synonym IUPACclass wikipedia PATO_id hasConstraint hasSI-unit A annotation property that assigns a class of "SI-unit" to OPB:Physical property classes. Multiple instances of hasSI-unit and hasReciprocal-SI-unit may be assigned to a given property class to express, as factors and reciprocols, compound units such as for a velocity (distance/time) or density (mass / volume). SI-units are the only system of units to be represented in OPB and is implemented according to the globaly-adopted system as described in: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units. SI-unit classes. Accordingly and by fiat, some are "base units" that are irreducible and some are "derived units" that are derived from base units by multiplication or division. In other foromal systems or conventional usages, other allocations between base/derived units may be encountered. SI-unit classes map, non-exclusively to classes of OPB:PropertyDimension either as single classes, or as multiples/quotients of base units maps_to_BFOclass An annotation property that assigns the reciprocal of an SI-unit as the measurement unit for a physical property hasReciprocal-SI-unit classTerm BFOmapping discussion A hasParticipant relation that relates a dynamical process to a dynamical entity whose dynamical state is a precondition for the process to occur but whose dynamical state changes only by participation in some other process. hasMediatorParticipant ...that relates a property to the mathematical form of an instance of the property hasMathForm The intuitive aim of "hasParticipant" is to relate an occurrence of a dynamical process to those dynamical entities that must exist in defined physical state for the process to occur during which the states of participants may, or may not be, changed. Note that: "hasParticipant" relates physical processes to physical entities while "hasPropertyParticipant" relates physical properties to physical dependencies. A topObjectProperty that relates an occurrence of a physical process to an instance of a physical continuant that is required for the process to occur or is changed by the process hasParticipant ...that relates an occurrence of a process to the temporal interval during which it occurs occursDuring hasMomentumPlayer hasTemporalPartOfProcess hasStructuralPartOfProcess x_deferred object prop hasForcePlayer A topObjectProperty that relates a property to a property attribute hasPropertyAttribute hasFlowPlayer hasAmountPlayer ...that relates a property to the spatial coordinate system in which an instance of the property is defined hasSpatialCoordinate ...that relates a property to the dimension of the property hasDimension hasNegPropertyPlayer ...that is a algebraic relation that relates the values of dynamical properties in a constitutive dependency hasConstitutivePlayer hasStatePlayer hasThermodynamicPlayer hasPropertyValue hasProcessDependency A hasParticipant property that relates the flow of material or charge to a portion of material or charge that is a source or sink for the flow. hasDynamicalParticipant successorTo hasFlowSinkPlayer partOf hasPart ...that tends to accelerate or move an entity away from the origin of its spatial location hasForceSinkPlayer successorOf ...that tends to accelerate or move an entity toward the origin of its spatial location hasForceSourcePlayer hasPosPropertyPlayer The intuitive aim of "hasPropertyPlayer" is to relate an occurrence of a dynamical dependency to instances of dynamical properties that . Note that: "hasParticipant" relates physical processes to physical entities while "hasPropertyPlayer" relates instances of physical properties to occurrences of physical dependencies. A topObjectProperty that relates an occurrence of a physical dependency to an instance of a physical property that determines the rate or activity of the process. hasPropertyPlayer hasPartOfProcess hasPropertyAttribute deferred ...that relates an occurrence to the process class of which it is an instance occurenceOf subProcessOf hasSubProcess hasFlowSourcePlayer A topObjectProperty that relates a physical property to the physical entity in which the property inheres propertyOf The intuition "hasThermodynamicEntity" is designed to fulfil is that any dynamical (i.e., energy-bearing) entity possesses its own portion of energy whch can be a participant in a thermodynamic process during which can be exchanged with portions of energy belonging to other participating dynamic entities. A hasParticipant property that defines a polarity by which thermodynamic energy flows from a dynamical entity that is the source of the flow into a dynamical entity that is a sink. hasThermoParticipant A topObjectProperty that relates instances of a OPB:Physics continuant or an OPB:Physics process to an instance of OPB:Physics property. hasProperty A topObjectProperty that relates a physical property to the domain of the entity or dependency for which it is a property hasPhysicalDomain ...that relates a property to the spatial scope for which an instance of the property is defined hasSpatialScope hasBoundary boundaryOf A topObjectProperty that relates an instance of a dynamical entity to an instance of a thermodynamic entity that inheres in the dynamical entity. isThermodynamicEntityOf A hasInfoParticipant relation that establishes a dynamical entity as a reciever of an information. hasInfoSink A hasInfoParticipant relation that establishes a dynamical entity as a sender of an information. hasInfoSource topObjectProperty that assigns an instance of an SI unit class to physical property class hasSIunit A hasDynamicalParticipant relation by which a positive process flow diminishes the energy content of the participating dynamical entity. hasFlowSource A hasParticipant relation by which the dynamical state of dynamical entity can change the rate of a dynamical process. hasTransactorParticipant A hasDynamicalParticipant relation by which a positive process flow augments the energy content of the participating dynamical entity. hasFlowSink A hasPropertyAttribute that specifies or limits the value of a physical property hasConstraint hasThermoSource hasThermoSink A topObjectProperty that relates an instance of a thermodynamical entity to an instance of a dynamical entity hasThermodynamicEntity hasReciprocalProperty A hasParticipant property that relates a flow of information to a dynamical entity that is either a source or sink for the flow hasInfoParticipant - pending hasPropertyAttribute that relates a derived SI unit to an SI unit that is a multiplicative component of the derived SI unit. hasMultiplierUnit hasPropertyAttribute that relates a derived SI unit to an SI unit that is a divisor component of the derived SI unit. hasDivisorUnit A topObjectProperty that relates a physical domain to the entity or dependency for which it is a domain isPhysicalDomainFor hasRatePlayer hasForceSink hasFlowParticipant hasForceSource hasForceParticipant synonym discussion displayName OPB:OPB_00001 An entropy amount that is ∑ p ln(p), where p = liklihood of a particular message amongst all the messages that can be possibly occur Information entropy amount Rate properties represent the FORCE DIFFERENTIAL or the RATE OF FLOW of material, charge, energy, or information across a boundary separating one physical entity from another via some pathway. Examples: 1) fluid flow rate through a tube or vessel (dimensions of volume/time) 2) charge flow rate of an electrical current through an ion channel or wire (dimensions of charge/time or current) 3) chemical flux through a reaction kinetic pathway (dimensions of amount/time typially moles/sec or concentration/time) 4) the force in a spring as applied by entities at either end and as transmitted through the length of the spring. Rate properties can be properly attributed to entities in two mathematically equivalent, but logically different, ways. 1) Representing the source/sink of a process where the rate properties are attributed to participants in a process. For example, a fluid flow process has a fluid-source entity and a fluid-sink entity so that the fluid rate is expressed as flow from source-to-sink. Similarly, mechanical process is due to forces exerted by "entity A" upon "entity B" . This kind of formulation asserts that the flow/force properties are so-called "cross properties" because they describe how energy is transmitted across a process in which entities participate. 2) Representong rates as "through" properties as attributes of a "mediator" that is an entity through which the process occurs. For a fluid flow process, the fluid flow rate is thus attributed to the flow conduit (or more properly, the lumen of the conduit) that mediates the source-to-sink flow. Or, in the case of the transmission of mechanical force, across the interface or boundary between two mechanical solid entities. These different approaches yield mathematically equivalent results yet their semantic-logical representations differ ways that is a burden for the reasoning required to detect and resolve their equivalence. In the "cross" representation, source/sink enities are represented as source/sink participants in a process. In the "through" representation, source/sink entities are represented as parts of an entity that "mediates" the process. The distinction between "through" and "cross" properties (variables in math models) is commonly used in engineerng analyses such the PhysSys ontology; see: 1. Borst, P., H. Akkermans, and J. Top: Engineering ontologies. Int. J. Human–Computer Studies 1997. 46:365-406. 2. Karnopp, D., D.L. Margolis, and R.C. Rosenberg, System dynamics: a unified approach. 2nd ed. A Wiley-Interscience Publication1990, New York: Wiley. OPB:OPB_00002 A dynamical property that is the temporal differential of a dynamical state property. Dynamical rate property OPB:OPB_00004 Imaginary numerical form OPB:OPB_00005 Complex numerical form 1 OPB:OPB_00007 Chemical conductance 1 OPB:OPB_00008 Solid conductance OPB:OPB_00009 Spatial differential dependency OPB:OPB_00010 A portion of energy proportional to the product of an amount and displacement in a potential energy field. Portion of potential energy 1 OPB:OPB_00011 Fluid conductance 1 PATO:0001756 OPB:OPB_00012 Heat flow conductance OPB:OPB_00013 A portion of energy attributed to the motion of a dynamical entity. Portion of kinetic energy OPB:OPB_00014 A potential energy field are produced by moving electric charges and/or the intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary particles that exerts force on moving electrical charges and magnetic dipoles. Magnetic field 1 PATO:0001757 OPB:OPB_00015 Electrical conductance OPB:OPB_00017 Material dynamical domain for which process participants are portions of particles and processes are the transport of particles from one portion to another portion Diffusion kinetic domain OPB:OPB_00018 Fluid pressure of a portion of gas in a mixture of gasses contained in a spatial region as if that portion of gas were the only gas contained the region. Partial gas pressure OPB:OPB_00019 Electromagnetic constant OPB:OPB_00021 A Thermodynamical entity that is the capacity of a physical entity to do work Portion of energy OPB:OPB_00022 A portion of kinetic energy attributed to the motion of a portion of fluid. Fluid kinetic energy OPB:OPB_00023 A portion of kinetic energy attributed to the motion of a solid. Solid kinetic energy OPB:OPB_00024 Domain potential energy of a portion of fluid due to changes in its volume, pressure or position in a gravitational field Fluid potential energy OPB:OPB_00025 Solid elastic potential energy OPB:OPB_00026 Chemical potential energy OPB:OPB_00027 Heat is the portion of energy that can flow from one material continuant to another due to a difference in their temperatures, or by any means other than through work or the transfer of matter Heat potential energy OPB:OPB_00028 Diffusion potential energy OPB:OPB_00029 Electrical potential energy OPB:OPB_00030 Magnetic potential energy OPB:OPB_00031 A portion of kinetic energy attributed to an electrical current. Magnetic inductive energy OPB:OPB_00033 A solid momentum property that is the temporal integral of a force, or the product of linear velocity and mass of a solid material entity Translational momentum PATO:0001035 OPB:OPB_00034 ...that accelerates or deforms solid entities; measured as ratio of ratio the acceleration of the entity divided by its mass (Newton's Law) or as the deformation of the entity divided by its stiffness (Hooke's Law) Mechanical force OPB:OPB_00035 A potential energy field that is the combination of an electrostatic field and a magnetic field. Electromagnetic field 1 OPB:OPB_00036 Chemical capacitance OPB:OPB_00039 Thickness of wall of shape OPB:OPB_00041 A force-driven flow proportionality that is the ratio of flow to force in a resistive flow dependency. Conductance event frequency frequency OPB:OPB_00045 The number of events thst occur during a temporal interval. Event rate 1 OPB:OPB_00047 Electrical resistivity OPB:OPB_00048 Solid sphere OPB:OPB_00053 Bending distortion ideal property i.e., having a linear relationship that intersects the origin; a characteristic of "ideal" dynamical elements By rights, a conductance (or its inverse, resistance) is a constitutive property of an electrochemical flow process (see: OPB:Electrical conductance). However, we classify ionic conductances as dynamical amounts because they are, ultimately, determined by the aggregates of the molecular conformational states of the ionic channels mediating the electropotential ion transport. Thus, these classes are suitable for representing the conductance ion channels at a moment in time, as well as the conductance of ion channel as characterized for standard conditions and by which the channel is named (e.g., "250 pS Ca-dependent K-channel") Constitutive proportionalities apply only to those constitutive dependencies that can be expressed by which the dependent property is proportional to the independent property. Any other algebraic form of the dependency may have specifially-defined parameters (e.g., offsets, rate parameters). Given the creativity and license of modelers for creating the best fit to constitutive dependencies, the parameters of such non-proportional dependencies must be annotated by some local mechanism that does not depend on OPB classifications. Constitutive proportionalities are approximations to dependencies for which a first-order, linear approximation is sufficient for the purposes of analysis. Piecewise linear approximations may apply over a limited range of dynamical property values. In general, various algebraic functions may be required using one or more parameters to fit observed dependency relationships. Given the range of possible constitutive dependencies, OPB defers representing such possibilities on a case-by-case basis for specific use-cases. Non-proportionality constants include coefficients and parameters required to characterize linear and nonlinear dependencies that are not simple proportionalities. Some may constitutive dependencies may include dynamic modeling schemes with internal dynamic states (e.g., the "gating variable" of Hodgkin-Huxley ion gating equations). We will treat such properties as "internal" to the constitutive dependency, shielded from other entities in the system and known solely as hypothetical constructs derived as constitutively observed dynamic phenomena. Thus, HH gating variables will be classified as properties of constitutive dependencies which are also subclasses of Dynamical property without, however, declaring a Dynamical entity of which it is a property. Important to realize that MM params, HH params, etc. are all derived and asserted by virtue of curve-fits to the directly observed attributes of a system; number of gating particles and their respective states is entirely inferential by best fits and, so, are no more physically real than any other coefficient or parameter. OPB:OPB_00055 A constitutive property that is a proportionality between values of dynamical property players. Constitutive proportionality 1 Chemical amount OPB:OPB_00056 A material amount that is the temporal integral of a chemical flow or the amount of chemical in a portion of chemical Amount of chemical 2D-Polar coordinate system OPB:OPB_00058 Polar coordinate system 2D OPB:OPB_00060 A geometrical dependency of the length of a one-dimensional spatial region on the locus of points that bound the region. Length dependency OPB:OPB_00061 ...that is the mathematical structure of a property value. Tensor form N count number of entities OPB:OPB_00064 Property dimension that is the set of positive integers and zero Cardinality dimension 1 Pressure momentum OPB:OPB_00073 A momentum property that is proportional to the temporal differential of an fluid flow rate Fluid momentum 1 OPB:OPB_00076 Fluid volumetric elastance 1 OPB:OPB_00077 Chemical elastance 1 OPB:OPB_00078 Flow rate property that is the temporal derivative of a mechanical displacement Mechanical velocity 1 OPB:OPB_00079 A physics property that is an attribute of a portion, flow or distribution of thermodynamic energy or entropy. Thermodynamic property 1 OPB:OPB_00081 Solid elastance OPB:OPB_00082 Shear capacitance OPB:OPB_00086 Real numerical form 1 OPB:OPB_00087 Electrical elastance OPB:OPB_00088 Particle diffusive elastance 1 F https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_constant Faraday constant has the currently accepted value of 96485.3365(21) C mol−1 that is the product of the unit charge of an electron (1.6021766×10−19 C) and the Avogadro constant (NA ≈ 6.022141×1023 mol−1). OPB:OPB_00089 A physical constant that is the amount electric charge of a mole of electrons. Faraday constant 1 ...that is the dependence of chemical flow rate on the differential of the chemical potentials of the reacting participants OPB:OPB_00090 Resistive dependency of a chemical flow rate on the difference of the chemical potentials of reactants (e.g., substrates, products) in a chemical reaction. Chemical resistive dependency OPB:OPB_00091 Heat elastance Gravitational field OPB:OPB_00092 Potential energy field in which material entities exert an attractive force on each other that proportional to the product of their masses and inversely to the square of the distance separating them. Gravitational field OPB:OPB_00093 Property coordinate form that is a spatial coordinate system. Spatial coordinate basis 1 OPB:OPB_00099 Constitutive coupling proportionality that is a non-dimensional ratio of dynamical properties of players in a transformer dependency Transformer modulus 1 OPB:OPB_00100 An entropy amount, S, that is Boltzmann's constant, Kb, times the liklihood, p, of a particular system microstate given a system macrostate; i.e., S = Kb * ∑ p ln(p) Thermodynamic entropy amount OPB:OPB_00101 ...that is the ratio of the amount of material in a 3-dimensional spatial region to the volume of that region. Mass volumetric density 1 fluid inductance fluid inertance OPB:OPB_00104 ...that is the mass of a portion of fluid that is a participant in an "ideal" fluid inductance process Fluid inertance 1 OPB:OPB_00112 Fluid viscosity Time t OPB:OPB_00116 defined as "time", a BASE dimension per: Schadow, G., C. J. McDonald, J. G. Suico, U. Fohring and T. Tolxdorff (1999). "Units of measure in clinical information systems." J Am Med Inform Assoc 6(2): 151-162. See: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61354/pdf/0060151.pdf and as 'time', a BASE dimension in: IUPAC. (2011). "A concise summary of Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry", See: http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3304/July11_green-sup-4p.pdf. Time dimension Shear force OPB:OPB_00120 Shear force PATO:0002284 Tensile force OPB:OPB_00126 Tensile force OPB:OPB_00132 A constitutive storage proportionality that is the ratio of force to momentum in a inductance dependency. Inertance proportionality OPB:OPB_00135 A dynamical state property that is the temporal integral of a flow rate property Amount OPB:OPB_00142 ... is the nominal acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface at sea level; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard gravity Standard gravity constant 2D-Cartesian coordinate system OPB:OPB_00145 Cartesian coordinate system 2D http://goldbook.iupac.org/list_goldbook_quantities_defs_A.html Physical property classes are categorized according to the analytical domain in which they have meaning. For example, OPB:Dynamical properties apply to the domain of dynamical systems for which the concepts of thermodynamics have meaning, whereas OPB:Spatial properties apply to spatial and geometrical concepts that have no thermodynamic meaning. In keeping with Gruber's Ontology of engineering mathematics (OEM), instances of OPB:Physical property “exist as values that are related to, but independent of units and numbers…and can be compared, multiplied, etc., without ever converting to reals or considering units of measure. {Gruber, T.R. and G.R. Olsen. An Ontology for Engineering Mathematics. in Fourth International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. 