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase-(ubiquinone)). InterPro:IPR003418 InterPro:IPR004224 A heterodimer of tubulins alpha and beta that constitutes the protomer for microtubule assembly. cellular_component GO:0045298 tubulin complex GO:0045298 A heterodimer of tubulins alpha and beta that constitutes the protomer for microtubule assembly. ISBN:0716731363 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The precipitation of specific crystal forms of calcium carbonate with extracellular matrix proteins in the otolith organs of the vertebrate inner ear. biological_process GO:0045299 otolith mineralization GO:0045299 The precipitation of specific crystal forms of calcium carbonate with extracellular matrix proteins in the otolith organs of the vertebrate inner ear. GOC:dsf PMID:15581873 A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. immune cell activation leucocyte activation biological_process GO:0045321 leukocyte activation GO:0045321 A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:add A protein complex that binds interleukin-1; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. IL-1 receptor complex cellular_component GO:0045323 interleukin-1 receptor complex GO:0045323 A protein complex that binds interleukin-1; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. GOC:mah InterPro:IPR004075 IL-1 receptor complex GOC:add A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. cellular_component GO:0045334 clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle GO:0045334 A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. GOC:go_curators A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis. Wikipedia:Phagosome phagosome cellular_component GO:0045335 phagocytic vesicle GO:0045335 A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I. regulation of MHC class I anabolism regulation of MHC class I biosynthesis regulation of MHC class I formation regulation of MHC class I synthesis regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I biosynthesis regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045343 regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process GO:0045343 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I. positive regulation of MHC class I anabolism positive regulation of MHC class I biosynthesis positive regulation of MHC class I formation positive regulation of MHC class I synthesis positive regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I biosynthesis positive regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I biosynthetic process up regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process up-regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process upregulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process activation of MHC class I biosynthetic process stimulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045345 positive regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process GO:0045345 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II. regulation of MHC class II anabolism regulation of MHC class II biosynthesis regulation of MHC class II formation regulation of MHC class II synthesis regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthesis regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045346 regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process GO:0045346 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II. down regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process down-regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process downregulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process negative regulation of MHC class II anabolism negative regulation of MHC class II biosynthesis negative regulation of MHC class II formation negative regulation of MHC class II synthesis negative regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthesis negative regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthetic process inhibition of MHC class II biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045347 negative regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process GO:0045347 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II. positive regulation of MHC class II anabolism positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthesis positive regulation of MHC class II formation positive regulation of MHC class II synthesis positive regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthesis positive regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II biosynthetic process up regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process up-regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process upregulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process activation of MHC class II biosynthetic process stimulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045348 positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process GO:0045348 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any type I interferon. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. interferon type I biosynthetic process type I interferon anabolism type I interferon biosynthesis type I interferon formation type I interferon synthesis biological_process GO:0045351 type I interferon biosynthetic process GO:0045351 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any type I interferon. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha. regulation of interferon-alpha anabolism regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthesis regulation of interferon-alpha formation regulation of interferon-alpha synthesis biological_process GO:0045354 regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process GO:0045354 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha. down regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process down-regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process downregulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process negative regulation of interferon-alpha anabolism negative regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthesis negative regulation of interferon-alpha formation negative regulation of interferon-alpha synthesis inhibition of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045355 negative regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process GO:0045355 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha. positive regulation of interferon-alpha anabolism positive regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthesis positive regulation of interferon-alpha formation positive regulation of interferon-alpha synthesis up regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process up-regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process upregulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process activation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process stimulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045356 positive regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process GO:0045356 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-beta. regulation of interferon-beta anabolism regulation of interferon-beta biosynthesis regulation of interferon-beta formation regulation of interferon-beta synthesis biological_process GO:0045357 regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process GO:0045357 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-beta. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-beta. positive regulation of interferon-beta anabolism positive regulation of interferon-beta biosynthesis positive regulation of interferon-beta formation positive regulation of interferon-beta synthesis up regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process up-regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process upregulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process activation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process stimulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045359 positive regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process GO:0045359 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-beta. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1. regulation of IL-1 biosynthesis regulation of IL-1 biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-1 anabolism regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthesis regulation of interleukin-1 formation regulation of interleukin-1 synthesis biological_process GO:0045360 regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process GO:0045360 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1. positive regulation of IL-1 biosynthesis positive regulation of IL-1 biosynthetic process positive regulation of interleukin-1 anabolism positive regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthesis positive regulation of interleukin-1 formation positive regulation of interleukin-1 synthesis up regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process up-regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process upregulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process activation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process stimulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045362 positive regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process GO:0045362 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13. regulation of IL-13 biosynthesis regulation of IL-13 biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-13 anabolism regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthesis regulation of interleukin-13 formation regulation of interleukin-13 synthesis biological_process GO:0045366 regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process GO:0045366 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13. positive regulation of IL-13 biosynthesis positive regulation of IL-13 biosynthetic process positive regulation of interleukin-13 anabolism positive regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthesis positive regulation of interleukin-13 formation positive regulation of interleukin-13 synthesis up regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process up-regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process upregulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process activation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process stimulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045368 positive regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process GO:0045368 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-18. regulation of IL-18 biosynthesis regulation of IL-18 biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-18 anabolism regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthesis regulation of interleukin-18 formation regulation of interleukin-18 synthesis biological_process GO:0045381 regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process GO:0045381 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-18. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-3. regulation of IL-3 biosynthesis regulation of IL-3 biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-3 anabolism regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthesis regulation of interleukin-3 formation regulation of interleukin-3 synthesis biological_process GO:0045399 regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process GO:0045399 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-3. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-3. positive regulation of IL-3 biosynthesis positive regulation of IL-3 biosynthetic process positive regulation of interleukin-3 anabolism positive regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthesis positive regulation of interleukin-3 formation positive regulation of interleukin-3 synthesis up regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process up-regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process upregulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process activation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process stimulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045401 positive regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process GO:0045401 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-3. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-4. regulation of IL-4 biosynthesis regulation of IL-4 biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-4 anabolism regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthesis regulation of interleukin-4 formation regulation of interleukin-4 synthesis biological_process GO:0045402 regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process GO:0045402 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-4. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-4. positive regulation of IL-4 biosynthesis positive regulation of IL-4 biosynthetic process positive regulation of interleukin-4 anabolism positive regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthesis positive regulation of interleukin-4 formation positive regulation of interleukin-4 synthesis up regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process up-regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process upregulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process activation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process stimulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045404 positive regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process GO:0045404 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-4. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-5. regulation of IL-5 biosynthesis regulation of IL-5 biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-5 anabolism regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthesis regulation of interleukin-5 formation regulation of interleukin-5 synthesis biological_process GO:0045405 regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process GO:0045405 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-5. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-5. positive regulation of IL-5 biosynthesis positive regulation of IL-5 biosynthetic process positive regulation of interleukin-5 anabolism positive regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthesis positive regulation of interleukin-5 formation positive regulation of interleukin-5 synthesis up regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process up-regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process upregulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process activation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process stimulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045407 positive regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process GO:0045407 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-5. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6. regulation of IL-6 biosynthesis regulation of IL-6 biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-6 anabolism regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthesis regulation of interleukin-6 formation regulation of interleukin-6 synthesis biological_process GO:0045408 regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process GO:0045408 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6. down regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process down-regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process downregulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process negative regulation of IL-6 biosynthesis negative regulation of IL-6 biosynthetic process negative regulation of interleukin-6 anabolism negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthesis negative regulation of interleukin-6 formation negative regulation of interleukin-6 synthesis inhibition of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045409 negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process GO:0045409 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6. positive regulation of IL-6 biosynthesis positive regulation of IL-6 biosynthetic process positive regulation of interleukin-6 anabolism positive regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthesis positive regulation of interleukin-6 formation positive regulation of interleukin-6 synthesis up regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process up-regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process upregulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process activation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process stimulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045410 positive regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process GO:0045410 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8. regulation of IL-8 biosynthesis regulation of IL-8 biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-8 anabolism regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthesis regulation of interleukin-8 formation regulation of interleukin-8 synthesis biological_process GO:0045414 regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process GO:0045414 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8. down regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process down-regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process downregulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process negative regulation of IL-8 biosynthesis negative regulation of IL-8 biosynthetic process negative regulation of interleukin-8 anabolism negative regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthesis negative regulation of interleukin-8 formation negative regulation of interleukin-8 synthesis inhibition of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045415 negative regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process GO:0045415 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8. positive regulation of IL-8 biosynthesis positive regulation of IL-8 biosynthetic process positive regulation of interleukin-8 anabolism positive regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthesis positive regulation of interleukin-8 formation positive regulation of interleukin-8 synthesis up regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process up-regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process upregulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process activation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process stimulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045416 positive regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process GO:0045416 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor anabolism regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthesis regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor formation regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor synthesis biological_process GO:0045423 regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process GO:0045423 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor anabolism positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthesis positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor formation positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor synthesis up regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process up-regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process upregulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process activation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process stimulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045425 positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process GO:0045425 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide. regulation of nitric oxide anabolism regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis regulation of nitric oxide formation regulation of nitric oxide synthesis biological_process GO:0045428 regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process GO:0045428 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide. positive regulation of nitric oxide anabolism positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis positive regulation of nitric oxide formation positive regulation of nitric oxide synthesis up regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process up-regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process upregulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process activation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process stimulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045429 positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process GO:0045429 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide. GOC:go_curators The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. adipocyte cell differentiation adipocyte differentiation adipogenesis adipose cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045444 fat cell differentiation GO:0045444 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. GOC:go_curators http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. myoblast cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045445 myoblast differentiation GO:0045445 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_muscle http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. biological_process GO:0045449 regulation of transcription GO:0045449 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. ISBN:0198506732 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus. biological_process GO:0045471 response to ethanol GO:0045471 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus. GOC:go_curators The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle. circadian locomotor activity rhythm biological_process GO:0045475 locomotor rhythm GO:0045475 The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle. GOC:go_curators Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light. biological_process GO:0045494 photoreceptor cell maintenance GO:0045494 Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light. GOC:bf http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal. chemorepellant activity molecular_function GO:0045499 chemorepellent activity GO:0045499 Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal. GOC:ai Combining with interleukin-27 to initiate a change in cell activity. IL-27 receptor activity IL-27R molecular_function GO:0045509 interleukin-27 receptor activity GO:0045509 Combining with interleukin-27 to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:jl IL-27 receptor activity GOC:mah Interacting selectively with interleukin-27. IL-27 binding molecular_function GO:0045513 interleukin-27 binding GO:0045513 Interacting selectively with interleukin-27. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with the interleukin-20 receptor. IL-20 interleukin-20 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0045517 interleukin-20 receptor binding GO:0045517 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-20 receptor. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with the interleukin-22 receptor. IL-22 interleukin-22 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0045518 interleukin-22 receptor binding GO:0045518 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-22 receptor. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with the interleukin-27 receptor. IL-27 interleukin-27 receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0045523 interleukin-27 receptor binding GO:0045523 Interacting selectively with the interleukin-27 receptor. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with syndecan, an integral membrane proteoglycan (250-300 kDa) associated largely with epithelial cells. molecular_function GO:0045545 syndecan binding GO:0045545 Interacting selectively with syndecan, an integral membrane proteoglycan (250-300 kDa) associated largely with epithelial cells. GOC:go_curators http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand. regulation of TRAIL anabolism regulation of TRAIL biosynthesis regulation of TRAIL formation regulation of TRAIL synthesis biological_process GO:0045554 regulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process GO:0045554 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand. positive regulation of TRAIL anabolism positive regulation of TRAIL biosynthesis positive regulation of TRAIL formation positive regulation of TRAIL synthesis up regulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process up-regulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process upregulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process activation of TRAIL biosynthetic process stimulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045556 positive regulation of TRAIL biosynthetic process GO:0045556 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand. GOC:go_curators Interacting selectively with TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand), a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family that rapidly induces apoptosis in a variety of transformed cell lines. Apo-2L binding molecular_function GO:0045569 TRAIL binding GO:0045569 Interacting selectively with TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand), a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family that rapidly induces apoptosis in a variety of transformed cell lines. GOC:go_curators PMID:9082980 The change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors. biological_process GO:0045575 basophil activation GO:0045575 The change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors. biological_process GO:0045576 mast cell activation GO:0045576 The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation. regulation of B lymphocyte differentiation regulation of B-cell differentiation regulation of B-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045577 regulation of B cell differentiation GO:0045577 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation. down regulation of B cell differentiation down-regulation of B cell differentiation downregulation of B cell differentiation negative regulation of B lymphocyte differentiation negative regulation of B-cell differentiation negative regulation of B-lymphocyte differentiation inhibition of B cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045578 negative regulation of B cell differentiation GO:0045578 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation. positive regulation of B lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of B-cell differentiation positive regulation of B-lymphocyte differentiation up regulation of B cell differentiation up-regulation of B cell differentiation upregulation of B cell differentiation activation of B cell differentiation stimulation of B cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045579 positive regulation of B cell differentiation GO:0045579 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of T-cell differentiation regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045580 regulation of T cell differentiation GO:0045580 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. down regulation of T cell differentiation down-regulation of T cell differentiation downregulation of T cell differentiation negative regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation negative regulation of T-cell differentiation negative regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation inhibition of T cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045581 negative regulation of T cell differentiation GO:0045581 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. positive regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of T-cell differentiation positive regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation up regulation of T cell differentiation up-regulation of T cell differentiation upregulation of T cell differentiation activation of T cell differentiation stimulation of T cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045582 positive regulation of T cell differentiation GO:0045582 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation. regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of cytotoxic T-cell differentiation regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045583 regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation GO:0045583 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation. positive regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of cytotoxic T-cell differentiation positive regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte differentiation up regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation up-regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation upregulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation activation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation stimulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045585 positive regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation GO:0045585 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation. regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of gamma-delta T-cell differentiation regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045586 regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation GO:0045586 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation. positive regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of gamma-delta T-cell differentiation positive regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation up regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation up-regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation upregulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation activation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation stimulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045588 positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation GO:0045588 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells. regulation of regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of regulatory T-cell differentiation regulation of regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation regulation of suppressor T cell differentiation regulation of suppressor T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of suppressor T-cell differentiation regulation of suppressor T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045589 regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation GO:0045589 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells. ISBN:0781735149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells. positive regulation of regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of regulatory T-cell differentiation positive regulation of regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of suppressor T cell differentiation positive regulation of suppressor T-cell differentiation up regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation up-regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation upregulation of regulatory T cell differentiation activation of regulatory T cell differentiation stimulation of regulatory T cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045591 positive regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation GO:0045591 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells. ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. biological_process GO:0045595 regulation of cell differentiation GO:0045595 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. down regulation of cell differentiation down-regulation of cell differentiation downregulation of cell differentiation inhibition of cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045596 negative regulation of cell differentiation GO:0045596 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. up regulation of cell differentiation up-regulation of cell differentiation upregulation of cell differentiation activation of cell differentiation stimulation of cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045597 positive regulation of cell differentiation GO:0045597 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation. regulation of auditory hair cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045607 regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation GO:0045607 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation. down regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation down-regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation downregulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation negative regulation of auditory hair cell differentiation inhibition of auditory receptor cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045608 negative regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation GO:0045608 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation. positive regulation of auditory hair cell differentiation up regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation up-regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation upregulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation activation of auditory receptor cell differentiation stimulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045609 positive regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation GO:0045609 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte differentiation. regulation of arthropod blood cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045610 regulation of hemocyte differentiation GO:0045610 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0045619 regulation of lymphocyte differentiation GO:0045619 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. down regulation of lymphocyte differentiation down-regulation of lymphocyte differentiation downregulation of lymphocyte differentiation inhibition of lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045620 negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation GO:0045620 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. up regulation of lymphocyte differentiation up-regulation of lymphocyte differentiation upregulation of lymphocyte differentiation activation of lymphocyte differentiation stimulation of lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045621 positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation GO:0045621 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0045622 regulation of T-helper cell differentiation GO:0045622 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation. down regulation of T-helper cell differentiation down-regulation of T-helper cell differentiation downregulation of T-helper cell differentiation inhibition of T-helper cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045623 negative regulation of T-helper cell differentiation GO:0045623 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation. up regulation of T-helper cell differentiation up-regulation of T-helper cell differentiation upregulation of T-helper cell differentiation activation of T-helper cell differentiation stimulation of T-helper cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045624 positive regulation of T-helper cell differentiation GO:0045624 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0045625 regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation GO:0045625 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation. down regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation down-regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation downregulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation inhibition of T-helper 1 cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045626 negative regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation GO:0045626 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation. up regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation up-regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation upregulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation activation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation stimulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045627 positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation GO:0045627 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0045628 regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation GO:0045628 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation. down regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation down-regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation downregulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation inhibition of T-helper 2 cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045629 negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation GO:0045629 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation. up regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation up-regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation upregulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation activation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation stimulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045630 positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation GO:0045630 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation. biological_process GO:0045631 regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation GO:0045631 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation. down regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation down-regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation downregulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation inhibition of mechanoreceptor differentiation biological_process GO:0045632 negative regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation GO:0045632 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation. up regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation up-regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation upregulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation activation of mechanoreceptor differentiation stimulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation biological_process GO:0045633 positive regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation GO:0045633 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0045637 regulation of myeloid cell differentiation GO:0045637 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. down regulation of myeloid cell differentiation down-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation downregulation of myeloid cell differentiation inhibition of myeloid cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045638 negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation GO:0045638 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. up regulation of myeloid cell differentiation up-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation upregulation of myeloid cell differentiation activation of myeloid cell differentiation stimulation of myeloid cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045639 positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation GO:0045639 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation. biological_process GO:0045649 regulation of macrophage differentiation GO:0045649 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation. down regulation of macrophage differentiation down-regulation of macrophage differentiation downregulation of macrophage differentiation inhibition of macrophage differentiation biological_process GO:0045650 negative regulation of macrophage differentiation GO:0045650 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation. up regulation of macrophage differentiation up-regulation of macrophage differentiation upregulation of macrophage differentiation activation of macrophage differentiation stimulation of macrophage differentiation biological_process GO:0045651 positive regulation of macrophage differentiation GO:0045651 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0045655 regulation of monocyte differentiation GO:0045655 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation. down regulation of monocyte differentiation down-regulation of monocyte differentiation downregulation of monocyte differentiation inhibition of monocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045656 negative regulation of monocyte differentiation GO:0045656 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation. up regulation of monocyte differentiation up-regulation of monocyte differentiation upregulation of monocyte differentiation activation of monocyte differentiation stimulation of monocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045657 positive regulation of monocyte differentiation GO:0045657 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation. biological_process GO:0045658 regulation of neutrophil differentiation GO:0045658 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation. down regulation of neutrophil differentiation down-regulation of neutrophil differentiation downregulation of neutrophil differentiation inhibition of neutrophil differentiation biological_process GO:0045659 negative regulation of neutrophil differentiation GO:0045659 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. biological_process GO:0045664 regulation of neuron differentiation GO:0045664 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. down regulation of neuron differentiation down-regulation of neuron differentiation downregulation of neuron differentiation inhibition of neuron differentiation biological_process GO:0045665 negative regulation of neuron differentiation GO:0045665 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. up regulation of neuron differentiation up-regulation of neuron differentiation upregulation of neuron differentiation activation of neuron differentiation stimulation of neuron differentiation biological_process GO:0045666 positive regulation of neuron differentiation GO:0045666 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation. biological_process GO:0045670 regulation of osteoclast differentiation GO:0045670 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation. down regulation of osteoclast differentiation down-regulation of osteoclast differentiation downregulation of osteoclast differentiation inhibition of osteoclast differentiation biological_process GO:0045671 negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation GO:0045671 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. regulation of epidermal development biological_process GO:0045682 regulation of epidermis development GO:0045682 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. down regulation of epidermis development down-regulation of epidermis development downregulation of epidermis development negative regulation of epidermal development inhibition of epidermis development biological_process GO:0045683 negative regulation of epidermis development GO:0045683 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. positive regulation of epidermal development up regulation of epidermis development up-regulation of epidermis development upregulation of epidermis development activation of epidermis development stimulation of epidermis development biological_process GO:0045684 positive regulation of epidermis development GO:0045684 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. regulation of glia cell differentiation regulation of neuroglia differentiation biological_process GO:0045685 regulation of glial cell differentiation GO:0045685 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. down regulation of glial cell differentiation down-regulation of glial cell differentiation downregulation of glial cell differentiation negative regulation of glia cell differentiation negative regulation of neuroglia differentiation inhibition of glial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045686 negative regulation of glial cell differentiation GO:0045686 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. positive regulation of glia cell differentiation positive regulation of neuroglia differentiation up regulation of glial cell differentiation up-regulation of glial cell differentiation upregulation of glial cell differentiation activation of glial cell differentiation stimulation of glial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045687 positive regulation of glial cell differentiation GO:0045687 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins. positive regulation of integrin anabolism positive regulation of integrin biosynthesis positive regulation of integrin formation positive regulation of integrin synthesis up regulation of integrin biosynthetic process up-regulation of integrin biosynthetic process upregulation of integrin biosynthetic process activation of integrin biosynthetic process stimulation of integrin biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045726 positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process GO:0045726 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. Reactome:110506 positive regulation of protein anabolism positive regulation of protein biosynthesis positive regulation of protein biosynthetic process positive regulation of protein formation positive regulation of protein synthesis up regulation of protein biosynthetic process up-regulation of protein biosynthetic process upregulation of protein biosynthetic process activation of protein biosynthetic process stimulation of protein biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045727 positive regulation of translation GO:0045727 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb positive regulation of protein biosynthetic process GOC:tb A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. metabolic burst oxidative burst biological_process GO:0045730 respiratory burst GO:0045730 A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. ISBN:0198506732 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. up regulation of DNA replication up-regulation of DNA replication upregulation of DNA replication activation of DNA replication stimulation of DNA replication biological_process GO:0045740 