BELcode anticholinergic medication Anti-cholinergic drug Budipine COMT inhibitor Bloch, F., Houeto, J. L., du Montcel, S. T., Bonneville, F., Etchepare, F., Welter, M. L., ... & Agid, Y. (2006). Parkinson’s disease with camptocormia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 77(11), 1223-1228. Camptocormia is defined as an abnormal flexion of the trunk that appears when standing or walking and disappears in the supine position. The origin of the disorder is unknown, but it is usually attributed either to a primary or a secondary paravertebral muscle myopathy or a motor neurone disorder. Camptocormia is also observed in a minority of patients with parkinsonism. Camptocormia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Important and main causes of Parkinson's disease. Canonical etiology Sethi K.D. (2004) Drug-induced Movement Disorders. Marcel Dekker, Inc. cinnarizine-induced extrapyramidal reactions Drug-induced parkinsonism due to the use of the vestibular sedative cinnarizine, which inhibits lipid peroxidation and blocks postsynaptic striatal dopamine receptors. Cinnarizine-induced Parkinsonism Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. Difficulty and delay in bowel movements. Constipation is an early but inconclusive symptom of Parkinson’s that tends to become more severe as the disease progresses. Constipation Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. A prolonged or intense state in which a person feels deep sadness, hopelessness, helplessness worthlessness, or guilt. Depression can be a response to external situations or events, such as the diagnosis or symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Depression also can be an integral element of the overall presentation of symptoms in Parkinson’s disease, in which case it is called an endogenous depression. Depression http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/dopamine Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers. Dopamine also helps regulate movement and emotional responses, and it enables us not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward them. Dopamine Dopamine agonist O’Sullivan, S. S., Evans, A. H., & Lees, A. J. (2009). Dopamine Dysregulation Syndrome. CNS drugs, 23(2), 157-170. DDS Dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) is a relatively recently described iatrogenic disturbance that may complicate long-term symptomatic therapy of Parkinson's disease. Patients with DDS develop an addictive pattern of dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) use, administering doses in excess of those required to control their motor symptoms. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome Jenner, P., Schapira, A. H. V., & Marsden, C. D. (1992). New insights into the cause of Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 42(12), 2241-2241. New insights into the cause of Parkinson's disease Emerging etiology en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA Effects of chronic levodopa administration in the treatment of Parkinson disease indicating deterioration of function. End of dose de Lau, L. M., & Breteler, M. (2006). Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. The Lancet Neurology, 5(6), 525-535. epidemiology of Parkinson's disease What is known about the prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of PD from epidemiological studies. Epidemiological history Dupont, C., Armant, D. R., & Brenner, C. A. (2009, September). Epigenetics: definition, mechanisms and clinical perspective. In Seminars in reproductive medicine (Vol. 27, No. 5, p. 351). NIH Public Access. The study of changes in gene function that are mitotically and/or meiotically heritable and that do not entail a change in DNA sequence. Epigenetics Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. The Latin origin of the word festination means “to hasten,” as a person with this gait disturbance appears to do. A festinating gait consists of short, increasingly rapid steps with a marked forward lean, as though the person is about to break into a run. Festination Jankovic, J. (2005). Motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: clinical manifestations. Movement Disorders, 20(S11), S11-S16. luctuations in the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as wearing-off and on-off effects, and dyskinesias are related to a variety of factors, including duration and dosage of levodopa, age at onset, stress, sleep, food intake, and other pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Fluctuation Litvan, I. (Ed.). (2005). Atypical parkinsonian disorders: clinical and research aspects. Humana Press Incorporated. A calcium channel blocker which can cause drug-induced parkinsonism. Flunarizine-induced Parkinson Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. A sensory perception of an event that is not really occurring. Hallucinations can affect any or all of the five physical senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell). Hallucinations, usually visual, are common in Parkinson’s and can be side effects of ANTI-PARKINSON’S MEDICATIONS, particularly DOPAMINERGIC MEDICATIONS such as LEVODOPA and DOPAMINE AGONIST MEDICATIONS such as BROMOCRIPTINE and ROPINIROLE. Hallucination Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Facts on Files, Inc. Hereditary form of parkinsonism genetic forms of Parkinson's hereditary forms of PD Some forms of Parkinson's clearly are hereditary, appearing in gneration after generation in certain families. Hereditary form of PD http://www.bvd-info.ch/veterinarians/types_of_infection.html The hit and run strategy means that the viruses make use of a relatively short period of susceptibility to infection in their host population in order to multiply and thus for survival. Hit and run viral infection Byers, B., Lee, H. L., & Pera, R. R. (2012). Modeling Parkinson’s disease using induced pluripotent stem cells. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 12(3), 237-242. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells iPSC-derived DA neurons iPSC-derived neurons Stable pluripotent lines from patients with inherited forms of disease, with their endogenous genome and its transcriptional feedbacks largely intact. IPS derived model Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. The inability to retain urine or feces. In the person with Parkinson’s, this usually results from the loss of muscle control of the sphincter muscles in the bladder and rectum, typically in later stages of the disease. Incontinence Pfeiffer R.E., Wszolek Z.K., Ebadi M. (2013) Parkinson's Disease-Second Ed. CRC Press. Significant glial reaction in the SNpc. Inflammation Factor S.A., Weiner J.W. (2008) Parkinson's Disease-Diagnosis and Clinical Management. Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. A proteasomal inhibitor model that causes acute degeneration of dopaminergic neurons when injected stereotacticly into the nigra. Lactacystin model en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky_gut‎ Leaky gut is a name used to describe intestinal or bowel hyperpermeability. Leaky gut Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Facts on Files, Inc. DLB Lewy body disease dementia with Lewy bodies diffuse Lewy body disease A form of dementia, the symptoms of which resemble those of Alzheimer's disease, that results from lewy body infiltration of brain tissue and in which there are components motor function impairment similar to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Lewy body dementia Marsden, C. D. (1994). Problems with long-term levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease. Clinical neuropharmacology. long-term complications of treatment Problems with long-term levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease. Long term complication of medication MAO inhibitor Memantine Velvel bean Mucuna pruriens NMDA antagonist http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug Aspirin Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, usually abbreviated to NSAIDs —but also referred to as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents/analgesics (NSAIAs) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)—are a class of drugs that provide analgesic and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects, and, in higher doses, anti-inflammatory effects. NSAID Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. A drop in blood pressure that occurs with a change in position, most commonly from lying down to standing up and sometimes from sitting to standing. Orthostatic HYPOTENSION is a common side effect of many ANTIPARKINSON’S MEDICATIONS, and can be caused by Parkinson’s. Orthostatic hypotension Kalbe, E., Calabrese, P., Kohn, N., Hilker, R., Riedel, O., Wittchen, H. U., ... & Kessler, J. (2008). Screening for cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease with the Parkinson neuropsychometric dementia assessment (PANDA) instrument. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 14(2), 93-101. PANDA The PANDA is an economical, easy-to-use and sensitive tool to detect neuropsychological dysfunctions in PD patients in clinical practice. It comprises of five cognitive tasks and a short depression questionnaire. Parkinson neuropsychometric dementia assessment Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. A specialty of health care that focuses on improving and restoring physical function after injury or disease. Physical therapy Doherty, K. M., Davagnanam, I., Molloy, S., Silveira-Moriyama, L., & Lees, A. J. (2013). Pisa syndrome in Parkinson's disease: a mobile or fixed deformity?. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. pisa syndrome Pisa syndrome is defined as >10° lateral flexion in the standing position,1 and it has been suggested that in the context of Parkinson's disease (PD) it is an axial dystonia analogous to that seen as a rare consequence of neuroleptic therapy. Pisa-syndrome Miller R.Leah, Das K Salil, Cigarette smoking and Parkinson’s disease, EXCLI Journal 2007;6:93-99. Several epidemiological studies have found a negative association between cigarette smoking and PD. It is reported that patients who smoke are 50% less likely to have PD when compared to their non-smoking counterparts. This suggests that cigarette smoking might exert a neuroprotective effect. Protective effect of smoking Schmitz-Hübsch, T., Pyfer, D., Kielwein, K., Fimmers, R., Klockgether, T. and Wüllner, U. (2006), Qigong exercise for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease: A randomized, controlled pilot study. Mov. Disord., 21: 543–548. doi: 10.1002/mds.20705 Qigong (pronounced “chi kung”) is a general term for a large variety of traditional Chinese energy exercises and therapies. Its immediate and sustained effects of Qigong on motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD has been shown. Qigong Fernandez, H. H. (2012). Updates in the medical management of Parkinson disease. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 79(1), 28-35. Random fluctuations between the 'off' state and the 'on' state. Random on off Pahwa, R., Lyons, K. E., & Koller, W. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of Parkinson's disease. CRC Press. Reserpine (RE)-induced oral dyskinesia hypokinesia induced by reserpine reserpine-induced catalepsy reserpine-induced hypokinesia reserpine-induced motor disturbances reserpine-induced rigidity reserpine-induced rorfacial dyskinesia reserpine-induced tremor Reserpine is a catecholamine-depleting agent that blocks vesicular storage of monoamines and induces the akinetic state. Reserpine-induced Parkinson Tuite, P. J. (2009). Parkinson's Disease: A Guide to Patient Care. Springer Publishing Company. genitourinary dysfunction Sexual dysfunction may involve a reduction in sex drive with difficulty becoming aroused, difficulty achieving and sustaining an erection, inability to reach orgasm, or pain with sexual activity. Sexual dysfunction http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/smoke?show=0&t=1380277934 to inhale and exhale the fumes of burning plant material and especially tobacco; especially : to smoke tobacco habitually . Smoke Goldman, S. M., Quinlan, P. J., Ross, G. W., Marras, C., Meng, C., Bhudhikanok, G. S., Comyns, K., Korell, M., Chade, A. R., Kasten, M., Priestley, B., Chou, K. L., Fernandez, H. H., Cambi, F., Langston, J. W. and Tanner, C. M. (2012), Solvent exposures and parkinson disease risk in twins. Ann Neurol., 71: 776–784. doi: 10.1002/ana.22629 Exposure to specific solvents may increase risk of PD. TCE is the most common organic contaminant in groundwater, and PERC and CCl4 are also ubiquitous in the environment. Solvent exposure Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. surgical interventional therapies in Parkinson's disease surgical therapy of PD surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease Invasive intervention to alter the functions of brain structures involved in movement that become dysfunctional in Parkinson’s disease. Surgical therapy Picconi, B., Piccoli, G., & Calabresi, P. (2012). Synaptic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. In Synaptic Plasticity (pp. 553-572). Springer Vienna. synaptic dysfunction The pathological events occurring precociously at the synapses of PD patients. Synaptic pathology Li, F., Harmer, P., Fitzgerald, K., Eckstrom, E., Stock, R., Galver, J., ... & Batya, S. S. (2012). Tai chi and postural stability in patients with Parkinson's disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(6), 511-519. Tai chi, a balance-based exercise, has been shown to improve strength, balance, and physical function and to prevent falls in older adults. Taichi Hardiman O. (2011) Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Clinical Guide. Springer TBZ induced parkinsonism tremor induced by tetrabenazine Tetrabenazine administration depletes dopamine and can also cause parkinsonism. Tetrabenazine-induced Parkinson Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Urinary symptoms are very common in Parkinson's disease (PD). They are primarily irritative (frequency, urgency, urge incontinence) and correlate with the urodynamic finding of involuntary detrusor contractions at early stages of bladder filling (detrusor hyperreflexia). Urinary dysfunction Kompoliti K. and verhagen L. (2010) Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. VPA-induced parkinsonism parkinsonism induced by valporate valporate-induced parkinsonism valproic acid and parkinson's disease valproic-acid-induced tremor A non-neuroleptic which induces parkinsonism through unknown mechanisms. It does not affect dopamine receptors. Valproic acid-induced parkinsonism Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. A period during which dosage of one of the ANTI-PARKINSON’S MEDICATIONS should still be effective but is not. Wearing-off is an indication that LEVODOPA is losing its ability to meet the brain’s DOPAMINE needs. Wearing off Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. Clinical characteristics of PD clinical features of Parkinson's disease A broad spectrum of motor and non-motor features manifested by patienst with Parkinson's disease. The natural progression of PD is variable but is usually more rapid in patients with late onset and with the PIGD form of PD. Clinical aspects of Parkinson disease Nass, R., & Przedborski, S. (Eds.). (2011). Parkinson's Disease: molecular and therapeutic insights from model systems. Academic Press. Parkinson's disease model model for parkinson's disease Non-human organisms that reproduce one or several phenotypic or biochemical characteristics of the PD pathogenesis. Model of Parkinson disease Adler, C. H., & Ahlskog, J. E. (Eds.). (2000). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders: diagnosis and treatment guidelines for the practicing physician. Springer. The classic features of Pick's disease are personality changes and dementia but several reports describe patients with findings similar to those of CBD including assymetric dystonia, myoclonus as well as cortical atrophy and Pick bodies. Pick's disease Duty, S., & Jenner, P. (2011). Animal models of Parkinson's disease: a source of novel treatments and clues to the cause of the disease. British journal of pharmacology, 164(4), 1357-1391. Lesion model of parkinson's disease Pharmacological model of parkinson's disease toxin-based models toxin-induced animal model toxin-induced rodent models of PD Toxin-based models of nigro-striatal tract degeneration. Toxin-induced model of parkinson disease Abnormal_circadian_rhythm Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Abnormal circadian rhythm Abnormal_involuntary_movement_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. A purely objective scale that rates dyskinesia across body parts by severity. Abnormal involuntary movement scale Acquired_metabolic_parkinsonism Adler C.H. & Ahlskog J.E. (2000) Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. HUMANA PRESS. parkinsonism due to metabolic disease Metabolic disorders can result in parkinsonism or produce symptoms that may resemble parkinsonism. Acquired metabolic parkinsonism Action_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Type III tremor Action tremor is any tremor occuring on voluntary contraction of muscle. Action tremor Adcy5tm1Yish Adcy5tm1Yish Adh7tm1Gdu Adh7tm1Gdu Adult_onset_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. late onset dystonia A category of dystonia in which the symptoms begin in adulthood, typically after the age of 30. Adult onset dystonia Aggregation_of_alpha-synuclein Iwatsubo, T. (2003). Aggregation of α-synuclein in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of neurology, 250(3), iii11-iii14. alpha-synuclein aggregation deposition of alpha-synuclein The deposition of α-synuclein, an abundant presynaptic brain protein, as fibrillary aggregates in affected neurons or glial cells. Aggregation of alpha-synuclein Aggregation_of_tau_protein amyloidosis deposition of tau protein aggregation tau aggregation Pathological aggregation of tau protein in the human brain leads to tauopathy, a class of neurodegenerative diseases, in which tau protein is deposited within neurons in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. Aggregation of tau protein Agraphia Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Agraphia Akathisia Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. An inability to sit still, typically as an aspect of AGITATION or ANXIETY. In people with Parkinson’s disease, akathisia is relatively rare and when it does occur is often an adverse reaction to a medication used to treat the disease. Akathisia Akinesia Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. akinetic Is defined as the loss of movement. Akinesia Alcohol_consumption Liu, R., Guo, X., Park, Y., Wang, J., Huang, X., Hollenbeck, A., ... & Chen, H. (2013). Alcohol Consumption, Types of Alcohol, and Parkinson’s Disease. PloS one, 8(6), e66452. Beer and liquor consumption may have opposite associations with PD: low to moderate beer consumption with lower PD risk and greater liquor consumption with higher risk. Alcohol consumption Alexander_technique http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_technique The Alexander technique teaches people how to stop using unnecessary levels of muscular and mental tension during their everyday activities. It is an educational process rather than a relaxation technique or form of exercise. The Alexander technique has been shown to be helpful for back pain and Parkinson's. Alexander technique Alpha-synuclein Recchia, A., Debetto, P., Negro, A., GUIDOLIN, D., SKAPER, S. D., & GIUSTI, P. (2004). α-Synuclein and Parkinson’s disease. The FASEB journal, 18(6), 617-626. aSyn alpha-syn Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a small soluble protein expressed primarily at presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system. Alpha-synuclein Alpha_synuclein_index Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. The α-Syn index is the ratio of nitrative α-Syn vs. native α-Syn and provides an sensitive and accurate estimate of nitrative as well as oxidative stress to α-Syn implicated in Lewy body pathogenesis. Alpha synuclein index Altered_tear_film Altered tear film Amyloid-beta Esch, F. S., Keim, P. S., Beattie, E. C., Blacher, R. W., Culwell, A. R., Oltersdorf, T., ... & Ward, P. J. (1990). Cleavage of amyloid beta peptide during constitutive processing of its precursor. Science, 248(4959), 1122-1124. A-beta APP Abeta amyloid beta-amyloid The amyloid beta peptide (A beta P) is a small fragment of the much larger, broadly distributed amyloid precursor protein (APP). Amyloid-beta Anal_sphincter_EMG Anal sphincter EMG Anhedonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Anhedonia is the inability to experience physical or social pleasure. Anhedonia Anismus Anismus Anosmia Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Anosmia Anxiety Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. Intense feelings of fear and worry. In people with Parkinson’s disease, anxiety is both a symptom and a reaction. Anxiety Apathy Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. A lack of motivation, interest, and energy. Apathy is an early and progressive symptom of DEMENTIA in Parkinson's disease. Apathy Apomorphine_test Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. apomorphine challenge test response to apomorphine A test to determine responsiveness and to establish effective doses and to observe for side effects in parkinsonian patients. Apomorphine test Apraxia_of_eyelid_opening Apraxia of eyelid opening Archimedes_spiral Saunders‐Pullman, R., Derby, C., Stanley, K., Floyd, A., Bressman, S., Lipton, R. B., ... & Pullman, S. L. (2008). Validity of spiral analysis in early Parkinson's disease. Movement disorders, 23(4), 531-537. Archimedes spirals spiral analysis spirography Spiral analysis is an objective, easy to administer noninvasive test that has been proposed to measure motor dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Spiral analysis is a noninvasive system of quantifying motor function based on kinematic and physiologic features derived from handwritten spirals. Spiral analysis provides computer-generated measures of force, speed, time, tightness and uniformity of the spiral to record position, force, and time measurements. Archimedes spiral Arm_dystonia_disability_scale Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. ADDS The ADDS evaluates functional impairment of the dystonic hand on a 7-item scale, scored from 0 to 3. Arm dystonia disability scale Assistive_devices_for_gait Pahwa, R., Lyons, K. E., & Koller, W. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of Parkinson's disease. CRC Press. gait-assistive devices Devices which can help improve balance, reduce joint stress, and enhance feelings of security when moving about. Assistive device Autonomic_dysfunction Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. Changes to body functions regulated by the autonomic NERVOUS SYSTEM that are the result of injury or disease. As Parkinson’s disease progresses, the NEUROTRANSMITTER imbalances affect other organ systems in addition to the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and affect motor movement processes. Autonomic dysfunction Autosomal_dominant_form_of_parkinsonism Pfeiffer R.E., Wszolek Z.K., Ebadi M. (2013) Parkinson's Disease-Second Ed. CRC Press. raditional linkage studies followed by gene sequencing have identified genes with definitive evidence for pathogenicity causing autosomal dominant PD. Autosomal dominant form of parkinsonism Autosomal_recessive_forms_of_parkinsonism Pfeiffer R.E., Wszolek Z.K., Ebadi M. (2013) Parkinson's Disease-Second Ed. CRC Press. Recessive loci can be found by linkage mapping in small families or through autozygosity mapping. Using these methods, a relativela high proportion of patients with early Parkinson's disease have been found to be caused by recessive mutations in several genes. Autosomal recessive form of parkinsonism Autosomal_recessive_juvenile_parkinsonism Saito, M., Maruyama, M., Ikeuchi, K., Kondo, H., Ishikawa, A., Yuasa, T., & Tsuji, S. (2000). Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Brain and Development, 22, 115-117. AR-JP autosomal recessive form of juvenile Parkinsonism Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by levodopa-responsive parkinsonism with onset before age 40 years and a slowly progressive course. Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism Axial_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Dystonia that affects the 'midline' of the body—chest, abdominal, and back muscles Axial dystonia BDNF Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. BDNF Beginning-of-dose_dyskinesia Schapira A.H.V. (2010) Parkinson's disease. Oxford University Press. beginning-of-dose Dyskinesias that occur at the beginning of dose, when plasma concentrations of dopaminergic medications are increasing. Beginning-of-dose dyskinesia Berg_balance_scale Blum, L., & Korner-Bitensky, N. (2008). Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review. Physical Therapy, 88(5), 559-566. BBS Berg balance test A widely used clinical test of a person's static and dynamic balance abilities. Berg balance scale Biochemical_biomarkers_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. The ideal biochemical biomarker would need to be easily measured and to reflect accurately the ongoing degenerative process in the basal ganglia. Biochemical biomarker of Parkinson disease Biomarkers_in_the_diagnosis_of_Parkinson_disease Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. The presence of a biomarker makes it possible to diagnose conclusively, and sometimes even screen for, the condition. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of Parkinson disease Blepharospasm Blepharospasm Blood_biomarkers_of_Parkinson_disease Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. Platelets have been used for a long time to model serotonergic and dopaminergic neuron behaviour (Da Prada et al., 1988), and since they are easily collected they make appealing candidates as peripheral biomarkers of oxidative stress, rather than other sources such as skeletal muscle . Blood biomarker of Parkinson disease Bmpr1atm1Bhr Bmpr1atm1Bhr Bmpr1atm2.1Bhr Bmpr1atm2.1Bhr Body_tremor Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Body tremor Borreliosis Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Lime disease Borreliosis Botulinum_toxin_A Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Botulinum toxin A Botulinum_toxin_B Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Botulinum toxin B Braak_staging_scheme_for_Parkinson_s_disease Burke, R. E. (2010). Evaluation of the Braak staging scheme for Parkinson's disease: Introduction to a panel presentation. Movement Disorders, 25(S1), S76-S77. Braak Parkinson disease (PD) stage Braak stage Braak stages Braak and colleagues have proposed a staging scheme for Parkinson's disease (PD) based on patterns of abnormal immunostaining for alpha-synuclein. They have proposed a temporal sequence in which the appearance of Lewy bodies and neurites in brainstem structures represent the earliest manifestations of the disease, and that this involvement of non-dopaminergic structures long antedates involvement of the substantia nigra and the appearance of the cardinal motor signs that are now required for diagnosis. Braak staging Brachial_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Dystonia in one arm and trunk or both arms. Brachial dystonia Bradykinesia_symptom Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. Bradykinesia refers to slowness of movement and is the most characteristic clinical feature of PD. Bradykinesia Bradyphrenia Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. BRADYPHRENIA is a slowness of the thought process. Bradyphrenia Burning_sensation Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Burning sensation C-raclopride_PET It provids an indirect estimate of synaptic dopamine levels from changes in tracer D2 receptor binding potentials Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. C-raclopride PET C._elegans_model_of_Parkinson_disease Duty, S., & Jenner, P. (2011). Animal models of Parkinson's disease: a source of novel treatments and clues to the cause of the disease. British journal of pharmacology, 164(4), 1357-1391. A genetic model with many of the PD-associated genes and molecular pathways involved in PD. C. elegans model of Parkinson disease CSF_alpha_synuclein Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. CSF alpha synuclein CSF_biomarkers_of_Parkinson_disease Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. Chemical composition of CSF in Parkinson's disease, especially in relation to potential markers of oxidative stress has been used as a potential source of biomarkers. CSF biomarker of Parkinson disease CSF_osteopontin Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. CSF osteopontin CSM14.1 Falkenburger, B. H., & Schulz, J. B. (2006). Limitations of cellular models in Parkinson’s disease research. In Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders (pp. 261-268). Springer Vienna. Cell lines originated from rat embryonal mesencephalon presenting TH phenotype. CSM14.1 Caffeine Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Caffeine Caffeine_intake Ascherio, A., Zhang, S. M., Hernán, M. A., Kawachi, I., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., & Willett, W. C. (2001). Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease in men and women. Annals of neurology, 50(1), 56-63. Experimental findings suggest that caffeine intake may reduce the risk of Parkinson's disease. In fact, inverse associations between consumption of coffee or caffeine and risk of Parkinson's disease have been found in case-control studies in Germany and Sweden, whereas a nonsignificant inverse association was found in a third study in Spain. These results are consistent with a protective effect of caffeine but could also reflect an effect of symptoms of Parkinson's disease on caffeine consumption. Caffeine intake Cancer Elbaz, A., Peterson, B. J., Bower, J. H., Yang, P., Maraganore, D. M., McDonnell, S. K., ... & Rocca, W. A. (2005). Risk of cancer after the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: a historical cohort study. Movement disorders, 20(6), 719-725. Increased risk of cancer in the presence of PD. Cancer Carbon_disulphide Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Carbon disulfide, usually in solvents or pesticides, can cause Parkinson's disease that is associated with other neurological symptoms. The toxic effects can persist for years after exposure to the carbon disulfide has ceased. Potential sources include pesticides used as fumigants, disulfiram (a drug used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism), industrial solvents, solvents used in the production of viscose rayon and cellophane film. Means of toxicity is not established. However, carbon disulphide interferes with pyridoxal 5-phosphate. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate is essential for the formation of dopamine from L-dopa. So carbon disulphide may cause Parkinson's disease symptoms by reducing the formation of L-dopa. Carbon disulphide Carbon_monoxide-induced_parkinsonism Ringel, S. P., & Klawans, H. L. (1972). Carbon monoxide-induced parkinsonism. Journal of the neurological sciences, 16(3), 245-251. parkinsonian syndrome following acute carbon monoxide intoxication parkinsonism after carbon monoxide poisoning Severe, rapidly progressive Parkinsonism that develops after prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide-induced parkinsonism Cardiac_sympathetic_innervation Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Cardiac sympathetic innervation Cell_culture_models_of_Parkinson_s_disease Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa Volume 70, 2006, pp 261-268 . Cell-based models of Parkinson's disease Cellular models of Parkinson's disease Cellular models in which most new experimental therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease are first evaluated. Cell culture model Cell_therapy Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. cell replacement therapy Cell replacement therapy using the tissues of fetal ventral mesencephalon has proven to be beneficial for treating PD. Cell therapy Central_conduction_time Central conduction time Central_surgery Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Opposite to peripheral surgery, it points to surgery on the brain for deep brain stimulation. Central surgery Centralized_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Generalized dystonia affects most or all of the body. Centralized dystonia Charnoly_body Sharma, S., Rais, A., Sandhu, R., Nel, W., & Ebadi, M. (2013). Clinical significance of metallothioneins in cell therapy and nanomedicine. International journal of nanomedicine, 8, 1477. Aggregation of multilamellar electron-dense membrane stacks (Charnoly body) due to mitochondrial degeneration. Charnoly body Chemodenervation Elovic, E. P., Esquenazi, A., Alter, K. E., Lin, J. L., Alfaro, A., & Kaelin, D. L. (2009). Chemodenervation and nerve blocks in the diagnosis and management of spasticity and muscle overactivity. PM&R, 1(9), 842-851. chemo-denervation A process used by clinicians to manage focal muscle overactivity through the use of an established agent such as phenol or alcohol or one of the newer Botolinum toxins. Chemodenervation Childhood_onset_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. childhood onset symptomatic dystonia childhood-onset dystonia childhood-onset generalized dystonia early onset dystonia Early-onset generalized dystonia is characterized by the twisting of the limbs, specifically the foot and leg or hand and arm. The spasms may spread to involve twisting contractions of other parts of the body. Childhood onset dystonia Chlorpromazine-induced_parkinsonism Adler C.H. & Ahlskog J.E. (2000) Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. HUMANA PRESS. Parkinsonism induced by classic neuroleptic agent chlorpromazine. Chlorpromazine-induced parkinsonism Cigarette_smoking Fratiglioni, L., & Wang, H. X. (2000). Smoking and Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease: review of the epidemiological studies. Behavioural brain research, 113(1), 117-120. PD and smoking PD with smoking Parkinson's disease risks associated with cigarette smoking cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's smoking and Parkinson's disease There is a consistent negative association between PD and smoking. Cigarette smoking Classical_essential_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. classical ET A monosymptomatic, predominant postural and action tremor that is usually slowly progressive over time. Classical essential tremor Clinical_dyskinesia_rating_scale Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. CDRS This consists of independent evaluations for hyperkinesia and dystonic posture in seven body parts, scored from 0 to 4. Clinical dyskinesia rating scale Clinical_markers_associated_with_Parkinson_disease Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. Clinical features and symptoms that have been investigated for their potential roles in diagnosis during early premotor stages and/or in motor stages of PD. Clinical biomarker of Parkinson disease Clinical_rating_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Assignment of numerals to symptoms, behaviors, or clinical signs according to agreed-upon rules. Scales are the means used in clinical medicine for assigning numbers to observable qualities. Clinical rating scale Clozapine_add-on DrugBank:DBA000356 Clozapine add-on Clozapine add on Coenzyme_Q10 Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Coenzyme Q10 Cognitive_abnormality Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. Parkinson's dementia Parkinson's disease dementia cognitive impairment dementia associated with Parkinson's disease dementia in Parkinson's disease COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT severe enough to interfere with everyday activities and functions. Dementia includes dysfunctions of memory, logic, reasoning, and analytical thinking. Cognitive decline Columbia_university_rating_scale Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. This scale assessed facial expression, seborrhea, salivation, speech, tremor, rigidity, various limb specific bradykinesia items, etc. , each on a 0-4 scale, with 0 representing normal. Columbia university rating scale Communicating_hydrocephalus Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 Poos CSF absorption back into the venous system. Communicating hydrocephalus Compulsive_foraging Factor, S. A. (2008). Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and clinical management. W. J. Weiner (Ed.). New York: Demos. binge eating compulsive foraging An uncontrollable consumption of a larger amount of food than normal in excess of than necessary to alleviate hunger. Compulsive eating Compulsive_shopping Factor, S. A. (2008). Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and clinical management. W. J. Weiner (Ed.). New York: Demos. Maladaptive shopping behaviors that result in negative consequences. Compulsive shopping Constipation Constipation Continual_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. continual muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive motions. Continual dystonia Continuous_dyskinesia Hankey, G. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2008). Clinical neurology. Manson publishing. Continuous dyskinesias characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements that are neuroleptic-induced. Tardive dyskinesia Convergence_abnormality Convergence abnormality Core_assessment_program_for_intracerebral_transplantation Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. CAPIT Conglomeration of different scales, including the UPDRS and HY, developed by international investigators to capture the essential elements to test efficacy of neurotransplantation surgery in PD. Core assessment program for intracerebral transplantation Core_assessment_program_for_surgical_interventional_therapies_in_Parkinsons_disease Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. CAPSIT It is a more recent modification that added additional cognitive and behavioral assessments along with some modifications in the CAPIT protocol. Core assessment program for surgical interventional therapies in Parkinsons disease Cortical_excitability Cortical excitability Corticobasal_degeneration Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. CBD cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration A rare and serious degenerative brain disease that, in its early stages, mimics Parkinson’s disease. CBD may begin with mild TREMOR and BRADYKINESIA in one limb, often an arm, but stiffness seems to be more pronounced than is typical for nonyoung onset Parkinson’s disease. Corticobasal degeneration Coxackie_B_virus Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Coxackie B virus Cranial_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Cranial dystonia is a broad description for dystonia that affects any part of the head. Cranial dystonia Craving Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. Impulse control problem with eating or consuming medications. Craving Creatine Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Creatine Criteria_for_definite_PD Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. definite PD Criteria for clinically probable PD and definitive response to antiparkinsonian medications. Criteria for definite PD Criteria_for_possible_PD Factor, S. A. (2008). Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and clinical management. W. J. Weiner (Ed.). New York: Demos. Criteria for diagnosis of PD when one of the following is present: assymetric resting tremor, assymetric rigidity, or assymetric bradykinesia. Criteria for possible PD Criteria_for_probable_PD Factor, S. A. (2008). Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and clinical management. W. J. Weiner (Ed.). New York: Demos. probable PD Diagnosis of PD when any two of the following is present: assymetric rigidity. assymetric resting tremor, or assymetric bradykinesia. Criteria for probable PD Crural_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Dystonia in one leg plus trunk or both legs. Crural dystonia Cryprococcus Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Cryprococcus Cyanide-induced_parkinsonism Functional impairment of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons related to direct toxicity of cyanide. Rosenberg et al. Cyanide-induced parkinsonism: clinical, MRI, and 6-fluorodopa PET studies. Neurology 1989, 39:142. Cyanide-induced parkinsonism Cyanide_poisoning Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Cyanide, usually from the consumption of potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide can result in Parkinsonism. Cyanide is also produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and algae, and are found in a number of foods and plants, such as unprocessed cassava, cherry pits, apricot pits, bitter almonds. Hydrogen cyanide is contained in vehicle exhaust and in tobacco smoke, as does burning plastic. Cyanides are also found in gold processing. Cyanide interrupts the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Cyanide also occupies the place of oxygen in hemoglobin (which transports oxygen). Oxygen is required for the formation of L-dopa. So carbon monoxide may cause Parkinson's disease symptoms by interfering with the availability of oxygen to the brain. However, the precise toxic means by which it causes Parkinson's disease has still not been proven. Cyanide poisoning Cycle_ergometry Reuter, I., Martin Engelhardt, M. D., Freiwaldt, J., & Horst Baas, M. D. (1999). Exercise test in Parkinson's disease. Clinical Autonomic Research, 9(3), 129-134. Bicycle ergometric test Bicycle ergometry cycle ergometer test ergometric exercise An exercise test using a cycle ergometer. Cycle ergometry Cytokines Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Cytokine DJ-1_concentration_in_CSF Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. DJ-1 concentration in CSF Daytime_sleepiness Knie, B., Mitra, M. T., Logishetty, K., & Chaudhuri, K. R. (2011). Excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson’s disease. CNS drugs, 25(3), 203-212. EDS daytime somnolence excessive daytime sleepiness somnolence Inappropriate and undesirable sleepiness during waking hours and ia a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease, affecting up to 50% of patients. Daytime sleepiness Deacreased_blink_rate Decreased blink rate Deafness Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Deafness Deep_brain_stimulation_for_Parkinson_s_disease Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. DBS A procedure for treating TREMORS in which implanted electrodes deliver electrical stimulation to structures of the brain that are responsible for movement. Deep brain stimulation Delayed_gastric_emptying Delayed gastric emptying Delusion Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. A false belief that something is real although in fact it is untrue or imagined. Delusion Dementia_with_pallido-ponto-nigral_degeneration Dementia with pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration PPND pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration One of genetic forms of parkinsonism associated to the gene for the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) on chromosome 17q. Pfeiffer R.E., Wszolek Z.K., Ebadi M. (2013) Parkinson's Disease-Second Ed. CRC Press. Dementia with pallido ponto nigral degeneration Depression Lieberman, A. (2006). Depression in Parkinson's disease–a review. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 113(1), 1-8. Major depression is present, at any given time, in 20–40% of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, several times the prevalence in the general population. In addition, depression may precede the diagnosis of PD. Depression Destination_hesitation Destination hesitation Diablotm1Mak Diablotm1Mak Diagnosis_of_Parkinson_disease Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. The process of diagnosing Parkinson’s is a challenge for both physicians and those who have the disease. As there is no definitive clinical test either to confirm or rule out Parkinson’s, for many people diagnosis is a painstaking assessment of symptoms and circumstances. Because the symptoms and the course of the disease are highly variable, the doctor may suspect Parkinson’s immediately or not even consider it until other potential explanations for the symptoms turn out to be false leads. Diagnosis of Parkinson disease Diagnostic_criteria_for_Parkinson_disease Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. PD is diagnosed on clinical criteria; there is no definitive test for diagnosis. Historically, pathological confirmation of the hallmark Lewy body on autopsy has been considered the criterion standard for diagnosis. In clinical practice, diagnosis is typically based on the presence of a combination of cardinal motor features, associated and exclusionary symptoms, and response to levodopa. Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease Differential_diagnosis Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. Diagnosis among a number of diseases that can mimic Parkinson's disease. Differential diagnosis of Parkinson disease Diffuse_pain Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Diffuse pain Diphasic_dyskinesia Pahwa, R., Lyons, K. E., & Koller, W. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of Parkinson's disease. CRC Press. Biphasic dyskinesia biphasic dyskinesias biphasic pattern of dyskinesia diphasic dyskinesias dyskinesias at the beginning and enf of dose Streotyped, ballistic or dystonic movements that occur at onset or wearing off (or both) of clinical benefit from a dose of levodopa. Diphasic dyskinesia Donezepil_as_add-on_treatment DrugBank:DBA000836 donezepil as add-on Donezepil as add on Dopamine_deficiency Willis, G. L., Moore, C., & Armstrong, S. M. (2012). Breaking away from dopamine deficiency: an essential new direction for Parkinson’s disease. Dopaminergic deficiency depletion of dopamine depletion of stratial dopamine dopamine loss Parkinson's disease (PD) has been intrinsically associated with dopamine (DA) deficiency of the nigrostriatal DA system. Dopamine deficiency Dopaminergic_cell_lines Dopaminergic cell line Drd2tm1Ebo Drd2tm1Ebo Drd2tm1Low Drd2tm1Low Drooling Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Saliva fails of being directed to the back part of the fauces, and hence is continually draining from the mouth. Drooling Drug-induced_dyskinesia Factor, S., Lang, A., & Weiner, W. (Eds.). (2008). Drug induced movement disorders. Wiley. com. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia Dyskinesia induced by levodopa and dopamine agonists in patients with Parkinson's disease. Drug-induced dyskinesia Drug-induced_parkinsonism Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. DIP Drug-induced parkinsonism drug induced Parkinson's disease drug induced parkinsonism iatrogenic parkinsonism Parkinson’s symptoms that are side effects of medications, particularly ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS. Drug induced parkinsonism Dysarthria Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. Difficulties with speech that are the result of BRADYKINESIA involving the muscles of the mouth, throat, and chest. Dysarthria Dysexecutive_syndrome Ceravolo, R., Pagni, C., Tognoni, G., & Bonuccelli, U. (2012). The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of dysexecutive syndrome in Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in neurology, 3. A poorly defined nosological entity, which may be caused by various diseases. According to diagnostic criteria proposed by Godefroy et al. (2010), dysexecutive syndrome includes cognitive (e.g., deficits in response inhibition, set-shifting, and information generation) and/or behavioral (e.g., apathy, distractibility, perseverative behavior) alterations. Dysexecutive syndrome Dyskinesia Hankey, G. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2008). Clinical neurology. Manson publishing. dyskinesias dyskinetic movements Abnormal dystonic and choreoathetoid involuntary movements that may occur spontaneously after a sudden voluntary movement, after prolonged physical exertion, or during sleep. Dyskinesia Dysphagia Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. swallowing difficulty swallowing disorder Dysphagia is defined as impaired swallowing, which can occur any where from the mouth to the stomach. Dysphagia Dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Dystonia is defined as a neurological syndrome characterized by involuntary, sustained, patterned and often repetitive muscle contractions of opposing muscles causing twisting movements or abnormal postures. Dystonia Dystonic_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. It is defined as a postural/kinetic tremor usually not seen during complete rest and occuring in an extremity or body part that is affected by dystonia. Dystonic tremor EPO_00000062 DrugBank:DBA000907 Amantadine EPO_00000063 DrugBank:DBA000565 Atropine EPO_00000064 DrugBank:DBA000239 Benztropine EPO_00000065 DrugBank:DBA000803 Biperiden EPO_00000066 DrugBank:DBA000385 Ethopropazine EPO_00000067 DrugBank:DBA000380 Procyclidine EPO_00000068 DrugBank:DBA000369 Trihexyphenidyl EPO_00000069 DrugBank:DBA000487 Entacapone EPO_00000070 DrugBank:DBA000317 Tolcapone EPO_00000071 DrugBank:DBA000707 Apomorphine EPO_00000072 DrugBank:DBA001189 Bromocriptine EPO_00000073 DrugBank:DBA000242 Cabergoline EPO_00000074 DrugBank:DBA000582 Lisuride EPO_00000075 DrugBank:DBA001175 Pergolide EPO_00000077 DrugBank:DBA004761 Rotigotine EPO_00000078 DrugBank:DBA000843 Perphenazine EPO_00000079 DrugBank:DBA000406 Pramipexole EPO_00000080 DrugBank:DBA000262 Ropinirole EPO_00000081 L-dopa Levodopa EPO_00000082 DrugBank:DBA000184 Benserazide Carbidopa EPO_00000085 DrugBank:DBA001333 Rasagiline EPO_00000086 DrugBank:DBA001028 Selegiline Early-onset_Parkinson_s_disease_ Hof P.R. & Mobbs C.V. (2001) Functional Neurobiology of Aging. Academic Press. Early-onset Parkinson's disease early onset Parkinson's disease early onset of parkinson's disease early-onset Parkinson disease early-onset Parkinsonism young-onset Parkinson's disease Patients with onset age below 45 years progress at a slower rate and show motor fluctuations, diskinesias and dystonia. Early onset Parkinsons disease Ecstasy Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Ecstasy Electromyography_of_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. EMG Electromyography is the best method to identify those muscles and limb segments that are involved in tremor. Electromyography of tremor En1tm1Gld En1tm1Gld En2tm1Alj En2tm1Alj Encephalitis_lethargica Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Encephalitis lethargica End-of-dose_dyskinesia Schapira A.H.V. (2010) Parkinson's disease. Oxford University Press. end-of-dose Dyskinesias that occur at the end of dose, when plasma concentrations of dopaminergic medications are decreasing. End-of-dose dyskinesia Environmental_risk_factor Logroscino, G. (2005). The role of early life environmental risk factors in Parkinson disease: what is the evidence?. Environmental health perspectives, 113(9), 1234. Exposure to environmental neurotoxicants can determine progressive damage in the substantia nigra many years before the onset of clinical parkinsonism. Therefore, PD, like other neurologic diseases related to aging, may be determined by exposures present in the environment early during the life span or even during pregnancy. Environmental risk factor Epstein-Barr_virus Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Epstein-Barr virus Epworth_sleepiness_sclae Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ESS This scale is recommended to assess daytime sleepiness. Epworth sleepiness sclae Essential_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ET A tremor syndrome that is classically defined by an often hereditary monosymptomic tremor. Essential tremor Etiology_of_Parkinson_disease Schapira, A. H. (2006). Etiology of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 66(10 suppl 4), S10-S23. Pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease cause of Parkinson's disease etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) has long been thought to involve both genetic and environmental factors. Etiology of Parkinson disease Evaluation_of_Parkinson_s_disease Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. evaluation of motor impairment The evauation of motor impairment and disability in patients with PD. Evaluation of parkinson's disease Excessive_sweating Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. Excessive and even drenching episodes of sweating are common in Parkinson’s, particularly in mid to late stages of the disease, when OFFSTATES begin to occur. Excessive sweating can be a consequence of damage to the autonomic NERVOUS SYSTEM as Parkinson’s progresses or a side effect of ANTI-PARKINSON’S MEDICATIONS. Excessive sweating Exertion-induced_dyskinesia Attacks of abnormal involuntary movements precipitated by prolonged physical exertion. Hankey, G. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2008). Clinical neurology. Manson publishing. PED exercise induced dyskinesia exercise-induced dyskinesia Exertion-induced dyskinesia Exposure_to_copper Gorell, J. M., Johnson, C. C., Rybicki, B. A., Peterson, E. L., Kortsha, G. X., Brown, G. G., & Richardson, R. J. (1998). Occupational exposure to manganese, copper, lead, iron, mercury and zinc and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology, 20(2-3), 239-247. Chronic exposure to copper is associated with PD. Exposure to copper Exposure_to_farming Gorell, J. M., Johnson, C. C., Rybicki, B. A., Peterson, E. L., & Richardson, R. J. (1998). The risk of Parkinson's disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living. Neurology, 50(5), 1346-1350. farming PD is associated with occupational exposure to farming and the risk of farming can not be accounted for by pesticide exposure alone. Exposure to farming Exposure_to_herbicide Peng, J., Mao, X. O., Stevenson, F. F., Hsu, M., & Andersen, J. K. (2004). The herbicide paraquat induces dopaminergic nigral apoptosis through sustained activation of the JNK pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(31), 32626-32632. Environmental exposure to the oxidant-producing herbicide paraquat has been implicated as a risk factor in Parkinson's disease. Exposure to herbicide Exposure_to_manganese Gorell, J. M., Johnson, C. C., Rybicki, B. A., Peterson, E. L., Kortsha, G. X., Brown, G. G., & Richardson, R. J. (1998). Occupational exposure to manganese, copper, lead, iron, mercury and zinc and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology, 20(2-3), 239-247. Chronic occupational exposure to manganese individually or combined with lead, iron and copper is associated with PD. Exposure to manganese Exposure_to_pesticide Ascherio, A., Chen, H., Weisskopf, M. G., O'Reilly, E., McCullough, M. L., Calle, E. E., ... & Thun, M. J. (2006). Pesticide exposure and risk for Parkinson's disease. Annals of neurology, 60(2), 197-203. pesticide exposure pesticide use Exposure to pesticides may increase risk for PD. Exposure to pesticide F-dopa_PET Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. It is used for assessment of dopaminergic function of the caudate and putamen F-dopa PET FDG_PET Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. 18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET A PET imaging biomarker for monitoring metabolic activity. FDG PET Fahn-Marsden_dystonia_rating_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. F-M This scale is used to assess the severity of generalized dystonia. Fahn-Marsden dystonia rating scale Fall_risk_factor Gray, P., & Hildebrand, K. (2000). Fall risk factors in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 32(4), 222-228. Risk factors associated with falls for PD patients. Fall risk factor Falling Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Falling Falls Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. Falls are most likely to occur during changes in position— from sitting to standing, from standing to walking, when changing direction during movement, and from walking to sitting. Falls Familial_neurodegenerative_disease Y. Mizuno, Donald B. Calne, R. Horowski, W. H. Poewe, Peter Riederer. (2000) Advances in Research on Neurodegeneration: Volume 7. Springer-Verlag. hereditary neurodegenerative diseases A genetic contribution to the etiology of Parkinson's disease based on the demonstration of a familial aggregation of the disease, as demonstrated by several case-control and twin studies. Familial neurodegenerative disease Family_history_of_Parkinson_disease Taylor, C. A., Saint‐Hilaire, M. H., Cupples, L. A., Thomas, C. A., Burchard, A. E., Feldman, R. G., & Myers, R. H. (1999). Environmental, medical, and family history risk factors for Parkinson's disease: A New England‐based case control study. American journal of medical genetics, 88(6), 742-749. family history of PD The effects of family history on PD risk. Family history of PD among first-degree relatives (parents and siblings) has been reported in 6.8 to 16% of PD cases. Family history of Parkinson disease Fat_intake Powers, K. M., Smith-Weller, T., Franklin, G. M., Longstreth Jr, W. T., Swanson, P. D., & Checkoway, H. (2009). Dietary fats, cholesterol and iron as risk factors for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 15(1), 47-52. dietary fat intake dietary intakes of fat dietary lipids A low intake of cholestrol may be associated with an increased risk for PD. Fat intake Fatigue_Severity_Inventory Dittner, A. J., Wessely, S. C., & Brown, R. G. (2004). The assessment of fatigue: a practical guide for clinicians and researchers. Journal of psychosomatic research, 56(2), 157-170. FAI FSI The FSS principally measures the impact of fatigue on specific types of functioning rather than the intensity of fatigue-related symptoms. Fatigue Severity Inventory Fatty_acid_intake De Lau, L. M. L., Bornebroek, M. M. D. P., Witteman, J. C. M., Hofman, A. M. D. P., Koudstaal, P. J., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2005). Dietary fatty acids and the risk of Parkinson disease The Rotterdam Study. Neurology, 64(12), 2040-2045. dietary fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids High intake of unsaturated fatty acids might protect against PD. Fatty acid intake Ferritin Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Ferritin Fluctuating_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. diurnal fluctuation Variation in the severity of dystonia in the course of the day. Fluctuating dystonia Focal_dystonia http://www.dystonia-foundation.org/ Focal dystonias are adult-onset forms that affects a specific area of the body. Focal dystonia Foot_drag Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. People with Parkinson’s often drag one foot or sometimes both feet, depending on whether movement dysfunctions are unilateral (primarily affect one side) or bilateral (affect both sides). Foot drag involves both MOTOR and PROPRIOCEPTION dysfunctions. Foot drag Foot_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Foot dystonia is uncontrollable and often painful muscle contractions in the foot which causes a twisting or turning in of the foot. Foot dystonia Four-legged_cane Duvoisin, R. C., & Sage, J. (2001). Parkinson's disease: A guide for patient and family. Wolters Kluwer Health. Four-legged (quad) cane quad cane A cane with wide or narrow base where four legs are attached and is helpful to patients with poor equilibrium. Four-legged cane Four-wheeled_walking_stabilizer 4 wheel rollator four wheel rollator Four-wheeled walking stabilizer Freezing Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. FOG freezing of gait gait and freezing gait freezing gait-related mobility magnetic feet motor blocks Freezing is a form of akinesia and is one of the most disabling symptoms of PD and has five subtypes. Freezing Frequency_of_abnormal_movements_scale Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. FAM It was developed to assess musician's dystonia. Frequency of abnormal movements scale Frontotemporal_dementia_parkinsonism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia_and_parkinsonism_linked_to_chromosome_17 FTD with parkinsonism FTDP FTDP17 Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with parkinsonism frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism FTDP-17 is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder, which has three cardinal features: behavioral and personality changes, cognitive impairment, and motor symptoms. Frontotemporal dementia parkinsonism GM-1_ganglioside Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. GM-1 ganglioside Gait_disturbance Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. gait biomechanics gait difficulty gait disturbances gait dynamics It is a deviation from the normal pattern of movement in walking. Gait disturbance Gastrointestinal_dysfunction Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. gastric motility Parkinson’s disease affects the action of smooth (involuntary) muscle tissue such as that of the digestive system. Gastrointestinal dysfunction Genetic_biomarkers_of_Parkinson_disease Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. These biomarkers establish the link between genotype and the development of Parkinson's disease. Genetic biomarker of Parkinson disease Genetic_cause_of_parkinson_disease Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Genetics of Parkinson's disease genetic causes of Parkinson's disease Genetic factors that are found in a minority of patients with the typical clinical picture of PD and positive family history compatible with Mendelian inheritance. Genetic cause of parkinsonism Genetic_models_of_Parkinson_disease Dawson, T. M., Ko, H. S., & Dawson, V. L. (2010). Genetic animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neuron, 66(5), 646-661. gene-based models genetci animal models of Parkinson's disease Modeling PD in animals or cellular systems using genetic manipulation, that is transgenic overexpression of mutant genes. Genetic model of Parkinson disease Genital_pain Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. Genital pain Genomic_biomarker_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Genomic biomarker of Parkinson disease Glutathione Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Glutathione Glycomic_biomarker_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Glycomic biomarker of Parkinson disease Glyphosate_herbicide Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Glyphosate herbicide Graphic_tablet_analysis Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Graphic tablets have been introduced for the analysis of writing tremor and to measure the severity of action and intention tremor. Graphic tablet analysis Group_A_feature Waters, C. H. (2008). Diagnosis and management of Parkinson's disease. Professional Communications. group A Gelb and colleagues divided the clinical features of PD into two c´roups according to their diagnostic utility. Group A includes features characteristic of PD. Group A feature Group_B_feature Waters, C. H. (2008). Diagnosis and management of Parkinson's disease. Professional Communications. Gelb and colleagues divided the clinical features of PD into two groups according to their diagnostic utility. Group B are features suggestive of alternate diagnoses. Group B feature Guamanian_parkinsonism-dementia-ALS Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. (ALS)/parkinsonism-dementia of Guam ALS-P-D ALS/PD ALS/PDC ALS/parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam Guamanian ALS and parkinsonism-dementia complex Lytico-Bodig PDACG amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex in Guam A neurodegenerative disease that affects up to one percent of native residents of Guam (the indigenous Chamorro population), typically manifested in late midlife. In Guam ALS-PDC the person has parkinsonism, dementia, and ALS concurrently and typically eventually shows symptoms of all three. Guamanian parkinsonism-dementia-ALS HIV_encephalopathy Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. HIV encephalopathy H_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. H MRS An imaging biomarker used to study cerebral metabolites including NAA, Cr, Cho amd ml. H magnetic resonance spectroscopy biomarker Halogen Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Halogen Haloperidol-induced_parkinsonism Charney D.S. and Nestler E.J. (2004) Neurobiology of Mental Illness. Oxford University Press, Inc. Haloperidol has a high affinity for the D2 family of dopamine receptors and its pharmacological actions have been linked with the ability of haloperidol to induce parkinsonism. Haloperidol-induced parkinsonism Haloperidol_model Duty, S., & Jenner, P. (2011). Animal models of Parkinson's disease: a source of novel treatments and clues to the cause of the disease. British journal of pharmacology, 164(4), 1357-1391. A pharmacological model of PD is haloperidol-treated rats in which haloperidol works by antagonizing dopamine D2 and to a lesser extent D1 receptors in medium spiny neurons that comprise the indirect and direct pathways of the motor circuit respectively. Haloperidol model Hamilton_depression_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Recommended for the assessment of depression. Hamilton depression scale Head_trauma Goldman, S. M., Tanner, C. M., Oakes, D., Bhudhikanok, G. S., Gupta, A., & Langston, J. W. (2006). Head injury and Parkinson's disease risk in twins. Annals of neurology, 60(1), 65-72. head injury Mild-to-moderate closed head injury may increase PD risk decades later. Head trauma Heart_beat_frequency_modulation Heart beat frequency modulation Hemiatrophy-hemiparkinsonism_syndrome Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 HP-HA HPHA hemiparkinsonism and hemiatrophy syndrome hemiparkinsonism as a late complication of hemiatrophy hemiparkinsonism in association with ipsilateral body hemiatrophy hemiparkinsonism-hemiatrophy hemiparkinsonism-somatic hemiatrophy syndrome hemiparkinsonism/hemiatrophy the syndrome of hemiparkinsonism-hemiatrophy A rare syndrome showing atrophy of one side of the body present from childhood. Ipsilateral parkinsonism develops years later and can be associated with dystonia. Hemiatrophy-hemiparkinsonism syndrome Heroin_pyrolysate Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Heroin pyrolysate Hesitation_in_tight_quarters Hesitation in tight quarters Hoehn_and_Yahr_stage_scale Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. Hoehn and Yahr Index Hoehn and Yahr Scale score Hoehn and Yahr scale Hoehn and Yahr scale grades Hoehn and Yahr's classification Hoehn- Yahr scale Hoehn/Yahr scale The Hoehn and Yahr scale is commonly used to compare groups of patients and to provide gross assessment of disease progression, ranging from stage 0 (no signs of disease) to stage 5 (wheelchair bound or bedridden unless assisted). Hoehn and Yahr stage scale Home_diaries Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. Useful tools for obtaining valuable information on PD motor complications. A diversity of diaries exists but in essence they capture the patient's situation throughout the day, at scheduled intervals. Home diaries Hopkins_motor_and_vocal_tic_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. HMVTS It consists of a series of visual analogue scales on which both patient and physician separately rank each tic. Hopkins motor and vocal tic scale Hospital_anxiety_and_depression_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. A scale used for the assessment of depression. Hospital anxiety and depression scale Htra2tm1Jdo Htra2tm1Jdo Human_afult_stem_cell-based_therapy Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Adult stem cells are currently considered a potential source of newly formed DAergic neurons. Human adult stem cell-based therapy Human_embryonic_stem_cell-based_therapy Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and able to differentiate into various cell types, including DAergic neurons. Human embryonic stem cell-based therapy Huntington_disease Schapira H.V.A. (2010) parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press. HD Huntington's disease An sutosomal-dominant trinucleotide repeat disorder with cognitive and neurophyschiatric problems. HD can present as a mainly bradykinetic disorder in those under age 20 and rarely in adults. The possibility of HD should be considered in the evaluation of juvenile parkinsonism. Huntington disease Hydrocephalus Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 hydrocephalic tremor hydrocephalus parkinsonism hydrocephalus with parkinsonian symptomatology hydrocephalus-parkinsonism complex parkinsonian syndrome associated with hydrocephalus parkinsonism associated with secondary hydrocephalus parkinsonism due to hydrocephalus parkinsonism secondary to hydrocephalus parkinsonism with hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus results from increased CDF production or impairment of CSF outflow. Hydrocephalus Hypersexuality Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. Hypersexuality includes increased libido, increase in erection frequency, and increased sexually demanding behavior. Hypersexuality Hypnogenic_dyskinesia Hankey, G. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2008). Clinical neurology. Manson publishing. PHD paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia Attacks of abnormal involuntary movements occuring only during sleep. Hypnogenic dyskinesia Hypoguesia Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Hypoguesia Hypokinesia Dauer, W., & Przedborski, S. (2003). Parkinson's disease: mechanisms and models. Neuron, 39(6), 889-909. hypokinesis Reduction in movement amplitude. Hypokinesia Hypomimia Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. impairment of facial expression The clinical term for the composite of symptoms that includes reduced facial movements, slowed eye movements, slowed blinking, and reduced facial expression. Hypomimia Hypophonia Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. Reduced VOICE volume and strength that develops when Parkinson’s disease affects the muscles that control the vocal cords. Hypophonia Hypoxia-induced_parkinsonism Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 Hypoxia induced by carbon monoxide poisoning can cause bilateral globus pallidus necrosis and subsequent parkinsonism. Hypoxia-induced parkinsonism I-β-CIT_SPECT Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. It is used to study the integrity of the dopaminergic system (reuptake of dopamine into axons via the DAT) in patients treated with pramipexole versus levodopa. I-beta-CIT SPECT Idiopathic_Parkinson_disease Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Facts on Files, Inc. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease Sporadic Parkinson's disease idiopathic parkinson's syndrome It indicates that the reason for development of Parkinson's disease is unknown. Idiopathic Parkinson disease Immortalized_cell_line Falkenburger, B. H., & Schulz, J. B. (2006). Limitations of cellular models in Parkinson’s disease research. In Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders (pp. 261-268). Springer Vienna. They represent homogenous populations of continuously proliferating cells. Immortalized cell line Immunulogical_biomarkers_of_Parkinson_disease Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. Immunulogical biomarker of Parkinson disease Impaired_handwriting Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Impaired handwriting Impulsive_behaviour 1.Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. 2.Parashos, S. A., Parashos, S., & Wichman, R. (2012). Navigating Life with Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press. Trying to move too quickly or engage in unsafe behaviors like climbing and overreaching. Impulsive behaviour In-vitro_biomarkers_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Biomarkers that measure molecular concentrations in biological samples of PD patients. In-vitro biomarker of Parkinson disease In-vivo_biomarker_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. In-vivo biomarker of Parkinson disease Inconsistence Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Inconsistence Infectious_cause_of_parkinsonism Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. infection as a cause of idiopathic parkinson infections in the etiology of Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease caused by exposure to infectious agents. Infectious cause of parkinsonism Inherited_Parkinson_s_disease Schiesling, C., Kieper, N., Seidel, K., & Krüger, R. (2008). Review: Familial Parkinson's disease–genetics, clinical phenotype and neuropathology in relation to the common sporadic form of the disease. Neuropathology and applied neurobiology, 34(3), 255-271. Familial Parkinson's disease Inherited Parkinson's disease familial PD familial occurrence of Parkinson's disease inherited form of Parkinson's disease inherited forms of PD inherited forms of parkinson's disease Genetic forms of Parkinsonism with clinical features indistinguishable from idiopathic parkinsonism but different neuropathological features not consistent with idiopathic PD. Inherited Parkinsons disease Inherited_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Dystonia that is passed on genetically from parent or ancestor to a child. Inherited dystonia Intention_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Intention tremor is present when the amplitude increases during visually guided movements toward a target. Intention tremor Intermediate_scale_for_assessment_of_Parkinsons_disease Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. ISAPD This is a short scale for use in clinical practice and in research, composed of a 13-item section that assesses functional aspects, and a 4-item section that assesses dyskinesias and fluctuations. Intermediate scale for assessment of Parkinsons disease Intrathecal_baclofen Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Intrathecal baclofen therapy (IBT) is a method of infusing injectable baclofen directly into the thecal sac. Intrathecal baclofen Iron_accumulation Mochizuki, H., & Yasuda, T. (2012). Iron accumulation in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, 119(12), 1511-1514. accumulation of iron iron overload A selective and significant elevation in iron which occurs in the substantia nigra of patients with PD. Iron accumulation Isolated_chin_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. It is a rare, autosomal dominant hereditary tremor syndrome characterized by attacks of high-frequency tremor of the mentalis muscles or of the chin. Isolated chin tremor Isolated_voice_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. A tremor which is limited to the voice. Isolated voice tremor Isometric_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Occurs as a result of muscle contraction against a rigid stationary object. Isometric tremor Japanese_B_encephalitis Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Japanese B encephalitis Juvenile_Parkinson_s_disease Menkes J.H., Sarnat H.B., Maria B.L. (2006) Child Neurology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Juvenile Parkinson's disease Juvenile onset Parkinson's disease Juvenile parkinsonism juvenile variant of Parkinson's disease Juvenile PD refers to a condition in which symptoms of Parkinson's disease make their appearance before age 20 years. Juvenile Parkinsons disease Kinesia_paradoxica Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. paradoxical kinesia Immobile patients who become excited may be able to make quick movement. Kinesia paradoxica Kinesigenic_dyskinesia Hankey, G. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2008). Clinical neurology. Manson publishing. PKD paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia Abrupt onset of episodes of abnormal involuntary movements after a sudden voluntary movement. Kinesigenic dyskinesia Kinesigenic_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. PKD An autosomal-dominant disorder with a significant variable expressivity and an apparent male predominance.The paroxysms are triggered by sudden movement and are usually short and can occur hundreds of times each day. Kinesigenic dystonia Kinetic_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Occurs during any voluntary movement. Kinetic tremor L-shaped_cane Seymour stick L-shaped cane LPS_model Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Facts on Files, Inc. LPS-induced animal model lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model Animal models that show conditions of parkisnon's disease after injecting lipopolysaccharides into substantia nigra and striatum. LPS model LSVT_BIG Fox, C., Ebersbach, G., Ramig, L., & Sapir, S. (2012). LSVT LOUD and LSVT BIG: behavioral treatment programs for speech and body movement in Parkinson disease. Parkinson's disease, 2012. LSVT program to address limb motor systems. LSVT BIG LSVT_LOUD Fox, C., Ebersbach, G., Ramig, L., & Sapir, S. (2012). LSVT LOUD and LSVT BIG: behavioral treatment programs for speech and body movement in Parkinson disease. Parkinson's disease, 2012. LSVT program with a focus on the speech motor system. LSVT LOUD Laser_cane Laser cane Late-onset_Parkinson_s_disease Hof P.R. & Mobbs C.V. (2001) Functional Neurobiology of Aging. Academic Press. Late-onset Parkinson's disease late onset Parkinson's disease late-onset PD late-onset Parkinson disease late-onset sporadic Parkinson's disease later onset Parkinson's disease old-onset Parkinson's disease Patients with onset age of symptoms above 70 years have a more agressive form of PD with faster progression and more severe motor disability. Late-onset Parkinsons disease Lee-Silverman_Voice_Treatment http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Silverman_voice_treatment Lee-Silverman Voice Treatment voice treatment (LSVT) The Lee Silverman Voice Treatment - LOUD (LSVT LOUD) is one of the most widely practiced treatment for speech disorders associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). It focuses on increasing vocal loudness and has an intensive approach of one month. Speech therapy and specifically LSVT LOUD may improve voice and speech function in PD. Lee Silverman Voice Treatment Leg_dystonia_disability_scale Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. Assessment of functional impairment caused by the dystonic leg in walking, standing, and other activities. It consists of 7 items with the final total score expressed as percentage. Leg dystonia disability scale Levodopa_test Pahwa, R., Lyons, K. E., & Koller, W. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of Parkinson's disease. CRC Press. Levodopa challenge test levodopa administration as a test levodopa challenge levodopa challenges Administration of levodopa for diagnostic purposes as PD patients respond more frequently and robustly to levodopa compared with other forms of parkinsonism. Levodopa test Lewy_body Wakabayashi, K., Tanji, K., Mori, F., & Takahashi, H. (2007). The Lewy body in Parkinson's disease: Molecules implicated in the formation and degradation of α‐synuclein aggregates. Neuropathology, 27(5), 494-506. lewy body like lewy body-like The presence of fibrillar aggregates called Lewy bodies (LBs) which is the histological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. LB formation has been considered to be a marker for neuronal degeneration, because neuronal loss is found in the predilection sites for LBs. Lewy body Limitation_of_upward_gaze Limitation of upward gaze Lipidomic_biomarker_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Lipidomic biomarker of Parkinson disease Long_term_recordings_of_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Long-term recordings of tremor EMG have been made for one or several days to study drug effects. Long term recordings of tremor Loss_of_hearing Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Loss of hearing Loss_of_postural_reflex Pahwa, R., Lyons, K. E., & Koller, W. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of Parkinson's disease. CRC Press. Loss of postural reflexes usually occurs in more advanced stages of PD and, along with freezing, is the most common cause of falls, often resulting in hip fractures. Loss of postural reflex Loss_of_smell Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Loss of smell Loss_of_urinarry_bladder_control Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Loss of urinary bladder control MAOB Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. MAOB MAPT Harada, A., Oguchi, K., Okabe, S., Kuno, J., Terada, S., Ohshima, T., ... & Hirokawa, N. (1994). Altered microtubule organization in small-calibre axons of mice lacking tau protein. Nature, 369(6480), 488-491. MAPT microtobule-associated protein The tau gene encodes a protein that is a major neuronal microtubule-associated protein localized mostly in axons. Tau protein MDS-UPDRS Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. UPDRS The Movement Disorder Sociaty-sponsored revision of the United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. MDS-UPDRS MESC2.10 Falkenburger, B. H., & Schulz, J. B. (2006). Limitations of cellular models in Parkinson’s disease research. In Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders (pp. 261-268). Springer Vienna. Cell lines originated from 8 week old human mesencephalon presenting TH, DAT, DA release and electrical activity phenotypes. MESC2.10 MIBG_scintigraphy Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. Cardiac metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy MIBG is an analogue of noradrenaline that is transported into sympathetic neurons and can act as a tracer of catecholaminergic neurons if labelled with radiolabelled iodine and detected by scintigraphy. MIBG scintigraphy MN9D Falkenburger, B. H., & Schulz, J. B. (2006). Limitations of cellular models in Parkinson’s disease research. In Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders (pp. 261-268). Springer Vienna. Cell lines originated from mouse hybrid mesencephalic cells presenting no DAT but D2R, DA, and TH phenotypes. MN9D MPTP Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MPTP (1-methyl 4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is a chemical that may be produced accidentally during illicit manufacture of the recreational drug MPPP, which is a synthetic heroin substitute. The neurotoxicity of MPTP was discovered in 1976 after a chemistry graduate student synthesized MPPP incorrectly and injected the result. It was contaminated with MPTP, and within three days he began exhibiting symptoms of acute Parkinson's disease. It was also developed but unused as a herbicide and was distributed on the streets as a synthetic opioid-like drug. MPTP inhibits tyrosine hydroxylation, which is essential for the formation of dopamine. So MPTP causes acute Parkinson's disease by lowering dopamine levels. MPTP MPTP-induced_parkinsonism Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism MPTP induced parkinsonism MPTP-induced parkinsonism parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine MPTP induced parkinsonism MPTP_model Pfeiffer R.E., Wszolek Z.K., Ebadi M. (2013) Parkinson's Disease-Second Ed. CRC Press. MPTP MPTP-lesioned mouse model MPTP-treated mouse model MPTP-administered mouse models showing degeneration of SNpc neurons and striatal dopamine depletion. MPTP model Machado-Joseph_disease Bettencourt, C., Santos, C., Coutinho, P., Rizzu, P., Vasconcelos, J., Kay, T., ... & Lima, M. (2011). Parkinsonian phenotype in Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3): a two-case report. BMC neurology, 11(1), 131. Machado-Joseph disease SCA3 spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 A neurodegenerative disorder that presents extrapyramidal motor signs (EPS) more frequently than the other subtypes of ataxias. Machado Joseph disease Malaria Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Malaria Maneb http://viartis.net/parkinsons.disease/toxic.causes.htm Maneb is a fungicide that contains manganese. The major active element of Maneb is manganese ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate. Pesticides are known to be associated with an increased rate of Parkinson's disease, so there is a greatly increased likelihood of developing toxic symptoms by people involved in horticulture and agriculture. As Maneb contains manganese it is possible that it causes Parkinson's Disease symptoms via the same means as manganese, which is by inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylation, which is essential for the formation of dopamine. The effects of Maneb are potentiated when there is also exposure to the pesticide Paraquat. Maneb Manganese Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Manganese can cause manganism, an irreversible neurological disorder similar to Parkinson's disease. Occupational exposures occur mainly in welding, mining as miners are surrounded by manganese dust and airborne manganese particles, alloy production, processing, ferro-manganese operations especially in which manganese ore or manganese compounds are turned into steel, and work with agrochemicals. The towns and communities surrounding the areas of manganese heavy industry could also become affected by toxic exposure to manganese. It is also hypothesized that long-term exposure to the naturally-occurring manganese in shower water also puts people at risk. Manganese inhibits tyrosine hydroxylation, which is essential for the formation of dopamine. So manganese may cause Parkinson's disease by lowering dopamine levels. Manganese Manganese-induced_parkinsonism Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 Manganese toxicity can result in parkinsonism, though rest tremor is rare and there is often an associated dystonia. Manganese-induced parkinsonism Mapk10tm1Flv Mapk10tm1Flv Mapk9tm1Flv Mapk9tm1Flv Marti_and_Tolosa_scale Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. Assessment of treatment efficacy in hemifacial spasm. It rates severity, frequency and functional impairment. Marti and Tolosa scale Medical_risk_factor Powers, K. M., Smith-Weller, T., Franklin, G. M., Longstreth Jr, W. T., Swanson, P. D., & Checkoway, H. (2006). Diabetes, smoking, and other medical conditions in relation to Parkinson's disease risk. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 12(3), 185-189. The risks of PD associated with selected medical conditions. Medical history factor Melatonin Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Melatonin Mercury_poisoning Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Mercury toxicity is a known cause of symptoms that mimic Parkinson's disease, especially tremor. One of the chief targets of the toxin is the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). The enzyme is irreversibly inhibited by several mercury compounds, the lipoic acid component of the multienzyme complex binds mercury compounds tightly and thus inhibits PDH. However, the cause of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease is likely to be due to the fact that mercury potently causes the release of dopamine, thereby lowering dopamine levels. Mercury is found in a wide variety of sources: dietary fish intake, ethnic over-the-counter medications, occupational exposures to mercury vapour, possession of dental amalgam fillings, gold production, skin ointment, some soaps. Mercury poisoning Metabolic_biomarker_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Metabolic biomarker of Parkinson disease Metallothionein Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Metallothionein Methanol Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Methanol Metoclopramide-induced_parkinsonism Duvoisin, R. C., & Sage, J. (2001). Parkinson's disease: A guide for patient and family. Wolters Kluwer Health. Metoclopramide induced parkinsonism Metoclopramide-induced encephalopathy in Parkinson disease Metoclopramide, commonly prescribed for various stomach disorders in the US, may induce parkinsonism and it does so in the same way the major transquilizers do by blocking the action of dopamine. Metoclopramide-induced parkinsonism Micrographia Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Micrographia Mini-mental_parkinson Larner, A. J. (2011). Mini-Mental Parkinson (MMP) as a Dementia Screening Test: Comparison with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Current aging science. MMP Mini-Mental Parkinson (MMP), a derivative of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), was originally described as a cognitive screening instrument for use in Parkinson's disease. Its item content addresses some of the acknowledged shortcomings of the MMSE. Mini-mental parkinson Miscellaneous_biomarker_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Miscellaneous biomarker of Parkinson disease Mitochondrial_DNA_mutation Reeve, A. K., Krishnan, K. J. and Turnbull, D. (2008), Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Disease, Aging, and Neurodegeneration. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1147: 21–29. doi: 10.1196/annals.1427.016 Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Idiopathic Parkinson Disease Mutations in mitochondrial DNA mitochondrial DNA mutations in early parkinson The mitochondrial dysfunction caused by mutations has been shown to be associated with signs of apoptosis and to cause cell loss. Mutations of the mitochondrial genome have also been shown to accumulate with age and in common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Mitochondrial DNA mutation Mitochondrial_DNA_polymerase_gamma_mutation Mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma mutation Mitochondrial_complex_I_deficiency Ramonet, D., Perier, C., Recasens, A., Dehay, B., Bové, J., Costa, V., ... & Vila, M. (2012). Optic atrophy 1 mediates mitochondria remodeling and dopaminergic neurodegeneration linked to complex I deficiency. Cell Death & Differentiation, 20(1), 77-85. Loss of mitochondrial complex I activity Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease decreased Complex I activity Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction has long been associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial involvement in PD may extend beyond a sole respiratory deficit and also include perturbations in mitochondrial fusion/fission or ultrastructure. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency Monoamines Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Monoamines Monocycline Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Monocycline Monogenic_forms_of_Parkinson_disease Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. monogenetic forms of PD monogenic familial forms of Parkinson's disease monogenic forms of PD monogenic forms of parkinsonism A number of genes that cause, when mutated, mongenically inherited forms of Parkinson's disease. Monogenic form of Parkinson disease Montgomery-Asberg_depression_rating_scale Sampaio, C., Goetz, C. G., & Schrag, A. (Eds.). (2012). Rating Scales in Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Practice and Research. Oxford University Press. MADRS The MADRS is an observer-rated scale and requires some clinical experience with depression. It covers all the DSM criteria of a major depressive episode. Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale Morphological_biomarkers_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Biomarkers that indicate a change in morphology of affected brain regions in Parkinson's disease. Morphological biomarker of Parkinson disease Motor_features Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. motor features motor function motor impairment motor symptoms Patients with PD may exhibit a number of secondary motor symptoms that may impact on their functioning at home, at work and while driving. Motor symptom Motor_testing Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. motor test Testing abnormaities in speed of movement during target tracking and in control of direction. Motor testing Motorized_scooter Motorized scooter Mouse_models_of_Parkinson_disease Pfeiffer R.E., Wszolek Z.K., Ebadi M. (2013) Parkinson's Disease-Second Ed. CRC Press. genetic PD mouse models genetic mouse model of Parkinson's disease mouse models of PD rodent models for Parkinson's disease Models of basal ganglia injury and degeneration. Mouse model of Parkinson disease Mucormycosis Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Mucormycosis Multidimensional_fatigue_inventory Elbers, R. G., van Wegen, E. E., Verhoef, J., & Kwakkel, G. (2012). Reliability and structural validity of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 18(5), 532-536. MFI The MFI is a self-report questionnaire that assesses five dimensions of fatigue (i.e. general fatigue (GF), physical fatigue (PF), reduced activity (RA), mental fatigue (MF) and reduced motivation (RM)). Multidimensional fatigue inventory Multifocal_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Multifocal dystonia involves two or more unrelated body parts. Multifocal dystonia Multiple_system_atrophy Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. MSA Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy A triad of coexisting NEURODEGENERATIVE disorders that manifest collective symptoms of autonomic, ataxic (cerebellar), and extrapyramidal (parkinsonian) dysfunctions. Multiple system atrophy Muscle_action_potential Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Muscle action potential Muscle_rigidity Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Muscle rigidity Mycoplasma_pneumonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Mycoplasma pneumonia Myectomy Truong, D. (2010). Living Well with Dystonia: A Patient Guide. Demos Medical Publishing. A surgical technique in which specific muscles are cut or removed in order to relieve dystonia. Myotomy Needle_electromyography Needle electromyography Neuralgic_pain Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Neuralgic pain Neuroacanthocytosis_syndrome Pahwa, R., Lyons, K. E., & Lyons, K. E. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of parkinson's disease. CRC Press. NA neuro-acanthocytosis This is a rare cause of parkinsonism and typically presents with a hyperkinetic movement disorder, including chorea, tic-like features, and polyneuropathy. Neuroacanthocytosis syndrome Neurobehavioral_biomarkers Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Neurobehavioral biomarkers can provide a wealth of basic information regarding PD progression and alleviation of typical symptoms which could induce deleterious consequences in a PD patient. Neurobehavioral biomarker of Parkinson disease Neuroimaging_biomarkers_for_Parkinson_disease Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. Markers that use imaging techniques to follow the decline in neurotransmitter function, examine metabolic activity (using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose) and monitor regional cerebral blood flow. Neuroimaging biomarker for Parkinson disease Neuroleptic-induced_parkinsonism Tsai, L. (2001). Taking the Mystery Out of Medications in Autism/Asperger's Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Non-Medical Professionals. Future Horizons. Neuroleptic drug-induced parkinsonism Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism Neuroleptic-induced tradive dyskinesia antipsychotic induced parkinsonism neuroleptic drug-induced parkinsonism neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism occurs at varying times after initiating neuroleptic therapy in approximately 20% to 40% of individuals treated with neuroleptic medications. Neuroleptic induced parkinsonism Neuromelanin Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Neuromelanin Neuromelanin_Ab Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Neuromelanin Ab Neuropathology_of_parkinson_disease Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Clinical and pathological features of Parkinson's disease. Neuropathology of Parkinson disease Neurophysiological_testing Willow, M. J. (Ed.). (2005). Parkinson's Disease: New Research. Nova Publishers. Assessment of the functional mechanisms involved in the generation of certain symptoms or signs. Neurophysiological testing Neuroprotective_agent_for_parkinson Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. neuroprotective therapies Treatment approaches and medications that attempt to prevent damage to neurons. In people with Parkinson’s disease, such therapies target preservation of the function of remaining dopaminergic neurons. Neuroprotective agent for parkinson Neuroprotective_biomarker_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. neuroprotective agent Neuroprotective biomarker of Parkinson disease Neuropsychiatric_dysfunction Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. A variety of alterations in mood, initiative, hedonistic tone, and cognitive functioning. Neuropsychiatric dysfunction Neurorestorative_treatment Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. neurorestoration neurorestorative benefits neurorestorative effect neurorestorative properties neurorestorative strategies for Parkinson's disease neurorestorative therapies restorative therapy in Parkinson's disease A therapy that returns anatomical and functional integrity to the nigrostriatal dopamine system and reverses clinical symptoms and signs. Neurorestorative treatment New_York_University_rating_scale Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. A scale for ssessing rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, simultaneous movements, stance, postural stability, and gait including timed walking as well as 10 functional disability items, each on a 0-4 scale. New York University rating scale Nicotine Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Nicotine Nigral_glutathione_deficiency Perry, T. L., Godin, D. V., & Hansen, S. (1982). Parkinson's disease: a disorder due to nigral glutathione deficiency?. Neuroscience letters, 33(3), 305-310. Alterations in glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease Glutathione depletion glutathione peroxidase deficiency in Parkinson's disease substantia nigra nigral GSH deficiency in PD Reduced or absent glutathione (GSH) content in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's patients. Nigral glutathione deficiency Nigrostriatal_dopaminergic_loss Drui, G., Carnicella, S., Carcenac, C., Favier, M., Bertrand, A., Boulet, S., & Savasta, M. (2013). Loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons accounts for the motivational and affective deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Molecular psychiatry. ND dopaminergic loss The degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) that is thought to cause the classical motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic loss Nocturia Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Nocturia Non-kinesigenic_dyskinesia Hankey, G. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2008). Clinical neurology. Manson publishing. PNKD nonkinesigenic dyskinesia paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia Spontaneous onset of attacks of abnormal involuntary movements. Non-kinesigenic dyskinesia Non-motor_features Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. non-motor features non-motor impairment non-motor symptoms pre-motor stage premotor stage Non-motor symptoms are a common and under appreciated feature of PD. These include autonomic dysfunction, cognitive/neurobehavioral disorders, and sensory and sleep abnormalities. Non-motor symptom Nonkinesigenic_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. PNKD non-kinesigenic dystonia An autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by paroxysms of hyperkinesias, which can include dystonia, dyskinesia, choreoathetosis, and ballism. Nonkinesigenic dystonia Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 NPH normal pressure hydrocephalus presenting as parkinson's syndrome Those with communicating hydrocephalus can develop the NPH syndrome, in which gait dysfunction, cognitive decline, and urinary inconsistence are the predominant features. Normal pressure hydrocephalus Northwestern_University_disability_scale Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. NUDS NUDS scores five types of activities of daily livingon 0-10 point scales, with descriptors for each score. Northwestern University disability scale Nr4a2tm1Omc Nr4a2tm1Omc OMICS_biomarkers_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. The Omics analysis provides lots of data which can further establish the diagnosis and basic information regarding the genetic and environmental insult to PD patients. OMICS biomarkers of Parkinson disease Obeso_dyskinesia_rating_scale Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. Obeso dyskinesia scale It assesses the intensity and duration of dyskinesia by combining historical and and motor examination data. Obeso dyskinesia rating scale Obessive_behaviour Olanow, C. W., Stocchi, F., & Lang, A. (Eds.). (2011). Parkinson's disease: non-motor and non-dopaminergic features. John Wiley & Sons. obsessive behavior obsessive-compulsive obsessive-compulsive stereotyped behavior obsessive-compulsive symptom Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by complaints of persistent or repetitive thoughts (obsessions) or behaviors (compulsions). Obsessive-compulsive behaviour Obstructive_hydrocephalus Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 parkinsonism associated with obstructive hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction within the ventricular system. Parkinsonism has rarely been reported as a feature of obstructive hydrocephalus. Obstructive hydrocephalus Occular_saccade_impairment Occular saccade impairment Ocular_surface_irritation Ocular surface irritation Off-period_dystonia Pahwa, R., Lyons, K. E., & Koller, W. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of Parkinson's disease. CRC Press. "off-period" dystonia off-period dystonias A late complication of levodopa therapy that tends to appear after at least four or five years of continuous administration. Off-period dystonia Olfaction Doty, R., Golbe, L. I., McKeown, D. A., Stern, M. B., Lehrach, C., & Crawford, D. (1993). Olfactory testing differentiates between progressive supranuclear palsy and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 43(5), 962-962. olfactory testing Olfactory dysfunction occurs in most patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and olfactory testing is a standardized test of odor identification ability. It can differentiate between progressive supranuclear palsy and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Olfaction testing Olfactory_dysfunction Barker, M. R., & Rowe, F. D. (Eds.). (2010). Non-dopamine Lesions in Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, USA. hyposmia Measurable smell loss that adversely impacts quality of life, the flavor and platability of foods and beverages, nutrition and safety. Olfactory dysfunction Open_space_hesitation Open space hesitation Ophthalmological_measures neuro-ophthalmologic abnormalities Ophthalmological measure Oral_pain Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. Oral pain Organophosphate Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Organophosphate Organotypic_culture Falkenburger, B. H., & Schulz, J. B. (2006). Limitations of cellular models in Parkinson’s disease research. In Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders (pp. 261-268). Springer Vienna. Organotypic cultures combine features of cell culture and intact animals so that neurons are more easily accessible for pharmacology, gene transfer and repeated imaging than inside the intact animal. Organotypic culture Organotypic_slice_culture Falkenburger, B. H., & Schulz, J. B. (2006). Limitations of cellular models in Parkinson’s disease research. In Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders (pp. 261-268). Springer Vienna. slice culture model A culture system composed of postnatal rat substantia nigra pars compacta presenting postnatal dopaminergic neurons in their natural environment. Organotypic slice culture Oromandibular_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Oromandibular dystonia is a focal dystonia characterized by forceful contractions of the face, jaw, and/or tongue causing difficulty in opening and closing the mouth and often affecting chewing and speech. Oromandibular dystonia Oromandibular_dystonia_rating_scale Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. It includes a severity and a disability scale for roromandibular dystonia. Oromandibular dystonia rating scale Other_essential_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Idiopathic tremor syndromes are classified under this category by the Movement Disorder Society. Other essential tremor PARK10_mutation_parkinsonism Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. PARK10 mutation parkinsonism PARK11_mutation_parkinsonism Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. PARK11 mutation parkinsonism PARK1_mutation_induced_parkinsonism Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. alpha-synuclein mutation PARK1 mutation parkinsonism PARK2_mutation_parkinsonism Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. PARK2 mutation parkinsonism PARK3_mutation_parkinsonism Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. parkinson's disease linked to Chromosome 2 PARK3 mutation parkinsonism PARK4_mutation_parkinsonism Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. alpha-synuclein duplication alpha-synuclein triplication PARK4 mutation parkinsonism PARK5_mutation_parkinsonism Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. parkinsonism associated with a mutation in the gene for ubiquitin hydrolase 1 ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 PARK5 mutation parkinsonism PARK6_mutation_parkinsonism ################################################################################## # Document Properties Section SET DOCUMENT Name = "Document name" SET DOCUMENT Description = "Document description" SET DOCUMENT Version = "1.0" SET DOCUMENT Copyright = "Copyright (c) 2012, akodamullil. All Rights Reserved." 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CardiovascularSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-cardiovascular-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION EndocrineSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-endocrine-system.belanno" ################################################################################## # Statements Section SET STATEMENT_GROUP = "Group 1" # Add statements below this comment #################### SET Citation={"PubMed","Neurobiol Dis. 2007 Nov;28(2):216-26. Epub 2007 Jul 17.","17707122"} SET Evidence="PINK1 mutants associated with recessive Parkinson's disease are defective in inhibiting\ mitochondrial release of cytochrome c.Mutations in PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) gene cause recessive\ familial type 6 of Parkinson's disease (PARK6). We investigated molecular mechanisms underlying PINK1\ neuroprotective function and PARK6 mutation-induced loss of PINK1 function. Overexpression of wild-type\ PINK1 blocked mitochondrial release of apoptogenic cytochrome c, caspase-3 activation and apoptotic cell\ death induced by proteasome inhibitor MG132. N-terminal truncated PINK1 (NDelta35), which lacks\ mitochondrial localization sequence, did not block MG132-induced cytochrome c release and cytotoxicity. \ Despite mitochondrial expression, PARK6 mutant (E240K), (H271Q), (G309D), (L347P), (E417G) and C-terminal\ truncated (CDelta145) PINK1 failed to inhibit MG132-induced cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation.\ Overexpression of wild-type PINK1 blocked cytochrome c release and cell death caused by atractyloside,\ which opens mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). PARK6 PINK1 mutants failed to inhibit\ atractyloside-induced cytochrome c release. These results suggest that PINK1 exerts anti-apoptotic\ effect by inhibiting the opening of mPTP and that PARK6 mutant PINK1 loses its ability to prevent\ mPTP opening and cytochrome c release." p(HGNC:PINK1) -- path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") #N p(HGNC:PINK1) -| tloc(p(HGNC:CYC1),MESHCL:"Mitochondrial Membranes", MESHCL:"Cytoplasm" ) p(HGNC:PINK1) -| act(p(HGNC:CASP3)) #D p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(E,240,K)) -> tloc(p(HGNC:CYC1),MESHCL:"Mitochondrial Membranes", MESHCL:"Cytoplasm" ) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(E,240,K)) -> act(p(HGNC:CASP3)) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(H,271,Q)) -> tloc(p(HGNC:CYC1),MESHCL:"Mitochondrial Membranes", MESHCL:"Cytoplasm" ) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(H,271,Q)) -> act(p(HGNC:CASP3)) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(G,309,D)) -> tloc(p(HGNC:CYC1),MESHCL:"Mitochondrial Membranes", MESHCL:"Cytoplasm" ) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(G,309,D)) -> act(p(HGNC:CASP3)) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(L,347,P)) -> tloc(p(HGNC:CYC1),MESHCL:"Mitochondrial Membranes", MESHCL:"Cytoplasm" ) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(L,347,P)) -> act(p(HGNC:CASP3)) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(E,417,G)) -> tloc(p(HGNC:CYC1),MESHCL:"Mitochondrial Membranes", MESHCL:"Cytoplasm" ) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(E,417,G)) -> act(p(HGNC:CASP3)) SET Citation={"PubMed","Exp Neurol. 2009 Sep;219(1):266-73. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.05.027. Epub 2009 Jun 3.","19500570"} SET Evidence ="mutations of PINK1 cause abnormal mitochondrial morphology, bioenergetic function and \ oxidative metabolism in human tissues but suggest that the biochemical consequences may vary between \ mutations." p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(E,240,K)) negativeCorrelation bp(GO:" mitochondrion organization") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(E,240,K)) negativeCorrelation bp("bioenergetic function") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(E,240,K)) negativeCorrelation bp(GO:" cellular respiration") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(H,271,Q)) negativeCorrelation bp(GO:" mitochondrion organization") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(H,271,Q)) negativeCorrelation bp("bioenergetic function") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(H,271,Q)) negativeCorrelation bp(GO:" cellular respiration") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(G,309,D)) negativeCorrelation bp(GO:" mitochondrion organization") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(G,309,D)) negativeCorrelation bp("bioenergetic function") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(G,309,D)) negativeCorrelation bp(GO:" cellular respiration") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(L,347,P)) negativeCorrelation bp(GO:" mitochondrion organization") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(L,347,P)) negativeCorrelation bp("bioenergetic function") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(L,347,P)) negativeCorrelation bp(GO:" cellular respiration") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(E,417,G)) negativeCorrelation bp(GO:" mitochondrion organization") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(E,417,G)) negativeCorrelation bp("bioenergetic function") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(E,417,G)) negativeCorrelation bp(GO:" cellular respiration") ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","PLoS Biol. 2007 Jul;5(7):e172. Epub 2007 Jun 19.","17579517"} SET Evidence ="PINK1 protects against oxidative stress by phosphorylating mitochondrial chaperone \ TRAP1. Mutations in the PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) gene cause an autosomal recessive form \ of Parkinson disease (PD). So far, no substrates of PINK1 have been reported, and the mechanism by \ which PINK1 mutations lead to neurodegeneration is unknown. Here we report the identification of TNF \ receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1), a mitochondrial molecular chaperone also known as heat shock \ protein 75 (Hsp75), as a cellular substrate for PINK1 kinase. PINK1 binds and colocalizes with TRAP1 \ in the mitochondria and phosphorylates TRAP1 both in vitro and in vivo. We show that PINK1 protects \ against oxidative-stress-induced cell death by suppressing cytochrome c release from mitochondria, \ and this protective action of PINK1 depends on its kinase activity to phosphorylate TRAP1. Moreover, \ we find that the ability of PINK1 to promote TRAP1 phosphorylation and cell survival is impaired by \ PD-linked PINK1 G309D, L347P, and W437X mutations. Our findings suggest a novel pathway by which \ PINK1 phosphorylates downstream effector TRAP1 to prevent oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis and \ implicate the dysregulation of this mitochondrial pathway in PD pathogenesis." #N p(HGNC:PINK1) -| bp(GO:" response to oxidative stress") kin(p(HGNC:PINK1)) -> p(HGNC:TRAP1,pmod(P)) p(HGNC:TRAP1,pmod(P)) -| bp(GO:" response to oxidative stress") p(HGNC:PINK1) -| tloc(p(HGNC:CYC1),MESHCL:"Mitochondrial Membranes", MESHCL:"Cytoplasm") #D p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(G,309,D)) -> bp(GO:" response to oxidative stress") bp(GO:" response to oxidative stress") -> bp(GO:apoptosis) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(G,309,D)) -| p(HGNC:TRAP1,pmod(P)) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(G,309,D)) -> tloc(p(HGNC:CYC1),MESHCL:"Mitochondrial Membranes", MESHCL:"Cytoplasm") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(L,347,P)) -> bp(GO:" response to oxidative stress") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(L,347,P)) -| p(HGNC:TRAP1,pmod(P)) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(L,347,P)) -> tloc(p(HGNC:CYC1),MESHCL:"Mitochondrial Membranes", MESHCL:"Cytoplasm") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(W,437,X)) -> bp(GO:" response to oxidative stress") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(W,437,X)) -| p(HGNC:TRAP1,pmod(P)) p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(W,437,X)) -> tloc(p(HGNC:CYC1),MESHCL:"Mitochondrial Membranes", MESHCL:"Cytoplasm") #################### SET Citation={"PubMed","Mov Disord. 2008 Apr 30;23(6):881-5. doi: 10.1002/mds.21960.","18307263"} SET Evidence="Both mutations (p.A244G and p.V317I) were found to abolish the protective effect of \ wild-type PINK1 against staurosporine-induced apoptosis. These findings further expand the clinical \ spectrum of PINK1-related parkinsonism to include late onset, typical PD, and underline the existing \ difficulties in discriminating between mendelian parkinsonism and idiopathic PD." p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(A,244,G)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(V,317,I)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012 Jun;18(5):651-3. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.08.017. Epub 2011 Sep 17.","21925922"} SET Evidence ="Mutations in the PINK1 gene represent the second most frequent cause of early-onset \ Parkinson's disease (EOPD). One or two mutated alleles were also reported in some sporadic or familial\ patients suffering from late-onset Parkinson's disease (LOPD). We aimed at assessing the frequency of \ mutations in this gene in our population. We performed a sequence analysis of PINK1 in 115 patients \ diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) from southern Italy, including 93 sporadic cases with EOPD, \ 9 familial cases with EOPD, and 13 familial cases with LOPD. Three known homozygous mutations \ (Q456X, W437X, Q126P), corresponding to a 2.6% of all cases, were found. In particular, one\ mutation was detected among the sporadic cases (1.0%), one mutation among the familial \ early-onset patients (11.1%) and one mutation among the familial late-onset patients (7.7%). \ In addition, we found two heterozygous mutations (E476K, R207Q) among the sporadic patients. \ Only one mutation (R207Q) had not been previously described. Our results assess the role played by \ PINK1 in EOPD in southern Italy and illustrate the existence of mutations in this gene also in the \ late-onset form of the disease." p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(Q,456,X)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(W,437,X)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(Q,126,P)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(E,476,K)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(R,207,Q)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","Neurosci Lett. 2006 Dec 20;410(2):121-5. Epub 2006 Nov 7.","17084972"} SET Evidence ="Our results yielded significant evidence for disease association between PINK1 A340T\ and PD with later onset (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.04-2.32, p=0.0393), thus suggesting that PINK1 A340T \ variant may contribute to the risk for late-onset PD in Chinese.Recent studies have demonstrated\ that mutations in PINK1 (PARK6 locus) gene, encoding PTEN-induced kinase 1, are associated with \ both familial recessive and sporadic early onset parkinsonism." p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(A,340,T)) -- path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease 6, Autosomal Recessive Early-Onset") path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease 6, Autosomal Recessive Early-Onset") isA path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","Ann Neurol. 2006 Oct;60(4):414-9.","16969854"} SET Evidence ="We demonstrate an enrichment of heterozygous mutations in sporadic PD patients \ compared with matched control subjects (1.2% in PD vs 0.4% in control subjects). Furthermore, we show \ that they adversely affect DeltaPsim in a similar way to the familial G309D mutation. Although it \ remains difficult to conclusively demonstrate the pathogenicity of heterozygous mutations, the \ results of this study and the previously reported subclinical nigrostriatal dysfunction in carriers \ of heterozygous PINK1 mutations suggest the possibility that these heterozygous mutations are a \ significant risk factor in the development of later onset PD." p(HGNC:PINK1, sub(G,309,D)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2005 Nov;45(11):899-901.","16447757"} SET Evidence ="The deposition of alpha-synuclein (aS), a product of pathogenic gene for dominantly \ inherited familial Parkinson's disease (PD; park1), as fibrillary aggregates like Lewy bodies (LB), \ is a hallmark lesion of a set of neurodegenerative disorders termed synucleinopathies, including \ sporadic PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We found that aS is the major component of LBs and \ further identified a specific phosphorylation of Ser129 of insoluble aS by mass spectrometric analysis. \ The roles of DJ-1 and PINK-1, products of pathogenic genes for autosomal recessive forms of early-onset \ parkinsonism, have subsequently been examined. Overexpression of DJ-1 conferred cultured cells \ resistance to oxidative stress, suggesting an antioxidant function of DJ-1. We also confirmed the \ anti-PTEN function of DJ-1 that may promote cell survival, showing decreased phosphorylation of Akt \ through upregulation of PTEN activity upon siRNA knockdown for DJ-1. PINK-1, that had been identified \ as a gene upregulated by PTEN overexpression, turned out to be a protein kinase localized in \ mitochondria. Collectively, information derived from studies on pathogenic genes for familial PD \ will open up the way toward the clarification of the pathogenesis of PD, underscoring the roles of \ protein aggregation, proteolysis, oxidative stress and protein phosphorylation in PD." #N p(HGNC:PARK7) -| bp(GO:"response to oxidative stress") p(HGNC:PARK7) -> bp(GO:"cytokine activity") #D p(HGNC:PARK7) -- path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") UNSET STATEMENT_GROUP Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. PINK1 PARK6 mutation parkinsonism PARK8_mutation_parkinsonism ################################################################################## # Document Properties Section SET DOCUMENT Name = "Document name" SET DOCUMENT Description = "Document description" SET DOCUMENT Version = "1.0" SET DOCUMENT Copyright = "Copyright (c) 2012, akodamullil. All Rights Reserved." SET DOCUMENT Authors = "akodamullil" SET DOCUMENT Licenses = "Document license" SET DOCUMENT ContactInfo = "your@email.com" ################################################################################## # Definitions Section DEFINE NAMESPACE PFR AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-named-rat-protein-families.