1994. Gustav Stressman Institut, Bonn, Germany: Morgan Kaufmann.} OPB:OPB_00147 A physics real entity that is an attribute of a physics continuant or occurrent that can be measured by physical means or can be computationally derived from such measures. Physics property 1 OPB:OPB_00151 Electrical resistance OPB:OPB_00154 An amount property that is the temporal integral of an fluid flow rate relative to an initial volume Fluid volume 1 instant point in time point in time Zero-DimensionalTemporal Region OPB:OPB_00159 A temporal region that is a point in time or, or equivalently, a zero-dimensional temporal region Temporal instant 1 OPB:OPB_00160 Fluid flow resistance rotational momentum OPB:OPB_00163 A solid momentum property that is the temporal integral of a torque, or the product of rotational velocity and rotational moment of inertia about a common axis of a solid material entity Rotational momentum T temperature thermodynamic temperature OPB:OPB_00165 defined as "temperature", a BASE dimension per: Schadow, G., C. J. McDonald, J. G. Suico, U. Fohring and T. Tolxdorff (1999). "Units of measure in clinical information systems." J Am Med Inform Assoc 6(2): 151-162. and as 'thermodynamic temperature', a BASE dimension in: IUPAC. (2011). "A concise summary of Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry", see: http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3304/July11_green-sup-4p.pdf. Temperature dimension As for SI and IUPAC conventions, OPB distinguishes: 1) physical dimensions as orthogonal aspects of measureable physical entities (e.g., mass, temperature), vs. 2) the physical units by which such aspects are conventionally quantified (e.g., kilogram, degree Celsius) _______________________________________ OPB:Physical dimension subclasses are a set of base dimensions as identified by either: IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) in their "Green Book" [1] as summarized in: "Concise Summary of Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry" [2]. IUPAC "base quantities" are: length, time, mass, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, luminosity, amount of substance. UCUM (Unified Code for Units of Measure [3]) defines an alternative (but ultimately, equivalent) set of base "quantity kinds" [4] as: length, time, mass, charge, temperature, luminous intensity, angle. In either system, a coherent set of "working" property dimensions can be derived for for other physical properties as products of base dimensions raised to integer (both positive and negative) powers (e.g., velocity = length•time-1, pressure = force•length-2, volume = length+3). Resources: [1] http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/nomenclature-and-terminology/quantities-units-and-symbols-in-physical-chemistry-green-book.html [2] http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3304/July11_green-sup-4p.pdf [3] http://unitsofmeasure.org/trac/ [4] http://jamia.oxfordjournals.org/content/jaminfo/6/2/151.full.pdf See also: Schadow, G. and C.J. McDonald. The Unified Code for Units of Measure.; Available from: http://aurora.regenstrief.org/UCUM/ucum.html OPB:OPB_00167 Physics property atribute that is a fundamental coordinate-basis for expressing a value of a physics property as used for dimensional analysis Property dimension 1 OPB:OPB_00168 Chemical resistance 1 mechanical compliance solid complliance OPB:OPB_00172 Solid capacitance 1 Solid momentum OPB:OPB_00176 A momentum property that is the temporal integral of a momentum-driving force property Mechanical momentum 1 OPB:OPB_00179 Resistive dependency of the flow rate of electrical charge flow (electrical current) on an electrical potential difference. Electrical resistive dependency 1 OPB:OPB_00180 Resistive dependency of a fluid flow rate on a fluid pressure differential. Fluid resistive dependency 1 OPB:OPB_00181 Force-driven rate dependency of a solid velocity and solid force differential. Solid resistive dependency 1 Fick's law of diffusion Ficks law OPB:OPB_00182 An amount-driven dependency that is the dependence of a particle flow rate on the differential of the amounts of portions of one kind of particles across a flow boundary separating the portion Diffusion gradient dependency 1 OPB:OPB_00183 Solid viscous resistance OPB:OPB_00185 Bending capacitance m OPB:OPB_00189 defined as "mass", a BASE dimension per: Schadow, G., C. J. McDonald, J. G. Suico, U. Fohring and T. Tolxdorff (1999). "Units of measure in clinical information systems." J Am Med Inform Assoc 6(2): 151-162. and as 'mass', a BASE dimension in: IUPAC. (2011). "A concise summary of Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry", see: http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3304/July11_green-sup-4p.pdf. Mass dimension OPB:OPB_00190 ...that is the ratio of the amount of material in a 2-dimensional spatial region to the volume of that region. Mass lineal density OPB:OPB_00192 Tensile capacitance OPB:OPB_00195 Material dynamical domain in which the physical entity is a discrete structure and the processes are their spatial rotations and/or translations and their accelerations. Solid mechanical domain 1 OPB:OPB_00198 Heat flow resistance 1 OPB:OPB_00201 Energy flow rate that is the temporal rate of the loss of heat energy of a dynamical entity that is the product of the entity's temperature times the difference of its entropy with that of its surroundings. Heat flow rate Q electrical charge ionic charge OPB:OPB_00208 defined as 'charge' dimension per: Schadow, G., C. J. McDonald, J. G. Suico, U. Fohring and T. Tolxdorff (1999). "Units of measure in clinical information systems." J Am Med Inform Assoc 6(2): 151-162. and as 'electric charge', a dimension DERIVED from 'electric current' in: IUPAC. (2011). "A concise summary of Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry", see: http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3304/July11_green-sup-4p.pdf. Charge dimension OPB:OPB_00211 Material dynamical domain in which the physical entity is a portions of ions and the processes are the flows of ions from one portion to another Electrochemical domain Newtonian gravitational constant OPB:OPB_00212 ...that is the constant of proportionality that relates the gravitational force between two Material physical entities as the product of the masses of the entities divided by the distance between the entities; <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational constant> Newtonian gravitational constant 1 formerly dielectric constant OPB:OPB_00215 Electric constant OPB:OPB_00218 A constitutive storage proportionality that is the ratio of force to displacement in a capacitive dependency and is the reciprocal of an capacitance. property. Elastance proportionality OPB:OPB_00221 A force-driven flow proporionality is the derivative of force versus flow in a resistive dependency; reciprocal of kinetic conductance property Resistance 1 OPB:OPB_00226 Diffusion resistance OPB:OPB_00231 Torsional capacitance ang plane angle theta OPB:OPB_00233 defined as 'angle' BASE dimension per: Schadow, G., C. J. McDonald, J. G. Suico, U. Fohring and T. Tolxdorff (1999). "Units of measure in clinical information systems." J Am Med Inform Assoc 6(2): 151-162. See: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61354/pdf/0060151.pdf and as 'plane angle', a DERIVED dimension per: IUPAC. (2011). "A concise summary of Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry", in http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3304/July11_green-sup-4p.pdf. Angle dimension 1 OPB:OPB_00237 Flow rate property that is the temporal derivative of the amount or amount density of chemical Chemical flow rate OPB:OPB_00247 Physics domain in which dynamical entities exchange energy or information by the dynamical processes in which they participate. Dynamical domain Chemical bonds are represented in a cursory fashion pending use-cases involving molecular dynamic analyses and modeling for which more detailed annotations will be required. In the interim, a bond is an abstraction that represents ONLY the energetics of an attractive interaction between entities; i.e., the bond is manifested as a minimum energy state (usually as a function of entity-entity distance). Thus, a bond can be defined irrespective of the physical mechanism that mediates the bond such as electron-sharing or the extracellular matrix between cells. OPB:OPB_00249 A potential energy field that is an attractive interaction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms Chemical bond OPB:OPB_00251 Lineal translational velocity OPB:OPB_00258 ...that is the ratio of the amount of material in a 1-dimensional spatial region to the volume of that region. Mass areal density OPB:OPB_00262 A physics trajectory that is a temporally-ordered series of physics events. Event trajectory 1 Per BFO2.0: A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. OPB:OPB_00263 A dynamical entity that is composed of elements or subatomic paraticles Material dynamical entity OPB:OPB_00266 A dynamical process determined by a capacitive force dependency. Capacitive force process duration time span Second SI-unit OPB:OPB_00268 Temporal property that is the amount of time between two temporal instants. Temporal duration Translational displacement OPB:OPB_00269 A mechanical displacement that is the temporal integral of a mechanical velocity. Translational displacement OPB:OPB_00278 Physics domain in which the participants are portions of thermodynamical energy and/or entropy Thermodynamical domain OPB:OPB_00281 An immaterial dynamical entity that is spatial distribution of potential energy due to the separation of material, charge, or magnetic monopoles Potential energy field 2 OPB:OPB_00283 ...that is the proportionality between two dynamical properties in a transactor dependency Constitutive transactor coefficient 1 "A temperature is an objective comparative measurement of hotness or coldness." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature Because temperature is an intensive property that properly only applies to a single point in an entity, assigning a "temperature" as a property of a discretized physical entity that extends is space presents problems. If temperature is constant over the spatial extent of an entity (i.e., it is "isothermic") then it is fair to say that the entity has a single value of temperature. Such an assumption is quite often made for homeothermic biological organisms and their parts. However, it is not meaningful to calculate a spatial integral of temperature derive an "average” temperature because such integrals have meaning only for extensive properties like mass density or current density. However, some analyses do aim to account explicitly for temperature gradients that drive heat transfers between entities or parts of entities. In such cases it is useful to define, for continuum modeling, a spatial distribution for temperature and heat fluxes. However, for discrete modeling, the temperature of an entity can be assigned a value while its parts are assigned different temperatures — the discrete analogue of a continuum temperature distribution. For example, the temperature of mitochondria is likely to be higher than the surrounding portion of cytosol. That being said, there is utility in expressing that a discrete, dynamical entity can have a discrete temperature property with one value while allowing one or more of its parts to have separate temperature properties with different values. For computational purposes one can make the assumption that all parts of an entity share the same temperature property instance as the (whole) entity while parts that have a different temperature will have their own temperature property with a value that may difffer from the temperature value of the whole entity (and the other parts). PATO:0000146 Because temperature is an intensive property that properly only applies to a single point in an entity, assigning a "temperature" as a property of a discretized physical entity that extends is space presents problems. If temperature is constant over the spatial extent of an entity (i.e., it is "isothermic") then it is fair to say that the entity has a single value of temperature. Such an assumption is quite often made for homeothermic biological organisms and their parts. However, it is not meaningful to calculate a spatial integral of temperature derive an "average” temperature because such integrals have meaning only for extensive properties like mass density or current density. However, some analyses do aim to account explicitly for temperature gradients that drive heat transfers between entities or parts of entities. In such cases it is useful to define, for continuum modeling, a spatial distribution for temperature and heat fluxes. However, for discrete modeling, the temperature of an entity can be assigned a value while its parts are assigned different temperatures — the discrete analogue of a continuum temperature distribution. For example, the temperature of mitochondria is likely to be higher than the surrounding portion of cytosol. That being said, there is utility in expressing that a discrete, dynamical entity can have a discrete temperature property with one value while allowing one or more of its parts to have separate temperature properties with different values. For computational purposes one can make the assumption that all parts of an entity share the same temperature property instance as the (whole) entity while parts that have a different temperature will have their own temperature property with a value that may difffer from the temperature value of the whole entity (and the other parts). OPB:OPB_00293 A thermodynamic state property that is the driving force for the flow of heat energy and is a measure of the heat content of a material entity Temperature area surface area PATO:0001323 OPB:OPB_00295 A spatial property that is the two-dimensional extent of a surface region. Spatial area 1 VolumetricFlowRate - Volume of fluid passing a point in a system per unit of time. http://www.unitsofmeasurement.org/apidocs/index.html volume flow volume flow rate OPB:OPB_00299 A flow rate property that is the temporal derivative of a fluid volume Fluid flow rate OPB:OPB_00302 Spatial coordinate basis that is comprised of a single spatial dimension One dimensional spatial coordinate basis 1 amperes charge flow current electrical current OPB:OPB_00318 Flow rate property that is the temporal derivative of an amount of portion of electrical charge. Charge flow rate lum luminous intensity OPB:OPB_00319 defined as "luminous intensity", a BASE dimension per: Schadow, G., C. J. McDonald, J. G. Suico, U. Fohring and T. Tolxdorff (1999). "Units of measure in clinical information systems." J Am Med Inform Assoc 6(2): 151-162. and as 'luminous intensity', a BASE dimension in: IUPAC. (2011). "A concise summary of Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry", see: http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3304/July11_green-sup-4p.pdf. Luminosity dimension PATO:0000040 OPB:OPB_00321 A mechanical displacement that is a change in the shape of a solid entity Solid distortion 1 compliance fluid compliance vascular compliance volumetric compliance OPB:OPB_00331 Volumetric capacitance Shear displacement OPB:OPB_00334 Shear distortion 1 OPB:OPB_00337 Heat capacitance 1 OPB:OPB_00340 The molar amount of a portion of molecules normalized to the spatial amount of the spatial region occupied by the molecules hasPhysicalDomain exactly 1 'Chemical kinetic domain' Concentration of chemical Property form classes are provided for the annotation and reconciliation of potentially different expression, definition and/or form of a physical property value OPB:OPB_00353 Physics property atribute that is the spatial scope, mathematical form or spatial coordinate basis of a property value. Property value basis OPB:OPB_00356 A portion of fluid that is incompressible Portion of liquid OPB:OPB_00357 Bending distortion velocity OPB:OPB_00368 Cartesian 3D-coordinate system OPB:OPB_00371 A temporal instant that is the first temporal instant in a temporal interval Initial instant of process OPB:OPB_00373 A temporal instant that is the last temporal instant in a temporal interval Terminal instant of process OPB:OPB_00375 A mathematical dependency of values of geometrical spatial properties. Geometrical dependency 1 Magnetic constant OPB:OPB_00376 Magnetic constant 1 G Gibbs free energy partial molar free energy "...gradients of Gibbs free energy represent the thermodynamic driving force for constant temperature and pressure (isothermal and isobaric) systems...typical of laoratory conditions and a reasonable approximation for most biological systems." Isobaric, isothermal systems are also refered to "NPT" systems where N is the number of particles (participants), P, the pressure, and T, the temperature are held constant. Beard, D.A. and H. Qian, Chemical Biophysics: Quantitative Analysis of Cellular Systems. Cambridge Texts in Biomedical Engineering. 