positive regulation of DNA replication GO:0045740 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor activity. positive regulation of EGF receptor activity positive regulation of EGFR activity up regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity activation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity stimulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity biological_process GO:0045741 positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity GO:0045741 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. positive regulation of EGF receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of EGF receptor signalling pathway positive regulation of EGFR signaling pathway up regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway stimulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0045742 positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0045742 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. positive regulation of FGF receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of FGF receptor signalling pathway positive regulation of FGFR signaling pathway up regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway up-regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway upregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway stimulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0045743 positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0045743 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity. down regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway down-regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway downregulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway negative regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway negative regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway negative regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway negative regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway negative regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway negative regulation of GPCR protein signaling pathway negative regulation of GPCR protein signalling pathway inhibition of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway biological_process GO:0045744 negative regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway GO:0045744 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity. positive regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway positive regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway positive regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway positive regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway positive regulation of GPCR protein signaling pathway positive regulation of GPCR protein signalling pathway up regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway up-regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway upregulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway stimulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway biological_process GO:0045745 positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway GO:0045745 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway. down regulation of Notch signaling pathway down-regulation of Notch signaling pathway downregulation of Notch signaling pathway negative regulation of N signaling pathway negative regulation of N signalling pathway negative regulation of Notch signalling pathway inhibition of Notch signaling pathway biological_process GO:0045746 negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway GO:0045746 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway. positive regulation of N signaling pathway positive regulation of N signalling pathway positive regulation of Notch signalling pathway up regulation of Notch signaling pathway up-regulation of Notch signaling pathway upregulation of Notch signaling pathway activation of Notch signaling pathway stimulation of Notch signaling pathway biological_process GO:0045747 positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway GO:0045747 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway. down regulation of Toll signaling pathway down-regulation of Toll signaling pathway downregulation of Toll signaling pathway negative regulation of Tl signaling pathway negative regulation of Tl signalling pathway inhibition of Toll signaling pathway biological_process GO:0045751 negative regulation of Toll signaling pathway GO:0045751 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell. down regulation of action potential down-regulation of action potential downregulation of action potential inhibition of action potential biological_process GO:0045759 negative regulation of action potential GO:0045759 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell. up regulation of action potential up-regulation of action potential upregulation of action potential activation of action potential stimulation of action potential biological_process GO:0045760 positive regulation of action potential GO:0045760 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity. regulation of adenylyl cyclase activity biological_process adenylate cyclase regulator GO:0045761 regulation of adenylate cyclase activity GO:0045761 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity. positive regulation of adenylyl cyclase activity up regulation of adenylate cyclase activity up-regulation of adenylate cyclase activity upregulation of adenylate cyclase activity stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity biological_process adenylate cyclase activator GO:0045762 positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity GO:0045762 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis. biological_process GO:0045767 regulation of anti-apoptosis GO:0045767 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis. up regulation of anti-apoptosis up-regulation of anti-apoptosis upregulation of anti-apoptosis activation of anti-apoptosis stimulation of anti-apoptosis biological_process GO:0045768 positive regulation of anti-apoptosis GO:0045768 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension. up regulation of axon extension up-regulation of axon extension upregulation of axon extension activation of axon extension stimulation of axon extension biological_process GO:0045773 positive regulation of axon extension GO:0045773 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. up regulation of cell adhesion up-regulation of cell adhesion upregulation of cell adhesion activation of cell adhesion stimulation of cell adhesion biological_process GO:0045785 positive regulation of cell adhesion GO:0045785 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. positive regulation of cell cycle progression positive regulation of progression through cell cycle up regulation of progression through cell cycle up-regulation of progression through cell cycle upregulation of progression through cell cycle activation of progression through cell cycle stimulation of progression through cell cycle biological_process GO:0045787 positive regulation of cell cycle GO:0045787 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of progression through cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. down regulation of endocytosis down-regulation of endocytosis downregulation of endocytosis inhibition of endocytosis biological_process GO:0045806 negative regulation of endocytosis GO:0045806 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. up regulation of endocytosis up-regulation of endocytosis upregulation of endocytosis activation of endocytosis stimulation of endocytosis biological_process GO:0045807 positive regulation of endocytosis GO:0045807 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis. up regulation of glycolysis up-regulation of glycolysis upregulation of glycolysis activation of glycolysis stimulation of glycolysis biological_process GO:0045821 positive regulation of glycolysis GO:0045821 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response. down regulation of innate immune response down-regulation of innate immune response downregulation of innate immune response inhibition of innate immune response biological_process GO:0045824 negative regulation of innate immune response GO:0045824 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching. down regulation of isotype switching down-regulation of isotype switching downregulation of isotype switching negative regulation of class switch recombination negative regulation of class switching negative regulation of isotype switch recombination inhibition of isotype switching biological_process GO:0045829 negative regulation of isotype switching GO:0045829 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching. positive regulation of class switch recombination positive regulation of class switching positive regulation of isotype switch recombination up regulation of isotype switching up-regulation of isotype switching upregulation of isotype switching activation of isotype switching stimulation of isotype switching biological_process GO:0045830 positive regulation of isotype switching GO:0045830 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. down regulation of membrane potential down-regulation of membrane potential downregulation of membrane potential inhibition of membrane potential biological_process GO:0045837 negative regulation of membrane potential GO:0045837 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. up regulation of mitosis up-regulation of mitosis upregulation of mitosis activation of mitosis mitogenic activity stimulation of mitosis biological_process GO:0045840 positive regulation of mitosis GO:0045840 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. down regulation of striated muscle development down-regulation of striated muscle development downregulation of striated muscle development inhibition of striated muscle development biological_process GO:0045843 negative regulation of striated muscle development GO:0045843 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that reduces the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. acidification biological_process GO:0045851 pH reduction GO:0045851 Any process that reduces the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. biological_process GO:0045859 regulation of protein kinase activity GO:0045859 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. up regulation of protein kinase activity up-regulation of protein kinase activity upregulation of protein kinase activity stimulation of protein kinase activity biological_process GO:0045860 positive regulation of protein kinase activity GO:0045860 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. down regulation of proteolysis down-regulation of proteolysis downregulation of proteolysis negative regulation of peptidolysis inhibition of proteolysis biological_process GO:0045861 negative regulation of proteolysis GO:0045861 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. down regulation of smoothened signaling pathway down-regulation of smoothened signaling pathway downregulation of smoothened signaling pathway negative regulation of smoothened signalling pathway inhibition of smoothened signaling pathway negative regulation of smoothened by patched biological_process negative regulation of smoothened activity negative regulation of smoothened receptor activity by patched GO:0045879 negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway GO:0045879 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. positive regulation of smoothened signalling pathway up regulation of smoothened signaling pathway up-regulation of smoothened signaling pathway upregulation of smoothened signaling pathway activation of smoothened signaling pathway stimulation of smoothened signaling pathway biological_process positive regulation of smoothened by patched positive regulation of smoothened receptor activity by patched GO:0045880 positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway GO:0045880 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level. regulation of survival gene product activity regulation of survival gene products biological_process GO:0045884 regulation of survival gene product expression GO:0045884 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb regulation of survival gene product activity GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level. positive regulation of survival gene product activity positive regulation of survival gene products up regulation of survival gene product activity up-regulation of survival gene product activity upregulation of survival gene product activity activation of survival gene product activity stimulation of survival gene product activity biological_process GO:0045885 positive regulation of survival gene product expression GO:0045885 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb positive regulation of survival gene product activity GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. down regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent down-regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent downregulation of transcription, DNA-dependent inhibition of transcription, DNA-dependent biological_process GO:0045892 negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent GO:0045892 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. up regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent up-regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent upregulation of transcription, DNA-dependent activation of transcription, DNA-dependent stimulation of transcription, DNA-dependent biological_process GO:0045893 positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent GO:0045893 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination. down regulation of DNA recombination down-regulation of DNA recombination downregulation of DNA recombination inhibition of DNA recombination biological_process GO:0045910 negative regulation of DNA recombination GO:0045910 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination. up regulation of DNA recombination up-regulation of DNA recombination upregulation of DNA recombination activation of DNA recombination stimulation of DNA recombination biological_process GO:0045911 positive regulation of DNA recombination GO:0045911 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate. positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolism up regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process up-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process upregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process activation of carbohydrate metabolic process stimulation of carbohydrate metabolic process biological_process GO:0045913 positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process GO:0045913 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine. down regulation of catecholamine metabolic process down-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process downregulation of catecholamine metabolic process negative regulation of catecholamine metabolism inhibition of catecholamine metabolic process biological_process GO:0045914 negative regulation of catecholamine metabolic process GO:0045914 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine. positive regulation of catecholamine metabolism up regulation of catecholamine metabolic process up-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process upregulation of catecholamine metabolic process activation of catecholamine metabolic process stimulation of catecholamine metabolic process biological_process GO:0045915 positive regulation of catecholamine metabolic process GO:0045915 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation. down regulation of complement activation down-regulation of complement activation downregulation of complement activation inhibition of complement activation biological_process GO:0045916 negative regulation of complement activation GO:0045916 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis. down regulation of cytolysis down-regulation of cytolysis downregulation of cytolysis inhibition of cytolysis biological_process GO:0045918 negative regulation of cytolysis GO:0045918 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. down regulation of exocytosis down-regulation of exocytosis downregulation of exocytosis inhibition of exocytosis biological_process GO:0045920 negative regulation of exocytosis GO:0045920 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. up regulation of exocytosis up-regulation of exocytosis upregulation of exocytosis activation of exocytosis stimulation of exocytosis biological_process GO:0045921 positive regulation of exocytosis GO:0045921 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. down regulation of growth down-regulation of growth downregulation of growth inhibition of growth biological_process GO:0045926 negative regulation of growth GO:0045926 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. up regulation of growth up-regulation of growth upregulation of growth activation of growth stimulation of growth biological_process GO:0045927 positive regulation of growth GO:0045927 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045934 negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0045934 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045935 positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0045935 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. down regulation of phosphate metabolic process down-regulation of phosphate metabolic process downregulation of phosphate metabolic process negative regulation of phosphate metabolism inhibition of phosphate metabolic process biological_process GO:0045936 negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process GO:0045936 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. positive regulation of phosphate metabolism up regulation of phosphate metabolic process up-regulation of phosphate metabolic process upregulation of phosphate metabolic process activation of phosphate metabolic process stimulation of phosphate metabolic process biological_process GO:0045937 positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process GO:0045937 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals. positive regulation of sleep up regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep up-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep upregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep activation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep stimulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep biological_process GO:0045938 positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep GO:0045938 Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Reactome:163765 Reactome:211800 Reactome:221564 Reactome:230170 Reactome:238201 Reactome:244782 Reactome:249686 Reactome:252601 Reactome:255788 Reactome:259182 Reactome:262538 Reactome:265363 Reactome:268491 Reactome:274218 Reactome:280687 Reactome:282896 Reactome:286706 Reactome:288369 Reactome:289870 Reactome:290405 Reactome:291788 Reactome:292436 Reactome:293769 up regulation of transcription up-regulation of transcription upregulation of transcription activation of transcription stimulation of transcription biological_process GO:0045941 positive regulation of transcription GO:0045941 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter. positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter biological_process GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter GO:0045944 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. up regulation of translational initiation up-regulation of translational initiation upregulation of translational initiation activation of translational initiation stimulation of translational initiation biological_process GO:0045948 positive regulation of translational initiation GO:0045948 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer mediated cytotoxicity. down regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity down-regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity downregulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity negative regulation of NK cell mediated cell death negative regulation of NK cell mediated cell killing negative regulation of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell death negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell killing inhibition of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity biological_process negative regulation of NK cell mediated cytolysis negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytolysis GO:0045953 negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0045953 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer mediated cytotoxicity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. positive regulation of NK cell mediated cell death positive regulation of NK cell mediated cell killing positive regulation of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell death positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cell killing up regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity up-regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity upregulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity activation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity stimulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity biological_process positive regulation of NK cell mediated cytolysis positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytolysis GO:0045954 positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0045954 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine. down regulation of dopamine metabolic process down-regulation of dopamine metabolic process downregulation of dopamine metabolic process negative regulation of dopamine metabolism inhibition of dopamine metabolic process biological_process GO:0045963 negative regulation of dopamine metabolic process GO:0045963 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine. positive regulation of dopamine metabolism up regulation of dopamine metabolic process up-regulation of dopamine metabolic process upregulation of dopamine metabolic process activation of dopamine metabolic process stimulation of dopamine metabolic process biological_process GO:0045964 positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process GO:0045964 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides. positive regulation of nucleotide metabolism up regulation of nucleotide metabolic process up-regulation of nucleotide metabolic process upregulation of nucleotide metabolic process activation of nucleotide metabolic process stimulation of nucleotide metabolic process biological_process GO:0045981 positive regulation of nucleotide metabolic process GO:0045981 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides. GOC:go_curators Any process involving iron that activates or increases the rate of translational initiation. up regulation of translational initiation by iron up-regulation of translational initiation by iron upregulation of translational initiation by iron activation of translational initiation by iron stimulation of translational initiation by iron biological_process GO:0045994 positive regulation of translational initiation by iron GO:0045994 Any process involving iron that activates or increases the rate of translational initiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation. regulation of activated T lymphocyte proliferation regulation of activated T-cell proliferation regulation of activated T-lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0046006 regulation of activated T cell proliferation GO:0046006 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation. down regulation of activated T cell proliferation down-regulation of activated T cell proliferation downregulation of activated T cell proliferation negative regulation of activated T lymphocyte proliferation negative regulation of activated T-cell proliferation negative regulation of activated T-lymphocyte proliferation inhibition of activated T cell proliferation biological_process GO:0046007 negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation GO:0046007 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. positive regulation of non-REM sleep up regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep up-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep upregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep activation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep stimulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep biological_process GO:0046010 positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep GO:0046010 Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation. regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation regulation of resting T cell proliferation biological_process GO:0046013 regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation GO:0046013 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation. down regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation down-regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation downregulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation negative regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation negative regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation negative regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation negative regulation of resting T cell proliferation inhibition of T cell homeostatic proliferation biological_process GO:0046014 negative regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation GO:0046014 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom. alcohol anabolism alcohol biosynthesis alcohol formation alcohol synthesis biological_process GO:0046165 alcohol biosynthetic process GO:0046165 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom. ChEBI:30879 GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms. polyhydric alcohol biosynthetic process polyol anabolism polyol biosynthesis polyol formation polyol synthesis biological_process GO:0046173 polyol biosynthetic process GO:0046173 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms. ChEBI:26191 The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water. nitric oxide metabolism biological_process GO:0046209 nitric oxide metabolic process GO:0046209 The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. indolalkylamine breakdown indolalkylamine catabolism indolalkylamine degradation biological_process GO:0046218 indolalkylamine catabolic process GO:0046218 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. indolalkylamine anabolism indolalkylamine biosynthesis indolalkylamine formation indolalkylamine synthesis biological_process GO:0046219 indolalkylamine biosynthetic process GO:0046219 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. regulation of glucose uptake biological_process GO:0046324 regulation of glucose import GO:0046324 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. GOC:ai regulation of glucose uptake GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. down regulation of glucose import down-regulation of glucose import downregulation of glucose import negative regulation of glucose uptake inhibition of glucose import biological_process GO:0046325 negative regulation of glucose import GO:0046325 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. GOC:ai negative regulation of glucose uptake GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of glucose uptake up regulation of glucose import up-regulation of glucose import upregulation of glucose import activation of glucose import stimulation of glucose import biological_process GO:0046326 positive regulation of glucose import GO:0046326 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. GOC:ai positive regulation of glucose uptake GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. regulation of SAPK cascade biological_process GO:0046328 regulation of JNK cascade GO:0046328 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. down regulation of JNK cascade down-regulation of JNK cascade downregulation of JNK cascade inhibition of JNK cascade biological_process GO:0046329 negative regulation of JNK cascade GO:0046329 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. GOC:bf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. up regulation of JNK cascade up-regulation of JNK cascade upregulation of JNK cascade activation of JNK cascade stimulation of JNK cascade biological_process GO:0046330 positive regulation of JNK cascade GO:0046330 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. GOC:bf Interacting selectively with a SMAD signaling protein. molecular_function GO:0046332 SMAD binding GO:0046332 Interacting selectively with a SMAD signaling protein. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine). ethanolamine anabolism ethanolamine biosynthesis ethanolamine formation ethanolamine synthesis biological_process GO:0046335 ethanolamine biosynthetic process GO:0046335 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine). GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. It is a major structural phospholipid in mammalian systems. It tends to be more abundant than phosphatidylcholine in the internal membranes of the cell and is an abundant component of prokaryotic membranes. phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism biological_process GO:0046337 phosphatidylethanolamine metabolic process GO:0046337 The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. It is a major structural phospholipid in mammalian systems. It tends to be more abundant than phosphatidylcholine in the internal membranes of the cell and is an abundant component of prokaryotic membranes. ISBN:0198506732 http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of butyrate, the anion of butyric acid. butyrate breakdown butyrate catabolism butyrate degradation biological_process GO:0046359 butyrate catabolic process GO:0046359 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of butyrate, the anion of butyric acid. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. carboxylic acid anabolism carboxylic acid biosynthesis carboxylic acid formation carboxylic acid synthesis biological_process GO:0046394 carboxylic acid biosynthetic process GO:0046394 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. carboxylic acid breakdown carboxylic acid catabolism carboxylic acid degradation biological_process GO:0046395 carboxylic acid catabolic process GO:0046395 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. biological_process GO:0046425 regulation of JAK-STAT cascade GO:0046425 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity. down regulation of JAK-STAT cascade down-regulation of JAK-STAT cascade downregulation of JAK-STAT cascade inhibition of JAK-STAT cascade biological_process GO:0046426 negative regulation of JAK-STAT cascade GO:0046426 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity. GOC:bf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity. up regulation of JAK-STAT cascade up-regulation of JAK-STAT cascade upregulation of JAK-STAT cascade activation of JAK-STAT cascade stimulation of JAK-STAT cascade biological_process GO:0046427 positive regulation of JAK-STAT cascade GO:0046427 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity. GOC:bf The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. eicosanoid biosynthesis eicosanoid biosynthetic process icosanoid anabolism icosanoid biosynthesis icosanoid formation icosanoid synthesis biological_process GO:0046456 icosanoid biosynthetic process GO:0046456 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of less than 8 carbons. short-chain fatty acid metabolism biological_process GO:0046459 short-chain fatty acid metabolic process GO:0046459 The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of less than 8 carbons. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane. membrane lipid breakdown membrane lipid catabolism membrane lipid degradation biological_process GO:0046466 membrane lipid catabolic process GO:0046466 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane. membrane lipid anabolism membrane lipid biosynthesis membrane lipid formation membrane lipid synthesis biological_process GO:0046467 membrane lipid biosynthetic process GO:0046467 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli. PAF metabolic process PAF metabolism platelet activating factor metabolism biological_process GO:0046469 platelet activating factor metabolic process GO:0046469 The chemical reactions and pathways involving platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group. glycosylceramide anabolism glycosylceramide biosynthesis glycosylceramide formation glycosylceramide synthesis biological_process GO:0046476 glycosylceramide biosynthetic process GO:0046476 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). heterocycle metabolism biological_process GO:0046483 heterocycle metabolic process GO:0046483 The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol. dihydrosphingosine biosynthesis dihydrosphingosine biosynthetic process sphinganine anabolism sphinganine biosynthesis sphinganine formation sphinganine synthesis biological_process GO:0046511 sphinganine biosynthetic process GO:0046511 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid. ceramide anabolism ceramide biosynthesis ceramide formation ceramide synthesis biological_process GO:0046513 ceramide biosynthetic process GO:0046513 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ceramides, any N-acetylated sphingoid. ceramide breakdown ceramide catabolism ceramide degradation biological_process GO:0046514 ceramide catabolic process GO:0046514 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ceramides, any N-acetylated sphingoid. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds. sphingoid base metabolic process sphingoid base metabolism sphingoid metabolism biological_process GO:0046519 sphingoid metabolic process GO:0046519 The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds. sphingoid anabolism sphingoid biosynthesis sphingoid formation sphingoid synthesis biological_process GO:0046520 sphingoid biosynthetic process GO:0046520 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds. sphingoid breakdown sphingoid catabolism sphingoid degradation biological_process GO:0046521 sphingoid catabolic process GO:0046521 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds. ISBN:0198506732 The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. photoreceptor cell differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) biological_process GO:0046530 photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0046530 The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. regulation of photoreceptor differentiation regulation of photoreceptor differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) biological_process GO:0046532 regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0046532 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. down regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation down regulation of photoreceptor differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) down-regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation down-regulation of photoreceptor differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) downregulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation downregulation of photoreceptor differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) negative regulation of photoreceptor differentiation negative regulation of photoreceptor differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) inhibition of photoreceptor cell differentiation inhibition of photoreceptor differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) biological_process GO:0046533 negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0046533 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. positive regulation of photoreceptor differentiation positive regulation of photoreceptor differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) up regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation up regulation of photoreceptor differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) up-regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation up-regulation of photoreceptor differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) upregulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation upregulation of photoreceptor differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) activation of photoreceptor cell differentiation activation of photoreceptor differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) stimulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation stimulation of photoreceptor differentiation (sensu Endopterygota) biological_process GO:0046534 positive regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0046534 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators A complex composed of three small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, snRNP U4, snRNP U6 and snRNP U5. U4/U6 . U5 snRNP complex cellular_component GO:0046540 U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex GO:0046540 A complex composed of three small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, snRNP U4, snRNP U6 and snRNP U5. PMID:11867543 Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light. biological_process GO:0046548 retinal rod cell development GO:0046548 Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light. ISBN:0198506732 Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision. biological_process GO:0046549 retinal cone cell development GO:0046549 Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision. ISBN:0198506732 The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments. biological_process GO:0046552 photoreceptor cell fate commitment GO:0046552 The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments. GOC:mtg_sensu Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction. biological_process GO:0046578 regulation of Ras protein signal transduction GO:0046578 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction. GOC:bf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction. up regulation of Ras protein signal transduction up-regulation of Ras protein signal transduction upregulation of Ras protein signal transduction activation of Ras protein signal transduction stimulation of Ras protein signal transduction biological_process GO:0046579 positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction GO:0046579 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction. GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction. down regulation of Ras protein signal transduction down-regulation of Ras protein signal transduction downregulation of Ras protein signal transduction inhibition of Ras protein signal transduction biological_process GO:0046580 negative regulation of Ras protein signal transduction GO:0046580 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction. GOC:bf An extremely narrow tubular channel located between adjacent cells. An instance of this is the secretory canaliculi occurring between adjacent parietal cells in the gastric mucosa of vertebrates. cellular_component GO:0046581 intercellular canaliculus GO:0046581 An extremely narrow tubular channel located between adjacent cells. An instance of this is the secretory canaliculi occurring between adjacent parietal cells in the gastric mucosa of vertebrates. ISBN:0721662544 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of virus particles into the cell. biological_process GO:0046596 regulation of virion penetration into host cell GO:0046596 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of virus particles into the cell. GOC:ai GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of virus particles into the cell. down regulation of virion penetration into host down-regulation of virion penetration into host downregulation of virion penetration into host inhibition of virion penetration into host biological_process GO:0046597 negative regulation of virion penetration into host cell GO:0046597 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of virus particles into the cell. GOC:ai GOC:tb Establishment and formation of the optic placode, paired ectodermal placodes that become invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. optic placode formation (sensu Mammalia) optic placode formation in camera-type eye optic placode formation involved in camera-style eye biological_process GO:0046619 optic placode formation involved in camera-type eye GO:0046619 Establishment and formation of the optic placode, paired ectodermal placodes that become invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. GOC:mtg_sensu http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ Interacting selectively with sphingolipids, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). molecular_function GO:0046625 sphingolipid binding GO:0046625 Interacting selectively with sphingolipids, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling. regulation of insulin receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0046626 regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway GO:0046626 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling. GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling. down regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway down-regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway downregulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of insulin receptor signalling pathway inhibition of insulin receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0046627 negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway GO:0046627 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling. GOC:bf Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling. positive regulation of insulin receptor signalling pathway up regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway up-regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway upregulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway activation of insulin receptor signaling pathway stimulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0046628 positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway GO:0046628 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling. GOC:bf The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation gamma-delta T-cell activation gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0046629 gamma-delta T cell activation GO:0046629 The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. GOC:add The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation alpha-beta T-cell activation alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0046631 alpha-beta T cell activation GO:0046631 The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. GOC:add The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation alpha-beta T-cell differentiation alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0046632 alpha-beta T cell differentiation GO:0046632 The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. GOC:ai The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division. alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation alpha-beta T-cell proliferation alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0046633 alpha-beta T cell proliferation GO:0046633 The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation. regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation regulation of alpha-beta T-cell activation regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0046634 regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation GO:0046634 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation. positive regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation positive regulation of alpha-beta T-cell activation positive regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation up regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation up-regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation upregulation of alpha-beta T cell activation activation of alpha-beta T cell activation stimulation of alpha-beta T cell activation biological_process GO:0046635 positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation GO:0046635 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation. down regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation down-regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation downregulation of alpha-beta T cell activation negative regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation negative regulation of alpha-beta T-cell activation negative regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation inhibition of alpha-beta T cell activation biological_process GO:0046636 negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation GO:0046636 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of alpha-beta T-cell differentiation regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0046637 regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation GO:0046637 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. positive regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of alpha-beta T-cell differentiation positive regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation up regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation up-regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation upregulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation activation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation stimulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation biological_process GO:0046638 positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation GO:0046638 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. down regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation down-regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation downregulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation negative regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation negative regulation of alpha-beta T-cell differentiation negative regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation inhibition