2008: Cambridge University Press. p. 9 OPB:OPB_00378 A flow-driving potential that drives the chemical transformation of one kind of chemical species into another. Chemical potential OPB:OPB_00380 Material dynamical domain in which the physical entity is a portion fluid and the processes are flows od fluid from one portion to another Fluid kinetic domain 2 transducer The archetypical example of a transformer is the electrical tranformer of which there are no physiological examples. Here we generalize this class of dependencies to include transformations across dynamical domains according to subclass definitions and examples. An example of the quantitative property dependency is: E1 = nE2, and nF1 = F2, where E and F are force and flow properties, respectively, of patticipants 1 and 2, and is a positive scalar transformer ratio.. OPB:OPB_00389 A dual constitutive dependency that converts energy of one domains in that of another where the products of force-times-rate of one participant equals the force-times-rate of the other participant. Transducer dependency 1 1 OPB:OPB_00400 A physics property that is a measure of the occurrence of events within a temporal coordinate system. Temporal property OPB:OPB_00402 A temporal property that is the amount of time between the origin of a temporal coordinate and a temporal instant Temporal location --- outsource this class to existing ontology?? OPB:OPB_00408 A property value basis that is the mathematical form of a property value Property value form R gas constant universal gas law constant The gas constant is the Boltzmann constant (k) times the number of moles of a gas (N) such that R = Nk. OPB:OPB_00410 A gas law constant for the ideal gas law. It is the increment in the total energy of a mole of matter due to an increment of temperature. Ideal gas constant 1 PATO:0002193 Electrical charge OPB:OPB_00411 An amount property that is the temporal integral of an electrical current relative to an initial amount Charge amount 1 solid inductance OPB:OPB_00414 ...that is the proportionality between momentum and velocity for a material entity; i.e., m = p/v given p = mv = ∫f dt; a definition of mass Solid inertance OPB:OPB_00415 Numerical form 1 OPB:OPB_00421 Gravitational constant OPB:OPB_00423 ...that is a physical property of matter or space whose value is invariant with respect to time Constitutive state property of continuum 1 OPB:OPB_00425 Absolute amount of chemical that is the mass a portion of a chemical within a spatial region normalized to the molecular weight of the chemical. Molar amount of chemical OPB:OPB_00428 A tensor form whose value is expressed as a combination of a scalar and a spatial coordinate. Vector form OPB:OPB_00434 Constitutive flow proportionality for a constitutive coupling dependency. Constitutive coupling proportionality OPB:OPB_00435 Material dynamical domain for which process participants are portions of chemical reactants and the processes are chemical reactions. Chemical kinetic domain OPB:OPB_00437 ...is a physical property whose value is a multidimensional array of scalars whose values are invariant under spatial coordinate transformation. Multilinear form OPB:OPB_00439 A mathematical basis that is a staistical function or metric. Statistical domain A portion of electrical charge represents the immaterial electrical charge itself and not the electron which is the material entity that bears the charge. Thus, electrical charges and electrical current flows can be calculated with out consideration for flow of the material entities that bear the charge. OPB:OPB_00443 An Immaterial dynamical entity that is a countable or uncountable set of quantal charges. Portion of electrical charge 1 PATO:0002205 OPB:OPB_00446 Electrical capacitance OPB:OPB_00448 Property coordinate form that is a temporal coordinate system. Temporal coordinate basis L displacement span spatial displacement OPB:OPB_00451 defined as BASE dimension 'length' per: Schadow, G., C. J. McDonald, J. G. Suico, U. Fohring and T. Tolxdorff (1999). "Units of measure in clinical information systems." J Am Med Inform Assoc 6(2): 151-162. and as 'length', a BASE dimension in: IUPAC. (2011). "A concise summary of Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry", see: http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3304/July11_green-sup-4p.pdf. Length dimension 1 Mass density OPB:OPB_00454 Mass density Cylindrical coordinate system OPB:OPB_00458 Cylindrical coordinate system 1 Particle amount OPB:OPB_00462 An amount property that is the temporal integral of a particle flow rate or the number of particles in a portion of particles. Amount of particles Note that a single physical entity may be modeled and analyzed in more than a single physical domain. For example, a molecule may participate in undergo (1) chemical transformation (chemical kinetic domain), (2) diffusion (diffusion kinetic domain), (3) structural deformation (solid mechanical domain), and, even (4) change of informational entropy (due to reorganization; information domain). Thus domains try to capture what aspects of an entity are of interest and abstraction in a given analysis. OPB:OPB_00464 A physics annotation entity annotation that represents a division of system dynamical analysis for the annotation of models, data sets, and analytical tools. Physics domain OPB:OPB_00471 A property value basis by which a property depends on the spatial scope to which it applies. Property spatial scope OPB:OPB_00473 Dynamical domain in which heat energy is transported from one portion of heat to another Heat kinetic domain OPB:OPB_00477 Torsional distortion OPB:OPB_00479 A dynamical process determined by an inductive momentum dependency. Inductive process OPB:OPB_00480 A dynamical state property that is the temporal integral of a force relative to an initial value of the state property Momentum property OPB:OPB_00495 A geometrical dependency of the area of a two-dimensional spatial region on the locus of points that bound the region. Area dependency Spherical coordinate system OPB:OPB_00500 Spherical coordinate system OPB:OPB_00506 Flow-driving potential that drives electrical charge through an electrically conducting medium. Voltage. Electrical potential 1 PATO:0001025 OPB:OPB_00509 A momentum driving force that is the force per unit area that a fluid exerts on itself or on a surface that bounds the fluid, and can accelerate or displace a portion of fluid Fluid pressure Temporal Region OPB:OPB_00510 A physics occurrent that is an instant or span of time. Temporal entity compliance OPB:OPB_00514 A constitutive storage proportionality that is the ratio of displacement to force in a capacitive dependency and is the reciprocal of an elastance. property. Capacitance proportionality OPB strongly distinguishes the terms "dynamical" and "thermodynamical": "Dynamical" is used as an adjective applied to continuant entities, processes, attributes, etc. that possess thermodynamic energy whereas "thermodynamical" is applied to portions, fluxes, etc. of energy (a conserved primitive) that inher in continuants and are exchanged during dynamical processes. OPB:OPB_00518 A physics real entity that is a portion of energy or of entropy Thermodynamical entity OPB:OPB_00521 A potential energy field produced by electrically charged objects that attracts of repels other electrically charged objects. Electrostatic field volume PATO:0000918 OPB:OPB_00523 A spatial property that is the quantity of space enclosed in a bounded volume region Spatial volume 1 1 OPB:OPB_00525 A temporal region that is a contiguous interval of time bounded by temporal instants. Temporal span A Thing that is a continuant, occurant, quality, definition, abstraction, or law of classical physics as discovered and applied to the explanation, analysis, and simulation of biophysical entities and processes. A Thing that is a physics real entity or is a physics analytical entity. ——— OPB has been formulated to support the development, annotation, description and sharing of analytical models. Although developed in the domain of biology, biophysics and physiology, its underlying assumptions, form and content is applicable for the analysis of non-biological engineering systems. OPB aims to facilitate and expedite the annotation and cross-referencing of physics-based analytical models in the broad realm of biomedicine. In curating the OPB, we have strived to represent biophysical knowledge of applicable to biological physical entities, processes, and functions using the formal tools and concepts of computational ontology as expressed in description logic (DL),and web ontology language (OWL). OPB has classes that represent abstractions of key classes in BFO such as BFO:Continuant (OPB:Physics continuant). BFO:Processural entity (OPB:Processural entity), and BFO:Attribute (OPB:Physics attribute). A key differentiator is that OPB represents physical entities not represented in BFO such thermodynamic energy, potential energy fields, information. In particular, OPB:Physical process ia defined as the flow of energy and/or information amongst process participants. These are essential concepts for explaining, understanding and testing of biophysical hypotheses. To emphasize intent of the OPB as an ontology of analytical concepts, we have purposely named its top class and its subclasses using the term "Physics" to reference the science of physics rather than the term "physical" which could imply that OPB intends to represent the "real" physical world. The OPB does not extend to include quantum or relativistic physics, nor is it intended to recapitulate the axiomatic basis of physics as a theoretical framework. Rather, OPB is focuses on foundational theory of classical physics particularly as applied in system dynamics. For example, it encompasses discrete systems analysis (using ordinary differential equations; ODEs), continuum systems analysis (using partial differential equations; PDEs), discrete "agent-based" modeling, and causal propagation models. the first version of the OPB is targeted solely to discrete systems analysis. OPB:OPB_00528 Physics entity 1 mass diffusivity partiicle diffusivity OPB:OPB_00532 Particle diffusion coefficient 1 OPB:OPB_00544 Flow rate property that is the temporal derivative of the amount of particles in a portion of particles. Particle flow rate OPB:OPB_00546 A constitutive proportionality that is defined at a spatial point within a portion of material or a field Constitutive proportionality of continuum Spatial scales are listed for annotation purposes only and are a subset of more extensive ontological representations such as subclasses of FMA:postnatal anatomical structures. OPB:OPB_00549 Spatial domain in which the physical entities are approximately of a specific anatomical spatial size Spatial scale domain OPB:OPB_00550 Spatial coordinate basis that is comprised of three orthogonal spatial dimensions Three dimensional spatial coordinate basis OPB:OPB_00552 Spatial coordinate basis that is comprised of two orthogonal spatial dimensions Two dimensional spatial coordinate basis OPB:OPB_00554 A geometrical dependency of the volume of a three-dimensional spatial region on the locus of points that bound the region. Volume dependency OPB:OPB_00556 Potential field dependency OPB:OPB_00557 Gravitational potential dependency OPB:OPB_00558 Electrostatic potential dependency 1 1 PATO:0001021 OPB:OPB_00562 Thermodynamic state property that is the amount of energy in a portion of energy Energy amount 1 1 power PATO:0001024 A thermodynamic rate property that is the temporal rate at which energy is transported across an entity boundary. OPB:OPB_00563 Energy flow rate 1 1 A thermodynamic rate property that is the trmporal rate if change of a portion of entropy OPB:OPB_00564 Entropy flow rate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_in_thermodynamics_and_information_theory OPB:OPB_00565 A Thermodynamic state property for the portion of entropy in a portion of entropy Entropy amount http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_system OPB:Dynamical properties are attributes of dynamical systems whose values determine the thermodynamic content, forces, and flows of the system's participants and processes. The categorization of properties parallels that of OPB:Physical processes and OPB:Dynamical dependency, follows the development seen in: 1. Borst, P., H. Akkermans, and J. Top: Engineering ontologies. Int. J. Human–Computer Studies 1997. 46:365-406. 2. Karnopp, D., D.L. Margolis, and R.C. Rosenberg, System dynamics: a unified approach. 2nd ed. A Wiley-Interscience Publication1990, New York: Wiley. OPB:OPB_00568 A physics property that is an attribute of a dynamical entity, a dynamical process or a constitutive dynamical dependency whose value determines the amount or rate of change of thermodynamic energy inhering in the entity or the rate of energy transfer during a dynamical process. Dynamical property http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_variable Dynamical state properties are the CONSERVED amount or the CONSERVED momentum within the boundary of a physical entity. State property values are changed during a span of time according to the temporal integration of flow rates or forces according, respectively, to Stokes's law. Differentials of state property values between physical entity process participants are the drivers for flows between entities as expressed in the constitutive dependencies according to the (linear, proportional) laws of Ohm, Hooke, and Newton. -------- State properties are termed "across" or "cross" variables to express the idea that the value differential exists across the path to which a rate property applies. In PhysSys ontology [1] and Karnopp [2], they are classified as "forces" variables (f). 1. Borst, P., H. Akkermans, and J. Top: Engineering ontologies. Int. J. Human–Computer Studies 1997. 46:365-406. 2. Karnopp, D., D.L. Margolis, and R.C. Rosenberg, System dynamics: a unified approach. 2nd ed. A Wiley-Interscience Publication1990, New York: Wiley. OPB:OPB_00569 A dynamical property that is the temporal integral of a dynamical rate property Dynamical state property OPB:OPB_00573 Dynamical rate property that is the temporal differential of an amount property Flow rate property OPB:OPB_00574 A dynamical rate property that is a temporal differential of a momentum or amount property Force property OPB:OPB_00592 Flow rate property that is the temporal derivative of the amount of chemical Chemical amount flow rate OPB:OPB_00593 Flow rate property that is the temporal derivative of the amount density of chemical Chemical amount density flow rate 1 OPB:OPB_00627 A flux driving potential that drives the flow of particles from one portion of particles to another according to the difference in concentration of the particles Diffusion potential OPB:OPB_00644 Spatial integral dependency OPB:OPB_01000 Particle concentration OPB:OPB_01001 Particle count 1 OPB:OPB_01002 Rotational inertance OPB:OPB_01005 Portion of chemical 1 OPB:OPB_01006 Lineal mechanical inductive dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01007 Rotational mechanical inductive dependency OPB:OPB_01008 Section area of spatial region https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape A shape is the form of an object or its external boundary, outline, or external surface, as opposed to other properties such as color, texture, or material composition.... ––––––––– Our current representation of geometrical forms is based implicitly on engineering intuitions and, thus, may be changed to reflect the rigor of available spatial ontologies –––––––– Shape models provide a set of geometrical abstractions commonly used by physiologists to represent anatomical participants in biological processes. IMPORTANT: An OPB:Shape model is NOT an OPB:Spatial region. Rather, a shape model is a geometrical abstraction that simply defines a set of mathematical dependencies between Spatial shape amount properties. For example, the surface area a rectangular plate is the product of its major and minor spans. The extent to which such geometrical dependencies are to be represented as OPB:Dependency classes is yet to be determined. Some Shape models have more than one topological part (e.g., a wall part and a lumenal part). Each part can be "filled" by a portion of material (e.g., cardiac muscle, blood, air) whose Dynamical properties may be equated with Shape model properties; for example the Lumenal volume of shape lumen could be equated with the Fluid volume of the portion of fluid occupying the shape lumen. The set of Shape model classes is quite sparse and are not intended to be exhaustive. For example where a cardiac ventricle and its contained blood have a very complex geometry which has been modeled as a thick-walled sphere of cardiac muscle enclosing a portion of blood. To pursue more complex geometries (e.g., thick-walled ellipsoid, thick-walled hemiellipsoid) exposes a representative slippery slope that is, rightfully, the domain of spatial and geometrical ontologies devoted to such tasks. Our current goal is to represent commonly used, simple geometrical abstractions -- the 80% solution for available modeling use-cases. OPB:OPB_01009 A mathematical entity that is the spatial form of a dynamical boundary. Geometrical form OPB:OPB_01010 A sum of rates dependency that holds for rate properties. Sum of rates OPB:OPB_01011 Immaterial dynamical domain in which a participating entity is a physical entity is an electrical field or electrical charge. Electrical domain OPB:OPB_01012 Osmotic pressure is the fluid pressure needed prevent the inward flow of its solvent across a semipermeable membrane. Osmotic pressure 1 1 1 Heat flow dependency OPB:OPB_01013 An energy rate dependency of the heat dissipation rate generated by resistive forces acting on a dynamical flow. Energy dissipation dependency 1 Dynamical entities are classes of physical analytical abstractions used by physicists to represent specific physical entities as they participate in physical processes within a particular domain. Examples: cylindrical bone, spherical cell cytoplasm, etc. These classes DO NOT, however, represent instances of biological entities themselves but, rather, are idealization that express the abstractions, idealizations, and simplifying assumptions used by physicists for computational inferences. Thus, a your femur is an instance of FMA:Femur, but it is analyzed as an OPB:Mechanical solid which is attributed with solid mechanical properties and can participate solid mechanical processes such as translation, rotation, flexion. Thus, in a simulation model, a femur is annotated as both and independently, an instance of the FMA:Femur class (i.e., as a "real" biological entity) and as an instance of OPB:Mechanical solid, an analytical construct as imagined by a the modeler. OPB:OPB_01014 A physics continuant that is a bearer or conduit of energy and/or information. Dynamical entity OPB:OPB_01015 A mechanical joint whose parts are constrained to rotate around a longitudinal axis. Flexional joint 1-junction Kirchhoff's loop rule Kirchhoff's mesh rule Kirchhoff's second law Kirchhoff's second rule A distributor is a junction that represents the convergence, in a circuit, of conductors for which the sum of currents at a moment in time but be identically zero. Otherwise known as Kirchoff's current law. The junction or distributor has no capacity to store or absorb. OPB:OPB_01017 A Kirchoff constraint by which the sum of all rate properties acting in a closed loop is identically zero; a "one junction" in bond graph theory Loop rate constraint OPB:OPB_01018 A sum of rate properties that holds for force properties. Sum of forces OPB:OPB_01019 Continuant state event that is the appearance, disappearance, or transformation of a physical entity as a participant in a physical process Entity existence event OPB:OPB_01020 Section area coefficient of expansion on the transverse axial negative ratio of transverse to axial strain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio OPB:OPB_01022 Poisson ratio PATO:0002284 OPB:OPB_01023 Physics primitive that is time. Time ...that is a structural fluent. OPB:OPB_01024 Continuant state event that is a change in a structural relation between participants in a process Structural change event 1 energy bond OPB:OPB_01025 A dynamical process that is the flow of thermodynamic energy as determined by a constitutive dependency. Constitutive flow process OPB:OPB_01027 Constitutive storage proportionality OPB:OPB_01028 A physics annotation entity that is a set of related mathematical abstractions that represent one or more structurally or functionally related physics real entities. These classes are provided for annotating and differentiating analytical models and may be redundant with elements of Mathematical Modeling Ontology (MAMO) Physics model OPB:OPB_01029 A Physics entity that is a continuant, occurrent, or a property thereof that exists, or may exist, in the real world and that can or may be usefully observed and analyzed by the methods of classicalphysics. Physics real entity OPB:OPB_01030 A property spatial scope of a physical property whose value applies to a single point in space. Punctal scope OPB:OPB_01031 Spatial amount OPB:OPB_01032 Property spatial scope such that the value of a property measure depends additively on the spatial extent of a continuant instance. Extensive spatial scope OPB:OPB_01033 A dynamical entity that is not composed of elements or subatomic paraticles Immaterial dynamical entity surface tension PATO:0001461 Surface tension has the dimension of force per unit length, or of energy per unit area. The two are equivalent—but when referring to energy per unit of area, people use the term surface energy—which is a more general term in the sense that it applies also to solids and not just liquids. Surface tension, usually represented by the symbol γ, is measured in forces per unit length. Its SI unit is newton per meter but the cgs unit of dyne per cm is also used. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension) OPB:OPB_01035 A Tensile stress that is the amount of force normal to a spatial line region normalized to the length of the line region. Axial normal tensile stress OPB:OPB_01036 A material amount of a portion of gas or liquid Amount of fluid OPB:OPB_01037 A physics network model in which nodes represent physical properties and arcs are dynamical dependencies by which property values depend upon one another. Property dependency model 1 1 1 OPB:OPB_01038 The dependence of an energy flow rate on the potential energy difference between two entities Energy flow dependency OPB:OPB_01040 A charged atom that has a net positive electrical charge Atomic anion OPB:OPB_01042 A physics trajectory that is the temporally-ordered locus of values of a physical property of a process participant. Property value trajectory OPB:OPB_01043 Surface area OPB:OPB_01044 Surface area of spatial region OPB:OPB_01046 A property value basis that is the spatial and/or temporal coordinate system within which a property value is defined. Property coordinate basis subclasses are kinds of values as encoded in a particular dataset or analytical expression. For example, a blood pressure is_a variable evaluated at an instant (a Variable value) while the maximum blood pressure in a data set is a Maximum_of_set_of_property_values. OPB:OPB_01047 Property value that is used to characterize the distribution of property values. Statistical property OPB:OPB_01048 Threshold value event OPB:OPB_01049 ...that is a minimal value during an interval of a property value trajectory Minimal value event OPB:OPB_01050 ...that is a maximal value during an interval of a property value trajectory Maximal value event OPB:OPB_01053 A mechanical force property that is the amount of force per unit of spatial extent. Mechanical stress OPB:OPB_01054 A physics state that is the set of structural relations of a physical continuant to other continuants. Structural state OPB:Dynamical state is intended to represent the global state of a physical entity as it exists at a moment in time which includes: 1) thermodynamic state including potential and kinetic energy components, 2) its spatial state as referenced to a coordinate system or to other physical entities with which it participates in physical processes, 3) its structural relations (e.g., parthood, adjacency, connection, etc.) with its own parts and the "wholes" of which it is a part, and other process participants, 4) its information content (e.g., information content of a DNA sequence), and 5) its ontological type or class as determined by st1-3. OPB:OPB_01055 A physics state that is the set of values of the dynamical properties of a physical entity Dynamical state OPB:OPB_01056 Perimeter span of spatial region "Property value" classes provide formal classifications of the kinds of measurements made in the course of physical experiments and analyses according to the use intended for the value. For example a value may represent a single measurement recorded from an instrument, the value as scaled to a system of measures such as Systeme Internationale, the value as a statistical measure of a set of values, or the value of a correlation between two sets of measures. Annotations of Property value classes are intended to formally distiguish property values that should be compared or analyzed with care. OPB:OPB_01057 A physics value basis that is the magnitude of an instance of a physical property. Property value scale OPB:OPB_01058 An electrical potential that exists across an electrodiffusion barrier such as a cell membrane. Membrane potential OPB:OPB_01059 A constitutive process whose dynamical rate is determined a difference in the amount properties of its participants. Amount-driven flow process Occurrences of the class <physical process event> are discrete change in a process participant that occurs at an instant in time. Events serve to demarcate and define temporal boundaries (as in BFO:Process boundary) of the process occurrences. For example, the peak of the R-wave in an ECG could be taken to demarcate the beginning of ventricular systole. Clearly, no physical event is truly discrete as that implies a change of physical dynamical state that occurs instantaneously which implies an infinite rate of energy flux; clearly, an impossibility. OPB:OPB_01060 A physics event that is a discrete change of physical state of a physical entity Continuant state event 1 per Jacobus van 't Hoff; see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure OPB:OPB_01061 An osmotic dependency relation osmotic pressure to solute concentration for two solution on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane van't Hoff law of osmosis OPB:OPB_01062 Property of ion channel flux dependency OPB:OPB_01063 Plane angle of shape model PATO:0001708 OPB:OPB_01064 A spatial property that is the spatial distance between two spatial points. Spatial span OPB:OPB_01065 Plane angle of spatial region OPB:OPB_01066 Solid angle of spatial region chemical product chemical reactant chemical substrate compound molecular species reactant substrate As discrete structures, OPB:Chemical substance classes are intended to represent single discrete atomic or molecular scale structures for purposes of analyzing the molecular dynamic processes by which they interact and deform. Chemical reactions involving innumerable (e.g., molar quantities) atoms and molecules are modeled using the OPB:Portions of chemical reactant class. OPB:OPB_01067 A dyamical stucture that can participate in chemical reaction processes. Chemical structure OPB:OPB_01069 Solid potential energy OPB:OPB_01070 Solid angle of shape model OPB:OPB_01071 A three-dimensional region that has a finite spatial extent defined by on or more contiguous spatial surfaces. Bounded volume region OPB:OPB_01072 Plane angle OPB:OPB_01073 Solid gravitational potential energy OPB:OPB_01074 A three-dimensional region that has a infinite spatial extent incompletely limited by zero or more two-dimensional regions. Unbounded volume region OPB:OPB_01075 A two-dimensional region that has finite spatial extent that is limited by one or more bounded line regions Bounded surface region OPB:OPB_01076 A two-dimensional region that has a infinite spatial extent limited incompletely by zero or more one-dimensional regions. Unbounded surface region OPB:OPB_01077 A one-dimensional region that has a finite spatial extent limited by spatial points at each end. Bounded line OPB:OPB_01078 Entity existence event during which two or more physical entity instances becomes a single entity instances. Entity fusion event OPB:OPB_01079 Entity existence event during an instance of a physical entity becomes more than one entity instances Entity fission event OPB:OPB_01080 A charged atom that has a net negative electrical charge Atomic cation OPB:OPB_01081 Entity existence event that is the appearance of a physical entity of a classifiable type Entity appearance event OPB:OPB_01082 Entity existence event that is the disappearance of a physical entity as a classifiable type. Entity disappearance event OPB:OPB_01084 A fluid pressure that is the difference in pressure that exists between two portions of fluid. Pressure differential OPB:OPB_01085 A fluid pressure that is measured relative to the absolute zero pressure of a vacuum Absolute pressure OPB:OPB_01086 A constitutive process whose rates are determined by a resistive rate dependency for which thermal energy is dissipated as the product of a flow rate times a potential difference. Potential-driven flow process 1 1 OPB:OPB_01087 Amount-driven flow process for the chemical kinetic domain Chemical mass-action flow process 1 1 OPB:OPB_01088 Amount-driven flow process for the diffusion kinetic domain Diffusion-gradient flow process OPB:OPB_01089 A Property mathematical form that is an algebraic relationship of a property value to another value of a property of the same class. (from Dybkaer, R., An Ontology on Property - For Physical, Chemical and Biological Systems. e-published by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), 2009 see: http://ontology.iupac.org/index.html.) Algebraic form Following: "differential unitary quantity value" from Dybkaer, R., An Ontology on Property - For Physical, Chemical and Biological Systems. e-published by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), 2009 see: http://ontology.iupac.org/index.html. OPB:OPB_01090 An algebraic form that one property value can be subtracted from, but not divided by, another property value of the same class Difference form Following: "rational unitary quantity value" from Dybkaer, R., An Ontology on Property - For Physical, Chemical and Biological Systems. e-published by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), 2009 see: http://ontology.iupac.org/index.html. OPB:OPB_01091 An algebraic form that is a property value that is divided another property value of the same class. Ratiometric form Following: "ordinal quantity value" from Dybkaer, R., An Ontology on Property - For Physical, Chemical and Biological Systems. e-published by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), 2009 see: http://ontology.iupac.org/index.html. OPB:OPB_01092 ...that is a property value that can only be ranked as having a magnitude that is lesser than, equal to, or greater than another property value of the same class. Ordinal form OPB:OPB_01093 A mechanical stress that is the amount of force normal to a spatial line or surface region normalized to the spatial extent of the region. Tensile stress OPB:OPB_01094 A relative value that is the maximum value within a set or continuum of values Maximum value OPB:OPB_01095 A physics state that is the set of values of one or more thermodynamical properties of an energy-bearing entity. Thermodynamical state ion ionic species OPB:OPB_01096 A particulate that bears a net electrical charge Charged particulate OPB:OPB_01097 A tensile stress that is the amount of force normal to a surface region normalized to the area of the surface region. Surface normal tensile stress OPB:OPB_01098 Change containment event OPB:OPB_01099 Change parthood event OPB:OPB_01100 Physics annotation entity that is the physical dimension, measurement unit, or mathematical form of a measure of a physics property. Physics property attribute OPB:OPB_01101 Change adjacency event OPB:OPB_01102 Change connectivity event OPB:OPB_01105 A physical event that occurs when the value of a physical property value traverses a minimum, maximum or threshold value. Property value event OPB:OPB_01106 A one-dimensional region that has a infinite spatial extent limited by one or no spatial points. Unbounded line 1 inertia mass https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia No physical difference has been found between gravitational and inertial mass in a given inertial frame. Inertial mass is found by applying a known net force to an unknown mass, measuring the resulting acceleration, and applying Newton's Second Law, m = F/a. Gravitational mass is measured by comparing the force of gravity of an unknown mass to the force of gravity of a known mass. PATO:0000125 synonyms: mass, inertia, inertial mass OPB:OPB_01107 An amount property that is the temporal integral of a material flow rate relative to and initial amount. Material amount OPB:OPB_01108 Constitutive transformer ratio OPB:OPB_01109 A portion of material that is comprised of an uncountably large set of particles that have diffusion kinetic properties and participate in diffusion processes. Portion of particles 1 OPB:OPB_01110 Diffusion conductance OPB:OPB_01111 Unbounded plate OPB:OPB_01112 Threshold value OPB:OPB_01113 Dynamical domain in which particiipating entities are material dynamical entities Material dynamical domain OPB:OPB_01114 A particulate that bears no net electrical charge. Uncharged particulate OPB:OPB_01115 A mechanical joint in which one or both parts are constrined to rotate about a longitudinal axis. Rotational joint OPB:OPB_01116 Unbounded filament OPB:OPB_01117 Threshold exceeded event BFO:Continuant Physics continuants represent real entities that are portions of primitive physics entites and may be spatially-bounded (e.g, a heart, a portion of blood, a cell's cytoplasmic sodium ions) or may be spatially-unbounded (e.g., an electrical field or gravitational potential field). OPB:OPB_01118 A physics real entity that is a continuant in the real world. Physics continuant OPB:OPB_01119 A portion of particles that bear no net electrical charge Portion of uncharged particles OPB:OPB_01120 A quantum charge that is the electrical charge of a positron Quantal positive charge 'Physics conditon' is intended to represent the physics concept of the "state" of a system in its broadest sense that comprehends all physical state variables (locations, energies, dynamic properties, etc.) as well as its structural relations to its parts and other physical entities with which it is a physical process participant. As such it closely related to class term "phenotype" as defined in biomedical phenotype ontologies (e.g., PATO: Phenotype And Trait Ontology, HPO: Human Phenotype Ontology). However, 'state' in OPB excludes psychological, genomic, evolutionary and other biological attributes except as measureable and quantifiable in terms of physical measures.. Thus, for the biomedical domain, OPB uses "Physical state" to comprehend the concepts of "state" and "fluent" as follows: "Physical state" should also be synonymous with the concept of "fluent" (as in the situation calculus, the Process Specification Language, and OBO:Process Ontology) which is a changeable aspect of a system. OPB:OPB_01121 A physics state of a physics continuant that is composed of its dyanmical state, its structural state, and its thermodynamical state. Process occurence state OPB:OPB_01122 A quantal charge that is the elecrtical charge of an electron Quantal negative charge OPB:OPB_01123 Start process event OPB:OPB_01124 Boundary amount constraint OPB:OPB_01125 A mechanical stress that is the amount of force acting in the plane of a spatial region normalized to the spatial extent of the region. Shear stress OPB:OPB_01126 Force-driven flow process for which a chemical flow is driven by the chemical potentials of reactants Chemical resistive flow process OPB:OPB_01127 Fluid resistive flow process OPB:OPB_01129 Bounded filament OPB:OPB_01130 Kinetic energy amount Because OPB is designed for representing discrete dynamical systems, the representation of magnetic theory and system is attenuated and deferred. OPB:OPB_01131 Immaterial dynamical domain in which a participating entity is a physical entity is a magnetic field. Magnetic domain 1 OPB:OPB_01132 Thermal diffusivity OPB:OPB_01133 Minimum value OPB:OPB_01134 Variance value OPB:OPB_01135 Mean value 1 OPB:OPB_01136 Electrical energy flow dependency OPB:OPB_01137 Standard deviation value OPB:OPB_01138 Potential energy amount 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_energy OPB:OPB_01139 A dependency of the potential energy of a material entity due to vertical displacement in the earth's gravitational field. Gravitational field potential energy dependency OPB:OPB_01140 Agent-based model OPB:OPB_01142 Distributive property value that is a measure of the dispersion of magnitudes in a set or trajectory of values. Variability value OPB:OPB_01143 Lineal particle diffusion coefficient OPB:OPB_01144 Areal particle diffusion coefficient We defer creating subclasses of Informational processes. OPB:OPB_01145 A physics process that is the transmission, transduction or transformation of information amongst process participants with negligible exchange of thermodynamic energy. Information process OPB:OPB_01146 Physical constant that is the mass of a molecule calculated as the sum of the atomic amounts of each constituent atoms multiplied by the number of such atoms that comprise the molecule. Molecular weight OPB:OPB_01147 A process occurrence event that is End process event OPB:OPB_01148 A tensor form that is a real number Scalar form OPB:OPB_01149 Perimeter span of shape model OPB:OPB_01150 A shear stress that is the amount of force acting in the along a line spatial region normalized to the length of the line. Lineal shear stress BFO: OPB:OPB_01151 A physics entity that is an analytical abstraction, concept, or method that is useful for annotating or anlyzing a physical model Physics annotation entity OPB:OPB_01152 Electrical resistive flow process 1 1 OPB:OPB_01153 A amount-driven flow process by which heat energy flow rate is depends on the temperature property of its participants. Heat transfer flow process OPB:OPB_01154 A shear stress that is the amount of force acting in the plane of a surface spatial region normalized to the area of the region. Surface shear stress OPB:OPB_01155 A discrete dyamical entity that can participate in a diffusive, advective, or convective process. Particulate bond graph energy bond graph OPB:OPB_01156 A physics model in which nodes represent portions of energy and arcs represent flows of energy. Energy bond graph model OPB:OPB_01157 A spatial region that is a point in space. Zero-dimensional spatial point OPB:OPB_01158 A spatial property that is a set of coordinate values (in 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensions) of point in space relative to the origin of a coordinate system. Spatial location OPB:OPB_01159 Abstract domain that encompasses the quantification, storage, and communication of information amongst participants in a physics process. Information domain OPB:OPB_01160 A charged particulate that is a molecule. Charged molecule OPB:OPB_01162 A portion of material that has no inherent shape and assumes the shape of its container Portion of fluid OPB:OPB_01163 Solid angle OPB:OPB_01164 A Physics differential model that includes at least one ordinary differential equation (ODE) that may be a temporal differential versus temporal extent or a spatial differential with respect to spatial extent. Physics ODE model OPB:OPB_01165 A Physics differential model that includes at least one partial differential equation (PDE) of at least one multivariable function. Physics PDE model OPB:OPB_01166 Physics model consiting of algebraic symbols and operators. Physics algebraic model OPB:OPB_01168 Portion of strain potential energy 1 voltage Measured as the difference in electric potential between two points or the difference in electric potential energy per unit charge between two points. OPB:OPB_01169 A force property that drives the flux electrically-charged particles from one portion of particles to another according to the electrical charge and concentration of the particles. Electrodiffusional potential OPB:OPB_01170 Algebraic state model OPB:OPB_01172 Algebraic basis OPB:OPB_01173 A temporal value dependency that is the temporal integral of a property value during a span of time. Temporal integrative dependency OPB:OPB_01174 ...that is a proportionality of a signalled transactor dependency Signalled transactor coefficient OPB:OPB_01175 Direct transactor coefficient 1 OPB:OPB_01176 Electrical inductive energy dependency OPB:OPB_01177 A potential energy dependency a magnetic or ferrous entity in a magnetic field. Magnetic field potential energy dependency OPB:OPB_01178 A charged particulate that is a polymolecule. Charged polymolecule OPB:OPB_01179 A potential energy field that is a spatial gradient of particle concentration. Diffusion gradient OPB:OPB_01180 A temporal value dependency that is the temporal rate of change of a property value at a moment in time. Temporal derivative dependency OPB:OPB_01181 Boundary momentum constraint OPB:OPB_01184 A potential energy field that is a combination of an electrostatic and a diffusion gradient. Electrochemical gradient OPB:OPB_01185 A constitutive process whose rates are determined by a diffusive transformer dependency. Diffusive transformer OPB:OPB_01186 A transformer process whose rates are determined by a mechanical transformer dependency. Mechanical transformer process OPB:OPB_01187 Heat energy amount 1 Definition ("comment") is verbatim from the definition of BFO:Spaatial region. However, physical analytical entities must include bounded regions (ala BFO "realism") as well as unbounded physical regions of electrical and gravitational fields, as well as for analytical fictions such as used for spatial integrals from a spatial origin to spatial infinity. OPB:OPB_01188 A physics continuant that is a portion of space or spatial reference frame. Spatial entity 1 OPB:OPB_01189 Energy density For an inhomogenous entity, the density varies spatially within the entity and is determined at each point by the limit of the ratio of the extensive property to the spatial extent of a small region around the point as the region approaches zero volume. OPB:OPB_01190 ...that is the ratio of an extensive property of an entity to the volume of the spatial region occupied by the region. Density 1 OPB:OPB_01191 Electrical resistive dissipation 1 solute concentration PATO:0002027 OPB:OPB_01192 A chemical concentration the total amount of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality OPB:OPB_01193 Multiplicative dependency OPB:OPB_01194 Additive dependency OPB:OPB_01195 Difference dependency OPB:OPB_01196 Divisor dependency 1 PATO:0001655 OPB:OPB_01197 A chemical concentration the total amount of solute per kilogram of solution. Osmolarity 1 OPB:OPB_01198 A momentum driving force that acts to accelerate, displace, or deform a solid physical entity Solid force OPB:OPB_01199 Activity of anion for univalent sodium ions pNa OPB:OPB_01200 An amount of chemical that is the thermodynamic activity of a chemical as affected by interactions with other chemical species Chemical activity OPB:OPB_01201 Physics primitive entity that is space. Space https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus OPB:OPB_01202 A mathematical basis that is a variable or function of calculus Calculus basis OPB:OPB_01203 A shape form that is a solid cylinder that is longer than it is thick. Filament form OPB:OPB_01204 A shape form that is a planar solid that is broader than it is thick Plate form OPB:OPB_01205 A walled form that is a hollow cylinder, longer than it is wide, composed of a wall part that bounds a lumen part, except at the ends of the shape. Pipe form OPB:OPB_01206 A walled form that is a hollow sphere composed of a wall part enclosing a lumen part. Tank form https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus#Differential_calculus OPB:OPB_01207 Differential basis rate constant OPB:OPB_01208 Constitutive proportionality between properties in a dynamical flow dependency. Constitutive flow proportionality OPB:OPB_01209 A property value that serves as a standard value for a system of units of measure for the property. Standard property value Spatial regions are spatial entities as found in BFO, GFO, etc. and, as such, are generic entities that can apply to any line, surface, or volume. The problem is that such non-specificity minimizes their utility for model specification and annotation. OPB:OPB_01210 A spatial entity that is a spatially bound, contiguous portion of space Spatial region OPB:OPB_01211 A spatial region that is a volumetric region in space with three spatial dimensions. Three-dimensional spatial region OPB:OPB_01213 A spatial property that is the degree to which a spatial line region or surface region deviates from being straight or flat, respectively. Spatial curvature OPB:OPB_01214 Physics analytical entity that specifies a spatial coordinates and corresponding scales Spatial coordinate OPB:OPB_01215 A dynamical property that is the temporal rate of change of a flow rate property. Dynamical acceleration property https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral OPB:OPB_01216 Integrative basis OPB:OPB_01217 Definite integrative dependency OPB:OPB_01218 Spatial coordinate in which all spatial properties are referred to a single spatial coordinate system One-dimensional spatial coordinate 1 OPB:OPB_01219 Charge density 1 OPB:OPB_01220 Flow rate property that is the temporal rate of change of the a material amount or, equivalently, the temporal rate at which matter passes across a spatial boundary, or from one disecrete entity to another. Material flow rate OPB:OPB_01221 Indefinite integrative dependency OPB:OPB_01222 Spatial coordinate domain in which all spatial properties are referred to a two dimensional spatial coordinate system Two-dimensional spatial domain OPB:OPB_01223 Spatial coordinate coordinate in which all spatial properties are referred to a three dimensional spatial coordinate system Three-dimensional spatial coordinate OPB:OPB_01224 Thermodynamical domain in which physics continuants each have and exchange a portion of kinetic energy. Kinetic energy domain OPB:OPB_01225 Thermodynamical domain in which physics continuants each have and exchange a portion of potential energy. Potential energy domain OPB:OPB_01226 Mass of solid entity F OPB:OPB_01227 Force dimension OPB:OPB_01228 A physics dependency that is a mathematical relationship amongst values of physical properties of energy-bearing physical entities Mathematical dependency OPB:OPB_01229 Algebraic conservation model OPB:OPB_01230 ...that is a proportionality between a signal receiver property and the signal property of a signalled transactor dependency Transactor sender coefficient OPB:OPB_01231 ...that is a proportionality between a signal property and the controlled property of a signalled transactor dependency Transactor receiver coefficient OPB:OPB_01232 A mathematical basis that is a tensor, or a function or transformation of tensor. Tensor domain OPB:OPB_01233 ...that is the ratio of the amount of energy in a 1-dimensional spatial region to the volume of that region. Energy lineal density OPB:OPB_01234 ...that is the ratio of the amount of energy in a 2-dimensional spatial region to the volume of that region. Energy areal density OPB:OPB_01235 ...that is the ratio of the amount of energy in a 3-dimensional spatial region to the volume of that region. Energy volumetric density OPB:OPB_01236 Property value that is the ratio of two or more observed or standard property values. Scaled property value OPB:OPB_01237 ...that is the ratio of the amount of charge in a 3-dimensional spatial region to the volume of that region. Charge volumetric density OPB:OPB_01238 ...that is the ratio of the amount of charge in a 2-dimensional spatial region to the area of that region. Charge areal density OPB:OPB_01239 ...that is the ratio of the amount of charge in a 1-dimensional spatial region to the length of that region. Charge lineal density OPB:OPB_01240 A material dynamical entity that occupies a portion of space and has inherent shape and solid mechanical properties. Discrete dynamical entity OPB:OPB_01241 A material dynamical entity that occupies a spatial region, has no inherent shape and consists of innumerable energy-bearing material parts. Portion of material OPB:OPB_01242 A spatial region that is a surface having two spatial dimensions. Two-dimensional spatial region OPB:OPB_01243 A spatial region that is a line in space. One-dimensional spatial line 1 OPB:OPB_01244 A physics property that is a scalar or vector measure of the spatial extent, location, or shape of a space-occupying entity. Spatial property OPB:OPB_01245 Solid resistive motion process 1 OPB:OPB_01246 Rate of energy dissipation due to forces and flow rates of a viscous material Fluid viscous dissipation OPB:OPB_01247 An portion of elelctrical charge composed solely of negative electrical charges. Portion of negative charge OPB:OPB_01248 Physics model that is expressed in terms of logical symbols and operators. Physics logical model OPB:OPB_01249 A plate shape whose perimeter is a square with equal sides. Square plate OPB:OPB_01250 A plate shape whose perimeter is a rectangle with unequal sides Rectangular plate OPB:OPB_01251 A plate shape that whose perimeter is a circle. Circular plate OPB:OPB_01252 Thin-walled pipe shape OPB:OPB_01253 Thick-walled pipe shape OPB:OPB_01254 Thin-walled tank shape OPB:OPB_01255 Thick-walled tank shape OPB:OPB_01256 A solid form that is a solid with six faces, each of which is a rectangle. Cuboid form OPB:OPB_01257 A cuboid shape in which each face is a square congruent with the other faces. Square cuboid shape OPB:OPB_01258 A cuboid shape for which at most one face is a square. Rectangular cuboid shape OPB:OPB_01259 Total energy amount OPB:OPB_01260 A bona fide dynamical boundary that is a spatially contiguous discontinuity of physical property values. Property value boundary OPB:OPB_01262 A geometrical form that composed of a single spatial region. Solid form Walled forms are intended to be geometrical abstractions of biological entities such as blood vessels, cardiac chambers, membrane-bound cells, etc. The distinctions between thick- vs. thin-walls depends on whether lumped parameters for the wall (e.g., a diffusion coefficient) depend on wall thickness (e.g., D vs. d*thickness) OPB:OPB_01263 A geometrical form that composed of a one spatial region, the wall part, that bounds a second spatial region, the lumen part. Walled form OPB:OPB_01264 Immaterial dynamical domain in which a participating entity is a physical entity is a gravitational field. Gravitational domain OPB:OPB_01265 An area of a plane that transects a volume shape model and that is enclosed within the boundary of a shape model. Section area of shape model OPB:OPB_01266 A shape model area that is the area of the bounding region of a volume region Surface area of shape model OPB:OPB_01267 Span of lumen OPB:OPB_01268 Span of outer bound of shape OPB:OPB_01269 A span of spatial entity that is straight-line distance between two points on the bounds of a spatial entity Transverse span OPB:OPB_01270 A span of spatial entity that is the spatial distance along a path, straight or curved, that is within the boundary of a spatial entity from one point to itself or to another point. Perimeter span Here we distinguish two subclasses of membrane reversal potential that account for either (1) the "Nernst potenial" for a single ionic species whether or not it permeates the membrane as calculated by the Nernst equation that has terms the ratio of inner-to-outer ion concentrations (e.g., [Nai] / [Nao]) but no term of ionic permebility. That is, Nernst potentials are function only of the ion gradient (as a ratio) and not of ion permeability according to the Nernst equation. Thus, a Nernst reversal potential (for a single ion) can only be measured empirically under strict equilibrium conditions where membranes are permeable only to ions and there are no transmembrane ion currents, as from electrogenicl pumps. (2) the "GHK potential" (Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz potential) applies multiple ionic species and depends on their relative permeabilities as can be calculated using the GHK equation if all ion gradient ratios and relative permeabilities are known. The GHK reversal potential can be determined experimentally for a membrane as its resting membrane potential for which there is no net ion flux. See, amongst many others, for mathematical treatments: Hille, B. (2001). Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes. Sunderland, MA, USA, Sinauer Associates, Inc. http://www.physiologyweb.com/lecture_notes/resting_membrane_potential/resting_membrane_potential_nernst_equilibrium_potential.html OPB:OPB_01271 The electrical potential across an electrodiffusion barrier that nullifies net ion diffusion Reversal potential membrane reversal potential OPB:OPB_01272 An electrical potential that nullifies net ionic flux of a permeant ionic species according to the membrane permeability of each species as determined by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. GHK reversal potential OPB:OPB_01273 A calculus dependency that is the derivative or integral of a property value with respect to a spatial displacement. Spatial calculus dependency OPB:OPB_01274 A spatial value dependency that is the spatial integral a property value over a spatial span Spatial integrative dependency OPB:OPB_01275 A boundary constraint on the value of a state property at a physics model boundary. Boundary state constraint Kirchoff's laws OPB:OPB_01276 A dynamical constraint on the values of two or more rate properties Kirchoff constraint OPB:OPB_01277 A boundary constraint on the value of a rate property at a physics boundary. Boundary rate constraint OPB representation of mathematical entities is left primitive in deference to other mathematical resources. To attempt a more thorough representation opens a slippery slope into representing the entirety of math theory and practice. It seems useful to represent commonly used mathematical functions (e.g., trig functions, differential & integral calculus, complex numbers) there is a danger in doing so in manner that is as stringent and complete as are the representations of physics. OPB:OPB_01278 A Property value basis that is a mathematical function. Mathematical basis OPB:OPB_01280 Physics model that expresses equations and logic based on topological relations and/or quantitative relations of linear, planar, or solid geometry,. Physics geometrical model OPB:OPB_01282 A thermodynamical property that is the amount of energy or entropy of a dynamical entity. Thermodynamic state property OPB:OPB_01283 A thermodynamic property that is the temporal rate of energy or entropy flow. Thermodynamic rate property OPB:OPB_01284 A thermodynamic property that determines how heat and entropy flow depend on the material composition and spatial properties of a dynamical entity Thermal constitutive property OPB:OPB_01285 Physics model that includes a mathematical derivative of the value of a physical property with respect to time, space, or other properties. Physics differential model 1 OPB:OPB_01288 An amount property that is the amount of material that inhers in a solid entity Amount of solid entity OPB:OPB_01289 Constitutive flow proportionality for an amount-driven flow proportionality Amount-driven flow proportionality OPB:OPB_01290 An process dependency that defines a physical continuant state of process participants that is a necessary and sufficient condition to initiate or terminate an occurrence of the process. Process condition dependency formalized as a PSL:precondition axiom formalized as a SC:precondition axiom OPB:OPB_01291 A process conditional dependency that defines a physical continuant state of process participants the is a necessary and sufficient condition to initiate an occurrence of the process. Precondition dependency formalized as PSL:process postcondition axiom formalized as SC:successor state axiom OPB:OPB_01292 A process occurrence dependency that defines a physical continuant state of process participants that is sufficient to terminate the process. Postcondition dependency OPB:OPB_01293 A spatial value dependency that is the spatial rate of change of a property value at a point in space Spatial derivative dependency OPB:OPB_01294 ...by which a change in the type or existence of a physical entity is a consequence of its physical state Existential event dependency OPB:OPB_01295 Fluid gravitational potential energy 1 OPB:OPB_01296 Reaction rate constant OPB:OPB_01297 ...by which a change in the type or existence of one a structural relation between process participants is a consequence of a change in the dynamical state of the entities Structural event dependency OPB:OPB_01298 Fractional amount of chemical that is the proportion of a chemical in a particular conformational state normalized to the total amount of the portion of chemical. State fraction of chemical OPB:OPB_01299 Ion conductance per area OPB:OPB_01300 Ion conductance per capacitance OPB:OPB_01301 Fluid kinetic domain in which the physical entity is a portion liquid Liquid kinetic domain OPB:OPB_01302 Fluid kinetic domain in which the physical entity is a portion gas. Gas kinetic domain OPB:OPB_01303 Ion conductance per path OPB:OPB_01304 A portion of particles that bear a net electrical charge. Portion of charged particles 1 OPB:OPB_01305 Solid friction dissipation 1 OPB:OPB_01306 Diffusion coefficient OPB:OPB_01307 Portion of displacement potential energy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity OPB:OPB_01308 A thermal constitutive property that is the ratio of the rate of heat energy between physical entities to the difference of their temperatures Thermal conductivity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity OPB:OPB_01309 A thermal constitutive property that is the ratio of the heat energy added or removed to a physical entity to the change in its temperature Heat capacity Dynamical boundaries represent a disparate class of analytical boundaries between physical entities that are, for example, a "real" spatial boundary between spatially adjacent material entities such as two cells, a cell's nucleus within its cytoplasm, or the attachment of a muscle to a bone. There are also "kinetic" boundaries between spatially-mixed entities such as the portions of reactants in a cell cytoplasm as represented in chemical kinetic schema. OPB:OPB_01311 A physics continuant that mediates energy or information flow amongst dynamical entities that are participating in a physical process. Dynamical boundary Examples of fluid kinetic boundaries are the boundary between contiguous portions of blood that have turbulent vs. laminar flow, or have pulsatile vs. non-pulsatile flow. OPB:OPB_01312 Fiat dynamical boundary that is a spatial separation between portions of fluid distinguished by the values of their physical properties as they participate in a fluid kinetic process Fluid dynamical boundary OPB:OPB_01313 An amount of chemical that is the thermodynamic activity of a chemical solute as affected by other solutes in a solution. Activity of solute OPB:OPB_01314 Amount property The distinction between micromolecule and macromolecule subclasses is necessarily vague because there is no universally agreed upon or satisfactory molecular weight or structural criteria by which these subclasses are to be distinguished. In service to the representing function, OPB distinguishes micro/macro more along the lines of function: micromolecules play the roles of substrate/product/modifier/transportee in processes while macromolecules serve as the catalysts and mediators of the processes. Clearly, such a distinction admits to many exceptions which we leave for subsequent OPB versions or the cleverness of OPB user to work around OPB:OPB_01315 A chemical structure composed of elements linked by covalent chemical bonds. Molecule 1 OPB:OPB_01316 A physics dependency that relates values of thermodynamical properties to the values of dynamical properties and/or to other thermodynamical properties Thermodynamic dependency Joule SI-unit Thermodynamic potentials are quantified by scalar, extensive variables (e.g., U, H, F, G...) and are used predominanty (historically?) for the analysis of chemical and fluid systems. Consequently, the kinetic and potential energies of other entities OPB:OPB_01317 Energy amount that is a portion of energy defined as algebraic sums or differences of portions of energy defined according to constraints on the values of physical properties. Thermodynamic potential A mechanical joint is a structural region that joins two or more solid dynamical entities but has less structural rigiity than either solid entity. OPB:OPB_01318 A bona fide dynamical boundary between two or more solid dynamical entities that constrains their relative motions along at least one spatial axis. Mechanical joint OPB:OPB_01319 A portion of fluid that is compressible Portion of gas OPB:OPB_01320 Weight of solid entity OPB:OPB_01321 Physics model that is expressed as node-arc graphs that is useful for the representation and analysis of systems of physics entities Physics network model 1 OPB:OPB_01322 A material amount of a portion of liquid Amount of liquid 1 Fourier's law Thermal conduction#Fourier's law Thermal contact conductance OPB:OPB_01324 Heat transfer dependency An impedance that is the opposition to flow due to the combination of resistance, capacitance, and inductance along a flow path OPB:OPB_01326 Impedence property An impedance that is the opposition to flow due to the combination capacitance and inductance of a flow path OPB:OPB_01327 Reactance property A force-driven flow proporionality that is the opposition to flow due to the duration and/or rate of change of a flow property. OPB:OPB_01328 Impedance OPB:OPB_01329 The molar heat capacity is the heat capacity per molar amount of a pure substance, Molar heat capacity OPB:OPB_01330 A mechanical joint whose parts are constrained to extend along a longitudinal axis. Coaxial joint OPB:OPB_01331 Spatial fraction of particle Advection is the discrete, vectorial transport of portions of entities that are either dissolved (e.g., sugar, ions) or suspended (e.g., blood cells) in a