of alpha-beta T cell differentiation biological_process GO:0046639 negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation GO:0046639 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation. regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation regulation of alpha-beta T-cell proliferation regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0046640 regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation GO:0046640 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation. positive regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation positive regulation of alpha-beta T-cell proliferation positive regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation up regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation up-regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation upregulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation activation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation stimulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation biological_process GO:0046641 positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation GO:0046641 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation. down regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation down-regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation downregulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation negative regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation negative regulation of alpha-beta T-cell proliferation negative regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation inhibition of alpha-beta T cell proliferation biological_process GO:0046642 negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation GO:0046642 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation. regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation regulation of gamma-delta T-cell activation regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0046643 regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation GO:0046643 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation. positive regulation of gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation positive regulation of gamma-delta T-cell activation positive regulation of gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation up regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation up-regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation upregulation of gamma-delta T cell activation activation of gamma-delta T cell activation stimulation of gamma-delta T cell activation biological_process GO:0046645 positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation GO:0046645 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation. GOC:ai A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. biological_process GO:0046649 lymphocyte activation GO:0046649 A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735140 The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division. biological_process GO:0046651 lymphocyte proliferation GO:0046651 The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division. GOC:ai Tethered to the plasma membrane by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid moiety, that is embedded in the membrane. When used to describe a protein, indicates that the peptide sequence does not span the membrane. plasma membrane, GPI-anchored cellular_component GO:0046658 anchored to plasma membrane GO:0046658 Tethered to the plasma membrane by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid moiety, that is embedded in the membrane. When used to describe a protein, indicates that the peptide sequence does not span the membrane. GOC:mah Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina. programmed cell death, retina cells programmed cell death, retinal cells retina cell programmed cell death retina programmed cell death retinal programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046666 retinal cell programmed cell death GO:0046666 Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina. GOC:bf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. regulation of retinal programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046668 regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death GO:0046668 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. GOC:ai GOC:tb regulation of retinal programmed cell death GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. down regulation of retinal programmed cell death down-regulation of retinal programmed cell death downregulation of retinal programmed cell death negative regulation of retinal programmed cell death inhibition of retinal programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046671 negative regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death GO:0046671 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. GOC:ai GOC:tb negative regulation of retinal programmed cell death GOC:tb A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms. biological_process antibiotic susceptibility/resistance GO:0046677 response to antibiotic GO:0046677 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms. GOC:ai GOC:ef A multiprotein complex that consists of at least three proteins, CD14, TLR4, and MD-2, each of which is glycosylated. LPS receptor complex cellular_component GO:0046696 Note that this term should not be used to refer to CD14 alone, but the multiprotein receptor complex that it is part of. lipopolysaccharide receptor complex GO:0046696 A multiprotein complex that consists of at least three proteins, CD14, TLR4, and MD-2, each of which is glycosylated. PMID:11706042 Interacting selectively with a lectin-like natural killer cell receptor. NK cell lectin-like receptor binding KLRC4 receptor binding NKG2D receptor binding molecular_function GO:0046703 natural killer cell lectin-like receptor binding GO:0046703 Interacting selectively with a lectin-like natural killer cell receptor. GOC:ai The cellular homeostatic process by which a muscle fiber is preserved in a stable functional or structural state. muscle fiber maintenance biological_process GO:0046716 muscle maintenance GO:0046716 The cellular homeostatic process by which a muscle fiber is preserved in a stable functional or structural state. GOC:mah PMID:3091429 PMID:7781901 muscle fiber maintenance GOC:dph GOC:tb The controlled release of acid by a cell or group of cells. biological_process GO:0046717 acid secretion GO:0046717 The controlled release of acid by a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any virus-mediated process that modulates the levels of viral proteins in a cell. regulation of viral protein levels biological_process GO:0046719 regulation of viral protein levels in host cell GO:0046719 Any virus-mediated process that modulates the levels of viral proteins in a cell. GOC:ai Any process that increases the levels of viral proteins in a cell. positive regulation of viral protein levels up regulation of viral protein levels in host cell up-regulation of viral protein levels in host cell upregulation of viral protein levels in host cell activation of viral protein levels in host cell stimulation of viral protein levels in host cell biological_process GO:0046726 positive regulation of viral protein levels in host cell GO:0046726 Any process that increases the levels of viral proteins in a cell. GOC:ai The induction by a virus of an immune response in the host organism. activation of host immune response by virus biological_process GO:0046730 induction of host immune response by virus GO:0046730 The induction by a virus of an immune response in the host organism. ISBN:0781802976 The intentional, virally-encoded stimulation of a host defense response to viral infection. Reactome:168277 Reactome:168865 Reactome:168878 active viral induction of host immune response biological_process GO:0046732 active induction of host immune response by virus GO:0046732 The intentional, virally-encoded stimulation of a host defense response to viral infection. ISBN:0781802976 Interacting selectively with a receptor on the host cell surface. molecular_function cell surface antigen activity, host-interacting cell surface receptor ligand GO:0046789 host cell surface receptor binding GO:0046789 Interacting selectively with a receptor on the host cell surface. GOC:ai PMID:11511370 Interacting selectively with a virion, either by binding to components of the capsid or the viral envelope. molecular_function GO:0046790 virion binding GO:0046790 Interacting selectively with a virion, either by binding to components of the capsid or the viral envelope. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the surface of a host cell. molecular_function GO:0046812 host cell surface binding GO:0046812 Interacting selectively with the surface of a host cell. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. biological_process GO:0046822 regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport GO:0046822 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. down regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport down-regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport downregulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport inhibition of nucleocytoplasmic transport biological_process GO:0046823 negative regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport GO:0046823 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. GOC:bf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. up regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport up-regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport upregulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport activation of nucleocytoplasmic transport stimulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport biological_process GO:0046824 positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport GO:0046824 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. GOC:bf Interacting selectively with any metal ion. metal binding heavy metal binding molecular_function GO:0046872 metal ion binding GO:0046872 Interacting selectively with any metal ion. GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other. heavy metal ion porter activity heavy metal ion transporter activity heavy metal ion:hydrogen symporter activity heavy metal-exporting ATPase activity high affinity metal ion uptake transporter activity low affinity metal ion uptake transporter activity molecular_function GO:0046873 metal ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0046873 Catalysis of the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. quinolinate metabolism biological_process GO:0046874 quinolinate metabolic process GO:0046874 The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. GOC:ai The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells. biological_process GO:0046879 hormone secretion GO:0046879 The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells. biological_process GO:0046883 regulation of hormone secretion GO:0046883 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells. up regulation of hormone secretion up-regulation of hormone secretion upregulation of hormone secretion activation of hormone secretion stimulation of hormone secretion biological_process GO:0046887 positive regulation of hormone secretion GO:0046887 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells. down regulation of hormone secretion down-regulation of hormone secretion downregulation of hormone secretion inhibition of hormone secretion biological_process GO:0046888 negative regulation of hormone secretion GO:0046888 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai The controlled release of a substance by a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue. biological_process GO:0046903 secretion GO:0046903 The controlled release of a substance by a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue. GOC:ai The directed movement of substances within a cell. biological_process GO:0046907 intracellular transport GO:0046907 The directed movement of substances within a cell. GOC:ai Any small opening in a membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids. pore cellular_component channel-forming toxin activity pore-forming toxin activity GO:0046930 pore complex GO:0046930 Any small opening in a membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. EC:2.7.1.153 MetaCyc:2.7.1.153-RXN Reactome:78763 ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphotransferase activity phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, class II phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, class I, catalyst activity type I phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity molecular_function GO:0046934 phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase activity GO:0046934 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. EC:2.7.1.153 ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.1.153 type I phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity EC:2.7.1.153 Modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity. phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulator activity phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, class I, regulator activity molecular_function GO:0046935 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase regulator activity GO:0046935 Modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity. GOC:ai The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). biological_process GO:0046942 carboxylic acid transport GO:0046942 The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of the membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). molecular_function GO:0046943 carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0046943 Catalysis of the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of the membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). GOC:ai The directed movement of a peptide antigen into, out of, within or between cells. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein. biological_process GO:0046968 peptide antigen transport GO:0046968 The directed movement of a peptide antigen into, out of, within or between cells. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 Interacting selectively with tapasin, a member of the MHC class I loading complex which bridges the TAP peptide transporter to class I molecules. molecular_function GO:0046980 tapasin binding GO:0046980 Interacting selectively with tapasin, a member of the MHC class I loading complex which bridges the TAP peptide transporter to class I molecules. PMID:12594855 Interacting selectively with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. molecular_function GO:0046982 protein heterodimerization activity GO:0046982 Interacting selectively with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. GOC:ai The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. molecular_function GO:0046983 protein dimerization activity GO:0046983 The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = NADPH + H+ + (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate. EC:1.1.1.188 MetaCyc:1.1.1.188-RXN (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP+ 11-oxidoreductase activity NADPH-dependent prostaglandin D2 11-keto reductase activity PGD(2) 11-ketoreductase activity PGD2 11-ketoreductase activity PGF synthetase activity PGF2alpha synthetase activity prostaglandin 11-keto reductase activity prostaglandin 11-ketoreductase activity prostaglandin D2-ketoreductase activity prostaglandin F synthase activity prostaglandin F synthetase activity prostaglandin-D(2) 11-ketoreductase activity prostaglandin-D(2) 11-reductase activity prostaglandin-D(2) ketoreductase activity prostaglandin-D2 11-ketoreductase activity prostaglandin-D2 11-reductase activity prostaglandin-D2 ketoreductase activity prostaglandin-F synthetase activity reductase, 15-hydroxy-11-oxoprostaglandin synthetase, prostaglandin F2alpha molecular_function GO:0047017 prostaglandin-F synthase activity GO:0047017 Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = NADPH + H+ + (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate. EC:1.1.1.188 MetaCyc:1.1.1.188-RXN (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP+ 11-oxidoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 NADPH-dependent prostaglandin D2 11-keto reductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 PGD(2) 11-ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 PGD2 11-ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 PGF synthetase activity EC:1.1.1.188 PGF2alpha synthetase activity EC:1.1.1.188 prostaglandin 11-keto reductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 prostaglandin 11-ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 prostaglandin D2-ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 prostaglandin F synthase activity EC:1.1.1.188 prostaglandin F synthetase activity EC:1.1.1.188 prostaglandin-D(2) 11-ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 prostaglandin-D(2) 11-reductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 prostaglandin-D(2) ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 prostaglandin-D2 11-ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 prostaglandin-D2 11-reductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 prostaglandin-D2 ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.188 prostaglandin-F synthetase activity EC:1.1.1.188 reductase, 15-hydroxy-11-oxoprostaglandin EC:1.1.1.188 synthetase, prostaglandin F2alpha EC:1.1.1.188 Catalysis of the reaction: retinol-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] + phosphatidylcholine = retinyl-ester-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] + 2-acylglycerophosphocholine. EC:2.3.1.135 MetaCyc:2.3.1.135-RXN lecithin--retinol acyltransferase activity phosphatidylcholine:retinol-(cellular-retinol-binding-protein) O-acyltransferase activity phosphatidylcholine:retinol-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] O-acyltransferase activity molecular_function GO:0047173 phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acyltransferase activity GO:0047173 Catalysis of the reaction: retinol-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] + phosphatidylcholine = retinyl-ester-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] + 2-acylglycerophosphocholine. EC:2.3.1.135 MetaCyc:2.3.1.135-RXN lecithin--retinol acyltransferase activity EC:2.3.1.135 phosphatidylcholine:retinol-(cellular-retinol-binding-protein) O-acyltransferase activity EC:2.3.1.135 phosphatidylcholine:retinol-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] O-acyltransferase activity EC:2.3.1.135 Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate; requires Ca2+. calcium-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity calcium-dependent secreted phospholipase A2 activity molecular_function GO:0047498 calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity GO:0047498 Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate; requires Ca2+. EC:3.1.1.4 Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate; does not require Ca2+. calcium-independent cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity molecular_function GO:0047499 calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity GO:0047499 Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate; does not require Ca2+. EC:3.1.1.4 Catalysis of the reaction: sphinganine + NADP+ = 3-dehydrosphinganine + NADPH + H+. EC:1.1.1.102 MetaCyc:3-DEHYDROSPHINGANINE-REDUCTASE-RXN 3-ketosphinganine reductase activity 3-oxosphinganine reductase activity 3-oxosphinganine:NADPH oxidoreductase activity D-3-dehydrosphinganine reductase activity D-3-oxosphinganine reductase activity D-3-oxosphinganine:B-NADPH oxidoreductase activity D-erythro-dihydrosphingosine:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase activity DSR activity molecular_function KTS reductase activity GO:0047560 3-dehydrosphinganine reductase activity GO:0047560 Catalysis of the reaction: sphinganine + NADP+ = 3-dehydrosphinganine + NADPH + H+. EC:1.1.1.102 MetaCyc:3-DEHYDROSPHINGANINE-REDUCTASE-RXN 3-ketosphinganine reductase activity EC:1.1.1.102 3-oxosphinganine reductase activity EC:1.1.1.102 3-oxosphinganine:NADPH oxidoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.102 D-3-dehydrosphinganine reductase activity EC:1.1.1.102 D-3-oxosphinganine reductase activity EC:1.1.1.102 D-3-oxosphinganine:B-NADPH oxidoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.102 D-erythro-dihydrosphingosine:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.102 DSR activity EC:1.1.1.102 KTS reductase activity EC:1.1.1.102 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC protein complex on its cell surface, including proteolysis and transport steps for the peptide antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein. antigen presentation, peptide antigen peptide antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0048002 antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen GO:0048002 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC protein complex on its cell surface, including proteolysis and transport steps for the peptide antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface, including lipid extraction, degradation, and transport steps for the lipid antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The lipid antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous source of lipid. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family. antigen presentation, lipid antigen lipid antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib biological_process GO:0048003 antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib GO:0048003 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface, including lipid extraction, degradation, and transport steps for the lipid antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The lipid antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous source of lipid. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family. GOC:add PMID:10375559 PMID:15928678 PMID:15928680 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of endogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family. antigen presentation, endogenous lipid antigen endogenous lipid antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib biological_process GO:0048006 antigen processing and presentation, endogenous lipid antigen via MHC class Ib GO:0048006 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of endogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family. GOC:add PMID:10375559 PMID:15928678 PMID:15928680 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of exogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family. antigen presentation, exogenous peptide antigen exogenous lipid antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib biological_process GO:0048007 antigen processing and presentation, exogenous lipid antigen via MHC class Ib GO:0048007 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of exogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family. GOC:add PMID:10375559 PMID:15928678 PMID:15928680 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a platelet-derived growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. PDGF receptor signaling pathway PDGF receptor signalling pathway PDGFR signaling pathway biological_process GO:0048008 platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0048008 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a platelet-derived growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:ceb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin-like growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. IGF receptor signaling pathway IGF receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0048009 insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0048009 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin-like growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:ceb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. VEGF receptor signaling pathway VEGF receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0048010 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0048010 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:ceb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the nerve growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. NGF receptor signaling pathway NGF receptor signalling pathway nerve growth factor receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0048011 nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0048011 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the nerve growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:ceb The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an ephrin receptor binding to an ephrin. Eph receptor signaling pathway Eph receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0048013 ephrin receptor signaling pathway GO:0048013 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an ephrin receptor binding to an ephrin. GOC:ceb A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response. inositol phospholipid-mediated signaling phosphoinositide-mediated signalling biological_process GO:0048015 phosphoinositide-mediated signaling GO:0048015 A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response. GOC:ceb PMID:11331907 A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a water-soluble inositol phosphate to convert an extracellular signal into a response. inositol phospholipid-mediated signaling inositol phosphate-mediated signalling biological_process GO:0048016 inositol phosphate-mediated signaling GO:0048016 A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a water-soluble inositol phosphate to convert an extracellular signal into a response. GOC:ceb Interacts with receptors to reduce the action of another ligand, the agonist. molecular_function GO:0048019 receptor antagonist activity GO:0048019 Interacts with receptors to reduce the action of another ligand, the agonist. GOC:ceb ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with a CCR chemokine receptor. beta chemokine receptor binding CCR chemokine receptor ligand beta chemokine receptor ligand molecular_function GO:0048020 CCR chemokine receptor binding GO:0048020 Interacting selectively with a CCR chemokine receptor. GOC:ai The actions or reactions of individuals for the purpose of discriminating between the sexes, for the purpose of finding a suitable mating partner. mating behaviour, sex discrimination biological_process GO:0048047 mating behavior, sex discrimination GO:0048047 The actions or reactions of individuals for the purpose of discriminating between the sexes, for the purpose of finding a suitable mating partner. GOC:jic PMID:12486700 The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. biological_process GO:0048048 embryonic eye morphogenesis GO:0048048 The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:jic The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The eye is the organ of sight. post-embryonic eye morphogenesis (sensu Endopterygota) biological_process GO:0048050 post-embryonic eye morphogenesis GO:0048050 The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The eye is the organ of sight. GOC:jic GOC:sensu The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. somatic stem cell renewal biological_process GO:0048103 somatic stem cell division GO:0048103 The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. GOC:jic ISBN:0582227089 A change in morphology and behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. biological_process GO:0048143 astrocyte activation GO:0048143 A change in morphology and behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:mgi_curators PMID:10526094 PMID:10695728 PMID:12529254 PMID:12580336 PMID:9585813 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. biological_process GO:0048145 regulation of fibroblast proliferation GO:0048145 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. GOC:jic Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. up regulation of fibroblast proliferation up-regulation of fibroblast proliferation upregulation of fibroblast proliferation activation of fibroblast proliferation stimulation of fibroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0048146 positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation GO:0048146 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. GOC:jic Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. down regulation of fibroblast proliferation down-regulation of fibroblast proliferation downregulation of fibroblast proliferation inhibition of fibroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0048147 negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation GO:0048147 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. GOC:jic A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a cocaine stimulus. behavioural response to cocaine biological_process response to cocaine (sensu Insecta) GO:0048148 behavioral response to cocaine GO:0048148 A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a cocaine stimulus. GOC:jic A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of an ethanol stimulus. behavioural response to ethanol biological_process response to ethanol (sensu Insecta) GO:0048149 behavioral response to ethanol GO:0048149 A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of an ethanol stimulus. GOC:jic Interacting selectively with S100 beta protein. S100 is a small calcium and zinc binding protein produced in astrocytes that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS. molecular_function GO:0048154 S100 beta binding GO:0048154 Interacting selectively with S100 beta protein. S100 is a small calcium and zinc binding protein produced in astrocytes that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS. GOC:jic Interacting selectively with S100 alpha protein. S100 is a small calcium and zinc binding protein produced in astrocytes that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS. molecular_function GO:0048155 S100 alpha binding GO:0048155 Interacting selectively with S100 alpha protein. S100 is a small calcium and zinc binding protein produced in astrocytes that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS. GOC:jic Interacting selectively with tau protein. tau is a microtubule-associated protein, implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS. molecular_function GO:0048156 tau protein binding GO:0048156 Interacting selectively with tau protein. tau is a microtubule-associated protein, implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS. GOC:jic A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers. biological_process GO:0048167 Note that the syntax of the definition of the this term is different from the usual regulation syntax because it describes regulation of a trait rather than regulation of a process. regulation of synaptic plasticity GO:0048167 A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers. GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:tb PMID:11891290 http://www.mercksource.com A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers. biological_process GO:0048168 Note that the syntax of the definition of the this term is different from the usual regulation syntax because it describes regulation of a trait rather than regulation of a process. regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity GO:0048168 A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers. GOC:jic PMID:11891290 http://www.mercksource.com A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers. biological_process GO:0048169 Note that the syntax of the definition of the this term is different from the usual regulation syntax because it describes regulation of a trait rather than regulation of a process. regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity GO:0048169 A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers. GOC:jic PMID:11891290 http://www.mercksource.com A process that increases long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers. up regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity up-regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity upregulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity activation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity stimulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity biological_process GO:0048170 Note that the syntax of the definition of the this term is different from the usual regulation syntax because it describes regulation of a trait rather than regulation of a process. positive regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity GO:0048170 A process that increases long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers. GOC:jic PMID:11891290 http://www.mercksource.com A process that modulates short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change in the short-term as circumstances require. Short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increasing or decreasing synaptic sensitivity. biological_process GO:0048172 Note that the syntax of the definition of the this term is different from the usual regulation syntax because it describes regulation of a trait rather than regulation of a process. regulation of short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity GO:0048172 A process that modulates short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change in the short-term as circumstances require. Short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increasing or decreasing synaptic sensitivity. GOC:jic PMID:11891290 http://www.mercksource.com A protein complex that acts as an activin receptor. Heterodimeric activin receptors, comprising one Type I activin receptor and one Type II receptor polypeptide, and heterotrimeric receptors have been observed. cellular_component GO:0048179 activin receptor complex GO:0048179 A protein complex that acts as an activin receptor. Heterodimeric activin receptors, comprising one Type I activin receptor and one Type II receptor polypeptide, and heterotrimeric receptors have been observed. PMID:8307945 PMID:8622651 A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta subunits, inhibin beta-A and inhibin beta-B (sometimes known as activin beta or activin/inhibin beta). There are three forms of activin complex, activin A, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-A subunits, activin B, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-B subunits, and activin AB, which is composed of an inhibin beta-A and an inhibin beta-B subunit. cellular_component GO:0048180 activin complex GO:0048180 A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta subunits, inhibin beta-A and inhibin beta-B (sometimes known as activin beta or activin/inhibin beta). There are three forms of activin complex, activin A, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-A subunits, activin B, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-B subunits, and activin AB, which is composed of an inhibin beta-A and an inhibin beta-B subunit. GOC:go_curators http://www.mercksource.com http://www.stedmans.com/ A network of glycoproteins; proteins with covalently attached sugar units, either bonded via the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine (O glycosylated) or through the amino terminal of asparagine (N glycosylated). Wikipedia:Extensin extensin cellular_component GO:0048222 glycoprotein network GO:0048222 A network of glycoproteins; proteins with covalently attached sugar units, either bonded via the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine (O glycosylated) or through the amino terminal of asparagine (N glycosylated). GOC:jic http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The volume enclosed by the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. rough ER lumen cellular_component GO:0048237 rough endoplasmic reticulum lumen GO:0048237 The volume enclosed by the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. GOC:jic The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell or group of cells. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system. noradrenaline secretion biological_process GO:0048243 norepinephrine secretion GO:0048243 The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell or group of cells. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system. GOC:ef GOC:jic The movement of an eosinophil in response to an external stimulus. biological_process GO:0048245 eosinophil chemotaxis GO:0048245 The movement of an eosinophil in response to an external stimulus. GOC:jic PMID:11292027 PMID:12391252 The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus. biological_process GO:0048246 macrophage chemotaxis GO:0048246 The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus. GOC:jic The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus. biological_process GO:0048247 lymphocyte chemotaxis GO:0048247 The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus. GOC:hjd GOC:jic PMID:12391252 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis biological_process GO:0048259 regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis GO:0048259 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. GOC:go_curators GOC:tb regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. positive regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis up regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis up-regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis upregulation of receptor mediated endocytosis activation of receptor mediated endocytosis stimulation of receptor mediated endocytosis biological_process GO:0048260 positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis GO:0048260 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. GOC:go_curators GOC:tb positive regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. down regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis down-regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis downregulation of receptor mediated endocytosis negative regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis inhibition of receptor mediated endocytosis biological_process GO:0048261 negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis GO:0048261 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. GOC:go_curators A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. physiological response to pain biological_process GO:0048265 response to pain GO:0048265 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. GOC:jic PMID:10203867 PMID:12723742 PMID:12843304 http://www.wikipedia.org/Pain A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. behavioural response to pain biological_process GO:0048266 behavioral response to pain GO:0048266 A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. GOC:jic http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The process by which clathrin triskelia are assembled into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage. clathrin cage assembly biological_process GO:0048268 clathrin coat assembly GO:0048268 The process by which clathrin triskelia are assembled into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage. GOC:jic PMID:11460887 PMID:11977118 PMID:9531549 A multimeric enzyme complex composed of variable numbers of catalytic alpha subunits, and noncatalytic beta subunits. The beta subunits are believed to have a regulatory function. The enzyme complex catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), which is the major methyl group donor, participating in the methylation of proteins, DNA, RNA, phospholipids, and other small molecules. MAT complex cellular_component GO:0048269 methionine adenosyltransferase complex GO:0048269 A multimeric enzyme complex composed of variable numbers of catalytic alpha subunits, and noncatalytic beta subunits. The beta subunits are believed to have a regulatory function. The enzyme complex catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), which is the major methyl group donor, participating in the methylation of proteins, DNA, RNA, phospholipids, and other small molecules. EC:2.5.1.6 GOC:jic PMID:10644686 Modulates the activity of methionine adenosyltransferase. MAT regulator activity molecular_function GO:0048270 methionine adenosyltransferase regulator activity GO:0048270 Modulates the activity of methionine adenosyltransferase. EC:2.5.1.6 GOC:jic PMID:10644686 Interacting selectively with mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from ATP to hydroxyl side chains on proteins in response to mitogen activation. MAPK p38 binding molecular_function GO:0048273 mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 binding GO:0048273 Interacting selectively with mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from ATP to hydroxyl side chains on proteins in response to mitogen activation. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles. biological_process GO:0048284 organelle fusion GO:0048284 The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles. GOC:jic The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle. biological_process GO:0048285 organelle fission GO:0048285 The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle. GOC:jic The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgG isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgG constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. class switching to IgG isotypes isotype switch recombination to IgG isotypes biological_process GO:0048291 isotype switching to IgG isotypes GO:0048291 The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgG isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgG constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12370374 PMID:2113175 PMID:9186655 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. regulation of class switch recombination to IgE isotypes regulation of class switching to IgE isotypes regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes biological_process GO:0048293 regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes GO:0048293 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. GOC:jic Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. down regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes down-regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes downregulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes negative regulation of class switch recombination to IgE isotypes negative regulation of class switching to IgE isotypes negative regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes inhibition of isotype switching to IgE isotypes biological_process GO:0048294 negative regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes GO:0048294 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. GOC:jic Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. positive regulation of class switch recombination to IgE isotypes positive regulation of class switching to IgE isotypes positive regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes up regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes up-regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes upregulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes activation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes stimulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes biological_process GO:0048295 positive regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes GO:0048295 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. GOC:jic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes. regulation of class switch recombination to IgA isotypes regulation of class switching to IgA isotypes regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgA isotypes biological_process GO:0048296 regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes GO:0048296 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes. GOC:jic Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes. positive regulation of class switch recombination to IgA isotypes positive regulation of class switching to IgA isotypes positive regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgA isotypes up regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes up-regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes upregulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes activation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes stimulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes biological_process GO:0048298 positive regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes GO:0048298 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes. GOC:jic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes. regulation of class switch recombination to IgG isotypes regulation of class switching to IgG isotypes regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgG isotypes biological_process GO:0048302 regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes GO:0048302 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes. GOC:jic Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes. positive regulation of class switch recombination to IgG isotypes positive regulation of class switching to IgG isotypes positive regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgG isotypes up regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes up-regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes upregulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes activation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes stimulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes biological_process GO:0048304 positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes GO:0048304 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes. GOC:jic The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell, whose mechanism includes the use of alternate polyadenylylation signals to favor the biosynthesis of secreted forms of immunoglobulin over membrane-bound immunoglobulin. antibody secretion biological_process GO:0048305 immunoglobulin secretion GO:0048305 The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell, whose mechanism includes the use of alternate polyadenylylation signals to favor the biosynthesis of secreted forms of immunoglobulin over membrane-bound immunoglobulin. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:9185563 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesendoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, mesendoderm development gives rise to both mesoderm and endoderm tissues. biological_process GO:0048382 mesendoderm development GO:0048382 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesendoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, mesendoderm development gives rise to both mesoderm and endoderm tissues. GOC:jic Any process that reduces the pH of the endosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. biological_process GO:0048388 endosomal lumen acidification GO:0048388 Any process that reduces the pH of the endosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. GOC:jic Interacting selectively with brain-derived neurotrophic factor. BDNF binding molecular_function neurotrophin TRKB receptor activity GO:0048403 brain-derived neurotrophic factor binding GO:0048403 Interacting selectively with brain-derived neurotrophic factor. GOC:dgh Interacting selectively with nerve growth factor. NGF binding molecular_function neurotrophin TRKA receptor activity GO:0048406 nerve growth factor binding GO:0048406 Interacting selectively with nerve growth factor. GOC:dgh Interacting selectively with platelet-derived growth factor. PDGF binding molecular_function GO:0048407 platelet-derived growth factor binding GO:0048407 Interacting selectively with platelet-derived growth factor. GOC:dgh Interacting selectively with epidermal growth factor. EGF binding molecular_function GO:0048408 epidermal growth factor binding GO:0048408 Interacting selectively with epidermal growth factor. GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0048468 cell development GO:0048468 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:go_curators A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0048469 cell maturation GO:0048469 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state. GOC:go_curators Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. cellular_component GO:0048471 perinuclear region of cytoplasm GO:0048471 Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. GOC:jic A protein complex that mediates the conversion of a Holliday junction into two separate duplex DNA molecules; the complex includes a single- or multisubunit helicase that catalyzes the extension of heteroduplex DNA by branch migration and a nuclease that resolves the junction by nucleolytic cleavage. resolvasome Mus81-Eme1 complex cellular_component GO:0048476 Holliday junction resolvase complex GO:0048476 A protein complex that mediates the conversion of a Holliday junction into two separate duplex DNA molecules; the complex includes a single- or multisubunit helicase that catalyzes the extension of heteroduplex DNA by branch migration and a nuclease that resolves the junction by nucleolytic cleavage. PMID:11207366 PMID:12374758 resolvasome PMID:11207366 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands. biological_process GO:0048483 autonomic nervous system development GO:0048483 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands. GOC:jic GOC:sr http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. biological_process GO:0048484 enteric nervous system development GO:0048484 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. GOC:jic GOC:sr http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter. biological_process GO:0048485 sympathetic nervous system development GO:0048485 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter. GOC:jic GOC:sr http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia. biological_process GO:0048486 parasympathetic nervous system development GO:0048486 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia. GOC:jic GOC:sr http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk Invagination of the axonal plasma membrane creating a membrane-bounded vesicle. Without this process the presynaptic terminal would swell up due to fusion of vesicle membranes during neurotransmitter release. The vesicles created may subsequently be used for neurotransmitter storage/release. biological_process synaptic vesicle retrieval GO:0048488 synaptic vesicle endocytosis GO:0048488 Invagination of the axonal plasma membrane creating a membrane-bounded vesicle. Without this process the presynaptic terminal would swell up due to fusion of vesicle membranes during neurotransmitter release. The vesicles created may subsequently be used for neurotransmitter storage/release. GOC:jic GOC:lmg The directed movement of substances in synaptic membrane-bounded vesicles within the neuron along the cytoskeleton either toward or away from the neuronal cell body. biological_process synaptic vesicle fission synaptic vesicle fusion GO:0048489 synaptic vesicle transport GO:0048489 The directed movement of substances in synaptic membrane-bounded vesicles within the neuron along the cytoskeleton either toward or away from the neuronal cell body. GOC:jic GOC:lmg A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the membrane surrounding a synaptic vesicle. synaptic vesicle membrane organisation and biogenesis synaptic vesicle membrane organization and biogenesis SLMV biogenesis biological_process GO:0048499 synaptic vesicle membrane organization GO:0048499 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the membrane surrounding a synaptic vesicle. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah PMID:10620806 A complex of protein and RNA which facilitates translocation of proteins across membranes. Wikipedia:Signal_recognition_particle cellular_component GO:0048500 signal recognition particle GO:0048500 A complex of protein and RNA which facilitates translocation of proteins across membranes. GOC:mlg The process controlling the timing and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. biological_process timing of cell differentiation GO:0048505 regulation of timing of cell differentiation GO:0048505 The process controlling the timing and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. GOC:bf GOC:jic Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism. biological_process rhythm GO:0048511 rhythmic process GO:0048511 Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism. GOC:jic The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. circadian rhythm behavior biological_process GO:0048512 circadian behavior GO:0048512 The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. GOC:bf GOC:go_curators Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. development of an organ organogenesis biological_process GO:0048513 organ development GO:0048513 Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:dph GOC:jic Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. positive regulation of physiological process up regulation of biological process up-regulation of biological process upregulation of biological process activation of biological process stimulation of biological process biological_process GO:0048518 positive regulation of biological process GO:0048518 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GOC:jic Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. down regulation of biological process down-regulation of biological process downregulation of biological process negative regulation of physiological process inhibition of biological process biological_process GO:0048519 negative regulation of biological process GO:0048519 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GOC:jic Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. up regulation of behavior up-regulation of behavior upregulation of behavior activation of behavior stimulation of behavior biological_process GO:0048520 positive regulation of behavior GO:0048520 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. GOC:jic Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. down regulation of behavior down-regulation of behavior downregulation of behavior inhibition of behavior biological_process GO:0048521 negative regulation of behavior GO:0048521 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. GOC:jic Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. positive regulation of cellular physiological process up regulation of cellular process up-regulation of cellular process upregulation of cellular process activation of cellular process stimulation of cellular process biological_process GO:0048522 positive regulation of cellular process GO:0048522 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:jic Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. down regulation of cellular process down-regulation of cellular process downregulation of cellular process negative regulation of cellular physiological process inhibition of cellular process biological_process GO:0048523 negative regulation of cellular process GO:0048523 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:jic Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts. positive regulation of viral life cycle up regulation of viral life cycle up-regulation of viral life cycle upregulation of viral life cycle activation of viral life cycle stimulation of viral life cycle biological_process GO:0048524 positive regulation of viral reproduction GO:0048524 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts. GOC:jic GOC:tb positive regulation of viral life cycle GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts. down regulation of viral life cycle down-regulation of viral life cycle downregulation of viral life cycle negative regulation of viral life cycle inhibition of viral life cycle biological_process GO:0048525 negative regulation of viral reproduction GO:0048525 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts. GOC:jic GOC:tb negative regulation of viral life cycle GOC:tb The process that gives rise to the configuration of the constituent parts of an anatomical structure. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. anatomical structure organization anatomical structure structural organization organization of an anatomical structure structural organization biological_process GO:0048532 anatomical structure arrangement GO:0048532 The process that gives rise to the configuration of the constituent parts of an anatomical structure. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hemopoiesis or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation. haematopoietic or lymphoid organ development haemopoietic or lymphoid organ development hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development biological_process GO:0048534 hemopoietic or lymphoid organ development GO:0048534 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hemopoiesis or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. lymph gland development (sensu Vertebrata) biological_process GO:0048535 lymph node development GO:0048535 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. GOC:add ISBN:068340007X ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions. biological_process GO:0048536 spleen development GO:0048536 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of mucosal- associated lymphoid tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. BALT development GALT development NALT development bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue development gut-associated lymphoid tissue development nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue development biological_process GO:0048537 mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue development GO:0048537 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of mucosal- associated lymphoid tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components. biological_process GO:0048538 Note that this term is reserved for annotation of gene products involved in the formation of the thymus itself, not for gene products involved in T cell differentiation in the thymus or elsewhere. thymus development GO:0048538 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0048539 bone marrow development GO:0048539 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. biological_process GALT development gut-associated lymphoid tissue development GO:0048541 Peyer's patch development GO:0048541 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus. biological_process GO:0048545 response to steroid hormone stimulus GO:0048545 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process whereby cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes. biological_process GO:0048548 regulation of pinocytosis GO:0048548 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process whereby cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process whereby cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes. up regulation of pinocytosis up-regulation of pinocytosis upregulation of pinocytosis activation of pinocytosis stimulation of pinocytosis biological_process GO:0048549 positive regulation of pinocytosis GO:0048549 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process whereby cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes. GOC:go_curators Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. biological_process GO:0048562 embryonic organ morphogenesis GO:0048562 Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:jic Morphogenesis, during the post-embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis pertains to process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. biological_process GO:0048563 post-embryonic organ morphogenesis GO:0048563 Morphogenesis, during the post-embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis pertains to process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:jic Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. embryonic organogenesis biological_process GO:0048568 embryonic organ development GO:0048568 Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:jic Development, taking place during the post-embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. post-embryonic organogenesis biological_process GO:0048569 post-embryonic organ development GO:0048569 Development, taking place during the post-embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:jic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. biological_process GO:0048583 regulation of response to stimulus GO:0048583 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jic Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. up regulation of response to stimulus up-regulation of response to stimulus upregulation of response to stimulus activation of response to stimulus stimulation of response to stimulus biological_process GO:0048584 positive regulation of response to stimulus GO:0048584 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jic Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. down regulation of response to stimulus down-regulation of response to stimulus downregulation of response to stimulus inhibition of response to stimulus biological_process GO:0048585 negative regulation of response to stimulus GO:0048585 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jic The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. biological_process GO:0048589 developmental growth GO:0048589 The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. GOC:go_curators The process by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. eye morphogenesis (sensu Endopterygota) biological_process GO:0048592 eye morphogenesis GO:0048592 The process by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:jic GOC:mtg_sensu The process by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. camera-style eye morphogenesis eye morphogenesis (sensu Actinopterygii) eye morphogenesis (sensu Mammalia) eye morphogenesis (sensu Vertebrata) biological_process GO:0048593 camera-type eye morphogenesis GO:0048593 The process by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. GOC:jic GOC:mtg_sensu camera-style eye morphogenesis GOC:dph The process by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. embryonic eye morphogenesis (sensu Actinopterygii) biological_process GO:0048596 embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis GO:0048596 The process by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:jic GOC:mtg_sensu The process by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during post-embryonic development. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. post-embryonic camera-style eye morphogenesis post-embryonic eye morphogenesis (sensu Actinopterygii) biological_process GO:0048597 post-embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis GO:0048597 The process by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during post-embryonic development. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:jic GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants. embryonic morphogenesis (sensu Magnoliophyta) biological_process GO:0048598 embryonic morphogenesis GO:0048598 The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants. GOC:jic GOC:mtg_sensu Interacting selectively with fibroblast growth factor 1. FGF 1 binding molecular_function GO:0048602 fibroblast growth factor 1 binding GO:0048602 Interacting selectively with fibroblast growth factor 1. GOC:ebc Interacting selectively with fibroblast growth factor 2. FGF 2 binding molecular_function GO:0048603 fibroblast growth factor 2 binding GO:0048603 Interacting selectively with fibroblast growth factor 2. GOC:ebc Interacting selectively with fibroblast growth factor 3. FGF 3 binding molecular_function GO:0048604 fibroblast growth factor 3 binding GO:0048604 Interacting selectively with fibroblast growth factor 3. GOC:ebc The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs. organismal reproductive process biological_process GO:0048609 reproductive process in a multicellular organism GO:0048609 The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs. GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. biological_process GO:0048634 regulation of muscle development GO:0048634 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. down regulation of muscle development down-regulation of muscle development downregulation of muscle development inhibition of muscle development biological_process GO:0048635 negative regulation of muscle development GO:0048635 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. biological_process GO:0048638 regulation of developmental growth GO:0048638 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth. up regulation of developmental growth up-regulation of developmental growth upregulation of developmental growth activation of developmental growth stimulation of developmental growth biological_process GO:0048639 positive regulation of developmental growth GO:0048639 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. down regulation of developmental growth down-regulation of developmental growth downregulation of developmental growth inhibition of developmental growth biological_process GO:0048640 negative regulation of developmental growth GO:0048640 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle development. biological_process GO:0048641 regulation of skeletal muscle development GO:0048641 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle development. GOC:go_curators The process by which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. biological_process GO:0048644 muscle morphogenesis GO:0048644 The process by which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:jic The process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. formation of an anatomical structure biological_process GO:0048646 anatomical structure formation GO:0048646 The process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GOC:dph GOC:jic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. regulation of SMC proliferation biological_process GO:0048660 regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation GO:0048660 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000192 GOC:ebc Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. positive regulation of SMC proliferation up regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation up-regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation upregulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation activation of smooth muscle cell proliferation stimulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:0048661 positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation GO:0048661 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000192 GOC:ebc Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. down regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation down-regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation downregulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation negative regulation of SMC proliferation inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:0048662 negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation GO:0048662 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000192 GOC:ebc The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. neuron lineage restriction neuronal lineage restriction biological_process GO:0048663 neuron fate commitment GO:0048663 The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. GOC:dph The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. biological_process GO:0048664 neuron fate determination GO:0048664 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. GOC:dph The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. biological_process GO:0048665 neuron fate specification GO:0048665 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0048666 neuron development GO:0048666 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dph The process by which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron. neuron morphogenesis involved in differentiation biological_process GO:0048667 cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation GO:0048667 The process by which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron. GOC:dph GOC:tb neuron morphogenesis involved in differentiation GOC:dph GOC:tb The process by which outgrowths develop from the shafts of existing axons. biological_process GO:0048668 collateral sprouting GO:0048668 The process by which outgrowths develop from the shafts of existing axons. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm The process by which outgrowths develop from the axons of intact undamaged neurons. biological_process GO:0048669 collateral sprouting in the absence of injury GO:0048669 The process by which outgrowths develop from the axons of intact undamaged neurons. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting. biological_process GO:0048670 regulation of collateral sprouting GO:0048670 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting. down regulation of collateral sprouting down-regulation of collateral sprouting downregulation of collateral sprouting inhibition of collateral sprouting biological_process GO:0048671 negative regulation of collateral sprouting GO:0048671 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Long distance growth of a single process. biological_process GO:0048675 axon extension GO:0048675 Long distance growth of a single process. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development. biological_process GO:0048676 axon extension involved in development GO:0048676 Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development. GOC:jic Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in regeneration of the neuron. biological_process GO:0048677 axon extension involved in regeneration GO:0048677 Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in regeneration of the neuron. GOC:jic A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an axon injury stimulus. biological_process GO:0048678 response to axon injury GO:0048678 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an axon injury stimulus. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration. biological_process GO:0048679 regulation of axon regeneration GO:0048679 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of axon regeneration. up regulation of axon regeneration up-regulation of axon regeneration upregulation of axon regeneration activation of axon regeneration stimulation of axon regeneration biological_process GO:0048680 positive regulation of axon regeneration GO:0048680 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of axon regeneration. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration. down regulation of axon regeneration down-regulation of axon regeneration downregulation of axon regeneration inhibition of axon regeneration biological_process GO:0048681 negative regulation of axon regeneration GO:0048681 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm The process involved in sprouting of an injured axon. biological_process GO:0048682 sprouting of injured axon GO:0048682 The process involved in sprouting of an injured axon. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting of an intact axon as a result of injury to an axon. biological_process GO:0048683 regulation of collateral sprouting of intact axon in response to injury GO:0048683 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting of an intact axon as a result of injury to an axon. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting of an intact axon as a result of injury to an axon. down regulation of collateral sprouting of intact axon in response to injury down-regulation of collateral sprouting of intact axon in response to injury downregulation of collateral sprouting of intact axon in response to injury inhibition of collateral sprouting of intact axon in response to injury biological_process GO:0048685 negative regulation of collateral sprouting of intact axon in response to injury GO:0048685 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting of an intact axon as a result of injury to an axon. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting of an injured axon. biological_process GO:0048686 regulation of sprouting of injured axon GO:0048686 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting of an injured axon. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of sprouting of an injured axon. up regulation of sprouting of injured axon up-regulation of sprouting of injured axon upregulation of sprouting of injured axon activation of sprouting of injured axon stimulation of sprouting of injured axon biological_process GO:0048687 positive regulation of sprouting of injured axon GO:0048687 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of sprouting of an injured axon. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in regeneration. biological_process GO:0048690 regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration GO:0048690 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in regeneration. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of axon extension involved in regeneration. up regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration up-regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration upregulation of axon extension involved in regeneration activation of axon extension involved in regeneration stimulation of axon extension involved in regeneration biological_process GO:0048691 positive regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration GO:0048691 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of axon extension involved in regeneration. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:lm The process by which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons. biological_process GO:0048699 generation of neurons GO:0048699 The process by which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons. GOC:nln The process by which the anatomical structures of neurocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The neurocranium is the portion of the vertebrate skull surrounding the brain. embryonic braincase morphogenesis embryonic chondrocranium morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048702 embryonic neurocranium morphogenesis GO:0048702 The process by which the anatomical structures of neurocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The neurocranium is the portion of the vertebrate skull surrounding the brain. GOC:dsf GOC:jic PMID:16049113 embryonic chondrocranium morphogenesis GOC:dph The process by which the anatomical structures of viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones. embryonic pharyngeal skeleton morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048703 embryonic viscerocranium morphogenesis GO:0048703 The process by which the anatomical structures of viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones. GOC:dsf GOC:jic PMID:16049113 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function. biological_process GO:0048708 astrocyte differentiation GO:0048708 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function. GOC:vp PMID:15139015 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. biological_process GO:0048709 oligodendrocyte differentiation GO:0048709 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. GOC:vp PMID:15139015 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0048710 regulation of astrocyte differentiation GO:0048710 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation. GOC:vp PMID:15139015 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation. up regulation of astrocyte differentiation up-regulation of astrocyte differentiation upregulation of astrocyte differentiation activation of astrocyte differentiation stimulation of astrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0048711 positive regulation of astrocyte differentiation GO:0048711 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation. GOC:vp PMID:15139015 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation. down regulation of astrocyte differentiation down-regulation of astrocyte differentiation downregulation of astrocyte differentiation inhibition of astrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0048712 negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation GO:0048712 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation. GOC:vp PMID:15139015 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0048713 regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation GO:0048713 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. GOC:vp PMID:15139015 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. up regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation up-regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation upregulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation activation of oligodendrocyte differentiation stimulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0048714 positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation GO:0048714 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. GOC:vp PMID:15139015 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. down regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation down-regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation downregulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0048715 negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation GO:0048715 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. GOC:vp PMID:15139015 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. biological_process GO:0048731 system development GO:0048731 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. GOC:dph GOC:jic The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion. biological_process GO:0048732 gland development GO:0048732 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion. GOC:jic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development regulation of skeletal myofiber development regulation of skeletal myofibre development biological_process GO:0048742 regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development GO:0048742 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. GOC:dph GOC:jic GOC:mtg_muscle GOC:sm The process by which the anatomical structures of the semicircular canals are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. embryonic semicircular canal morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048752 semicircular canal morphogenesis GO:0048752 The process by which the anatomical structures of the semicircular canals are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic The process by which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron). biological_process GO:0048755 branching morphogenesis of a nerve GO:0048755 The process by which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron). GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes. cellular_component GO:0048770 pigment granule GO:0048770 A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes. GOC:jic GOC:mh The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling. biological_process GO:0048771 tissue remodeling GO:0048771 The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling. GOC:ebc A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, synaptic vesicles, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix. cellular_component GO:0048786 presynaptic active zone GO:0048786 A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, synaptic vesicles, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix. GOC:dh GOC:dl GOC:ef GOC:jic PMID:3152289 The membrane portion of the presynaptic active zone; it is the site where docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles occurs for the release of neurotransmitters. active zone presynaptic plasma membrane cellular_component GO:0048787 presynaptic active zone membrane GO:0048787 The membrane portion of the presynaptic active zone; it is the site where docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles occurs for the release of neurotransmitters. PMID:12812759 PMID:12923177 PMID:3152289 The process by which a neuronal cell maintains the organization and the arrangement of proteins at the active zone to ensure the fusion and dock of vesicles and the release of neurotransmitters. biological_process GO:0048790 maintenance of presynaptic active zone structure GO:0048790 The process by which a neuronal cell maintains the organization and the arrangement of proteins at the active zone to ensure the fusion and dock of vesicles and the release of neurotransmitters. GOC:curators The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, where the release step is dependent on the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+). The neurotransmitter is contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle, and is released by fusion of the vesicle with the presynaptic plasma membrane of a nerve cell. biological_process GO:0048791 calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter GO:0048791 The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, where the release step is dependent on the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+). The neurotransmitter is contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle, and is released by fusion of the vesicle with the presynaptic plasma membrane of a nerve cell. GOC:curators The process by which the anatomical structures of neurites are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites. neurite biosynthesis neurite formation neurite growth biological_process GO:0048812 neurite morphogenesis GO:0048812 The process by which the anatomical structures of neurites are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites. GOC:mah The process by which the anatomical structures of dendrite are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell. biological_process GO:0048813 dendrite morphogenesis GO:0048813 The process by which the anatomical structures of dendrite are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis. biological_process GO:0048814 regulation of dendrite morphogenesis GO:0048814 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis. GOC:ai The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0048839 inner ear development GO:0048839 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:sr The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otolith over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0048840 otolith development GO:0048840 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otolith over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:sr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance. biological_process GO:0048841 regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance GO:0048841 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance. GOC:devbiol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance. down regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance down-regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance downregulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance inhibition of axon extension involved in axon guidance biological_process GO:0048843 negative regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance GO:0048843 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance. GOC:devbiol The process by which the anatomical structures of the hypophysis are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands. pituitary gland morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048850 hypophysis morphogenesis GO:0048850 The process by which the anatomical structures of the hypophysis are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic The process by which the anatomical structures of diencephalon are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex. biological_process GO:0048852 diencephalon morphogenesis GO:0048852 The process by which the anatomical structures of diencephalon are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic ISBN:0838580343 The process by which the anatomical structures of the forebrain are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). prosencephalon morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048853 forebrain morphogenesis GO:0048853 The process by which the anatomical structures of the forebrain are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). GOC:cvs GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic The process by which the anatomical structures of brain are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). biological_process GO:0048854 brain morphogenesis GO:0048854 The process by which the anatomical structures of brain are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). GOC:dgh GOC:jic The process by which the anatomical structures of the adenohypophysis are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus. adenophysis morphogenesis anterior pituitary gland morphogenesis anterior pituitary morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048855 adenohypophysis morphogenesis GO:0048855 The process by which the anatomical structures of the adenohypophysis are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus. GOC:cvs GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jic The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. development of an anatomical structure biological_process GO:0048856 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. anatomical structure development GO:0048856 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma. biological_process GO:0048857 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. neural nucleus development GO:0048857 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma. GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process by which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. biological_process GO:0048858 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cell projection morphogenesis GO:0048858 The process by which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process by which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. biological_process GO:0048859 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. formation of anatomical boundary GO:0048859 The process by which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. biological_process GO:0048863 stem cell differentiation GO:0048863 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. CL:0000034 GOC:isa_complete The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a stem cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. biological_process GO:0048867 stem cell fate determination GO:0048867 The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a stem cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. CL:0000034 GOC:isa_complete A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition. biological_process GO:0048869 cellular developmental process GO:0048869 A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition. GOC:isa_complete Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another. biological_process GO:0048870 cell motility GO:0048870 Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:mlg Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the equilibrium of cell number within a population of cells. cell population homeostasis homeostasis of cell number biological_process GO:0048872 homeostasis of number of cells GO:0048872 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the equilibrium of cell number within a population of cells. GOC:isa_complete homeostasis of cell number GOC:dph Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of a chemical. biological_process GO:0048878 chemical homeostasis GO:0048878 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of a chemical. GOC:isa_complete The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system. biological_process GO:0048934 peripheral nervous system neuron differentiation GO:0048934 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system. GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron. biological_process GO:0048935 peripheral nervous system neuron development GO:0048935 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron. GOC:dgh Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system. The axon carries action potential from the cell body towards target cells. biological_process GO:0048936 peripheral nervous system neuron axonogenesis GO:0048936 Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system. The axon carries action potential from the cell body towards target cells. GOC:dgh Catalysis of the reaction: keto-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate. EC:5.3.2.1 MetaCyc:PHENYLPYRUVATE-TAUTOMERASE-RXN phenylpyruvate keto--enol tautomerase activity phenylpyruvate keto-enol-isomerase activity phenylpyruvic keto--enol isomerase activity molecular_function GO:0050178 phenylpyruvate tautomerase activity GO:0050178 Catalysis of the reaction: keto-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate. EC:5.3.2.1 MetaCyc:PHENYLPYRUVATE-TAUTOMERASE-RXN phenylpyruvate keto--enol tautomerase activity EC:5.3.2.1 phenylpyruvate keto-enol-isomerase activity EC:5.3.2.1 phenylpyruvic keto--enol isomerase activity EC:5.3.2.1 Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate. EC:5.3.99.3 MetaCyc:PROSTAGLANDIN-E-SYNTHASE-RXN (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate E-isomerase activity PGE isomerase activity PGE2 isomerase activity PGH-PGE isomerase activity Prostaglandin-H(2) E-isomerase activity endoperoxide isomerase activity prostaglandin H-E isomerase activity prostaglandin R-prostaglandin E isomerase activity prostaglandin endoperoxide E isomerase activity prostaglandin endoperoxide E2 isomerase activity prostaglandin-H2 E-isomerase activity molecular_function GO:0050220 prostaglandin-E synthase activity GO:0050220 Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate. EC:5.3.99.3 MetaCyc:PROSTAGLANDIN-E-SYNTHASE-RXN (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate E-isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.3 PGE isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.3 PGE2 isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.3 PGH-PGE isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.3 Prostaglandin-H(2) E-isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.3 endoperoxide isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.3 prostaglandin H-E isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.3 prostaglandin R-prostaglandin E isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.3 prostaglandin endoperoxide E isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.3 prostaglandin endoperoxide E2 isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.3 prostaglandin-H2 E-isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.3 Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADP+ = (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADPH. EC:1.1.1.189 MetaCyc:PROSTAGLANDIN-E2-9-REDUCTASE-RXN (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP+ 9-oxidoreductase activity 9-keto-prostaglandin E(2) reductase activity 9-keto-prostaglandin E2 reductase activity 9-ketoprostaglandin reductase activity PGE(2) 9-ketoreductase activity PGE(2) 9-oxoreductase activity PGE-9-ketoreductase activity PGE2 9-ketoreductase activity PGE2 9-oxoreductase activity PGE2-9-ketoreductase activity prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase activity prostaglandin E2-9-oxoreductase activity prostaglandin-E(2) 9-oxoreductase activity prostaglandin-E2 9-oxoreductase activity reductase, 15-hydroxy-9-oxoprostaglandin molecular_function PGE2-9-OR GO:0050221 prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase activity GO:0050221 Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADP+ = (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADPH. EC:1.1.1.189 MetaCyc:PROSTAGLANDIN-E2-9-REDUCTASE-RXN (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP+ 9-oxidoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 9-keto-prostaglandin E(2) reductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 9-keto-prostaglandin E2 reductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 9-ketoprostaglandin reductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 PGE(2) 9-ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 PGE(2) 9-oxoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 PGE-9-ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 PGE2 9-ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 PGE2 9-oxoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 PGE2-9-ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 prostaglandin E2-9-oxoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 prostaglandin-E(2) 9-oxoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 prostaglandin-E2 9-oxoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.189 reductase, 15-hydroxy-9-oxoprostaglandin EC:1.1.1.189 PGE2-9-OR EC:1.1.1.189 Catalysis of the reaction: sphingomyelin + H2O = ceramide phosphate + choline. EC:3.1.4.41 MetaCyc:SPHINGOMYELIN-PHOSPHODIESTERASE-D-RXN sphingomyelin ceramide-phosphohydrolase activity molecular_function sphingomyelinase D GO:0050290 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase D activity GO:0050290 Catalysis of the reaction: sphingomyelin + H2O = ceramide phosphate + choline. EC:3.1.4.41 MetaCyc:SPHINGOMYELIN-PHOSPHODIESTERASE-D-RXN sphingomyelin ceramide-phosphohydrolase activity EC:3.1.4.41 sphingomyelinase D EC:3.1.4.41 Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + sphingosine = CoA + N-acylsphingosine. In S. cerevisiae, either dihydrosphingosine (DHS) or phytosphingosine (PHS) can react with C26-fattyacyl-CoA to produce ceramide-I or ceramide-II (also called phytoceramide) respectively. In mammals, DHS is usually acylated with a C18 fatty acid group. EC:2.3.1.24 MetaCyc:SPHINGOSINE-N-ACYLTRANSFERASE-RXN acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase activity ceramide synthase activity ceramide synthetase activity dihydroceramide synthase activity sphingosine acyltransferase activity molecular_function GO:0050291 sphingosine N-acyltransferase activity GO:0050291 Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + sphingosine = CoA + N-acylsphingosine. In S. cerevisiae, either dihydrosphingosine (DHS) or phytosphingosine (PHS) can react with C26-fattyacyl-CoA to produce ceramide-I or ceramide-II (also called phytoceramide) respectively. In mammals, DHS is usually acylated with a C18 fatty acid group. EC:2.3.1.24 MetaCyc:SPHINGOSINE-N-ACYLTRANSFERASE-RXN PMID:12069845 acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase activity EC:2.3.1.24 ceramide synthetase activity EC:2.3.1.24 sphingosine acyltransferase activity EC:2.3.1.24 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tau-protein = ADP + O-phospho-tau-protein. ATP:tau-protein O-phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.11.26 MetaCyc:TAU-PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN [Tau protein] kinase activity glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activity protein tau kinase activity tau kinase activity tau protein kinase activity brain protein kinase PK40erk activity tau-protein kinase I activity tau-protein kinase II activity tau-tubulin kinase activity molecular_function CDK5/p23 GSK STK31 TPK TPK I TPK II TTK cdk5/p20 GO:0050321 tau-protein kinase activity GO:0050321 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tau-protein = ADP + O-phospho-tau-protein. EC:2.7.11.26 MetaCyc:TAU-PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN ATP:tau-protein O-phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.11.26 glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activity EC:2.7.11.26 protein tau kinase activity EC:2.7.11.26 tau kinase activity EC:2.7.11.26 tau protein kinase activity EC:2.7.11.26 brain protein kinase PK40erk activity EC:2.7.11.26 tau-protein kinase I activity EC:2.7.11.26 tau-protein kinase II activity EC:2.7.11.26 tau-tubulin kinase activity EC:2.7.11.26 CDK5/p23 EC:2.7.11.26 GSK EC:2.7.11.26 STK31 EC:2.7.11.26 TPK EC:2.7.11.26 TPK I EC:2.7.11.26 TPK II EC:2.7.11.26 TTK EC:2.7.11.26 cdk5/p20 EC:2.7.11.26 Interacting selectively with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-6. molecular_function GO:0050430 syntaxin-6 binding GO:0050430 Interacting selectively with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-6. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with TGF-beta, transforming growth factor beta, a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. TGF-beta binding TGFbeta binding molecular_function transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type I receptor transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type II receptor GO:0050431 transforming growth factor beta binding GO:0050431 Interacting selectively with TGF-beta, transforming growth factor beta, a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. ISBN:0198506732 The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell or group of cells. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. biological_process GO:0050432 catecholamine secretion GO:0050432 The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell or group of cells. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:ai GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines. biological_process GO:0050433 regulation of catecholamine secretion GO:0050433 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP). beta-amyloid metabolism biological_process GO:0050435 beta-amyloid metabolic process GO:0050435 The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP). GOC:ai Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-(15S)-15-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoate. EC:1.13.11.33 MetaCyc:ARACHIDONATE-15-LIPOXYGENASE-RXN 15-lipoxygenase activity arachidonate omega(6) lipoxygenase activity arachidonate omega6 lipoxygenase activity arachidonate:oxygen 15-oxidoreductase activity linoleic acid omega6-lipoxygenase activity omega6 lipoxygenase activity molecular_function GO:0050473 arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase activity GO:0050473 Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-(15S)-15-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoate. EC:1.13.11.33 15-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.33 arachidonate omega(6) lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.33 arachidonate omega6 lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.33 arachidonate:oxygen 15-oxidoreductase activity EC:1.13.11.33 linoleic acid omega6-lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.33 omega6 lipoxygenase activity EC:1.13.11.33 The controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or group of cells. biological_process GO:0050482 arachidonic acid secretion GO:0050482 The controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucuronate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = [beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl(1,4)beta-D-glucuronosyl(1,3)](n) + 2n UDP. EC:2.4.1.212 MetaCyc:2.4.1.212-RXN HAS activity alternating UDP-alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-[nascent hyaluronan] 4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyltransferase and UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-[nascent hyaluronan] 3-beta-D-glucuronosyltransferase activity molecular_function seHAS spHAS GO:0050501 hyaluronan synthase activity GO:0050501 Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucuronate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = [beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl(1,4)beta-D-glucuronosyl(1,3)](n) + 2n UDP. EC:2.4.1.212 MetaCyc:2.4.1.212-RXN HAS activity EC:2.4.1.212 alternating UDP-alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-[nascent hyaluronan] 4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyltransferase and UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-[nascent hyaluronan] 3-beta-D-glucuronosyltransferase activity EC:2.4.1.212 seHAS EC:2.4.1.212 spHAS EC:2.4.1.212 Interacting selectively with icosanoids, any C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids or their derivatives, including the leukotrienes and the prostanoids. eicosanoid binding molecular_function GO:0050542 icosanoid binding GO:0050542 Interacting selectively with icosanoids, any C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids or their derivatives, including the leukotrienes and the prostanoids. ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with icosatetraenoic acid, any straight-chain fatty acid with twenty carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. eicosatetraenoic acid binding molecular_function GO:0050543 icosatetraenoic acid binding GO:0050543 Interacting selectively with icosatetraenoic acid, any straight-chain fatty acid with twenty carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer. arachidonate binding molecular_function GO:0050544 arachidonic acid binding GO:0050544 Interacting selectively with arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer. GOC:ai Catalysis of the reactions: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + dermatan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + dermatan 6'-sulfate and 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate. EC:2.8.2.33 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:dermatan 6'-sulfotransferase activity N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulphotransferase activity molecular_function GalNAc4S-6ST GO:0050659 N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase activity GO:0050659 Catalysis of the reactions: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + dermatan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + dermatan 6'-sulfate and 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate. EC:2.8.2.33 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:dermatan 6'-sulfotransferase activity EC:2.8.2.33 N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulphotransferase activity EC:2.8.2.33 GalNAc4S-6ST EC:2.8.2.33 The regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells. Cytokines are any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. biological_process GO:0050663 cytokine secretion GO:0050663 The regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells. Cytokines are any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. GOC:ai GOC:bf ISBN:0198599471 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule. EC:1.6.3 molecular_function GO:0050664 oxidoreductase activity, acting on NADH or NADPH, with oxygen as acceptor GO:0050664 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule. EC:1.6.3.- The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA. hydrogen peroxide anabolism hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis hydrogen peroxide formation hydrogen peroxide generation hydrogen peroxide synthesis biological_process GO:0050665 hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process GO:0050665 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. biological_process GO:0050670 regulation of lymphocyte proliferation GO:0050670 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. up regulation of lymphocyte proliferation up-regulation of lymphocyte proliferation upregulation of lymphocyte proliferation activation of lymphocyte proliferation stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0050671 positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation GO:0050671 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. down regulation of lymphocyte proliferation down-regulation of lymphocyte proliferation downregulation of lymphocyte proliferation inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0050672 negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation GO:0050672 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0050678 regulation of epithelial cell proliferation GO:0050678 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. up regulation of epithelial cell proliferation up-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation upregulation of epithelial cell proliferation activation of epithelial cell proliferation stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:0050679 positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation GO:0050679 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide. biological_process GO:0050684 regulation of mRNA processing GO:0050684 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. down regulation of antiviral response down-regulation of antiviral response downregulation of antiviral response negative regulation of antiviral response inhibition of antiviral response biological_process GO:0050687 negative regulation of defense response to virus GO:0050687 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. GOC:ai negative regulation of antiviral response GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the antiviral response of a cell or organism. regulation of antiviral response biological_process GO:0050688 regulation of defense response to virus GO:0050688 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the antiviral response of a cell or organism. GOC:ai Any host process that results in the inhibition of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. down regulation of antiviral response by host down-regulation of antiviral response by host downregulation of antiviral response by host negative regulation by host of antiviral response negative regulation of antiviral response by host inhibition of antiviral response by host biological_process GO:0050689 negative regulation of defense response to virus by host GO:0050689 Any host process that results in the inhibition of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of antiviral response by host GOC:dph GOC:tb Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of the host cell or organism. regulation by virus of antiviral response regulation of antiviral response by virus viral regulation of antiviral response biological_process GO:0050690 regulation of defense response to virus by virus GO:0050690 Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of the host cell or organism. GOC:ai GOC:dph regulation of antiviral response by virus GOC:dph Any host process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of a host cell or organism. host regulation of antiviral response regulation by host of antiviral response biological_process regulation of antiviral response by host GO:0050691 regulation of defense response to virus by host GO:0050691 Any host process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of a host cell or organism. GOC:ai GOC:dph regulation of antiviral response by host GOC:dph Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyllactosamine + 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate = 3-sulfo-N-acetyllactosamine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate. N-acetyllactosamine residues are found in a number of different carbohydrate types. N-acetyllactosamine can also be written as Gal-beta-(1,4)-GlcNAc. EC:2.8.2.- Gal-3-O-sulfotransferase activity galactose 3-O-sulphotransferase activity molecular_function GO:0050694 galactose 3-O-sulfotransferase activity GO:0050694 Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyllactosamine + 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate = 3-sulfo-N-acetyllactosamine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate. N-acetyllactosamine residues are found in a number of different carbohydrate types. N-acetyllactosamine can also be written as Gal-beta-(1,4)-GlcNAc. GOC:ai PMID:11323440 PMID:11356829 Interacting selectively with a WW domain of a protein, a small module composed of 40 amino acids and plays a role in mediating protein-protein interactions via proline-rich regions. molecular_function GO:0050699 WW domain binding GO:0050699 Interacting selectively with a WW domain of a protein, a small module composed of 40 amino acids and plays a role in mediating protein-protein interactions via proline-rich regions. PMID:14531730 Interacting selectively with a CARD (N-terminal caspase recruitment) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that belongs to the death domain-fold superfamily. These protein molecule families are similar in structure with each consisting of six or seven anti-parallel alpha-helices that form highly specific homophilic interactions between signaling partners. CARD exists in the N-terminal prodomains of several caspases and in apoptosis-regulatory proteins and mediates the assembly of CARD-containing proteins that participate in activation or suppression of CARD carrying members of the caspase family. molecular_function GO:0050700 CARD domain binding GO:0050700 Interacting selectively with a CARD (N-terminal caspase recruitment) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that belongs to the death domain-fold superfamily. These protein molecule families are similar in structure with each consisting of six or seven anti-parallel alpha-helices that form highly specific homophilic interactions between signaling partners. CARD exists in the N-terminal prodomains of several caspases and in apoptosis-regulatory proteins and mediates the assembly of CARD-containing proteins that participate in activation or suppression of CARD carrying members of the caspase family. PMID:12054670 The regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell or group of cells. Interleukin 1 is produced mainly by activated macrophages; it stimulates thymocyte proliferation by inducing interleukin 2 release and it is involved in the inflammatory response. IL-1 secretion biological_process GO:0050701 interleukin-1 secretion GO:0050701 The regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell or group of cells. Interleukin 1 is produced mainly by activated macrophages; it stimulates thymocyte proliferation by inducing interleukin 2 release and it is involved in the inflammatory response. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The regulated release of interleukin 1 beta from a cell or group of cells. IL-1b secretion biological_process GO:0050702 interleukin-1 beta secretion GO:0050702 The regulated release of interleukin 1 beta from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell or group of cells. biological_process GO:0050704 regulation of interleukin-1 secretion GO:0050704 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 alpha from a cell or group of cells. biological_process GO:0050705 regulation of interleukin-1 alpha secretion GO:0050705 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 alpha from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell or group of cells. biological_process GO:0050706 regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion GO:0050706 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells. biological_process GO:0050707 regulation of cytokine secretion GO:0050707 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell or group of cells. biological_process GO:0050708 regulation of protein secretion GO:0050708 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell or group of cells. down regulation of protein secretion down-regulation of protein secretion downregulation of protein secretion inhibition of protein secretion biological_process GO:0050709 negative regulation of protein secretion GO:0050709 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells. down regulation of cytokine secretion down-regulation of cytokine secretion downregulation of cytokine secretion inhibition of cytokine secretion biological_process GO:0050710 negative regulation of cytokine secretion GO:0050710 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell or group of cells. down regulation of interleukin-1 secretion down-regulation of interleukin-1 secretion downregulation of interleukin-1 secretion inhibition of interleukin-1 secretion biological_process GO:0050711 negative regulation of interleukin-1 secretion GO:0050711 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell or group of cells. down regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion down-regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion downregulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion inhibition of interleukin-1 beta secretion biological_process GO:0050713 negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion GO:0050713 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell or group of cells. up regulation of protein secretion up-regulation of protein secretion upregulation of protein secretion activation of protein secretion stimulation of protein secretion biological_process GO:0050714 positive regulation of protein secretion GO:0050714 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells. up regulation of cytokine secretion up-regulation of cytokine secretion upregulation of cytokine secretion activation of cytokine secretion stimulation of cytokine secretion biological_process GO:0050715 positive regulation of cytokine secretion GO:0050715 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell or group of cells. up regulation of interleukin-1 secretion up-regulation of interleukin-1 secretion upregulation of interleukin-1 secretion activation of interleukin-1 secretion stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion biological_process GO:0050716 positive regulation of interleukin-1 secretion GO:0050716 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 alpha from a cell or group of cells. up regulation of interleukin-1 alpha secretion up-regulation of interleukin-1 alpha secretion upregulation of interleukin-1 alpha secretion activation of interleukin-1 alpha secretion stimulation of interleukin-1 alpha secretion biological_process GO:0050717 positive regulation of interleukin-1 alpha secretion GO:0050717 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 alpha from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell or group of cells. up regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion up-regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion upregulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion activation of interleukin-1 beta secretion stimulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion biological_process GO:0050718 positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion GO:0050718 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1 beta. regulation of interleukin-1 beta anabolism regulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthesis regulation of interleukin-1 beta formation regulation of interleukin-1 beta synthesis biological_process GO:0050722 regulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process GO:0050722 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1 beta. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1 beta. positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta anabolism positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthesis positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta formation positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta synthesis up regulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process up-regulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process upregulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process activation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process stimulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0050725 positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process GO:0050725 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1 beta. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. biological_process GO:0050727 regulation of inflammatory response GO:0050727 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. anti-inflammatory response down regulation of inflammatory response down-regulation of inflammatory response downregulation of inflammatory response inhibition of inflammatory response biological_process GO:0050728 negative regulation of inflammatory response GO:0050728 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. up regulation of inflammatory response up-regulation of inflammatory response upregulation of inflammatory response activation of inflammatory response stimulation of inflammatory response biological_process GO:0050729 positive regulation of inflammatory response GO:0050729 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. biological_process GO:0050730 regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation GO:0050730 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. up regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation up-regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation upregulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation activation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation stimulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation biological_process GO:0050731 positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation GO:0050731 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. down regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation down-regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation downregulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation inhibition of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation biological_process GO:0050732 negative regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation GO:0050732 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fractalkine, a chemokine involved in the control of the key regulatory mechanisms of cell trafficking at sites of inflammation. regulation of CX3CL1 biosynthesis regulation of CX3CL1 biosynthetic process regulation of fractalkine anabolism regulation of fractalkine biosynthesis regulation of fractalkine formation regulation of fractalkine synthesis regulation of neurotactin biosynthesis regulation of neurotactin biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0050752 regulation of fractalkine biosynthetic process GO:0050752 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fractalkine, a chemokine involved in the control of the key regulatory mechanisms of cell trafficking at sites of inflammation. http://www.copewithcytokines.de Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fractalkine, a chemokine involved in the control of the key regulatory mechanisms of cell trafficking at sites of inflammation. positive regulation of CX3CL1 biosynthesis positive regulation of CX3CL1 biosynthetic process positive regulation of fractalkine anabolism positive regulation of fractalkine biosynthesis positive regulation of fractalkine formation positive regulation of fractalkine synthesis positive regulation of neurotactin biosynthesis positive regulation of neurotactin biosynthetic process up regulation of fractalkine biosynthetic process up-regulation of fractalkine biosynthetic process upregulation of fractalkine biosynthetic process activation of fractalkine biosynthetic process stimulation of fractalkine biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0050754 positive regulation of fractalkine biosynthetic process GO:0050754 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fractalkine, a chemokine involved in the control of the key regulatory mechanisms of cell trafficking at sites of inflammation. http://www.copewithcytokines.de The chemical reactions and pathways involving chemokines, any of a subgroup of cytokines which act primarily on hemopoietic cells in acute and inflammatory processes and other immunoregulatory functions. chemokine metabolism biological_process GO:0050755 chemokine metabolic process GO:0050755 The chemical reactions and pathways involving chemokines, any of a subgroup of cytokines which act primarily on hemopoietic cells in acute and inflammatory processes and other immunoregulatory functions. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. biological_process GO:0050764 regulation of phagocytosis GO:0050764 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis. down regulation of phagocytosis down-regulation of phagocytosis downregulation of phagocytosis inhibition of phagocytosis biological_process GO:0050765 negative regulation of phagocytosis GO:0050765 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis. up regulation of phagocytosis up-regulation of phagocytosis upregulation of phagocytosis activation of phagocytosis stimulation of phagocytosis biological_process GO:0050766 positive regulation of phagocytosis GO:0050766 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons. biological_process GO:0050767 regulation of neurogenesis GO:0050767 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons. down regulation of neurogenesis down-regulation of neurogenesis downregulation of neurogenesis inhibition of neurogenesis biological_process GO:0050768 negative regulation of neurogenesis GO:0050768 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons. up regulation of neurogenesis up-regulation of neurogenesis upregulation of neurogenesis activation of neurogenesis stimulation of neurogenesis biological_process GO:0050769 positive regulation of neurogenesis GO:0050769 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron. biological_process GO:0050770 regulation of axonogenesis GO:0050770 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis. down regulation of axonogenesis down-regulation of axonogenesis downregulation of axonogenesis inhibition of axonogenesis biological_process GO:0050771 negative regulation of axonogenesis GO:0050771 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis. up regulation of axonogenesis up-regulation of axonogenesis upregulation of axonogenesis activation of axonogenesis stimulation of axonogenesis biological_process GO:0050772 positive regulation of axonogenesis GO:0050772 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development. biological_process GO:0050773 regulation of dendrite development GO:0050773 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis. down regulation of dendrite morphogenesis down-regulation of dendrite morphogenesis downregulation of dendrite morphogenesis inhibition of dendrite morphogenesis biological_process GO:0050774 negative regulation of dendrite morphogenesis GO:0050774 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis. up regulation of dendrite morphogenesis up-regulation of dendrite morphogenesis upregulation of dendrite morphogenesis activation of dendrite morphogenesis stimulation of dendrite morphogenesis biological_process GO:0050775 positive regulation of dendrite morphogenesis GO:0050775 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. biological_process GO:0050776 regulation of immune response GO:0050776 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. down regulation of immune response down-regulation of immune response downregulation of immune response inhibition of immune response biological_process GO:0050777 negative regulation of immune response GO:0050777 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. up regulation of immune response up-regulation of immune response upregulation of immune response stimulation of immune response biological_process GO:0050778 positive regulation of immune response GO:0050778 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with a dopamine receptor. molecular_function GO:0050780 dopamine receptor binding GO:0050780 Interacting selectively with a dopamine receptor. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. regulation of physiological process biological_process GO:0050789 regulation of biological process GO:0050789 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GOC:ai GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. regulation of enzyme activity biological_process GO:0050790 regulation of catalytic activity GO:0050790 Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts. regulation of viral life cycle biological_process GO:0050792 regulation of viral reproduction GO:0050792 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts. GOC:go_curators GOC:tb regulation of viral life cycle GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). biological_process GO:0050793 regulation of developmental process GO:0050793 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. regulation of cellular physiological process biological_process GO:0050794 regulation of cellular process GO:0050794 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. regulation of behaviour biological_process GO:0050795 regulation of behavior GO:0050795 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. biological_process GO:0050796 regulation of insulin secretion GO:0050796 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. GOC:ai The expansion of a T cell population following activation by an antigenic stimulus. activated T lymphocyte proliferation activated T-cell proliferation activated T-lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0050798 Note that this term is to be used for gene products involved in T cell proliferation following an antigenic stimulus, including both proteins internal to the T cell and external factors, such as IL-2, which specifically promote proliferation of activated T cells. activated T cell proliferation GO:0050798 The expansion of a T cell population following activation by an antigenic stimulus. GOC:add GOC:dph Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of ions within an organism or cell. biological_process electrolyte homeostasis negative regulation of crystal biosynthesis negative regulation of crystal formation GO:0050801 ion homeostasis GO:0050801 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of ions within an organism or cell. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). biological_process GO:0050803 regulation of synapse structure and activity GO:0050803 Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. biological_process GO:0050804 regulation of synaptic transmission GO:0050804 Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. down regulation of synaptic transmission down-regulation of synaptic transmission downregulation of synaptic transmission inhibition of synaptic transmission biological_process GO:0050805 negative regulation of synaptic transmission GO:0050805 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. up regulation of synaptic transmission up-regulation of synaptic transmission upregulation of synaptic transmission activation of synaptic transmission stimulation of synaptic transmission biological_process GO:0050806 positive regulation of synaptic transmission GO:0050806 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis regulation of synapse structure biological_process GO:0050807 regulation of synapse organization GO:0050807 Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). synapse development synapse organisation and biogenesis synapse organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0050808 synapse organization GO:0050808 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). GOC:ai Interacting selectively with diazepam, one of the most widely used benzodiazepine drugs. It is used as an anti-anxiety-hypnotic agent and has the proprietary name Valium. Valium binding molecular_function diazepam binding inhibitor activity GO:0050809 diazepam binding GO:0050809 Interacting selectively with diazepam, one of the most widely used benzodiazepine drugs. It is used as an anti-anxiety-hypnotic agent and has the proprietary name Valium. ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively with the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) receptor. 4-aminobutanoate receptor binding 4-aminobutyrate receptor binding gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor binding molecular_function diazepam binding inhibitor activity GO:0050811 GABA receptor binding GO:0050811 Interacting selectively with the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) receptor. GOC:ai Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a peptide and preventing it from being degraded. biological_process peptide stabilization activity GO:0050822 peptide stabilization GO:0050822 Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a peptide and preventing it from being degraded. GOC:ai Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a peptide antigen and preventing it from being degraded. biological_process peptide antigen stabilization activity GO:0050823 peptide antigen stabilization GO:0050823 Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a peptide antigen and preventing it from being degraded. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with a toxin receptor, a receptor for substances that cause injury to living organisms. molecular_function channel-forming toxin activity cytotoxin activity endotoxin activity enterotoxin activity exotoxin activity lipoprotein toxin neurotoxin activity pore-forming toxin activity toxin activity GO:0050827 toxin receptor binding GO:0050827 Interacting selectively with a toxin receptor, a receptor for substances that cause injury to living organisms. GOC:ai Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. defence response to Gram-negative bacteria defence response to Gram-negative bacterium defense response to Gram-negative bacteria biological_process Gram-negative antibacterial peptide activity GO:0050829 defense response to Gram-negative bacterium GO:0050829 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. GOC:ai Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. defence response to Gram-positive bacteria defence response to Gram-positive bacterium defense response to Gram-positive bacteria biological_process Gram-positive antibacterial peptide activity GO:0050830 defense response to Gram-positive bacterium GO:0050830 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. GOC:ai Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism. defence response to fungi defence response to fungus defense response to fungi biological_process GO:0050832 defense response to fungus GO:0050832 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism. GOC:ai A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell. antigen receptor-mediated signalling pathway biological_process GO:0050851 antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway GO:0050851 A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell. GOC:add A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. T lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway T lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway T-cell receptor signaling pathway T-cell receptor signalling pathway T-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway T-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway TCR signaling pathway biological_process GO:0050852 T cell receptor signaling pathway GO:0050852 A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. GOC:add A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. B cell receptor signalling pathway B lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway B lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway B-cell receptor signaling pathway B-cell receptor signalling pathway B-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway B-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0050853 B cell receptor signaling pathway GO:0050853 A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell. regulation of antigen receptor mediated signalling pathway biological_process GO:0050854 regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway GO:0050854 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. regulation of B cell receptor signalling pathway regulation of B lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway regulation of B lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway regulation of B-cell receptor signaling pathway regulation of B-cell receptor signalling pathway regulation of B-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway regulation of B-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0050855 regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway GO:0050855 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. regulation of T lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway regulation of T lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway regulation of T-cell receptor signaling pathway regulation of T-cell receptor signalling pathway regulation of T-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway regulation of T-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway regulation of TCR signaling pathway biological_process GO:0050856 regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway GO:0050856 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell. positive regulation of antigen receptor mediated signalling pathway up regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway up-regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway upregulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway activation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway stimulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway biological_process GO:0050857 positive regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway GO:0050857 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell. down regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway down-regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway downregulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway negative regulation of antigen receptor mediated signalling pathway inhibition of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway biological_process GO:0050858 negative regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway GO:0050858 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. down regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway down-regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway downregulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of T cell receptor signalling pathway negative regulation of T lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of T lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway negative regulation of T-cell receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of T-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of T-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway negative regulation of TCR signaling pathway inhibition of T cell receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0050860 negative regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway GO:0050860 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. positive regulation of B cell receptor signalling pathway positive regulation of B lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of B lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway positive regulation of B-cell receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of B-cell receptor signalling pathway positive regulation of B-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of B-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway up regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway up-regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway upregulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway activation of B cell receptor signaling pathway stimulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0050861 positive regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway GO:0050861 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. positive regulation of T cell receptor signalling pathway positive regulation of T lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of T lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway positive regulation of T-cell receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of T-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of T-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway positive regulation of TCR signaling pathway up regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway up-regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway upregulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway activation of T cell receptor signaling pathway stimulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0050862 positive regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway GO:0050862 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. regulation of T lymphocyte activation regulation of T-cell activation regulation of T-lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0050863 regulation of T cell activation GO:0050863 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. regulation of B lymphocyte activation regulation of B-cell activation regulation of B-lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0050864 regulation of B cell activation GO:0050864 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. biological_process GO:0050865 regulation of cell activation GO:0050865 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation. down regulation of cell activation down-regulation of cell activation downregulation of cell activation inhibition of cell activation biological_process GO:0050866 negative regulation of cell activation GO:0050866 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation. up regulation of cell activation up-regulation of cell activation upregulation of cell activation activation of cell activation stimulation of cell activation biological_process GO:0050867 positive regulation of cell activation GO:0050867 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. down regulation of T cell activation down-regulation of T cell activation downregulation of T cell activation negative regulation of T lymphocyte activation negative regulation of T-cell activation negative regulation of T-lymphocyte activation inhibition of T cell activation biological_process GO:0050868 negative regulation of T cell activation GO:0050868 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. down regulation of B cell activation down-regulation of B cell activation downregulation of B cell activation negative regulation of B lymphocyte activation negative regulation of B-cell activation negative regulation of B-lymphocyte activation inhibition of B cell activation biological_process GO:0050869 negative regulation of B cell activation GO:0050869 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. positive regulation of T lymphocyte activation positive regulation of T-cell activation positive regulation of T-lymphocyte activation up regulation of T cell activation up-regulation of T cell activation upregulation of T cell activation activation of T cell activation stimulation of T cell activation biological_process GO:0050870 positive regulation of T cell activation GO:0050870 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. positive regulation of B lymphocyte activation positive regulation of B-cell activation positive regulation of B-lymphocyte activation up regulation of B cell activation up-regulation of B cell activation upregulation of B cell activation activation of B cell activation stimulation of B cell activation biological_process GO:0050871 positive regulation of B cell activation GO:0050871 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. GOC:ai A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system. neurophysiological process biological_process pan-neural process GO:0050877 neurological system process GO:0050877 A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_cardio Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids. biological_process GO:0050878 regulation of body fluid levels GO:0050878 Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process by which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts. regulation of posture biological_process GO:0050884 neuromuscular process controlling posture GO:0050884 Any process by which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors. biological_process regulation of balance GO:0050885 neuromuscular process controlling balance GO:0050885 Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors. GOC:ai GOC:dph http://www.onelook.com/ Any of the hormonal, neural, and secretory processes that release products into the blood or lymph. These products have specific effects on other organs. endocrine physiological process endocrine physiology biological_process GO:0050886 endocrine process GO:0050886 Any of the hormonal, neural, and secretory processes that release products into the blood or lymph. These products have specific effects on other organs. ISBN:0721662544 The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory. biological_process GO:0050890 cognition GO:0050890 The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory. ISBN:0721619908 http://www.onelook.com/ Any neural process required for an organism to sense and interpret the dimensions of a sensory experience: modality, location, intensity and affect. biological_process GO:0050893 sensory processing GO:0050893 Any neural process required for an organism to sense and interpret the dimensions of a sensory experience: modality, location, intensity and affect. GOC:dph ISBN:0721662544 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. physiological response to stimulus biological_process GO:0050896 response to stimulus GO:0050896 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:ai The movement of leukocytes within or between different tissues and organs of the body. immune cell migration immune cell trafficking leucocyte migration leucocyte trafficking leukocyte trafficking biological_process GO:0050900 leukocyte migration GO:0050900 The movement of leukocytes within or between different tissues and organs of the body. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14680625 PMID:14708592 PMID:7507411 PMID:8600538 Transient adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels mediated primarily by selectins and which are typically the first step in cellular extravasation. biological_process GO:0050901 leukocyte tethering or rolling GO:0050901 Transient adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels mediated primarily by selectins and which are typically the first step in cellular extravasation. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14680625 PMID:14708592 PMID:7507411 PMID:8600538 The activation of loosely bound or rolling leukocytes by signals displayed on blood vessel endothelial cells, which is typically the second step in cellular extravasation. leukocyte adhesive triggering biological_process GO:0050902 leukocyte adhesive activation GO:0050902 The activation of loosely bound or rolling leukocytes by signals displayed on blood vessel endothelial cells, which is typically the second step in cellular extravasation. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14680625 PMID:14708592 PMID:7507411 PMID:8600538 Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism. neuromotor process neuromuscular physiological process biological_process GO:0050905 neuromuscular process GO:0050905 Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism. GOC:ai The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. sensory detection of stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of stimulus sensory perception, stimulus detection sensory transduction biological_process GO:0050906 detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050906 The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai GOC:dph The series of events in which a sensory chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. sensory detection of chemical stimulus sensory detection of chemical stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of chemical stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during sensory perception biological_process GO:0050907 detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050907 The series of events in which a sensory chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The series of events involved in visual perception in which a sensory light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. sensory detection of light during visual perception sensory detection of light stimulus during visual perception sensory transduction of light during visual perception sensory transduction of light stimulus during visual perception visual perception, detection of light stimulus visual perception, sensory transduction during perception of light visual perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus biological_process GO:0050908 detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception GO:0050908 The series of events involved in visual perception in which a sensory light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. gustation sense of taste taste taste perception biological_process GO:0050909 sensory perception of taste GO:0050909 The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. GOC:ai http://www.onelook.com/ The series of events involved in the perception of sound in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Sound is picked up in the form of vibrations. detection of sound hearing, sensory transduction of sound perception of sound, detection of mechanical stimulus perception of sound, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus perception of sound, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of sound sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of sound sensory transduction of sound biological_process GO:0050910 detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound GO:0050910 The series of events involved in the perception of sound in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Sound is picked up in the form of vibrations. GOC:ai The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. perception of smell, detection of chemical stimulus perception of smell, sensory detection of chemical stimulus perception of smell, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of smell sensory detection of scent sensory detection of smell sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of smell sensory transduction of scent sensory transduction of smell biological_process GO:0050911 detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell GO:0050911 The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. taste perception perception of taste, detection of chemical stimulus perception of taste, sensory detection of chemical stimulus perception of taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of taste sensory detection of taste sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of taste sensory transduction of taste biological_process GO:0050912 detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste GO:0050912 The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. bitter taste perception biological_process GO:0050913 sensory perception of bitter taste GO:0050913 The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. GOC:ai The series of events required to receive a sweet taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. sweet taste perception biological_process GO:0050916 sensory perception of sweet taste GO:0050916 The series of events required to receive a sweet taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. GOC:ai The series of events required to receive an umami taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates. umami taste perception biological_process GO:0050917 sensory perception of umami taste GO:0050917 The series of events required to receive an umami taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates. GOC:ai The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a higher concentration, in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. chemoattraction biological_process GO:0050918 positive chemotaxis GO:0050918 The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a higher concentration, in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. GOC:ai GOC:isa_complete The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a lower concentration, in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. chemoaversion chemorepulsion biological_process GO:0050919 negative chemotaxis GO:0050919 The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a lower concentration, in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. GOC:ai GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. biological_process GO:0050920 regulation of chemotaxis GO:0050920 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. up regulation of chemotaxis up-regulation of chemotaxis upregulation of chemotaxis activation of chemotaxis stimulation of chemotaxis biological_process GO:0050921 positive regulation of chemotaxis GO:0050921 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. down regulation of chemotaxis down-regulation of chemotaxis downregulation of chemotaxis inhibition of chemotaxis biological_process GO:0050922 negative regulation of chemotaxis GO:0050922 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. biological_process GO:0050923 regulation of negative chemotaxis GO:0050923 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. up regulation of negative chemotaxis up-regulation of negative chemotaxis upregulation of negative chemotaxis activation of negative chemotaxis stimulation of negative chemotaxis biological_process GO:0050924 positive regulation of negative chemotaxis GO:0050924 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. biological_process GO:0050926 regulation of positive chemotaxis GO:0050926 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. up regulation of positive chemotaxis up-regulation of positive chemotaxis upregulation of positive chemotaxis activation of positive chemotaxis stimulation of positive chemotaxis biological_process GO:0050927 positive regulation of positive chemotaxis GO:0050927 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. GOC:ai Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. biological_process GO:0050929 induction of negative chemotaxis GO:0050929 Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. GOC:ai Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. biological_process GO:0050930 induction of positive chemotaxis GO:0050930 Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. sensory perception of thermal stimulus biological_process GO:0050951 sensory perception of temperature stimulus GO:0050951 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. biological_process GO:0050953 sensory perception of light stimulus GO:0050953 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. mechanosensory perception perception of mechanical stimulus biological_process chemi-mechanical coupling GO:0050954 sensory perception of mechanical stimulus GO:0050954 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types of sensor, for detecting heat (temperatures above body temperature) and cold (temperatures below body temperature). thermoreception biological_process GO:0050955 thermoception GO:0050955 The series of events required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types of sensor, for detecting heat (temperatures above body temperature) and cold (temperatures below body temperature). GOC:ai http://www.wikipedia.org/Thermoception The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion. sensory perception of orientation with respect to gravity biological_process GO:0050957 equilibrioception GO:0050957 The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion. http://www.medterms.com http://www.onelook.com/ The series of events in which a sensory temperature stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. sensory detection of temperature stimulus sensory detection of temperature stimulus during sensory perception sensory detection of thermal stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of temperature stimulus sensory perception, sensory detection of thermal stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of temperature stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of thermal stimulus sensory transduction of temperature stimulus sensory transduction of temperature stimulus during sensory perception sensory transduction of thermal stimulus during sensory perception sensory detection of heat stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of heat stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of heat stimulus sensory transduction of heat stimulus during sensory perception biological_process GO:0050961 detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050961 The series of events in which a sensory temperature stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The series of events in which a sensory light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. sensory detection of light stimulus sensory detection of light stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of light stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus sensory transduction of light stimulus sensory transduction of light stimulus during sensory perception biological_process GO:0050962 detection of light stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050962 The series of events in which a sensory light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a sensory temperature stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. perception of pain, detection of temperature stimulus perception of pain, sensory detection of temperature stimulus perception of pain, sensory transduction of temperature stimulus sensory detection of temperature stimulus during perception of pain sensory detection of thermal stimulus during sensory perception of pain sensory perception of pain, sensory detection of thermal stimulus sensory perception of pain, sensory transduction of thermal stimulus sensory transduction of temperature stimulus during perception of pain sensory transduction of thermal stimulus during sensory perception of pain biological_process GO:0050965 detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain GO:0050965 The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a sensory temperature stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. perception of pain, detection of mechanical stimulus perception of pain, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus perception of pain, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of pain sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of pain biological_process GO:0050966 detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain GO:0050966 The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a sensory chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. perception of pain, detection of chemical stimulus perception of pain, sensory detection of chemical stimulus perception of pain, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of pain sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of pain biological_process GO:0050968 detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain GO:0050968 The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a sensory chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The series of events involved in equilibrioception in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. During equilibrioception, mechanical stimuli may be in the form of input from pressure receptors or from the labyrinth system of the inner ears. equilibrioception, detection of mechanical stimulus equilibrioception, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus equilibrioception, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during equilibrioception sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during equilibrioception biological_process GO:0050973 detection of mechanical stimulus involved in equilibrioception GO:0050973 The series of events involved in equilibrioception in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. During equilibrioception, mechanical stimuli may be in the form of input from pressure receptors or from the labyrinth system of the inner ears. GOC:ai The series of events in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. sensory detection of mechanical stimulus sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during sensory perception biological_process GO:0050974 detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050974 The series of events in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a touch stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. The perception of touch in animals is mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin and mucous membranes and is the sense by which contact with objects gives evidence as to certain of their qualities. Different types of touch can be perceived (for example, light, coarse, pressure and tickling) and the stimulus may be external or internal (e.g. the feeling of a full stomach). perception of touch tactile sense taction tactition biological_process GO:0050975 sensory perception of touch GO:0050975 The series of events required for an organism to receive a touch stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. The perception of touch in animals is mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin and mucous membranes and is the sense by which contact with objects gives evidence as to certain of their qualities. Different types of touch can be perceived (for example, light, coarse, pressure and tickling) and the stimulus may be external or internal (e.g. the feeling of a full stomach). GOC:ai The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process GO:0050982 detection of mechanical stimulus GO:0050982 The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. NOS binding molecular_function GO:0050998 nitric-oxide synthase binding GO:0050998 Interacting selectively with the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. NOS regulator nitric-oxide synthase regulator regulation of NOS activity biological_process GO:0050999 regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity GO:0050999 Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. NOS activator nitric-oxide synthase activator positive regulation of NOS activity up regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity up-regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity upregulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity activation of nitric-oxide synthase activity stimulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity biological_process GO:0051000 positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity GO:0051000 Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. GOC:ai Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. down regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity down-regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity downregulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity negative regulation of NOS activity NOS inhibitor inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase activity nitric-oxide synthase inhibitor biological_process GO:0051001 negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity GO:0051001 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase. biological_process GO:0051004 regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity GO:0051004 Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with a mitogen-activated protein kinase. MAP kinase binding MAPK binding molecular_function MAP-kinase anchoring activity GO:0051019 mitogen-activated protein kinase binding GO:0051019 Interacting selectively with a mitogen-activated protein kinase. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with a GTPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. molecular_function GO:0051020 GTPase binding GO:0051020 Interacting selectively with a GTPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell or group of cells. regulation of antibody secretion biological_process GO:0051023 regulation of immunoglobulin secretion GO:0051023 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell or group of cells. positive regulation of antibody secretion up regulation of immunoglobulin secretion up-regulation of immunoglobulin secretion upregulation of immunoglobulin secretion activation of immunoglobulin secretion stimulation of immunoglobulin secretion biological_process GO:0051024 positive regulation of immunoglobulin secretion GO:0051024 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. biological_process GO:0051046 regulation of secretion GO:0051046 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. up regulation of secretion up-regulation of secretion upregulation of secretion activation of secretion stimulation of secretion biological_process GO:0051047 positive regulation of secretion GO:0051047 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. down regulation of secretion down-regulation of secretion downregulation of secretion inhibition of secretion biological_process GO:0051048 negative regulation of secretion GO:0051048 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0051049 regulation of transport GO:0051049 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. up regulation of transport up-regulation of transport upregulation of transport activation of transport stimulation of transport biological_process GO:0051050 positive regulation of transport GO:0051050 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. down regulation of transport down-regulation of transport downregulation of transport inhibition of transport biological_process GO:0051051 negative regulation of transport GO:0051051 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. regulation of DNA metabolism biological_process GO:0051052 regulation of DNA metabolic process GO:0051052 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. down regulation of DNA metabolic process down-regulation of DNA metabolic process downregulation of DNA metabolic process negative regulation of DNA metabolism inhibition of DNA metabolic process biological_process GO:0051053 negative regulation of DNA metabolic process GO:0051053 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. positive regulation of DNA metabolism up regulation of DNA metabolic process up-regulation of DNA metabolic process upregulation of DNA metabolic process activation of DNA metabolic process stimulation of DNA metabolic process biological_process GO:0051054 positive regulation of DNA metabolic process GO:0051054 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. biological_process GO:0051056 regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction GO:0051056 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. up regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction up-regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction upregulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction activation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction stimulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction biological_process GO:0051057 positive regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction GO:0051057 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. down regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction down-regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction downregulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction inhibition of small GTPase mediated signal transduction biological_process GO:0051058 negative regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction GO:0051058 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters. molecular_function GO:0051059 NF-kappaB binding GO:0051059 Interacting selectively with NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with any part of a Gram-positive bacterial cell. Gram-positive bacterium binding binding to Gram-positive bacterium molecular_function GO:0051076 Gram-positive bacterial binding GO:0051076 Interacting selectively with any part of a Gram-positive bacterial cell. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. biological_process GO:0051090 regulation of transcription factor activity GO:0051090 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. up regulation of transcription factor activity up-regulation of transcription factor activity upregulation of transcription factor activity activation of transcription factor activity stimulation of transcription factor activity biological_process GO:0051091 positive regulation of transcription factor activity GO:0051091 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB activation activation of NF-kappaB activation of NF-kappaB transcription factor biological_process GO:0051092 positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity GO:0051092 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:15087454 PMID:15170030 activation of NF-kappaB transcription factor GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). down regulation of developmental process down-regulation of developmental process downregulation of developmental process inhibition of developmental process biological_process GO:0051093 negative regulation of developmental process GO:0051093 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). up regulation of developmental process up-regulation of developmental process upregulation of developmental process activation of developmental process stimulation of developmental process biological_process GO:0051094 positive regulation of developmental process GO:0051094 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. biological_process GO:0051098 regulation of binding GO:0051098 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. up regulation of binding up-regulation of binding upregulation of binding activation of binding stimulation of binding biological_process GO:0051099 positive regulation of binding GO:0051099 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. GOC:ai Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. down regulation of binding down-regulation of binding downregulation of binding inhibition of binding biological_process GO:0051100 negative regulation of binding GO:0051100 Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid. biological_process GO:0051101 regulation of DNA binding GO:0051101 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid. GOC:ai The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, as occurs during DNA repair. biological_process GO:0051103 DNA ligation during DNA repair GO:0051103 The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, as occurs during DNA repair. GOC:ai The growth of a synapse at a neuromuscular junction, the site of apposition of a motor end plate and the subneural cleft of the skeletal muscle fiber that it innervates. biological_process cholinergic synaptogenesis GO:0051124 synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction GO:0051124 The growth of a synapse at a neuromuscular junction, the site of apposition of a motor end plate and the subneural cleft of the skeletal muscle fiber that it innervates. ISBN:0721662544 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. regulation of cell organisation regulation of cell organization regulation of cellular component organisation regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0051128 regulation of cellular component organization GO:0051128 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. down regulation of cell organization down-regulation of cell organization downregulation of cell organization negative regulation of cell organisation negative regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis inhibition of cell organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0051129 negative regulation of cellular component organization GO:0051129 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. positive regulation of cell organisation positive regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis up regulation of cell organization and biogenesis up-regulation of cell organization upregulation of cell organization activation of cell organization stimulation of cell organization biological_process GO:0051130 positive regulation of cellular component organization GO:0051130 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation. regulation of NK T lymphocyte activation regulation of NK T-cell activation regulation of NK T-lymphocyte activation regulation of NKT cell activation regulation of NT cell activation regulation of natural T cell activation regulation of natural killer T cell activation biological_process GO:0051133 regulation of NK T cell activation GO:0051133 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12154375 PMID:9133426 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation. positive regulation of NK T lymphocyte activation positive regulation of NK T-cell activation positive regulation of NK T-lymphocyte activation positive regulation of NKT cell activation positive regulation of NT cell activation positive regulation of natural T cell activation positive regulation of natural killer T cell activation up regulation of NK T cell activation up-regulation of NK T cell activation upregulation of NK T cell activation activation of NK T cell activation stimulation of NK T cell activation biological_process GO:0051135 positive regulation of NK T cell activation GO:0051135 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12154375 PMID:9133426 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation. regulation of NK T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of NK T-cell differentiation regulation of NK T-lymphocyte differentiation regulation of NKT cell differentiation regulation of NT cell differentiation regulation of natural T cell differentiation regulation of natural killer T cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051136 regulation of NK T cell differentiation GO:0051136 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12154375 PMID:9133426 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation. positive regulation of NK T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of NK T-cell differentiation positive regulation of NK T-lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of NKT cell differentiation positive regulation of NT cell differentiation positive regulation of natural T cell differentiation positive regulation of natural killer T cell differentiation up regulation of NK T cell differentiation up-regulation of NK T cell differentiation upregulation of NK T cell differentiation activation of NK T cell differentiation stimulation of NK T cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051138 positive regulation of NK T cell differentiation GO:0051138 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12154375 PMID:9133426 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary. nonstriated muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051145 smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:0051145 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary. CL:0000192 GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. regulation of nitrogen metabolic process regulation of nitrogen metabolism biological_process GO:0051171 regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0051171 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GOC:ai GOC:tb regulation of nitrogen metabolic process GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. down regulation of nitrogen metabolic process down-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process downregulation of nitrogen metabolic process negative regulation of nitrogen metabolic process negative regulation of nitrogen metabolism inhibition of nitrogen metabolic process biological_process GO:0051172 negative regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0051172 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GOC:ai GOC:tb negative regulation of nitrogen metabolic process GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. positive regulation of nitrogen metabolic process positive regulation of nitrogen metabolism up regulation of nitrogen metabolic process up-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process upregulation of nitrogen metabolic process activation of nitrogen metabolic process stimulation of nitrogen metabolic process biological_process GO:0051173 positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0051173 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GOC:ai GOC:tb positive regulation of nitrogen metabolic process GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. regulation of phosphorus metabolism biological_process GO:0051174 regulation of phosphorus metabolic process GO:0051174 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. GOC:ai Any process by which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in a specific location. establishment and maintenance of localization establishment and maintenance of position establishment and maintenance of cellular component location establishment and maintenance of substance location establishment and maintenance of substrate location biological_process GO:0051179 localization GO:0051179 Any process by which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in a specific location. GOC:ai Catalysis of the incorporation of both atoms of oxygen from one molecule of O2 into the (reduced) substrate. molecular_function GO:0051213 dioxygenase activity GO:0051213 Catalysis of the incorporation of both atoms of oxygen from one molecule of O2 into the (reduced) substrate. http://www.onelook.com/ The selective interaction of a protein with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its transport into other areas of the cell. cytoplasmic retention of protein cytoplasmic sequestration of protein cytoplasmic storage of protein maintenance of protein location in cytoplasm retention of protein in cytoplasm sequestering of protein in cytoplasm sequestration of protein in cytoplasm storage of protein in cytoplasm biological_process GO:0051220 cytoplasmic sequestering of protein GO:0051220 The selective interaction of a protein with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its transport into other areas of the cell. GOC:ai maintenance of protein location in cytoplasm GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of, within or between cells. up regulation of protein transport up-regulation of protein transport upregulation of protein transport activation of protein transport stimulation of protein transport biological_process GO:0051222 positive regulation of protein transport GO:0051222 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0051223 regulation of protein transport GO:0051223 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of, within or between cells. down regulation of protein transport down-regulation of protein transport downregulation of protein transport inhibition of protein transport biological_process GO:0051224 negative regulation of protein transport GO:0051224 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap. spindle equator cellular_component GO:0051233 spindle midzone GO:0051233 The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap. GOC:ai PMID:15296749 The directed movement of a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, to a specific location. biological_process GO:0051234 establishment of localization GO:0051234 The directed movement of a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, to a specific location. GOC:ai Any process by which a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. retention sequestering storage biological_process GO:0051235 maintenance of location GO:0051235 Any process by which a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. biological_process GO:0051239 regulation of multicellular organismal process GO:0051239 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. up regulation of multicellular organismal process up-regulation of multicellular organismal process upregulation of multicellular organismal process activation of multicellular organismal process stimulation of multicellular organismal process biological_process GO:0051240 positive regulation of multicellular organismal process GO:0051240 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. down regulation of multicellular organismal process down-regulation of multicellular organismal process downregulation of multicellular organismal process inhibition of multicellular organismal process biological_process GO:0051241 negative regulation of multicellular organismal process GO:0051241 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. regulation of protein metabolism biological_process GO:0051246 regulation of protein metabolic process GO:0051246 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. positive regulation of protein metabolism up regulation of protein metabolic process up-regulation of protein metabolic process upregulation of protein metabolic process activation of protein metabolic process stimulation of protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0051247 positive regulation of protein metabolic process GO:0051247 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. down regulation of protein metabolic process down-regulation of protein metabolic process downregulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of protein metabolism inhibition of protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0051248 negative regulation of protein metabolic process GO:0051248 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. biological_process GO:0051249 regulation of lymphocyte activation GO:0051249 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. down regulation of lymphocyte activation down-regulation of lymphocyte activation downregulation of lymphocyte activation inhibition of lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0051250 negative regulation of lymphocyte activation GO:0051250 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. up regulation of lymphocyte activation up-regulation of lymphocyte activation upregulation of lymphocyte activation activation of lymphocyte activation stimulation of lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0051251 positive regulation of lymphocyte activation GO:0051251 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. regulation of RNA metabolism biological_process GO:0051252 regulation of RNA metabolic process GO:0051252 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. down regulation of RNA metabolic process down-regulation of RNA metabolic process downregulation of RNA metabolic process negative regulation of RNA metabolism inhibition of RNA metabolic process biological_process GO:0051253 negative regulation of RNA metabolic process GO:0051253 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. positive regulation of RNA metabolism up regulation of RNA metabolic process up-regulation of RNA metabolic process upregulation of RNA metabolic process activation of RNA metabolic process stimulation of RNA metabolic process biological_process GO:0051254 positive regulation of RNA metabolic process GO:0051254 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. GOC:ai The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. protein oligomer assembly protein oligomer biosynthesis protein oligomer biosynthetic process protein oligomer formation biological_process GO:0051259 protein oligomerization GO:0051259 The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cell. regulation of cell movement biological_process GO:0051270 regulation of cell motion GO:0051270 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cell. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cell. down regulation of cell motility down-regulation of cell motility downregulation of cell motility negative regulation of cell movement inhibition of cell motility biological_process GO:0051271 negative regulation of cell motion GO:0051271 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cell. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cell. positive regulation of cell movement up regulation of cell motility up-regulation of cell motility upregulation of cell motility activation of cell motility stimulation of cell motility biological_process GO:0051272 positive regulation of cell motion GO:0051272 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cell. GOC:ai A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. chromosome organisation and biogenesis (sensu Bacteria) chromosome organisation and biogenesis (sensu Eukaryota) chromosome organization and biogenesis chromosome organization and biogenesis (sensu Bacteria) chromosome organization and biogenesis (sensu Eukaryota) biological_process maintenance of genome integrity nuclear genome maintenance GO:0051276 chromosome organization GO:0051276 A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers that are not all identical. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. protein heterooligomer assembly protein heterooligomer biosynthesis protein heterooligomer biosynthetic process protein heterooligomer formation biological_process GO:0051291 protein heterooligomerization GO:0051291 The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers that are not all identical. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. GOC:ai The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. biological_process GO:0051301 cell division GO:0051301 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. biological_process GO:0051302 regulation of cell division GO:0051302 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. hydrolase regulator biological_process GO:0051336 regulation of hydrolase activity GO:0051336 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. EC:3.-.-.- GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. transferase regulator biological_process GO:0051338 regulation of transferase activity GO:0051338 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. EC:2.-.-.- GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring. lyase regulator biological_process GO:0051339 regulation of lyase activity GO:0051339 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring. EC:4.-.-.- GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6. ligase regulator biological_process GO:0051340 regulation of ligase activity GO:0051340 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6. EC:6.-.-.- GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. oxidoreductase regulator biological_process GO:0051341 regulation of oxidoreductase activity GO:0051341 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. EC:1.-.-.- GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds. hydrolase activator up regulation of hydrolase activity up-regulation of hydrolase activity upregulation of hydrolase activity activation of hydrolase activity stimulation of hydrolase activity biological_process GO:0051345 positive regulation of hydrolase activity GO:0051345 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds. GOC:ai Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds. down regulation of hydrolase activity down-regulation of hydrolase activity downregulation of hydrolase activity hydrolase inhibitor inhibition of hydrolase activity biological_process GO:0051346 negative regulation of hydrolase activity GO:0051346 Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. transferase activator up regulation of transferase activity up-regulation of transferase activity upregulation of transferase activity activation of transferase activity stimulation of transferase activity biological_process GO:0051347 positive regulation of transferase activity GO:0051347 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. GOC:ai Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. down regulation of transferase activity down-regulation of transferase activity downregulation of transferase activity transferase inhibitor inhibition of transferase activity biological_process GO:0051348 negative regulation of transferase activity GO:0051348 Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. lyase activator up regulation of lyase activity up-regulation of lyase activity upregulation of lyase activity activation of lyase activity stimulation of lyase activity biological_process GO:0051349 positive regulation of lyase activity GO:0051349 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. ligase activator up regulation of ligase activity up-regulation of ligase activity upregulation of ligase activity activation of ligase activity stimulation of ligase activity biological_process GO:0051351 positive regulation of ligase activity GO:0051351 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. GOC:ai Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. down regulation of ligase activity down-regulation of ligase activity downregulation of ligase activity ligase inhibitor inhibition of ligase activity biological_process GO:0051352 negative regulation of ligase activity GO:0051352 Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. oxidoreductase activator up regulation of oxidoreductase activity up-regulation of oxidoreductase activity upregulation of oxidoreductase activity activation of oxidoreductase activity stimulation of oxidoreductase activity biological_process GO:0051353 positive regulation of oxidoreductase activity GO:0051353 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. GOC:ai Any process that stops or reduces the rate of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. down regulation of oxidoreductase activity down-regulation of oxidoreductase activity downregulation of oxidoreductase activity oxidoreductase inhibitor inhibition of oxidoreductase activity biological_process GO:0051354 negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity GO:0051354 Any process that stops or reduces the rate of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. GOC:ai The series of events during equilibrioception by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception plays an important role in the ability of an organism to perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. equilibrioception by proprioception perception of orientation with respect to gravity by proprioception biological_process GO:0051355 proprioception during equilibrioception GO:0051355 The series of events during equilibrioception by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception plays an important role in the ability of an organism to perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with nonmuscle isoforms of actinin. Nonmuscle alpha-actinin is found at the leading edge of motile cells, cell adhesion sites, focal contacts and along actin stress fibers in migrating cells. alpha-actinin 4 binding alpha-actinin 1 binding molecular_function GO:0051372 nonmuscle alpha-actinin binding GO:0051372 Interacting selectively with nonmuscle isoforms of actinin. Nonmuscle alpha-actinin is found at the leading edge of motile cells, cell adhesion sites, focal contacts and along actin stress fibers in migrating cells. PMID:15014165 Interacting selectively with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. 