flowing fluid (e.g., blood) and is a combination of convective and diffusive transport. It is usually computed using partial differential equations so that diffusive transport applies only to in discrete formulations that do not represent spatial gradients of diffusible entities. Thus, the diffusion-gradient rate dependency (as in Ficks law) applies to diffusive transport across a boundary from one discrete portion of fluid to another with out bulk flow of fluid. OPB:OPB_01332 A cotransport dependency that is the flow rate of a conserved quantity by virtue of it being a part of a portion of fluid or particles that is flowing. Advective transport dependency OPB:OPB_01335 Boundary flow constraint OPB:OPB_01336 Boundary force constraint OPB:OPB_01338 Constitutive coupling proportionality that is a dimensional ratio of dynamical properties of players in a transducer dependency Transducer modulus "Constitutive" is used very specifically to refer to dependencies that depend on the values of material properties (e.g., resistivity of a conductor; viscosity of fluid, stiffness of a solid material), and/or the structural shape and size properties of an entity that participates in the process. Thus constitutive dependencies differ from constraint dependnecies that describe only topological relationships of entities and processes such as the convergence of flow paths at a node, or the integral dependence of a state properties on the sum of rate properties. OPB:OPB_01339 A physics dependency of a flow rate of energy, charge, and/or material amongst participants that depends on the spatial and material composition of process participants. Constitutive dependency OPB:OPB_01340 A portion of fluid that is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point material particles that interact only by elastic collisions. Portion of ideal gas 1 OPB:OPB_01341 A dynamical acceleration property that is the temporal rate of change of an electrical current flow rate. Electrical acceleration This is the only system of units to be represented in OPB and is implemented according to the globaly-adopted system as described in: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units. SI-unit classes. Accordingly, and by fiat, some are "base units" that are irreducible and some are "derived units" that are derived from base units by multiplication or division. In other foromal systems or conventional usages, other allocations between base/derived units may be encountered. SI-unit classes map, non-exclusively to classes of OPB:PropertyDimension either as single classes, or as multiples/quotients of base units OPB:OPB_01343 A property value basis that is the unit of measure of a physical property as standardized in the International System of Units. Property SI-unit basis 1 1 OPB:OPB_01344 A derived SI-unit for plane angles Radian SI-unit OPB:OPB_01345 OPB:Property SI-based quantities are map to definitions available in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities The International System of Quantities (ISQ) is a system based on seven base quantities: length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. Other quantities such as area, pressure, and electrical resistance are derived from these base quantities by clear, non-contradictory equations. The ISQ defines the quantities that are measured with the SI units[1] and also includes many other quantities in modern science and technology.[2] The ISQ is defined in the international standard ISO/IEC 80000, and was finalised in 2009 with the publication of ISO 80000-1.[3] Property SI-base dimension 1 1 OPB:OPB_01346 A derived SI-unit for a quantity of electrical charge. Coulomb SI-unit 1 1 2 OPB:OPB_01347 A derived SI-unit for force or weight Newton SI-unit 1 chemical rate law mass-action rate law OPB:OPB_01348 An amount-driven dependency in which a chemical flow rate of participating chemicals depends on the amounts of its players Chemical mass-action dependency OPB:OPB_01349 Fluid capacitive potential energy 1 2 2 OPB:OPB_01350 A derived SI-unit for energy, work or heat Joule SI-unit OPB:OPB_01351 A base SI-unit for length Metre SI-unit OPB:OPB_01352 A base SI-unit for luminous intensity Candela SI-unit OPB:OPB_01353 A base SI-unit for mass Kilogram SI-unit OPB:OPB_01354 A base SI-unit for temperature Kelvin SI-unit OPB:OPB_01355 Chemical capacitive process OPB:OPB_01356 Fluid capacitive process OPB:OPB_01357 Mechanical capacitive process OPB:OPB_01358 Electrical capacitive process OPB:OPB_01359 A physics occurrent that occurs at moment in time that is a change in the physical state of a physics continuant, the beginning or end of physics process, or a discrete change in the value of a physical property. Physics event OPB:OPB_01360 Diffusive capacitive process OPB:OPB_01361 A chemical structure that is a single atom composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. Element s second OPB:OPB_01362 A base SI-unit for time Second SI-unit OPB:OPB_01364 A force property that can change only the potential energy of a portion of entity. Flow-driving potential Momentum driving forces are so-named to capture the idea that such forces are relevant only in-so-far as they may change the kinetic energy of material entities (solid or fluid) as well as changing their potential energy by changes of elevation (in a gravitational field) or by changes of elastic potential energy. OPB:OPB_01365 A force property that can change the momentum of a material entity and can change either/both the kinetic and potential energy. Momentum-driving force Wikipedia: Liquid junction potential http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquid_junction_potential&redirect=no OPB:OPB_01366 An electrodiffusional potential across a diffusional barrier due to differences in diffusional mobility of anions and cations in the fluids separated by the barrier. Liquid junction potential OPB:OPB_01368 A discrete dynamical entity that has contiguous structure, inherent shape and a continuous spatial boundary Mechanical solid OPB:OPB_01369 Electric current dimension OPB:OPB_01371 Dynamical boundary that is a spatial boundary across which there is a discontinuity of structural composition or physical property values. Bona fide dynamical boundary OPB:OPB_01372 Base SI-unit OPB:OPB_01373 A base SI-unit for electrical current Ampere SI-unit OPB:OPB_01374 A base SI-unit for amount of substance Mole SI-unit OPB:OPB_01376 Tensile distortion OPB:OPB_01377 An SI-unit that is composed of a multiple or ratio of two or more base SI-units Derived SI-unit imaginary unit OPB:OPB_01378 A mathematical constant that is the square root of the real number minus one. i OPB:OPB_01379 Fractional amount of chemical that is the proportion of an amount chemical in a one spatial region normalized to the total amount of the same chemical in another spatial region. Spatial fraction of chemical OPB:OPB_01383 A fractional amount of chemical that is the ratio of the molar concentration of one portion of chemical to that of another species occupying the same spatial region Molar fraction of chemical The "state" in the definition may refer to, say, the structural state of molecules in a portion of chemical be it molecules in a particular structural conformation. Examples: fraction of open channels, fraction of ion channels in a particular gating state (e.g., m, n, h of HH model); enzyme activity normalized to maximal activity (e.g., V/Vmax in MM enzyme model). OPB:OPB_01385 Fractional amount of chemical that is the proportion of a chemical in a particular conformational state normalized to the total amount of the portion of chemical. Fractional amount of chemical OPB:OPB_01386 A physics trajectory that is a time-series of changes of physical asttributes of a participant in a physical process. Continuant state trajectory A process precondition is a concept in the situation calculus. A precondition is a necessary and sufficient condition of the participants for initiating an occurence of a process OPB:OPB_01387 A process state that is necessary and sufficient to initiate an occurrence of a physical process Pre-pocess state AKA a process postcondition is a concept in the situation calculus. A postcondition is the condition of the participants for at the end of an occurence of a process OPB:OPB_01388 A process state that terminates a physical process. Post-process state OPB:OPB_01389 Absolute amount of a chemical that is the mass of a portion of a chemical within a spatial region. Mass amount of chemical Physical dependencies are axioms, definitions and empirical laws of physics that, once discovered, may be articulated verbally, mathematically, or computationally as aids to understanding and analyzing real biophysical systems. Physical dependencies may be represented by a broad class of quantitative and qualitative relationships amongst physical entities and the qualitities of physics continuants, and processes. Dependencies are the rules by which dynamical and information systems operate, and comprise computations for analysis and simulation in a variety of computational and mathematical systems. Examples include: Ohm's law for electricity and for fluid flow, the definition of kinetic energy in terms of mass and velocity, OPB:OPB_01391 A physics occurrent that relates the existence and changes of attribute values of physics continuants to the occurrences and time-courses of physics processes. Physics dependency State dependencies represent static relations between state property values that, in "reality", are simultaneously true for an entity at any temporal instant. However, OPB is designed for annotating computational representations of that reality such that adjusting values does not occur instantaneously, as in reality, but is achieve sequentially by computational procedures. For example, a computation may calculate the radius of a spherical entity according as its volume changes according to a boundary flow dependency, or in a different formulation, volume may be calculated as the sphere's radius changes according to a related boundary flow dependency. OPB:OPB_01392 A constraint dependency that fixes the value of a physical property at a boundary of a physical entity. Boundary value constraint OPB:OPB_01393 Causal propagation model OPB:OPB_01394 Field dependency OPB:OPB_01395 Absolute amount of chemical A material volumnal density that is the amount soluble matter that is contained in a volume of solvent. OPB:OPB_01396 Volumnal concentration of solute OPB:OPB_01397 A physics real entity that is a temporal entity, a physics dependency, or a physics process Physics occurrent OPB:OPB_01398 A mechanical displacement that is the temporal integral of a rotational velocity of two solid entites that are constrained to rotate relative to each other around a rotational axis or planar axis. Joint displacement OPB:OPB_01399 A sum of state property which holds for momentum properties Sum of momenta 1 OPB:OPB_01404 A physics dependency that mathematically constrains the values of properties according to conservation laws and to system boundary constraints Constraint dependency OPB:OPB_01405 A mathematical dependency that is a sum of rate property values. Sum of rate properties OPB:OPB_01406 A mathematical dependency that is the sum of state property values Sum of state properties 2 2 OPB:OPB_01407 A derived SI-unit for solid angles Steradian SI-unit 1 1 OPB:OPB_01408 A derived SI-unit for power, radiant flux Watt SI-unit PATO:0002006 OPB:OPB_01409 A geometrical form that extends in two spatial dimensions. Planar form OPB:OPB_01410 A geometrical form that extends in a single spatial dimension. Line form PATO:0001019 OPB:OPB_01411 An amount density for a material entity. Material density PATO:0001353 OPB:OPB_01412 A material density expressed per unit volume Material volumnal density 1 2 1 3 OPB:OPB_01413 A derived SI-unit for electrical potential difference, voltage, or electromotive force Volt SI-unit 2 4 1 2 OPB:OPB_01414 A derived SI-unit for electrical capacitance Farad SI-unit 1 2 2 3 OPB:OPB_01415 A derived SI-unit for elctrical resistance, impedance, reactance Ohm SI-unit 2 3 1 2 OPB:OPB_01416 A derived SI-unit for electrical conductance Seimen SI-unit OPB:OPB_01417 Organismal scale OPB:OPB_01418 Organ system scale OPB:OPB_01419 Organ scale OPB:OPB_01420 Organ part scale OPB:OPB_01421 Cell scale 1 2 1 2 OPB:OPB_01422 A derived SI-unit for magnetic flux Weber SI-unit OPB:OPB_01423 Cell component scale OPB:OPB_01424 Molecular scale OPB:OPB_01425 Atomic scale Spatial domain classes are represented primarily for annotation purposes to distinguish, for example, models of glucose as an atomic structure vs. as player is cell metabolism or as a component of whole-body glucose uptake. OPB:OPB_01426 Physics domain that includes spatial entities and their spatial relationships. Spatial domain OPB:OPB_01428 Portion of liquid solution OPB:OPB_01429 Portion of liquid solvent OPB:OPB_01430 Portion of pure liquid 1 1 2 OPB:OPB_01431 A derived SI-unit for magnetic flux density Tesla SI-unit 1 2 2 2 OPB:OPB_01432 A derived SI-unit for electrical inductance Henry SI-unit PATO:0001351 OPB:OPB_01433 A material density expressed per unit area Material areal density OPB:OPB_01434 Joint rotational displacement 1 OPB:OPB_01436 The conductance of ion flow driven by an electrodiffusion gradient as applied, for examples, to single ion channels or sets of ion channels in portions of biological or artificial membranes. Ion flow conductance 1 OPB:OPB_01437 Ion flow resistance OPB:OPB_01438 Ion flow resistance per area OPB:OPB_01439 Ion flow resistance path OPB:OPB_01440 Ion flow resistance per capacitance 1 OPB:OPB_01441 A derived SI-unit for temperature relative to 273.15 K Degree-C SI-unit Primitive physics entity classes serve as "mass nouns" for the stuff of physical analysis. OPB:OPB_01442 A physics continuant that is a portion or a discrete instance of material or immaterial entity that is part of reality that is so basic to our understanding that it cannot be defined in a non-circular manner. Primitive continuant OPB:OPB_01443 Ion flow resistance per ion channel OPB:OPB_01445 Joint angular displacement OPB:OPB_01446 A thermodynamic dependency the thermodynamic energy of a physical entity on its dynamical properties Energy state dependency 1 1 OPB:OPB_01447 An energy state dependency of the energy content of a physical entity on its diplacement in a force gradient or field or, conversely, the energy stored in potential energy field to the displacement of an entity within the field. Potential energy dependency A flow rate distributor represents the point of convergence of multiple flows but which has no capacity to store flows so that the sum of flow rates at any moment in time is identically zero. Biophysical examples would include representing the bifurcation of a blood vessel as an inelastic distributor, or representing a set of reactions that share a common reactant as a chemical circuit node that has no volume and hence no concentration. OPB:OPB_01448 A junction rate constraint for flow rate properties. Flow junction rate constraint OPB:OPB_01449 Constitutive flow proportionality for a force-driven flow proportionality. Force-driven flow proportionality PATO:0001352 OPB:OPB_01450 A material density expressed per unit length Material lineal density PATO:0001034 OPB:OPB_01451 A mechanical displacement that is a local solid displacement normalized to the extent of the solid entity Solid strain OPB:OPB_01452 Shear strain OPB:OPB_01453 Tensile strain 1 OPB:OPB_01454 A derived SI-unit for luminous flux Lumen SI-unit 1 2 OPB:OPB_01455 A derived SI-unit for illuminance Lux SI-unit Whereas the classical physical laws (e,g. Ohm's, Hooke's...) define propotionality parameters for each (e.g., resisistance (R), elastance (E)...) biological rate dependencies are frequently very non-proportional are require non-linear dependencies that require more than a single, linear parameter. OPB:OPB_01456 A constitutive property of a non-proportional or non-linear dependency of dynamical physical properties. Constitutive non-proportional parameter OPB:OPB_01457 Property of Hodgkin-Huxley dependency OPB:OPB_01458 Maximal channel conductance 1 1 OPB:OPB_01459 A derived SI-unit for catalytic activity or metabolic flux Katal SI-unit OPB:OPB_01460 A charged particle that is an element. Charged element OPB:OPB_01461 Property of irreversible Michaelis-Menten dependency OPB:OPB_01462 Maximal substrate flow-rate OPB:OPB_01463 Half-maximal substrate amount OPB:OPB_01464 Property of reversible Michaelis-Menten dependency OPB:OPB_01465 Half-maximal product amount A force distributor represents the point of convergence of multiple forces at a moveable but massless structural point so that the sum of forces at any moment in time is identically zero. Biophysical examples would include representing the convergence of fibre forces at common, massless point on a bone where one of the resultant forces is the force that moves the bone. OPB:OPB_01466 A junction rate constraint for force properties. Force junction rate constraint A H-H gating variable is actually a dynamical state variable that describes the fraction of (hypothetical) "gating particles" that control the open-closed state of the ion channel's activation gate. OPB:OPB_01467 Activation gating variable The number of H-H gating particles is actually a dynamical state variable that describes the amount of (hypothetical) "gating particles" that control the open-closed state of the ion channel's activation gate. OPB:OPB_01468 Number of activation gating particles A H-H gating variable is actually a dynamical state variable that describes the fraction of (hypothetical) "gating particles" that control the open-closed state of the ion channel's activation gate. OPB:OPB_01469 Inactivation gating variable The number of H-H gating particles is actually a dynamical state variable that describes the amount of (hypothetical) "gating particles" that control the open-closed state of the ion channel's activation gate. OPB:OPB_01470 Number of inactivation gating particles 1 OPB:OPB_01471 Property of non-proportional fluid flow dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01472 Property of non-proportional elastance dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01473 Property of non-proportional chemical rate law 1 OPB:OPB_01474 Property of non-proportional ion flux dependency OPB:OPB_01475 Amount of substance dimension OPB:OPB_01476 Physics primitive that is a quantal electrical charge Charge OPB:OPB_01477 Lineal mechanic domain OPB:OPB_01478 An inductive momentum process in the fluid kinetic domain Fluid inductive process OPB:OPB_01479 An inductive momentum process in the solid mechanical domain Mechanical inductive process OPB:OPB_01480 An inductive momentum process in the electrical domain Electrical inductive process OPB:OPB_01481 Rotational mechanic domain OPB:OPB_01482 Lineal mechanical force OPB:OPB_01483 Rotational mechanical force OPB:OPB_01484 Rotational strain OPB:OPB_01485 An energy flow rate that is the sum of the kinetic energy flow rate, potential energy flow rate, and heat flow rate for a dynamical process. Total energy flow rate 1 OPB:OPB_01486 Electrical inertance OPB:OPB_01488 A thermodynamic dependency energy flow rate of a process as the product of the flow-rate and force differential that drives the flow. Energy rate dependency OPB:OPB_01489 Torsional distortional velocity OPB:OPB_01490 Rotational solid velocity OPB:OPB_01491 A sum of state property which holds for amount properties Sum of amounts OPB:OPB_01492 Property derived dimension OPB:OPB_01493 Physics primitive that is composed of atoms. Matter Richard Feynman on "energy" (Feynman Lectures on Physics, v1, p4-1, 1963): "...there is a certain quantity, which we call energy, that does not change in the manifold changes which nature undergoes. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that there is a numerical quantity that does not change when something happen." OPB:OPB_01494 Physics primitive that is capacity to do physical work. Energy 1 OPB:OPB_01495 An amount property that is a temporal integral of a mechanical velocity property of a solid kinetic entity relative to an inertial frame. Mechanical displacement OPB:OPB_01496 Plane angle dimension OPB:OPB_01497 Torsional force OPB:OPB_01498 Bending moment OPB:OPB_01499 A chemical structure composed of molecules bound to each other by non-covalent bonds. Polymolecule H enthalpy Joule SI-unit OPB:OPB_01500 A thermodynamic potential that is the energy required to create a system, and the amount of energy required to make room for it by displacing its environment and establishing its volume and pressure - Wikipedia. Enthalpic energy Constitutive dynamical properties ultimately depend on an empirically determined material property (e.g., density, resistivity) of a participant in the process. For example, mass density depends on both the spatial distribution of atoms and the atomic weight of each. Resistance of a conductor depends on the resistivity of the material in the wire which is only defined and determinable empirically. There are two conflicting views of constitutive properties as properties of processes or of continuant entities: 1. The definition of constitutive property as a "ratio or partial derivative" of physical property values necessarily implicates a measurement process whereby values of two or more physical properties are varying and are measured and computed. However... 2. Constitutive properties are conventionally viewed as inherent attributes of a continuant or a process: . mass density is the ratio of a material amount to the extent of the spatial region that it occupies. . resistivity is the ratio of a potential difference to current flow rate for a an electrical flow process . 3) what is common to each case is that "constitutive properties" are defined in the context of a specific entity or process in a manner that depends on the material and structural composition of the entities participating in the measurement process. Any other algebraic form of the dependency may have specifially-defined parameters (e.g., offsets, rate parameters). Given the creativity and license of modelers for creating the best fit to constitutive dependencies, the parameters of such non-proportional dependencies must be annotated by some local mechanism that does not depend on OPB classifications. Constitutive proportionalities are approximations to dependencies for which a first-order, linear approximation is sufficient for the purposes of analysis. Piecewise linear approximations may apply over a limited range of dynamical property values. In general, various algebraic functions may be required using one or more parameters to fit observed dependency relationships. Given the range of possible constitutive dependencies, OPB defers representing such possibilities on a case-by-case basis for specific use-cases. Non-proportionality constants include coefficients and parameters required to characterize linear and nonlinear dependencies that are not simple proportionalities. Some may constitutive dependencies may include dynamic modeling schemes with internal dynamic states (e.g., the "gating variable" of Hodgkin-Huxley ion gating equations). We will treat such properties as "internal" to the constitutive dependency, shielded from other entities in the system and known solely as hypothetical constructs derived as constitutively observed dynamic phenomena. Thus, HH gating variables will be classified as properties of constitutive dependencies which are also subclasses of Dynamical property without, however, declaring a Dynamical entity of which it is a property. Important to realize that MM params, HH params, etc. are all derived and asserted by virtue of curve-fits to the directly observed attributes of a system; number of gating particles and their respective states is entirely inferential by best fits and, so, are no more physically real than any other coefficient or parameter. OPB:OPB_01502 A physics property whose value depends on the material composition and spatial properties of a physical process or process participant. The dependence of heat energy flow rate on values of a spatial gradient of temperature and a thlermal conductance of the material that composes the thermal flow pathway. Constitutive property OPB:OPB_01503 Solid angle dimension OPB:OPB_01505 Physical domain in which process participants are immaterial dynamical entities. Immaterial dynamical domain 1 OPB:OPB_01506 Rotational mechanical capacity dependency OPB:OPB_01507 Dynamical boundary declared for analytical purposes to distinguish physical entities between which there is no discontinuity of structural composition or physical property values Fiat dynamical boundary Dynamical surrounds are analytical artefacts, as typically found in thermodynamic analysis, to represent the so-called "boundary conditions" by which a dynamical entity interacts with other dynamical entities. Entities of the surround remain otherwise unspecified and are represented only by the imposition of boundary state property values (e.g., a pressure or temperature) or boundary flow rates (e.g., time-dependent, or -independent flows of material or energy) that drive changes of dynamical state of the surrounded dynamical entity. OPB:OPB_01508 A physics state that is a set of dynamical state and rate properties that hold at a dynamical boundary Boundary state specific heat OPB:OPB_01509 A heat capacity that is the heat capacity per unit mass of a material Specific heat capacity OPB:OPB_01510 Thermodynamical domain in which physics continuants each have and exchange portions of entropy. Entropy domain OPB:OPB_01511 A property spatial scope of a physical property value whose value is independent of the size of the continuant instance. Intensive spatial scope Ar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass OPB:OPB_01512 Atomic amount that is a dimensionless (number only) that is the ratio of the average mass of atoms of an element in a given sample to one atomic mass constant. Relative atomic mass OPB:OPB_01513 Physical constant that is a measure of the mass or weight of atoms Atomic amount OPB:OPB_01515 Threshold subceeded event OPB:OPB_01516 A property value event that occurs a maximum Extreme value event OPB:OPB_01517 Frequency dimension OPB:OPB_01518 Pressure dimension 1 1 1 Hooke's law Hookes law Capacitive force dependencies represent the storage of stuff and its attendent energy where stuff accumulates in a device against an attendent force that counters the inflow. Subclasses apply to stores in all biophysical domains for which forces and amounts are defined. All capacitive dependencies relate a force (or force differential) to an amount property which is a generalization on Hooke's law discovered by Robert Hooke in the 1660's. Hooke's law refers strictly to cases where the force-amount relation is, at least approximately, linear. Non-linear dependencies abound both in the fields of engineering (e.g., progressive rate springs) and biology (e.g., fluid accumulation in elastic vessels) OPB:OPB_01519 A constitutive dependency in which the force property of a participant depends on its amount property. Capacitive force dependency 1 1 Instances of this class apply to electrical circuit inductors that are coils of wire through which electrical current (a flow) induces a magnetic field that is an electomagnetic force (EMF) counter changes is current flow rate. As biophysical examples are rare, the Inductive dependency class is represented solely for applying OPB to electromechanical devices if need be. OPB:OPB_01520 A constitutive dependency of the force across an inductor and the time-rate of change of the flow passing through the inductor. Inductive dependency 1 Electrical inductance is include only to encompass the very few cases where inductance due to current flow is a significant factor in biological systems. OPB:OPB_01521 A momentum property that is proportional to the temporal differential of an electrical current Electrical inductance OPB:OPB_01523 A chemical bond mediated by ionic (i.e., electrostatic) interactions, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces. Noncovalent chemical bond Spatial boundaries are abstractions of the real world that assigns spatial regions to one or another physical entities. As such, specifying a spatial boundary requires a specification (usually implicitly) of spatial scale. For example, a partioning into intra- and extra-cellular spaces may require the specification of an intramembrane space, and further into intracellular and extracellular peri-membrane spaces, which may be further distinguished by the gradient of membrane proteins, glycoproteins, etc. that decorate cell membranes. OPB:OPB_01524 Spatial entity that is a spatial region that has of one less spatial dimension than the spatial region that it bounds. Spatial boundary kinetic pool pool A kinetic boundary represents the virtual (non-spatial) segregation of dissolved chemical particpants in, say, chemical reactions as occurs, for examples, in a portion of cytoplasm, a region of cell membrane, or a portion of extracellular fluid. Thus for analytical purposes, such participants are imagined to be uniformally distributed and thoroughly intermixed as separate "pools" of reactants albeit with a shared spatial region of distribution. Kinetic boundaries disinguish, say, a portion of glucose and a portion of G6P that exist in a cell's cytoplasm that are superimposed in a macroscopic space while individual molecules are spatially discrete on a molecular scale. OPB:OPB_01525 Fiat dynamical boundary that distinguishes portions of diffusible and interacting particles or chemicals that are distributed within the same spatial region. Chemical kinetic boundary OPB:OPB_01526 Velocity dimension OPB:OPB_01527 A chemical bond mediated by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Covalent chemical bond 1 OPB:OPB_01528 Lineal concentration of chemical 1 OPB:OPB_01529 Areal concentration of chemical 1 OPB:OPB_01530 Areal concentration of particles 1 OPB:OPB_01531 Lineal concentration of particles 1 OPB:OPB_01532 Volumnal concentration of particles OPB:OPB_01533 Energy flow rate that is the temporal rate of the transfer of kinetic energy from one material dynamical entity to another. Kinetic energy flow rate OPB:OPB_01534 Energy flow rate that is the temporal rate of the transfer of potential energy from one dynamical entity to another. Potential energy flow rate OPB:OPB_01535 A physical property that comprises the set of dynamical, structural, and thermodynamical properties of a physical continuant at a moment in time. Physical state OPB:OPB_01536 Area dimension https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity p(ion) is the decimal logarithm of the reciprocal of the ion activity in a solution. OPB:OPB_01537 A chemical activity that is the decimal logarithm of the reciprocal of the activity of an ion in solution p-Ion OPB:OPB_01538 Constitutive rate property of continuum 1 1 1 1 Amount-driven dependencies stand outside of the system dynamic [1] and the chemical biophysics [2] frameworks which are deeply based on thermodynamical principles in which a product of flow-rate times force-differential (as chemical- and diffusional-potentials) is a work term that has units of energy. For both mass-action chemical rate laws and Fick diffusion equations the cross-products of flows and amount-diferentials have no thermodynamic meaning because the thermodic energy content of the flowing stuff is not represented; see: 1. Karnopp, D., D.L. Margolis, and R.C. Rosenberg, System dynamics: a unified approach. 2nd ed. A Wiley-Interscience Publication1990, New York: Wiley. 2. Beard, D.A. and H. Qian, Chemical Biophysics: Quantitative Analysis of Cellular Systems. Cambridge Texts in Biomedical Engineering2008: Cambridge University Press. OPB:OPB_01539 A constitutive flow dependency in which a flow rate between its continuant players depends on the differences in the amount properties of its players. Amount-driven flow dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01540 A dynamical inductive dependency of a solid entity's momentum on its velocity. Mechanical inductive dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01541 A dynamical inductive dependency of an fluid entity's momentum on its fluid flow rate. Aside from episodes of trauma, the only physiological case of fluid induction is for pulsatile blood flow during ventricular contractions that accelerate blood flow through the aortic valve and proximal aorta. Fluid inductive dependency 1 A dynamical inductive dependency of an electrical entity's inductance property on its electrical current property. This is basically a placeholder class for dependencies that are very rare in biological systems given the virtual lack of instances of electrical currents giving rise to significant magnetic fields. OPB:OPB_01542 Electrical inductive dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01543 Capacitive force dependency in which the volume of a fluid depends the differential of fluid pressures across its boundary. Fluid capacitive dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01544 Capacitive force dependency by which the electrical potential difference across the boundary of an entity depends on the amount of electrical charge in the entity. Electrical capacitive dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01545 Capacitive force dependency in which an displacement of a solid entity depends its the differential of the solid forces acting on it; analogs of Hooke's law. Mechanical capacitive dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01546 Capacitive force dependency by which the chemical potential of a portion of chemical depends the amount of chemical that it contains. Chemical capacitive dependency 1 1 1 Examples: 1) transformation of mechanical strain potential energy into flluid potential energy as the myocardial contracts to pressurize blood contained in a ventricle or atrium 2) the skeletal muscle venous pump by which muscle contractile forces pressurize venous blood an propel it back to the heart., 3) bowel wall sooth muscle contractions propel bowel contents through the gastrointestinal system OPB:OPB_01547 Transducer dependency by which a fluid pressure and flow generates a solid force and displacement. Fluid-mechanical transducer dependency 1 1 Examples: Transformation of chemical potential energy as ATP is transduced into the mechanical tensile force of myofibrils and, hence, the contractie force of muscles of all types OPB:OPB_01548 Transducer dependency by which a chemical potential difference and reaction rate generates a solid force and displacement. Chemo-mechanical transducer dependency 1 Biomechanical examples: the biceps tendon pulls on the forearm to raise a load held in the hand; OPB:OPB_01549 A dual constitutive dependency of the flow rates of two role-players in a single dynamical domain are coupled inversely to the respective forces of the role players. Transformer dependency OPB:OPB_01550 Portion of liquid suspension OPB:OPB_01551 Volume dimension OPB:OPB_01552 Activity of chemical of a solute that is a cation p-cation OPB:OPB_01553 Decimal cologarithm of chemical activity p-anion OPB:OPB_01554 Activity of anion for univalent protons pH OPB:OPB_01555 Activity of anion for divalent calcium cations pCa OPB:OPB_01556 A physics dependency that is a relationship amongst values of physical dependency that relates an occurrence of a physics process to the physics condition(s) of its participants. Occurrence dependency OPB:OPB_01557 Ionic chemical bond 1 1 This is one of the fundamental mechanisms by which metabolically generated chemical energy is transduced into transmembrane electrochemical gradients. Examples: The cell membrane sodium-potassium pump (NKP) hydrolyses Mg-ATP to Mg-ADP plus phosphate to propel Na ions out of cells and K ions into cells (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase ). The cell membrane calcium pump hydrolyses Mg-ATP to Mg-ADP plus phosphate to propel Ca ions from cell cytoplasm out to of cells (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_ATPase ) OPB:OPB_01558 Transducer dependency that couples a chemical reaction potential times flow rate to the vectorial transport diffusible particles across a diffusion barrier. Chemo-diffusional transducer dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01559 Transformer dependency by which a change of diffusion potential energy one diffusion gradient is coupled to a change in potential energy of another diffusion gradient due to cotransport of diffusible particles Diffusive transformer dependency OPB:OPB_01560 Hydrophobic chemical bond 1 OPB:OPB_01561 Capacitive force dependency by which the diffusional potential of a portion of particles depends the amount of particles that it contains. Diffusional capacitive dependency 1 Nernst potential equilibrium potential reversal potential This dependency is a nonproportional constitutive dependency described by the Nernst equation that contains a natural log (ln) function and the constitutive constant K = RT/F: reversal potential = K ln( amount of ion outside / amount of ion inside ) see: Wikpedia (Nernst potential): The Nernst equation relates the chemical concentration gradient to the electric gradient at which there is no net electrodiffusional driving force between two portion of charged particles. The Nernst equation has a physiological application when used to calculate the potential of an ion of charge z across a membrane. This potential is determined using the concentration of the ion both inside and outside the cell. see: Wikpedia (reversal potential): In a biological membrane, the reversal potential (also known as the Nernst potential) of an ion is the membrane potential at which there is no net (overall) flow of that particular ion from one side of the membrane to the other. In the case of post-synaptic neurons, the reversal potential is the membrane potential at which a given neurotransmitter causes no net current flow of ions through that neurotransmitter receptor's ion channel. OPB:OPB_01562 Capacitive force dependency in which an electrical potential difference across the boundary betweem portions of diffusible charged particles depends on an electrodiffusional potential difference. Electrochemical capacitance dependency OPB:OPB_01563 Activity of cation for univalent chloride ions pCl OPB:OPB_01564 Hydrogen bond OPB:OPB_01565 Van der waals bond 1 OPB:OPB_01566 Fluid energy flow dependency OPB:OPB_01568 Atomic amount that is the relative atomic mass (of elements from natural, stable, terrestrial sources. Atomic weight "Molar charge" is the amount of electrical charge per mole of a substance and thus provides a parametric value for scaling a molecular or molar flow rate into an ionic or electrical flow rate. OPB:OPB_01569 A physical constant that is the number of electrical charges carried by a mole of atoms or molecules Molar charge OPB:OPB_01571 A mathematical basis that is node, link, or a network of nodes and links. Network domain 1 1 1 Ohm's law Ohms law Resistive rate dependencies represent the rate of flow of stuff and the attendent flow of energy where the flows are driven by a force differential between sources and sinks for the flows. Subclasses apply to flows in other biophysical domains for which forces are defined. All resistive dependencies relate a force (or force differential) to a flow-rate property which is a generalization on Ohm's law discovered by Georg Ohm in the mid-1820's using recently discovered galvanometers. Ohm's law refers strictly to cases where the force-flow relation is, at least approximately, linear. Non-linear dependencies abound both in the fields of engineering (e.g., electrical diodes) and biology (e.g., turbulent fluid flow, membrane channel mediated ion flow) OPB:OPB_01572 A constitutive flow dependency by which a flow rate of a process depends on the gradient of forces the participating entities. Resistive flow dependency OPB:OPB_01573 Property event dependency OPB:OPB_01574 An process dependency that relates a physical state event to changes of continuant state of participants during an occurrence of a process. Physical event dependency OPB:OPB_01575 A constitutive dependency of the flow rate property of one dynamical entity on the force property of another dynamical entity in the same dynamical domain. Cotransport dependency OPB:OPB_01576 A cotransport dependency of the flow rate of a portion of a conserved quantity that is the sum of advective and diffusive transport flow rates. Convective transport dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01577 Chemical energy flow dependency G Gibbs free energy Gibbs function free enthalpy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy Joule SI-unit OPB:OPB_01578 A thermodynamic potential that is the amount work that may be performed by a dynamical entity at a constant temperature and pressure. Gibbs energy A F https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy Joule SI-unit For dynamical entity the amount of Helmholtz free energy, A, is the difference between the entity's internal energy, U, and the product of its temperature, T, and its entropy, S; i.e, A = U-TS. OPB:OPB_01579 A thermodynamic potential that is amount of energy of dynamical entity that is available for doing useful work at a constant temperature and volume. Helmholtz free energy Equilibrium potential ionic equilibrium potential OPB:OPB_01581 An electrical potential that nullifies the electrical driving force for the chemical diffusion gradient of a single ionic species as determined by the Nernst equations. Nernst reversal potential start time time zero zero time OPB:OPB_01582 A temporal instant that is the origin of a temporal coordinate system. Temporal coordinate origin OPB:OPB_01583 Dynamical event dependency U https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy Joule SI-unit OPB:OPB_01584 A thermodynamic potential that is the total energy of a dynamical entity excluding its kinetic energy of motion as a whole and the potential energy of the system as a whole due to external force fields. Internal energy 1 1 OPB:OPB_01586 Entropy SI-unit 3.14159 Archimedes' constant pi π OPB:OPB_01587 A mathematical constant that is that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. pi 2.71828 Euler's number exponential decay constant exponential growth constant OPB:OPB_01588 A mathematical constant that is the limit of (1 + 1/n)n as n approaches infinity. e 1 1 OPB:OPB_01589 An energy state dependency of the energy of a material entity on its rate of motion or flow Kinetic energy dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01590 Solid kinetic energy dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01591 Fluid kinetic energy dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01593 Areal density of mass 1 OPB:OPB_01594 A dependency of the potential energy of an electrically charged entity due to its displacement in an electrical field. Electrical potential energy dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01596 A dependency of the potential energy stored in an elastic entity due to changes of its shape Elastic potential energy dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01597 Lineal density of mass OPB:OPB_01598 Physics property that is a real or imaginary scalar quantity Mathematical constant OPB:OPB_01599 Solid displacement 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy per Lambert, 2002: 1) 'entropy is the spreading and sharing of energy"; i.e., dispersal of energy amongst microstates. 2) A measure of the total quantity of energy that had to be dispersed within a quantity of substance at a given temperature beginning at absolute zero. 3) "entropy change = quantity of energy dispersed at a temperature T" _________ Information entropy is related to thermodynamic entropy but its representation is deferred pending development of an "information ontoloty" that has suitable classes for representing the ties to thermodynamic entropy. OPB:OPB_01600 Thermodynamical entity that is the portion of energy dispersed into a portion of substance at a given absolute temperature whose reovery require work. Portion of entropy Lambert, Frank L., "Entropy is Simple, Qualitatively", JChemEd.chem.wisc.edu. Vol 79, No. 10, October 2002 OPB:OPB_01601 Rotational displacement OPB:OPB_01602 Solid displacement rate OPB:OPB_01603 A thermodynamical dependency that defines a physical property of a dynamical entity whose value is temporally and/or spatially invariant. Thermodynamic constraint 1 OPB:OPB_01604 A thermodynamic constraint that the fluid pressure within a dynamical entity is invariant both spatially and temporally. Isobaric constraint 1 OPB:OPB_01605 A thermodynamic constraint that the temperature within a dynamical entity is invariant both spatially and temporally. Isothermal constraint 1 OPB:OPB_01606 A thermodynamic constraint that there is no change in the volume of a dynamical entity Isovolumetric constraint 1 OPB:OPB_01607 A thermodynamic constraint that there is no exchange of entropy across the dynamical boundary nor change in the entropy of a dynamical entity. Isentropic constraint 1 OPB:OPB_01608 A thermodynamic constraint that there is no flow of energy or matter across the dynamical boundary of a dynamical entity Adiabatic constraint Acceleration - Rate of change of speed with respect to time. http://www.unitsofmeasurement.org/apidocs/index.html OPB:OPB_01609 A dynamical acceleration property that is the temporal rate of change of a mechanical velocity. Solid translational acceleration OPB:OPB_01610 A thermodynamic constraint that the sum of potential energy plus kinetic energy of a dynamical entity is temporally invariant. Lagrangian constraint 1 1 OPB:OPB_01612 The dependence of heat energy flow rate on values of a thermodynamical state property and a constitutive property. Heat flow dependency OPB:OPB_01613 A mathematical basis that is a geometrical form used to represent physics continuants, process or modelting entities. Geometrical basis UoMo:AngularAcceleration - Rate of change of angular speed with respect to time. http://www.unitsofmeasurement.org/apidocs/index.html OPB:OPB_01614 A solid acceleration property that is the temporal rate of change of a Solid angular velocity. Solid angular acceleration H OPB:OPB_01615 Energy dimension OPB:OPB_01616 Torque dimension Joule SI-unit OPB:OPB_01617 A portion of energy that is the difference in the amounts of kinetic and of potential energy that inhers in a dynamical entity Lagrangian energy OPB:OPB_01618 Solid distortion velocity 1 OPB:OPB_01619 Volumnal density of matter OPB:OPB_01621 A physical quality that is a constitutive scalar that defines the ratio of a dynamical property to a property of a different type. Physical constant NA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro_constant Avogadro constant is 6.022140857(74)×10**23 per mole in the International System of Units (SI). OPB:OPB_01622 A physical constant that is the number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, in one mole of a substance. Avogadro constant 1 OPB:OPB_01624 An amount property that is the diifference between the number of protons and the number of electrons composing a material dynamic entity Ionic charge k https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant The Boltzmann constant is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant: k = R / Na which has the dimension energy divided by temperature. The accepted value in SI units is 1.3806488(13)×10−23 J/K. OPB:OPB_01625 A physical constant that is the ratio of the energy of a particle to its temperature. Boltzmann constant Atomic mass unit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass_constant OPB:OPB_01627 Atomic amount that is one twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12 at rest and in its ground state Atomic mass constant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit) OPB:OPB_01628 A physical constant that is the average atmospheric pressure a sea level defined as 101325 Pa (1.01325 bar) as used as a reference or standard pressure. Standard atmosperic pressure OPB:OPB_01629 A thermodynamical dependency that defines the amount of a thermodynamical potential as algebraic sums and differences of two or more energy amounts of disparate kinds. Thermodynamic potential dependency Cotransport domain will be implemented to represent coupled transport within and between dynamical domains. Examples include: 1. molecular cotransport across cell membranes such as for the sodium-potassium pump, sodium-glucose transporter, sodium-calcium exchante pump, etc. 2. material advection as when blood constituents (blood cells, chemicals) are cotransported through the circualtory system, or when filtered blood constituents are cotransported through the urinary tract. More complete OPB support for cotransport will await the needs of suitable use-cases. OPB:OPB_01630 Material dynamical in which movement of one physical entity is coupled to and results in the movement of another physical entity. Cotransport domain OPB:OPB_01631 Enthalpic energy dependency OPB:OPB_01632 Pump counter transport OPB:OPB_01633 Pump cotransport OPB:OPB_01634 Gibbs free energy dependency 0-junction Kirchhoff's first rule Kirchhoff's junction rule Kirchhoff's point rule A junction represents the convergence, in a circuit, of conductors for which the sum of currents at a moment in time but be identically zero. Otherwise known as Kirchoff's current law. The junction or distributor has no capacity to store or absorb material, charge or any other conserved species OPB:OPB_01635 A Kirchoff constraint that the sum of the rates of all flows converging at a common node is identically zero; a "zero junction" in bond graph theory Junctional rate constraint OPB:OPB_01636 A loop rate constraint for flow rate properties Flow loop rate constraint OPB:OPB_01637 A loop rate constraint for force properties. Force loop rate constraint OPB:OPB_01638 Helmholtz free energy dependency OPB:OPB_01639 Shear distortion velocity OPB:OPB_01640 Lagrangian energy dependency OPB:OPB_01641 Internal energy dependency 1 OPB:OPB_01642 Constitutive rate dependency by which energy is exchanged between solid mechanical entities. Mechanical transformer dependency OPB:OPB_01643 Tensile distortion velocity OPB:OPB_01644 An amount property that is the amount of dynamical entity distributed over a spatial region normalized to the size of the region Amount density 1 OPB:OPB_01646 Lineal mechanical capacity dependency lever OPB:OPB_01647 Lineal mechanical transformer gear OPB:OPB_01648 Rotational mechanical transformer OPB:OPB_01650 An energy state dependency of a portion of total energy on the portions of kinetic and potential energy that inher in a set of dynamical entities. Total energy dependency 1 1 OPB:OPB_01651 Entropy-driven heat flow 1 1 OPB:OPB_01652 Temperature-driven heat flow OPB:OPB_01654 A mechanical velocity that is the rate of angular displacement around one axes Joint velocity OPB:OPB_01655 Joint angular velocity OPB:OPB_01656 Joint rotational velocity OPB:OPB_01657 A mechanical velocity that is the rate of displacement of solid entity, Solid velocity OPB:OPB_01658 A physics network model in which nodes are dynamical entities node-node arcs are physical processes. Physiomap graph model OPB:OPB_01659 A spatial property that is the rotation required to superimpose two straight lines by rotation about an intersection of the lines Spatial angle OPB:OPB_01660 A physics occurrent that is the flow or exchange of matter, charge, or energy amongst dynamical entities that are partcipants in the process. Physics process OPB:OPB_01663 Thermodynamical domain in which physics continuants have, exchange adn transform thermodynamic energy. Energy domain OPB:OPB_01664 An portion of elelctrical charge composed solely of positive electrical charges. Portion of positive charge 1 A gas law...is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation to the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations. An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles that do not interact except when they collide elastically. OPB:OPB_01677 A mono constitutive dependency of dynamical properties of a portion of an hypothetical ideal gas. Gas law dependency 1 1 from Wikipedia: Charle's law V/T = k or, V = kT or, T = V/k where: V is the volume of the gas, T is the absolute temperature of the gas (measured in Kelvin), and k is a constant. OPB:OPB_01678 A gas law that relates the values of volume and temperature of a portion of gas when its amount and pressure are unchanged. Charles gas law 1 1 1 from Wikipedia: Boyle's law The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system. PV = k where: P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, and k is a constant. OPB:OPB_01679 A gas law that relates the values of volume and pressure of a portion of gas when its amount and temperature are unchanged. Boyle gas law 1 1 Amontons's Law of Pressure-Temperature from Wikipedia: Gay-Lussac's law The pressure of a gas of fixed mass and fixed volume is directly proportional to the gas's absolute temperature: P / T = k where: P is the pressure of the gas T is the temperature of the gas (measured in kelvin). k is a constant. OPB:OPB_01680 A gas law that relates the values of temperature and pressure of a portion of gas when its amount and volume are unchanged. Guy-Lussac gas law 1 1 1 From Wikipedia:Avogadro's Law V = nK where: V is the volume of the gas n is the amount of substance of the gas (measured in moles). K is a constant equal to RT/P, where R is the universal gas constant, T is the Kelvin temperature, and P is the pressure. As temperature and pressure are constant, RT/P is also constant and represented as k. This is derived from the ideal gas law. OPB:OPB_01681 A gas law that relates the values of volume and amount of gas when its pressure and temperature are unchanged. Avogadro gas law 1 1 1 1 1 universal gas law The ideal gas law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation to the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations. It was first stated by Émile Clapeyron in 1834 as a combination of the empirical Boyle's law, Charles' law and Avogadro's Law Combined gas law PV = nRT. where P is the pressure of the gas V is the volume of the gas n is the amount of substance of gas (also known as number of moles) T is the temperature of the gas R is the ideal, or universal, gas constant, equal to the product of the Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant. problem: I can't get the subclassing statement "hasPropertyPlayer exactly 1 'Amount of gas' to work for the class 'Temerature', i.e., 'hasPropertyPlayer exactly 1 'Temperature' despite copy/pasting 'Temperature' from its class definition box. ?????? OPB:OPB_01682 A gas law that relates the values of pressure, volume, amount and temperature of a portion of an ideal gas. Ideal gas law OPB:OPB_01687 A constitutive state property of continuum that relates state properties of a portion of ideal gas Gas law constant OPB:OPB_01690 A physics event whose occurrence is sufficient to initiate or terminate an occurrence of a process Process occurrence event OPB:OPB_01692 A physics occurrent that is the time-course of changes, either discrete or continuous, in a physics process or in the physical state of a process participant. Physics trajectory lineal density OPB:OPB_01695 A property spatial scope of a physical property whose value is expressed on per length basis. Lineal scope areal density OPB:OPB_01696 A property spatial scope of a physical property whose value is expressed on per area basis. Areal scope volumetric density OPB:OPB_01697 A property spatial scope of a physical property whose value is expressed on per volume basis. Volumnal scope OPB:OPB_01699 Correlative value OPB:OPB_01700 Correlation coefficient OPB:OPB_01701 Standard error of mean 1 OPB:OPB_01703 Solid acceleration 1 OPB:OPB_01704 A dynamical acceleration property that is the temporal rate of change of a fluid flow rate. Fluid acceleration OPB:OPB_01706 A gas law constant for Boyle's gas law Boyle gas constant OPB:OPB_01707 A gas law constant for Avogadro's gas law Avogadro gas constant OPB:OPB_01708 A gas law constant for Charles' gas law Charles gas constant OPB:OPB_01709 A gas law constant for Guy-Lussac's gas law Guy-Lussac gas constant 1 OPB:OPB_01710 A material amount of a portion of gas Amount of gas OPB:OPB_01719 A dynamical process whose rates are determined by a transformer dependency. Transformer process 2 OPB:OPB_01720 A dynamical process whose rates are determined by a transducer dependency. Transducer process OPB:OPB_01723 Transport flow process OPB:OPB_01726 Chemo-diffusional transducer process OPB:OPB_01727 Chemo-mechanical transducer process OPB:OPB_01728 Fluid-mechanical transducer process OPB:OPB_01729 Advective transport process OPB:OPB_01730 Convective transport process OPB:OPB_01731 Pump transport process OPB:OPB_01732 A Property distribution that is distribution of the values of instance of the values one physical property as a function of the those of a temporal location property. Property temporal distribution OPB:OPB_01733 Conservation of linear momentum OPB:OPB_01735 A physics process that is the flow or exchange of matter, charge, or energy amongst dynamical entities that are partcipants in the process. Dynamical process OPB:OPB_01736 A thermodynamic flow that is the rate of flow of entropy Entropy flow OPB:OPB_01738 A mechanical solid that does not change shape when subjected to internal or external forces Rigid mechanical solid OPB:OPB_01739 Conservation of matter OPB:OPB_01740 A Property distribution that is distribution of the values of instance of the values one physical property as a function of the those of a spatial property. Property spatial distribution OPB:OPB_01741 A physics occurrent that is the flow of energy or entropy Thermodynamic flow OPB:OPB_01742 Modulator dependency by which a state property value depends on the value of another physical propertty. State property modulator dependency OPB:OPB_01743 A calculus dependency that is the temporal derivative or temporal integral of a physical property value with respect to time. Temporal calculus dependency OPB:OPB_01745 Conservation of momentum OPB:OPB_01747 A dynamical structure composed of two or more structurally-joined dynamical entities Anatomical structure OPB:OPB_01749 Conservation of energy OPB:OPB_01750 A physics dependency that relates a flow rate property to an amount property of a continuant instance as expressed by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Calculus dependency OPB:OPB_01751 A physics property that is distribution of the values of one physical property versus the those of another physcal property. Property distribution OPB:OPB_01753 A constitutive dependency in which the flow property of a participant depends on its amount or force property. Constitutive flow dependency OPB:OPB_01754 Conservation dependency OPB:OPB_01755 Property value distribution OPB:OPB_01756 A thermodynamic flow that is a rate of flow of energy Energy flow OPB:OPB_01757 Dual constitutive dependency OPB:OPB_01758 A discrete dynamical entity composed of two or more structurally-joined dynamical structures. Dynamical structure OPB:OPB_01759 A gas law that relates the values of pressure, volume, and temperature of a portion of an ideal gas. Combined gas law dependency OPB:OPB_01760 Ion OPB:OPB_01761 Electrical inductive energy OPB:OPB_01762 Modulator dependency by which a rate property value depends on the value of another physical propertty. Rate property modulator dependency OPB:OPB_01763 Modulator dependency by which a constitutive property value depends on the value of another physical propertty. Constitutive property modulator dependency OPB:OPB_01764 An portion of elelctrical charge composed of a mix of negative and positive electrical charges. Portion of mixed charge OPB:OPB_01765 Conservation of rotational momentum OPB:OPB_01766 Constitutive dependency by which a process rate, a continuant state, or a constitutive property value depends on the value of a physical propertty. Modulator dependency OPB:OPB_01767 Conservation of charge OPB:OPB_01769 A temporal instant at which an event occurs. Instant of event OPB:OPB_01770 A portion of energy that is the sum of kinetic and potential energies that inhers in a physics continuant Portion of total energy OPB:OPB_01771 A mechanical solid that is changes shape when subjected to internal or external forces Deformible mechanical solid OPB:OPB_01773 Mechanical stress field owl:Thing