5-hydroxytryptamine binding molecular_function GO:0051378 serotonin binding GO:0051378 Interacting selectively with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with norepinephrine, (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol), a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. noradrenaline binding molecular_function GO:0051380 norepinephrine binding GO:0051380 Interacting selectively with norepinephrine, (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol), a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:ai A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects. biological_process GO:0051384 response to glucocorticoid stimulus GO:0051384 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects. GOC:ai PMID:9884123 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mineralocorticoid stimulus. Mineralocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol and characterized by their similarity to aldosterone. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance. biological_process GO:0051385 response to mineralocorticoid stimulus GO:0051385 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mineralocorticoid stimulus. Mineralocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol and characterized by their similarity to aldosterone. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance. GOC:ai PMID:9884123 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway. regulation of NGF receptor signaling pathway regulation of NGF receptor signalling pathway regulation of nerve growth factor receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0051386 regulation of nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0051386 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway. down regulation of nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway down-regulation of nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway downregulation of nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of NGF receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of NGF receptor signalling pathway negative regulation of nerve growth factor receptor signalling pathway inhibition of nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0051387 negative regulation of nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0051387 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with alpha-actinin, one of a family of proteins that cross-link F-actin as antiparallel homodimers. Alpha-actinin has a molecular mass of 93-103 KDa; at the N-terminus there are two calponin homology domains, at the C-terminus there are two EF-hands. These two domains are connected by the rod domain. This domain is formed by triple-helical spectrin repeats. molecular_function GO:0051393 alpha-actinin binding GO:0051393 Interacting selectively with alpha-actinin, one of a family of proteins that cross-link F-actin as antiparallel homodimers. Alpha-actinin has a molecular mass of 93-103 KDa; at the N-terminus there are two calponin homology domains, at the C-terminus there are two EF-hands. These two domains are connected by the rod domain. This domain is formed by triple-helical spectrin repeats. PMID:10984498 PMID:11699871 PMID:15014165 Interacting selectively with the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domain of a protein. Bcl-2-related proteins share homology in one to four conserved regions designated the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4. These domains contribute at multiple levels to the function of these proteins in cell death and survival. Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family have four BH domains (BH1-BH4). Pro-apoptotic members have fewer BH domains. Bcl-2 homology domain binding molecular_function GO:0051400 BH domain binding GO:0051400 Interacting selectively with the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domain of a protein. Bcl-2-related proteins share homology in one to four conserved regions designated the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4. These domains contribute at multiple levels to the function of these proteins in cell death and survival. Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family have four BH domains (BH1-BH4). Pro-apoptotic members have fewer BH domains. PMID:11048732 PMID:12133724 PMID:9020082 PMID:9704409 The process of apoptosis in neurons, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. apoptosis of neuronal cells apoptosis of neurons neuron programmed cell death by apoptosis neuronal cell apoptosis neuronal cell programmed cell death by apoptosis programmed cell death of neuronal cells by apoptosis programmed cell death of neurons by apoptosis programmed cell death, neuronal cells programmed cell death, neurons biological_process GO:0051402 neuron apoptosis GO:0051402 The process of apoptosis in neurons, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. MeSH:A.08.663 A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays one or more of the signals; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. SAPK cascade p38 MAPK signaling p38 MAPK signalling stress-activated MAPK signaling pathway stress-activated MAPK signalling pathway stress-activated MAPKKK cascade stress-activated MAPKKK signaling pathway stress-activated MAPKKK signalling pathway MAPK11 cascade MAPK12 cascade MAPK13 cascade MAPK14 cascade p38 cascade biological_process GO:0051403 stress-activated MAPK cascade GO:0051403 A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays one or more of the signals; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. GOC:ai PMID:15936270 SAPK cascade GOC:add MAPK11 cascade GOC:add MAPK12 cascade GOC:add MAPK13 cascade GOC:add MAPK14 cascade GOC:add p38 cascade GOC:add A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions. biological_process GO:0051409 response to nitrosative stress GO:0051409 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions. PMID:15925705 Interacting selectively with corticotropin-releasing hormone, a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. It is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. CRH binding corticoliberin binding corticotropin-releasing factor binding molecular_function GO:0051424 corticotropin-releasing hormone binding GO:0051424 Interacting selectively with corticotropin-releasing hormone, a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. It is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. http://www.onelook.com Interacting selectively with a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain of a protein. PID binding phosphotyrosine-interacting domain binding molecular_function GO:0051425 PTB domain binding GO:0051425 Interacting selectively with a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain of a protein. PMID:15924411 Pfam:PF02174.5 Interacting selectively with a receptor for hormones. molecular_function GO:0051427 hormone receptor binding GO:0051427 Interacting selectively with a receptor for hormones. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with a receptor for peptide hormones. polypeptide hormone receptor binding molecular_function GO:0051428 peptide hormone receptor binding GO:0051428 Interacting selectively with a receptor for peptide hormones. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with the BH3 domain of a protein of the Bcl-2 family. The BH3 domain is a potent death domain and has an important role in protein-protein interactions and in cell death. molecular_function GO:0051434 BH3 domain binding GO:0051434 Interacting selectively with the BH3 domain of a protein of the Bcl-2 family. The BH3 domain is a potent death domain and has an important role in protein-protein interactions and in cell death. PMID:11048732 PMID:12133724 PMID:9020082 PMID:9704409 Prosite:PS01259 Interacting selectively with the BH4 domain of a protein of the Bcl-2 family. All anti-apoptotic proteins contain BH1 and BH2 domains; some also contain an additional N-terminal BH4 domain, which is almost never seen in pro-apoptotic proteins. Loss of the BH4 domain can diminish or abrogate anti-apoptotic function or even impart outright death-promoting properties to the protein. molecular_function GO:0051435 BH4 domain binding GO:0051435 Interacting selectively with the BH4 domain of a protein of the Bcl-2 family. All anti-apoptotic proteins contain BH1 and BH2 domains; some also contain an additional N-terminal BH4 domain, which is almost never seen in pro-apoptotic proteins. Loss of the BH4 domain can diminish or abrogate anti-apoptotic function or even impart outright death-promoting properties to the protein. InterPro:IPR003093 PMID:11048732 PMID:12133724 PMID:9020082 PMID:9704409 Prosite:PS01260 Prosite:PS50063 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ubiquitin + protein lysine = AMP + diphosphate + protein N-ubiquityllysine. regulation of ubiquitin ligase activity APC regulator SCF complex regulator anaphase-promoting complex regulator biological_process ubiquitin ligase regulator ubiquitin-protein ligase regulator GO:0051438 regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity GO:0051438 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ubiquitin + protein lysine = AMP + diphosphate + protein N-ubiquityllysine. EC:6.3.2.19 GOC:ai GOC:tb regulation of ubiquitin ligase activity GOC:tb Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ubiquitin + protein lysine = AMP + diphosphate + protein N-ubiquityllysine. positive regulation of ubiquitin ligase activity up regulation of ubiquitin ligase activity up-regulation of ubiquitin ligase activity upregulation of ubiquitin ligase activity APC activation APC activator SCF complex activator activation of ubiquitin ligase activity anaphase promoting complex activator anaphase-promoting complex activator stimulation of ubiquitin ligase activity ubiquitin ligase activator biological_process GO:0051443 positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity GO:0051443 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ubiquitin + protein lysine = AMP + diphosphate + protein N-ubiquityllysine. EC:6.3.2.19 GOC:ai GOC:tb positive regulation of ubiquitin ligase activity GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ubiquitin + protein lysine = AMP + diphosphate + protein N-ubiquityllysine. down regulation of ubiquitin ligase activity down-regulation of ubiquitin ligase activity downregulation of ubiquitin ligase activity negative regulation of ubiquitin ligase activity APC inhibition APC inhibitor SCF complex inhibitor anaphase promoting complex inhibition anaphase promoting complex inhibitor anaphase-promoting complex inhibition anaphase-promoting complex inhibitor inhibition of ubiquitin ligase activity ubiquitin ligase inhibitor biological_process GO:0051444 negative regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity GO:0051444 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ubiquitin + protein lysine = AMP + diphosphate + protein N-ubiquityllysine. EC:6.3.2.19 GOC:ai GOC:tb negative regulation of ubiquitin ligase activity GOC:tb The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0051450 myoblast proliferation GO:0051450 The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:ai GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that reduces the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. cell pH reduction cellular acidification reduction of cellular pH reduction of pH in cell biological_process intracellular acidification GO:0051452 intracellular pH reduction GO:0051452 Any process that reduces the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. cell pH regulation cellular pH regulation pH regulation in cell regulation of cell pH biological_process GO:0051453 regulation of intracellular pH GO:0051453 Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from a cell or group of cells. regulation of ATCH secretion regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone secreteion regulation of adrenotropin hormone secretion regulation of adrenotropin secretion regulation of corticotropic hormone secretion regulation of corticotropin secretion biological_process GO:0051459 regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion GO:0051459 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai GOC:dph regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone secreteion GOC:dph Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of calcium ions within the cytosol of a cell or between the cytosol and its surroundings. calcium ion homeostasis in cytoplasm cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration regulation cytoplasmic calcium ion homeostasis regulation of calcium ion concentration in cytoplasm regulation of cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration calcium ion homeostasis in cytosol cytosolic calcium ion concentration regulation regulation of calcium ion concentration in cytosol regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration biological_process GO:0051480 cytosolic calcium ion homeostasis GO:0051480 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of calcium ions within the cytosol of a cell or between the cytosol and its surroundings. GOC:ai GOC:mah Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol during the process of G-protein signaling coupled to IP3 second messenger. elevation of calcium ion concentration in cytoplasm during G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating) elevation of cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration during G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating) elevation of cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration during G-protein signalling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating) elevation of calcium ion concentration in cytosol during G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating) elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration during G-protein signalling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating) biological_process GO:0051482 elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration during G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating) GO:0051482 Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol during the process of G-protein signaling coupled to IP3 second messenger. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone. regulation of filopodia biosynthesis regulation of filopodia formation biological_process GO:0051489 regulation of filopodium formation GO:0051489 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone. positive regulation of filopodia biosynthesis positive regulation of filopodia formation up regulation of filopodium formation up-regulation of filopodium formation upregulation of filopodium formation activation of filopodium formation stimulation of filopodium formation biological_process GO:0051491 positive regulation of filopodium formation GO:0051491 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) proteins, a family of transcription factors. NFAT proteins have crucial roles in the development and function of the immune system. NFAT binding nuclear factor of activated T cell protein binding molecular_function GO:0051525 NFAT protein binding GO:0051525 Interacting selectively with NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) proteins, a family of transcription factors. NFAT proteins have crucial roles in the development and function of the immune system. PMID:15928679 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of an NFAT protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. regulation of NFAT protein import into cell nucleus regulation of NFAT protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus regulation of NFAT protein-nucleus import biological_process GO:0051532 regulation of NFAT protein import into nucleus GO:0051532 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of an NFAT protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of an NFAT protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. positive regulation of NFAT protein import into cell nucleus positive regulation of NFAT protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus positive regulation of NFAT protein-nucleus import up regulation of NFAT protein import into nucleus up-regulation of NFAT protein import into nucleus upregulation of NFAT protein import into nucleus activation of NFAT protein import into nucleus stimulation of NFAT protein import into nucleus biological_process GO:0051533 positive regulation of NFAT protein import into nucleus GO:0051533 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of an NFAT protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell. regulation of neurotransmitter import regulation of neurotransmitter reuptake biological_process GO:0051580 regulation of neurotransmitter uptake GO:0051580 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell. GOC:ai regulation of neurotransmitter import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell. positive regulation of neurotransmitter import up regulation of neurotransmitter uptake up-regulation of neurotransmitter uptake upregulation of neurotransmitter uptake activation of neurotransmitter uptake stimulation of neurotransmitter uptake biological_process GO:0051582 positive regulation of neurotransmitter uptake GO:0051582 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell. GOC:ai positive regulation of neurotransmitter import GOC:dph GOC:tb The directed movement of dopamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. dopamine import dopamine reuptake biological_process GO:0051583 dopamine uptake GO:0051583 The directed movement of dopamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. GOC:ai dopamine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the catecholamine neurotransmitter dopamine into a cell. regulation of dopamine import biological_process GO:0051584 regulation of dopamine uptake GO:0051584 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the catecholamine neurotransmitter dopamine into a cell. GOC:ai regulation of dopamine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of dopamine into a cell. positive regulation of dopamine import positive regulation of dopamine uptake up regulation of dopamine uptake up-regulation of dopamine uptake upregulation of dopamine uptake activation of dopamine uptake stimulation of dopamine uptake biological_process GO:0051586 positive regulation of dopamine uptake GO:0051586 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of dopamine into a cell. GOC:ai positive regulation of dopamine import GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of dopamine uptake GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0051588 regulation of neurotransmitter transport GO:0051588 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. down regulation of neurotransmitter transport down-regulation of neurotransmitter transport downregulation of neurotransmitter transport inhibition of neurotransmitter transport biological_process GO:0051589 negative regulation of neurotransmitter transport GO:0051589 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. up regulation of neurotransmitter transport up-regulation of neurotransmitter transport upregulation of neurotransmitter transport activation of neurotransmitter transport stimulation of neurotransmitter transport biological_process GO:0051590 positive regulation of neurotransmitter transport GO:0051590 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus. response to 3',5' cAMP response to 3',5'-cAMP response to adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate response to cyclic AMP biological_process GO:0051591 response to cAMP GO:0051591 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus. GOC:ai A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. biological_process response to electricity GO:0051602 response to electrical stimulus GO:0051602 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. GOC:ai The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein during the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells. peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism biological_process GO:0051603 proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process GO:0051603 The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein during the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells. GOC:ai The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. biological_process GO:0051604 protein maturation GO:0051604 The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. GOC:ai The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein during protein maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. peptidolysis during protein maturation biological_process GO:0051605 protein maturation via proteolysis GO:0051605 The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein during protein maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. GOC:ai The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal. stimulus detection biological_process perception of stimulus stimulus sensing GO:0051606 detection of stimulus GO:0051606 The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:add GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:mah Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism. antiviral response defence response to virus defense response to viruses biological_process GO:0051607 defense response to virus GO:0051607 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism. GOC:ai The directed movement of histamine into, out of, within or between cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. biological_process GO:0051608 histamine transport GO:0051608 The directed movement of histamine into, out of, within or between cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. GOC:ai The directed movement of histamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. histamine import biological_process GO:0051615 histamine uptake GO:0051615 The directed movement of histamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. GOC:ai histamine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Interacting selectively with any component on the surface of a bacterial cell. bacterium cell surface binding molecular_function GO:0051635 bacterial cell surface binding GO:0051635 Interacting selectively with any component on the surface of a bacterial cell. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with any component on the surface of a Gram-negative bacterial cell. Gram-negative bacterium cell surface binding molecular_function GO:0051636 Gram-negative bacterial cell surface binding GO:0051636 Interacting selectively with any component on the surface of a Gram-negative bacterial cell. GOC:ai Interacting selectively with any component on the surface of a Gram-positive bacterium. Gram-positive bacterium cell surface binding molecular_function GO:0051637 Gram-positive bacterial cell surface binding GO:0051637 Interacting selectively with any component on the surface of a Gram-positive bacterium. GOC:ai Any process by which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell. establishment and maintenance of cellular localization establishment and maintenance of localization in cell or cell membrane intracellular localization localization within cell biological_process GO:0051641 cellular localization GO:0051641 Any process by which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell. GOC:ai The directed movement of a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, to a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell. establishment of intracellular localization establishment of localization within cell positioning within cell biological_process establishment of cellular localization GO:0051649 establishment of localization in cell GO:0051649 The directed movement of a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, to a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb establishment of cellular localization GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process by which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. cellular retention cellular sequestering cellular storage intracellular retention intracellular sequestering intracellular storage maintenance of intracellular localization maintenance of localization within cell retention within cell sequestering within cell storage within cell biological_process maintenance of cellular localization maintenance of localization in cell GO:0051651 maintenance of location in cell GO:0051651 Any process by which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. GOC:ai maintenance of cellular localization GOC:dph GOC:tb maintenance of localization in cell GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process by which membrane rafts are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. establishment and maintenance of membrane raft localization lipid raft localization biological_process GO:0051665 membrane raft localization GO:0051665 Any process by which membrane rafts are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. GOC:ai PMID:16645198 Any process by which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane. establishment and maintenance of localization in membrane establishment and maintenance of position in membrane localization to membrane positioning within membrane biological_process GO:0051668 localization within membrane GO:0051668 Any process by which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane. GOC:ai An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. biological_process GO:0051701 interaction with host GO:0051701 An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. GOC:cc An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term symbiont is used for the smaller (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. biological_process GO:0051702 interaction with symbiont GO:0051702 An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term symbiont is used for the smaller (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. GOC:cc Any process by which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. interaction between organisms physiological interaction between organisms physiological interaction with other organism biological_process GO:0051704 multi-organism process GO:0051704 Any process by which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. GOC:ai Any process by which an organism has a behavioral effect on another organism of the same or different species. behavioral interaction with other organism behavioural interaction between organisms behavioural interaction with other organism biological_process GO:0051705 behavioral interaction between organisms GO:0051705 Any process by which an organism has a behavioral effect on another organism of the same or different species. GOC:ai A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism. biological_process GO:0051707 response to other organism GO:0051707 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism. GOC:ai The directed movement of an organism's proteins within a cell of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0051708 intracellular protein transport in other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0051708 The directed movement of an organism's proteins within a cell of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism. biological_process GO:0051709 regulation of killing of cells of another organism GO:0051709 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism. up regulation of killing of cells of another organism up-regulation of killing of cells of another organism upregulation of killing of cells of another organism activation of killing of cells of another organism stimulation of killing of cells of another organism biological_process GO:0051712 positive regulation of killing of cells of another organism GO:0051712 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism. GOC:ai The killing by an organism of a cell in another organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. cytolysis of cells of another, non-host, organism cytolysis of cells of competing organism biological_process GO:0051715 cytolysis of cells of another organism GO:0051715 The killing by an organism of a cell in another organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. GOC:ai A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. biological_process GO:0051716 cellular response to stimulus GO:0051716 A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jl Interacting selectively with the enzyme protein phosphatase 2A. molecular_function GO:0051721 protein phosphatase 2A binding GO:0051721 Interacting selectively with the enzyme protein phosphatase 2A. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. Reactome:156678 Reactome:156699 Reactome:156711 Reactome:162657 Reactome:204139 Reactome:209045 Reactome:209050 Reactome:211608 Reactome:213123 Reactome:218715 Reactome:218726 Reactome:221382 Reactome:222877 Reactome:227596 Reactome:230018 Reactome:235842 Reactome:235853 Reactome:238231 Reactome:239383 Reactome:243028 Reactome:243033 Reactome:244651 Reactome:245640 Reactome:248176 Reactome:248181 Reactome:249585 Reactome:250281 Reactome:251600 Reactome:252387 Reactome:253031 Reactome:254679 Reactome:255542 Reactome:256281 Reactome:257921 Reactome:258917 Reactome:259656 Reactome:261512 Reactome:262291 Reactome:264389 Reactome:265239 Reactome:267430 Reactome:267435 Reactome:268364 Reactome:280849 Reactome:282764 Reactome:285431 Reactome:285436 Reactome:286566 cell cycle control cell cycle modulation cell cycle regulation control of cell cycle progression modulation of cell cycle progression regulation of cell cycle progression regulation of progression through cell cycle biological_process cell cycle regulator tumor suppressor GO:0051726 regulation of cell cycle GO:0051726 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb Catalysis of the reaction: inositol trisphosphate + ATP = inositol tetrakisphosphate + ADP. molecular_function GO:0051766 inositol trisphosphate kinase activity GO:0051766 Catalysis of the reaction: inositol trisphosphate + ATP = inositol tetrakisphosphate + ADP. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. regulation of NO synthase biosynthesis regulation of NO synthase biosynthetic process regulation of NOS biosynthesis regulation of NOS biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0051769 regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process GO:0051769 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. down regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process down-regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process downregulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process negative regulation of NO synthase biosynthesis negative regulation of NO synthase biosynthetic process negative regulation of NOS biosynthesis negative regulation of NOS biosynthetic process inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0051771 negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process GO:0051771 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase 2. regulation of NOS2 synthase biosynthesis regulation of NOS2 synthase biosynthetic process regulation of nitric-oxide synthase (type 2) biosynthesis regulation of nitric-oxide synthase (type 2) biosynthetic process regulation of nitric-oxide synthase (type II) biosynthesis regulation of nitric-oxide synthase (type II) biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0051772 regulation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process GO:0051772 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase 2. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase 2. positive regulation of NOS2 synthase biosynthesis positive regulation of NOS2 synthase biosynthetic process positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase (type 2) biosynthesis positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase (type 2) biosynthetic process positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase (type II) biosynthesis positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase (type II) biosynthetic process up regulation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process up-regulation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process upregulation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process activation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process stimulation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0051773 positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process GO:0051773 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase 2. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. up regulation of cell division up-regulation of cell division upregulation of cell division activation of cell division stimulation of cell division biological_process GO:0051781 positive regulation of cell division GO:0051781 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. down regulation of cell division down-regulation of cell division downregulation of cell division inhibition of cell division biological_process GO:0051782 negative regulation of cell division GO:0051782 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. GOC:ai A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein stimulus. biological_process GO:0051789 response to protein stimulus GO:0051789 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein stimulus. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development. biological_process GO:0051797 regulation of hair follicle development GO:0051797 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development. up regulation of hair follicle development up-regulation of hair follicle development upregulation of hair follicle development activation of hair follicle development stimulation of hair follicle development biological_process GO:0051798 positive regulation of hair follicle development GO:0051798 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development. down regulation of hair follicle development down-regulation of hair follicle development downregulation of hair follicle development inhibition of hair follicle development biological_process GO:0051799 negative regulation of hair follicle development GO:0051799 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development. GOC:ai The killing by an organism of a cell in a second organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0051801 cytolysis of cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0051801 The killing by an organism of a cell in a second organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:add The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. modulation of morphology or physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction regulation of morphology or physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction regulation of morphology of other organism regulation of physiological process in other organism regulation of physiology of other organism biological_process GO:0051817 modification of morphology or physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0051817 The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:cc A process by which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the second organism's cells, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0051818 disruption of cells of other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0051818 A process by which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the second organism's cells, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:cc The movement of an organism from a second organism to another place in the environment, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The first organism may also move to a different organism. biological_process GO:0051821 dissemination or transmission of organism from other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0051821 The movement of an organism from a second organism to another place in the environment, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The first organism may also move to a different organism. GOC:cc Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse structural plasticity. Synapse structural plasticity is a type of cytoskeletal remodeling; this remodeling is induced by stimuli that can lead to long term potentiation and it can be activity-dependent or -independent. Examples of cytoskeletal changes include the formation of new spines and increase in spine size; this can be accompanied by the insertion of greater numbers of glutamate (or other neurotransmitter) receptors into the post-synaptic membrane. regulation of synaptic structural plasticity biological_process GO:0051823 regulation of synapse structural plasticity GO:0051823 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse structural plasticity. Synapse structural plasticity is a type of cytoskeletal remodeling; this remodeling is induced by stimuli that can lead to long term potentiation and it can be activity-dependent or -independent. Examples of cytoskeletal changes include the formation of new spines and increase in spine size; this can be accompanied by the insertion of greater numbers of glutamate (or other neurotransmitter) receptors into the post-synaptic membrane. PMID:11063967 PMID:14976517 PMID:9884123 The attachment of an organism to a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. Adhesion may be via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., and may be either direct or indirect. biological_process GO:0051825 adhesion to other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0051825 The attachment of an organism to a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. Adhesion may be via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., and may be either direct or indirect. GOC:cc Any process, either constitutive or induced, by which an organism evades, minimizes, or suppresses the effects of a second organism's defense(s), where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0051832 avoidance of defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0051832 Any process, either constitutive or induced, by which an organism evades, minimizes, or suppresses the effects of a second organism's defense(s), where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:cc Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of a second organism's defense(s), where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. Defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). biological_process GO:0051834 evasion or tolerance of defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0051834 Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of a second organism's defense(s), where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. Defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). GOC:cc Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0051883 killing of cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0051883 Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:add The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. biological_process GO:0051899 membrane depolarization GO:0051899 The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. Wikipedia:Depolarization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots. biological_process GO:0051917 regulation of fibrinolysis GO:0051917 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots. down regulation of fibrinolysis down-regulation of fibrinolysis downregulation of fibrinolysis inhibition of fibrinolysis biological_process GO:0051918 negative regulation of fibrinolysis GO:0051918 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots. GOC:ai Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots. up regulation of fibrinolysis up-regulation of fibrinolysis upregulation of fibrinolysis activation of fibrinolysis stimulation of fibrinolysis biological_process GO:0051919 positive regulation of fibrinolysis GO:0051919 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots. GOC:ai Catalysis of the reaction: 2 R'-SH + ROOH = R'-S-S-R' + H2O + ROH. EC:1.11.1.15 PRDX activity Prx activity thiol-containing-reductant:hydroperoxide oxidoreductase activity AhpC activity alkyl hydroperoxide reductase C22 activity molecular_function GO:0051920 peroxiredoxin activity GO:0051920 Catalysis of the reaction: 2 R'-SH + ROOH = R'-S-S-R' + H2O + ROH. EC:1.11.1.15 thiol-containing-reductant:hydroperoxide oxidoreductase activity EC:1.11.1.15 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of, within or between cells. regulation of calcium transport biological_process GO:0051924 regulation of calcium ion transport GO:0051924 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. biological_process GO:0051930 regulation of sensory perception of pain GO:0051930 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. biological_process GO:0051931 regulation of sensory perception GO:0051931 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. GOC:ai The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). synaptic transmission, GABA mediated synaptic transmission, gamma-aminobutyric acid mediated synaptic transmission, gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic biological_process GO:0051932 synaptic transmission, GABAergic GO:0051932 The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). ISBN:0126603030 The uptake of amino acid neurotransmitters by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. amino acid neurotransmitter recycling amino acid neurotransmitter reuptake amino acid neurotransmitter import into glial cell amino acid neurotransmitter import into neuron biological_process GO:0051933 amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse GO:0051933 The uptake of amino acid neurotransmitters by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. ISBN:0123668387 The uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. catecholamine neurotransmitter recycling catecholamine neurotransmitter reuptake catecholamine reuptake during transmission of nerve impulse catecholamine neurotransmitter import into glial cell catecholamine neurotransmitter import into neuron biological_process GO:0051934 catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse GO:0051934 The uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. ISBN:0123668387 The uptake of L-glutamate by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. glutamate recycling L-glutamate reuptake L-glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse glutamate reuptake glutamate import into glial cell glutamate import into neuron biological_process GO:0051935 glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse GO:0051935 The uptake of L-glutamate by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. ISBN:0123668387 The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. biological_process GO:0051937 catecholamine transport GO:0051937 The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle. L-glutamate uptake biological_process GO:0051938 L-glutamate import GO:0051938 The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle. GOC:ai GOC:jsg GOC:mah L-glutamate uptake GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell. regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitter reuptake regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitter uptake biological_process GO:0051940 regulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse GO:0051940 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell. GOC:ai Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell. positive regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitter reuptake positive regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitter uptake up regulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse up-regulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse upregulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse activation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse stimulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse biological_process GO:0051944 positive regulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse GO:0051944 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0051952 regulation of amine transport GO:0051952 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of, within or between cells. down regulation of amine transport down-regulation of amine transport downregulation of amine transport inhibition of amine transport biological_process GO:0051953 negative regulation of amine transport GO:0051953 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of, within or between cells. up regulation of amine transport up-regulation of amine transport upregulation of amine transport activation of amine transport stimulation of amine transport biological_process GO:0051954 positive regulation of amine transport GO:0051954 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0051955 regulation of amino acid transport GO:0051955 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of, within or between cells. down regulation of amino acid transport down-regulation of amino acid transport downregulation of amino acid transport inhibition of amino acid transport biological_process GO:0051956 negative regulation of amino acid transport GO:0051956 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of, within or between cells. up regulation of amino acid transport up-regulation of amino acid transport upregulation of amino acid transport activation of amino acid transport stimulation of amino acid transport biological_process GO:0051957 positive regulation of amino acid transport GO:0051957 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of, within or between cells. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. biological_process GO:0051960 regulation of nervous system development GO:0051960 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. down regulation of nervous system development down-regulation of nervous system development downregulation of nervous system development inhibition of nervous system development biological_process GO:0051961 negative regulation of nervous system development GO:0051961 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. GOC:ai Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. up regulation of nervous system development up-regulation of nervous system development upregulation of nervous system development activation of nervous system development stimulation of nervous system development biological_process GO:0051962 positive regulation of nervous system development GO:0051962 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptogenesis, the formation of a synapse. biological_process GO:0051963 regulation of synaptogenesis GO:0051963 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptogenesis, the formation of a synapse. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptogenesis, the formation of a synapse. down regulation of synaptogenesis down-regulation of synaptogenesis downregulation of synaptogenesis inhibition of synaptogenesis biological_process GO:0051964 negative regulation of synaptogenesis GO:0051964 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptogenesis, the formation of a synapse. GOC:ai Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptogenesis, the formation of a synapse. up regulation of synaptogenesis up-regulation of synaptogenesis upregulation of synaptogenesis activation of synaptogenesis stimulation of synaptogenesis biological_process GO:0051965 positive regulation of synaptogenesis GO:0051965 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptogenesis, the formation of a synapse. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate. biological_process GO:0051966 regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic GO:0051966 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate. down regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic down-regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic downregulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic inhibition of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic biological_process GO:0051967 negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic GO:0051967 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate. GOC:ai Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate. up regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic up-regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic upregulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic activation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic stimulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic biological_process GO:0051968 positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic GO:0051968 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. biological_process GO:0051969 regulation of transmission of nerve impulse GO:0051969 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. down regulation of transmission of nerve impulse down-regulation of transmission of nerve impulse downregulation of transmission of nerve impulse inhibition of transmission of nerve impulse biological_process GO:0051970 negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse GO:0051970 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. GOC:ai Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. up regulation of transmission of nerve impulse up-regulation of transmission of nerve impulse upregulation of transmission of nerve impulse activation of transmission of nerve impulse stimulation of transmission of nerve impulse biological_process GO:0051971 positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse GO:0051971 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. GOC:ai The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the host cell membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052025 modification by symbiont of host cell membrane GO:0052025 The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the host cell membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 Any process by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of its host, the response mounted by the host in response to the presence of the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052031 modulation by symbiont of host defense response GO:0052031 Any process by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of its host, the response mounted by the host in response to the presence of the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 MAMP dependent activation of host innate immunity MAMP dependent induction of host innate immunity PAMP dependent activation of host innate immunity PAMP dependent induction of host innate immunity general elicitor-dependent activation of host innate immunity general elicitor-dependent induction of host innate immunity pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent activation by organism of host innate immunity biological_process GO:0052033 pathogen-associated molecular pattern dependent induction by symbiont of host innate immunity GO:0052033 The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a host cellular component. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052043 modification by symbiont of host cellular component GO:0052043 The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a host cellular component. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 The process by which an organism effects a change in an anatomical part or cellular component of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052111 modification by symbiont of host structure GO:0052111 The process by which an organism effects a change in an anatomical part or cellular component of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 Any process by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. positive regulation of host innate immune response up regulation by symbiont of host innate immunity up-regulation by symbiont of host innate immunity upregulation by symbiont of host innate immunity activation by symbiont of host innate immunity induction of host innate immune response induction of host innate immunity stimulation by symbiont of host innate immunity biological_process GO:0052166 positive regulation by symbiont of host innate immunity GO:0052166 Any process by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the defenses of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052173 response to defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052173 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the defenses of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 The process by which an organism effects a change in an anatomical part or cellular component of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052185 modification of structure of other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052185 The process by which an organism effects a change in an anatomical part or cellular component of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a cellular component in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052188 modification of cellular component in other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052188 The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a cellular component in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052214 metabolism of substance in other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052214 The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 The activation by an organism of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. activation of defense response of other organism biological_process GO:0052251 induction by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052251 The activation by an organism of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:cc Any process by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, the response mounted by that organism in response to the presence of the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052255 modulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052255 Any process by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, the response mounted by that organism in response to the presence of the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 Any process by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. positive regulation of innate immune response of other organism up regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction up-regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction upregulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction activation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction stimulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction biological_process GO:0052305 positive regulation by organism of innate immunity in other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052305 Any process by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another, where two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. haemolysis in other organism hemolysis by organism of RBCs in other organism during symbiotic interaction hemolysis by organism of red blood cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction biological_process hemolysin activity GO:0052331 hemolysis by organism of erythrocytes in other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052331 The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another, where two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:add SP_KW:KW-0354 hemolysis by organism of RBCs in other organism during symbiotic interaction CL:0000232 hemolysis by organism of red blood cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction CL:0000232 The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the cell membrane of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052332 modification by organism of cell membrane in other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052332 The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the cell membrane of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 Any process by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. up regulation by symbiont of host defense response up-regulation by symbiont of host defense response upregulation by symbiont of host defense response activation by symbiont of host defense response stimulation by symbiont of host defense response biological_process GO:0052509 positive regulation by symbiont of host defense response GO:0052509 Any process by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 Any process by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. up regulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction up-regulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction upregulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction activation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction stimulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction biological_process GO:0052510 positive regulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052510 Any process by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. biological_process peptidase regulator activity GO:0052547 regulation of peptidase activity GO:0052547 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. EC:3.4 GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. biological_process protease regulator activity GO:0052548 regulation of endopeptidase activity GO:0052548 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. GOC:ai GOC:hjd A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052551 response to defense-related nitric oxide production by other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052551 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 Any process by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. up regulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction up-regulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction upregulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction activation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction stimulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction biological_process GO:0052555 positive regulation by organism of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052555 Any process by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052564 response to immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction GO:0052564 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of nitric oxide produced as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052565 response to defense-related host nitric oxide production GO:0052565 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of nitric oxide produced as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process GO:0052572 response to host immune response GO:0052572 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06 A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity. cellular_component GO:0055029 nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex GO:0055029 A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity. GOC:mtg_sensu Organelle consisting of networks of 60nm tubules organized around the microtubule organizing centre in some cell types. They transport receptors from late endosomes back to the plasma membrane for recycling and are also involved in membrane trafficking. cellular_component GO:0055037 recycling endosome GO:0055037 Organelle consisting of networks of 60nm tubules organized around the microtubule organizing centre in some cell types. They transport receptors from late endosomes back to the plasma membrane for recycling and are also involved in membrane trafficking. GOC:jic GOC:rph PMID:10930469 PMID:15601896 PMID:16246101 The lipid bilayer surrounding a recycling endosome. cellular_component GO:0055038 recycling endosome membrane GO:0055038 The lipid bilayer surrounding a recycling endosome. GOC:jic GOC:rph PMID:10930469 PMID:15601896 PMID:16246101 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. neuroblast cell division biological_process GO:0055057 neuroblast division GO:0055057 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. PMID:11163136 PMID:11250167 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of metal ions within an organism or cell. biological_process GO:0055065 metal ion homeostasis GO:0055065 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of metal ions within an organism or cell. GOC:ai GOC:jid GOC:mah Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of divalent or trivalent cations within an organism or cell. biological_process GO:0055066 di-, tri-valent inorganic cation homeostasis GO:0055066 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of divalent or trivalent cations within an organism or cell. GOC:ceb GOC:jid GOC:mah Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of monovalent inorganic cations within an organism or cell. biological_process GO:0055067 monovalent inorganic cation homeostasis GO:0055067 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of monovalent inorganic cations within an organism or cell. GOC:ai GOC:jid GOC:mah Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of calcium ions within an organism or cell. regulation of calcium ion concentration biological_process GO:0055074 calcium ion homeostasis GO:0055074 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of calcium ions within an organism or cell. GOC:ceb GOC:jid GOC:mah Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cations within an organism or cell. biological_process GO:0055080 cation homeostasis GO:0055080 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cations within an organism or cell. GOC:ceb GOC:jid GOC:mah Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of a chemical at the level of the cell. biological_process GO:0055082 cellular chemical homeostasis GO:0055082 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of a chemical at the level of the cell. GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute. biological_process GO:0055085 transmembrane transport GO:0055085 The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute. GOC:jid The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolism biological_process GO:0055086 nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process GO:0055086 The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. GOC:vw A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension. response to hyperoxic stress response to increased oxygen tension biological_process GO:0055093 response to hyperoxia GO:0055093 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension. GOC:kmv Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid. molecular_function GO:0055102 lipase inhibitor activity GO:0055102 Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid. GOC:rl The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. oxidoreductase process biological_process GO:0055114 oxidation reduction GO:0055114 The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. GOC:dl GOC:ed GOC:jid GOC:jm GOC:mlg GOC:rh An automatic response to a stimulus beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor and ending with the action of an effector such as a gland or a muscle. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. biological_process GO:0060004 reflex GO:0060004 An automatic response to a stimulus beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor and ending with the action of an effector such as a gland or a muscle. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. GOC:dph ISBN:087797099 A reflex process by which a response to an angular or linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the inner ear and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. biological_process GO:0060005 vestibular reflex GO:0060005 A reflex process by which a response to an angular or linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the inner ear and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. PMID:11784757 The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine. glycinergic synaptic transmission biological_process GO:0060012 synaptic transmission, glycinergic GO:0060012 The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine. GOC:dph A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position. righting response biological_process GO:0060013 righting reflex GO:0060013 A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position. GOC:dph PMID:8635460 righting response GOC:dph The commitment of a cells to a specific astrocyte fate and its restriction to develop only into an astrocyte. biological_process GO:0060018 astrocyte fate commitment GO:0060018 The commitment of a cells to a specific astrocyte fate and its restriction to develop only into an astrocyte. GOC:dph The process whereby neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0060019 radial glial cell differentiation GO:0060019 The process whereby neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph The process whereby neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to Brgmann glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the cerebellum. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0060020 Bergmann glial cell differentiation GO:0060020 The process whereby neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to Brgmann glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the cerebellum. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph PMID:10375501 Any process involved in the generation of rhythmic, synchronous synaptic inputs in a neural circuit. biological_process GO:0060024 rhythmic synaptic transmission GO:0060024 Any process involved in the generation of rhythmic, synchronous synaptic inputs in a neural circuit. GOC:dph The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a bipolar cell, the last neuron to be generated in the retina. biological_process GO:0060040 retinal bipolar neuron differentiation GO:0060040 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a bipolar cell, the last neuron to be generated in the retina. GOC:bf GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. retina development (sensu Mammalia) retina development in camera-style eye biological_process retinal development GO:0060041 retina development in camera-type eye GO:0060041 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. GOC:bf GOC:dph GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 retinal development GOC:dph GOC:tb The process by which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. retina morphogenesis in camera-style eye retinogenesis biological_process GO:0060042 retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye GO:0060042 The process by which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:bf GOC:dph GOC:mtg_sensu A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising neurofilaments and their associated proteins. neurofilament cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0060052 neurofilament cytoskeleton organization GO:0060052 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising neurofilaments and their associated proteins. GOC:dph Intermediate filament cytoskeletal structure that is made up of neurofilaments. Neurofilaments are specialized intermediate filaments found in neurons. cellular_component GO:0060053 neurofilament cytoskeleton GO:0060053 Intermediate filament cytoskeletal structure that is made up of neurofilaments. Neurofilaments are specialized intermediate filaments found in neurons. GOC:dph The process by which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the embryonic life stage . Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. biological_process GO:0060059 embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye GO:0060059 The process by which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the embryonic life stage . Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:dgh GOC:dph The process by which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the post-embryonic life stage . Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. biological_process GO:0060060 post-embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye GO:0060060 The process by which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the post-embryonic life stage . Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:dgh GOC:dph The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. Wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin canonical Wnt signaling pathway frizzled-1 receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0060070 Wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin GO:0060070 The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. GOC:bf GOC:dph PMID:11532397 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 100 to 220 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by concerted actions of internal calcium ions and membrane potential. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are less sensitive to calcium than are small or intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. BK KCa channels BK calcium-activated potassium channel activity large conductance KCa channels molecular_function BK channel activity GO:0060072 large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity GO:0060072 Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 100 to 220 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by concerted actions of internal calcium ions and membrane potential. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are less sensitive to calcium than are small or intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 PMID:17115074 The process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state. Synaptic maturation plays a critical role in the establishment of effective synaptic connections in early development. synaptic maturation biological_process GO:0060074 synapse maturation GO:0060074 The process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state. Synaptic maturation plays a critical role in the establishment of effective synaptic connections in early development. GOC:dph GOC:ef Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized. regulation of resting potential biological_process GO:0060075 regulation of resting membrane potential GO:0060075 Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized. GOC:dph GOC:ef ISBN:0195088433 A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell. Wikipedia:Excitatory_synapse cellular_component GO:0060076 excitatory synapse GO:0060076 A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell. GOC:dph GOC:ef A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell. Wikipedia:Inhibitory_postsynaptic_potential cellular_component GO:0060077 inhibitory synapse GO:0060077 A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell. GOC:dph GOC:ef Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the postsynaptic membrane potential, which is generated by changes in the membrane potential of the post synaptic neuron that receives information at a synapse. The presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. After being bound by the neurotransmitters, these receptors can open or close an ion channel, allowing ions to enter or leave the cell and therefore altering the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. biological_process GO:0060078 regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential GO:0060078 Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the postsynaptic membrane potential, which is generated by changes in the membrane potential of the post synaptic neuron that receives information at a synapse. The presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. After being bound by the neurotransmitters, these receptors can open or close an ion channel, allowing ions to enter or leave the cell and therefore altering the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. GOC:dph GOC:ef Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporay increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. biological_process EPSP GO:0060079 regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential GO:0060079 Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporay increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. GOC:dph GOC:ef Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) which is a temporay decrease in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential. biological_process IPSP GO:0060080 regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic membrane potential GO:0060080 Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) which is a temporay decrease in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential. GOC:dph GOC:ef The process in which membrane potential changes in the hyperpolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to more negative. biological_process GO:0060081 membrane hyperpolarization GO:0060081 The process in which membrane potential changes in the hyperpolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to more negative. GOC:dph The reflex process by which a mechanical stimulus applied to the eye elicits a response of the eyelid closing. nictitating membrane reflex biological_process GO:0060082 eye blink reflex GO:0060082 The reflex process by which a mechanical stimulus applied to the eye elicits a response of the eyelid closing. GOC:dph PMID:2913208 The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body. biological_process synaptic transmission involved in urination GO:0060084 synaptic transmission involved in micturition GO:0060084 The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body. GOC:dph PMID:15827347 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory hair cells. auditory receptor cell stereocilium organization and biogenesis stereocilium organisation and biogenesis biological_process GO:0060088 auditory receptor cell stereocilium organization GO:0060088 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory hair cells. GOC:dph PMID:10978835 The molecular function that accepts an input of one form and creates an output of a different form. molecular_function GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity GO:0060089 The molecular function that accepts an input of one form and creates an output of a different form. GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07 The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. molecular_function GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity GO:0060090 The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07 An immotile primary cilium that is found at the apical surface of auditory receptor cells. The kinocilium is surrounded by actin-based stereocilia. Wikipedia:Kinocilium cellular_component GO:0060091 kinocilium GO:0060091 An immotile primary cilium that is found at the apical surface of auditory receptor cells. The kinocilium is surrounded by actin-based stereocilia. GOC:dph PMID:15882574 The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of inner ear receptor cells. Inner ear receptor cells are mechanorecptors found in the inner ear responsible for transducing signals involved in balance and sensory perception of sound. inner ear hair cell differentiation biological_process GO:0060113 inner ear receptor cell differentiation GO:0060113 The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of inner ear receptor cells. Inner ear receptor cells are mechanorecptors found in the inner ear responsible for transducing signals involved in balance and sensory perception of sound. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an auditory receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. auditory hair cell development biological_process GO:0060117 auditory receptor cell development GO:0060117 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an auditory receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. inner ear hair cell development biological_process GO:0060119 inner ear receptor cell development GO:0060119 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph The process by which a cell becomes committed to become an inner ear receptor cell. inner ear hair cell fate commitment biological_process GO:0060120 inner ear receptor cell fate commitment GO:0060120 The process by which a cell becomes committed to become an inner ear receptor cell. GOC:dph A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of inner ear receptor cells. inner ear hair cell receptor stereocilium organization inner ear receptor stereocilium organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0060122 inner ear receptor stereocilium organization GO:0060122 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of inner ear receptor cells. GOC:dph The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a somatotropin secreting cell. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin. growth hormone secreting cell differentiation somatotrophin secreting cell differentiation biological_process somatotrope differentiation somatotroph differentiation somatotropic cell differentiation somatrophic cell differentiation GO:0060126 somatotropin secreting cell differentiation GO:0060126 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a somatotropin secreting cell. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatotropin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin. growth hormone secreting cell development somatotrophin secreting cell development somatotropic cell development biological_process somatotrope development somatotroph development somatrophic cell development GO:0060133 somatotropin secreting cell development GO:0060133 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatotropin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin. GOC:dph The process by which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceeded by a low-intensity prepulse. pre-pulse inhibition biological_process PPI GO:0060134 prepulse inhibition GO:0060134 The process by which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceeded by a low-intensity prepulse. GOC:dph PMID:10341260 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate. activation of phospholipase C activity by dopamine receptor signalling pathway dopamine receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway biological_process GO:0060158 activation of phospholipase C activity by dopamine receptor signaling pathway GO:0060158 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate. GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:12675914 activation of phospholipase C activity by dopamine receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah dopamine receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a dopamine receptor signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. regulation of dopamine receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0060159 regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway GO:0060159 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a dopamine receptor signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:dph regulation of dopamine receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. negative regulation of dopamine receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0060160 negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway GO:0060160 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:dph negative regulation of dopamine receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. positive regulation of dopamine receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0060161 positive regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway GO:0060161 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:dph positive regulation of dopamine receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah The process whereby in the subpallium, the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon. biological_process subpallium neuronal precursor fate commitment GO:0060163 subpallium neuron fate commitment GO:0060163 The process whereby in the subpallium, the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon. GOC:dph The process controlling the timing and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires features of a neuron. biological_process GO:0060164 regulation of timing of neuron differentiation GO:0060164 The process controlling the timing and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires features of a neuron. GOC:dph The process controlling the timing and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell in the subpallium acquires features of a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon. biological_process GO:0060165 regulation of timing of subpallium neuron differentiation GO:0060165 The process controlling the timing and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell in the subpallium acquires features of a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon. GOC:dph The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx. biological_process GO:0060166 olfactory pit development GO:0060166 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. regulation of adenosine receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0060167 regulation of adenosine receptor signaling pathway GO:0060167 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:dph regulation of adenosine receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. negative regulation of adenosine receptor signalling pathway biological_process GO:0060169 negative regulation of adenosine receptor signaling pathway GO:0060169 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. GOC:dph negative regulation of adenosine receptor signalling pathway GOC:mah The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium. cellular_component GO:0060170 cilium membrane GO:0060170 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium. GOC:dph GOC:rh The specific actions or reactions of a male organism that are associated with reproduction. biological_process GO:0060179 male mating behavior GO:0060179 The specific actions or reactions of a male organism that are associated with reproduction. GOC:dph GOC:tb The specific actions or reactions of a female organism that are associated with reproduction. biological_process GO:0060180 female mating behavior GO:0060180 The specific actions or reactions of a female organism that are associated with reproduction. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid. biological_process GO:0060191 regulation of lipase activity GO:0060191 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid. biological_process GO:0060193 positive regulation of lipase activity GO:0060193 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid. GOC:dph GOC:tb The volume enclosed by the membrane of a cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle. cytoplasmic membrane-enclosed vesicle lumen cellular_component GO:0060205 cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle lumen GO:0060205 The volume enclosed by the membrane of a cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle. GOC:dph A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood. definitive haemopoiesis definitive hematopoiesis biological_process definitive haematopoiesis GO:0060216 definitive hemopoiesis GO:0060216 A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood. GOC:bf GOC:dph PMID:15378083 PMID:15617691 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hemopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. haematopoietic stem cell differentiation haemopoietic stem cell differentiation hematopoietic stem cell differentiation biological_process GO:0060218 hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GO:0060218 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hemopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. GOC:bf GOC:dph PMID:15378083 Increases the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid. molecular_function GO:0060229 lipase activator activity GO:0060229 Increases the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid. GOC:dph GOC:tb A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. anatomical structure maintenance biological_process GO:0060249 anatomical structure homeostasis GO:0060249 A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GOC:dph anatomical structure maintenance GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0060251 regulation of glial cell proliferation GO:0060251 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0060252 positive regulation of glial cell proliferation GO:0060252 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:sl GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0060255 regulation of macromolecule metabolic process GO:0060255 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food. regulation of feeding behaviour biological_process GO:0060259 regulation of feeding behavior GO:0060259 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of feeding behaviour GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. biological_process GO:0060263 regulation of respiratory burst GO:0060263 Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. biological_process GO:0060264 regulation of respiratory burst during acute inflammatory response GO:0060264 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. biological_process GO:0060265 positive regulation of respiratory burst during acute inflammatory response GO:0060265 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. biological_process GO:0060266 negative regulation of respiratory burst during acute inflammatory response GO:0060266 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. biological_process GO:0060267 positive regulation of respiratory burst GO:0060267 Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. biological_process GO:0060268 negative regulation of respiratory burst GO:0060268 Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0060284 regulation of cell development GO:0060284 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph GOC:tb A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse. long-term potentiation biological_process LTP GO:0060291 long-term synaptic potentiation GO:0060291 A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse. GOC:dgh GOC:dph long-term potentiation GOC:dph LTP GOC:dph The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). biological_process GO:0060326 cell chemotaxis GO:0060326 The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process by which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell. biological_process GO:0060341 regulation of cellular localization GO:0060341 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process by which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a complex. macromolecule complex assembly biological_process GO:0065003 macromolecular complex assembly GO:0065003 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a complex. GOC:jl The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex. biological_process GO:0065004 protein-DNA complex assembly GO:0065004 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any biological process, quality or function. regulation biological_process GO:0065007 biological regulation GO:0065007 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any biological process, quality or function. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc. regulation of biological attribute regulation of biological characteristic biological_process GO:0065008 regulation of biological quality GO:0065008 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of molecular functions. Molecular functions are elemental biological activities occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. regulation of a molecular function biological_process GO:0065009 regulation of molecular function GO:0065009 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of molecular functions. Molecular functions are elemental biological activities occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. GOC:isa_complete Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell. extracellular membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0065010 extracellular membrane-bounded organelle GO:0065010 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell. GOC:isa_complete Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds formed between L-amino acids. molecular_function GO:0070011 peptidase activity, acting on L-amino acid peptides GO:0070011 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds formed between L-amino acids. GOC:mah An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle. cellular_component GO:0070013 intracellular organelle lumen GO:0070013 An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle. GOC:mah A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0070062 extracellular vesicular exosome GO:0070062 A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. GOC:mah PMID:15908444 PMID:17641064 A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix. anchoring cell junction cellular_component GO:0070161 anchoring junction GO:0070161 A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix. ISBN:0815332181 anchoring cell junction GOC:mah The process of apoptosis in a lymphocyte. biological_process GO:0070227 Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542). lymphocyte apoptosis GO:0070227 The process of apoptosis in a lymphocyte. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptosis. biological_process GO:0070228 Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542). regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis GO:0070228 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptosis. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 A histone acetyltransferase complex that acetylates nucleosomal H3 and H2B and is required for the expression of a subset of Pol II-transcribed genes. The budding yeast complex includes the acetyltransferase Gcn5p, several proteins of the Spt and Ada families, and several TBP-associate proteins (TAFs); analogous complexes in other species have analogous compositions, and usually contain homologs of the yeast proteins. SAGA family complex cellular_component GO:0070461 SAGA-type complex GO:0070461 A histone acetyltransferase complex that acetylates nucleosomal H3 and H2B and is required for the expression of a subset of Pol II-transcribed genes. The budding yeast complex includes the acetyltransferase Gcn5p, several proteins of the Spt and Ada families, and several TBP-associate proteins (TAFs); analogous complexes in other species have analogous compositions, and usually contain homologs of the yeast proteins. GOC:mah PMID:10637607 PMID:17337012 SAGA family complex PMID:17337012 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH). biological_process GO:0080010 regulation of oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolic process GO:0080010 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH). PMID:18450450 OBO-Edit 1.101 30:11:2009 11:56 gene_ontology 1.0 gifman cvs version: $Revision: 1.470 $ gene_ontology negatively_regulates negatively_regulates gene_ontology positively_regulates positively_regulates gene_ontology regulates regulates