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MGI AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/mgi-approved-symbols.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE PFM AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-named-mouse-protein-families.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MESHPP AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/mesh-biological-processes.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MESHCL AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/mesh-cellular-locations.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE NCH AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-named-human-complexes.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE CHEBI AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/chebi-names.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE NCR AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-named-rat-complexes.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE HGNC AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/hgnc-approved-symbols.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE SPAC AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/swissprot-accession-numbers.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE PFH AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-named-human-protein-families.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE NCM AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-named-mouse-complexes.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE CHEBIID AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/chebi-ids.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE RGD AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/rgd-approved-symbols.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MESHD AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/mesh-diseases.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE GO AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/go-biological-processes-names.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE SCHEM AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-legacy-chemical-names.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE EGID AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/entrez-gene-ids-hmr.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE GOCCACC AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/go-cellular-component-accession-numbers.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE GOCCTERM AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/go-cellular-component-terms.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE HGU95AV2 AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-hg-u95av2.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE HGU133P2 AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-hg-u133-plus2.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE HGU133AB AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-hg-u133ab.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MGU74ABC AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-mg-u74abc.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MG430AB AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-moe430ab.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MG4302 AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-mouse430-2.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MG430A2 AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-mouse430a-2.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE RG230AB AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-rae230ab-2.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE RG2302 AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-rat230-2.belns" DEFINE ANNOTATION HemicAndImmuneSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-hemic-and-immune-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION UrogenitalSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-urogenital-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION FluidAndSecretion AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-fluid-and-secretion.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION CellStructure AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-cell-structure.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION CellLine AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/atcc-cell-line.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION TextLocation AS LIST {"Abstract","Results","Legend","Review"} DEFINE ANNOTATION IntegumentarySystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-integumentary-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION DigestiveSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-digestive-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION MuskuloskeletalSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-musculoskeletal-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION Tissue AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-tissue.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION BodyRegion AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-body-region.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION Cell AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-cell.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION NervousSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-nervous-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION SenseOrgan AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-sense-organ.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION Disease AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-disease.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION RespiratorySystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-respiratory-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION Species AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/species-taxonomy-id.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION CardiovascularSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-cardiovascular-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION EndocrineSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-endocrine-system.belanno" ################################################################################## # Statements Section SET STATEMENT_GROUP = "Group 1" # Add statements below this comment ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","Neurology. 2008 Sep 23;71(13):1021-6. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000326575.20829.45.","18809839"} SET Evidence ="Mutations in PARK8 (LRRK2) are associated with autosomal dominant parkinsonism and Parkinson disease \ (PD). The mean UPSIT score in G2019S parkinsonian carriers was lower than that in healthy controls (p < 0.001) and \ similar to that found in patients with PD (p > 0.999)." p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(G,2019,S)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","J Biomed Sci. 2008 Sep;15(5):661-7. doi: 10.1007/s11373-008-9260-0. Epub 2008 Jun 4.","18523869"} SET Evidence =" The clinical phenotypes and [(18)F]-dopa PET findings for subjects with R1441H or G2385R resembled \ those of patients with idiopathic PD. Pathogenic mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause \ autosomal-dominant familial Parkinson's disease (PD)." p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(R,1441,H)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(G,2385,R)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","Mov Disord. 2006 Aug;21(8):1144-7.","16671078"} SET Evidence ="We conclude that in these patients carrying the LRRK2 Gly2019Ser mutation, the neurodegenerative \ process results in a pattern of nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction similar to that observed in IPD." p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(G,2019,S)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","Exp Cell Res. 2007 Oct 1;313(16):3658-70. Epub 2007 Jul 19.","17706965"} SET Evidence ="The PD-associated mutation, R1441C, located within the Roc domain, leads to an increase in LRRK2 \ kinase activity and a decrease in the rate of GTP hydrolysis, compared to the wild-type protein, in an in vitro \ assay. This finding suggests that the R1441C mutation may help stabilize an activated state of LRRK2. \ Additionally, LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation is stimulated upon binding of non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs, \ suggesting that LRRK2 is an MAPKKK-activated intramolecularly by its own GTPase. Since GTPases and MAPKKKs \ are upstream regulators of multiple signal transduction cascades, LRRK2 may play a central role in integrating \ pathways involved in neuronal cell signaling and the pathogenesis of PD." p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(R,1441,C)) -> kin(p(HGNC:LRRK2)) p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(R,1441,C)) -| bp(GO:"cell-cell signaling") p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(R,1441,C)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","Hum Mol Genet. 2006 Jan 15;15(2):223-32. Epub 2005 Dec 1.","16321986"} SET Evidence ="The disease-associated I2020T mutant shows a significant increase in autophosphorylation of \ approximately 40% in comparison to wild-type protein in vitro. This suggests that the pathology of PD \ caused by the I2020T mutation is associated with an increase rather than a loss in LRRK2 kinase activity." p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(I,2020,T)) -> kin(p(HGNC:LRRK2)) kin(p(HGNC:LRRK2)) -> p(HGNC:LRRK2,pmod(P)) ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","J Neurochem. 2009 May;109(4):959-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06024.x. Epub 2009 Mar 3.","19302196"} SET Evidence =" Therefore, we addressed the question if LRRK2 exhibits MAPKKK activity by systematically \ testing MAPKKs as candidate substrates, in vitro. We demonstrate that LRRK2 variants phosphorylate \ mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKK), including MKK3 -4, -6 and -7. MKKs act upstream of \ the MAPK p38 and JNK mediating oxidative cell stress, neurotoxicity and apoptosis. The disease-associated \ LRRK2 G2019S and I2020T mutations show an increased phosphotransferase activity towards MKKs correlating \ with the activity shown for its autophosphorylation. Our findings present evidence of a new class of \ molecular targets for mutant LRRK2 that link to neurotoxicity, cellular stress, cytoskeletal dynamics \ and vesicular transport." p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(G,2019,S)) -> kin(p(HGNC:LRRK2)) p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(I,2020,T)) -> kin(p(HGNC:LRRK2)) kin(p(HGNC:LRRK2)) -> p(HGNC:MAP2K3,pmod(P)) kin(p(HGNC:LRRK2)) -> p(HGNC:MAP2K4,pmod(P)) kin(p(HGNC:LRRK2)) -> p(HGNC:MAP2K6,pmod(P)) kin(p(HGNC:LRRK2)) -> p(HGNC:MAP2K7,pmod(P)) ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","Hum Genet. 2007 Feb;120(6):857-63. Epub 2006 Sep 30.","17019612"} SET Evidence =" In transfection studies, we demonstrated that both the wild type and Gly2385Arg variant \ LRRK2 protein localize to the cytoplasm and form aggregates. However, under condition of oxidative \ stress, the Gly2385Arg variant was more toxic and associated with a higher rate of apoptosis. Our \ study lends support to the contention that the Gly2385Arg is a common risk factor for PD in the \ Chinese population. Our bioinformatics and in-vitro studies also suggest that the Gly2385Arg variant \ is biologically relevant and it might act through pro-apoptotic mechanisms." p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(G,2019,R)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(G,2019,R)) -> bp(GO:apoptosis) ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","J Neurosci. 2008 Mar 26;28(13):3384-91. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0185-08.2008.","18367605"} SET Evidence ="The substitution of serine for glycine at position 2019 (G2019S) in the kinase \ domain of LRRK2 represents the most prevalent genetic mutation in both familial and apparently \ sporadic cases of PD. Because mutations in LRRK2 are likely associated with a toxic gain of function, \ destabilization of LRRK2 may be a novel way to limit its detrimental effects. Here we show that LRRK2 \ forms a complex with heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in vivo and that inhibition of Hsp90 disrupts the \ association of Hsp90 with LRRK2 and leads to proteasomal degradation of LRRK2. Hsp90 inhibitors may therefore \ limit the mutant LRRK2-elicited toxicity to neurons. As a proof of principle, we show that Hsp90 inhibitors \ rescue the axon growth retardation caused by overexpression of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation in neurons. Therefore, \ inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity can be achieved by blocking Hsp90-mediated chaperone activity and Hsp90 \ inhibitors may serve as potential anti-PD drugs." p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(G,2019,S)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") complex(p(HGNC:HSP90AA1),p(HGNC:LRRK2)) -| bp(GO:axonogenesis) ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","Hum Mol Genet. 2007 Sep 1;16(17):2031-9. Epub 2007 Jun 20.","17584768"} SET Evidence ="Pathogenic mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) gene cause autosomal-dominant \ and certain cases of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). The G2019S substitution in LRRK2 is the most common \ genetic determinant of PD identified so far, and maps to a specific region of the kinase domain called the \ activation segment. The prominent pathogenic G2019S mutation in LRRK2 results in altered autophosphorylation, \ and increased autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation, through a process that seems to involve \ reorganization of the activation segment. Our results suggest a molecular mechanistic explanation for how \ the G2019S mutation enhances the catalytic activity of LRRK2, thereby leading to pathogenicity. These \ findings have important implications for therapeutic strategies in PD." p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(G,2019,S)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(G,2019,S)) -> (kin(p(HGNC:LRRK2)) -> p(HGNC:LRRK2,pmod(P))) ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","J Neurol Sci. 2008 Jul 15;270(1-2):94-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.02.010. Epub 2008 Mar 19.","18353371"} SET Evidence ="In this brain bank-based series, LRRK2 G2019S mutation occurred in patients with parkinsonism \ associated with either typical brainstem LB pathology or non-specific nigral degeneration." p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(G,2019,S)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","J Neurochem. 2009 Sep;110(5):1514-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06235.x. Epub 2009 Jun 22.","19545277"} SET Evidence ="These findings suggest that LRRK2(G2019S)-induced neurodegeneration in Parkinsonian brains \ may be partly mediated by increased phosphorylation of tubulin-beta and constraining of microtubule dynamics." p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(G,2019,S)) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") p(HGNC:LRRK2,sub(G,2019,S)) -> p(HGNC:TUBB,pmod(P)) UNSET STATEMENT_GROUP Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. LRRK2 Parkinsonism caused by mutations in the gene for Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 PARK8 mutation parkinsonism PC12 Falkenburger, B. H., & Schulz, J. B. (2006). Limitations of cellular models in Parkinson’s disease research. In Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders (pp. 261-268). Springer Vienna. Cell lines originated from rat neuroblastoma and presenting DAT, D2R, DA, TH, vesicles and DA release phenotypes. PC12 PET_biomarker Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. PET biomarker PET_imaging_biomarker PET imaging biomarker PINK7_mutation_parkinsonism ################################################################################## # Document Properties Section SET DOCUMENT Name = "Document name" SET DOCUMENT Description = "Document description" SET DOCUMENT Version = "1.0" SET DOCUMENT Copyright = "Copyright (c) 2012, akodamullil. All Rights Reserved." SET DOCUMENT Authors = "akodamullil" SET DOCUMENT Licenses = "Document license" SET DOCUMENT ContactInfo = "your@email.com" ################################################################################## # Definitions Section DEFINE NAMESPACE PFR AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-named-rat-protein-families.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MGI AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/mgi-approved-symbols.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE PFM AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-named-mouse-protein-families.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MESHPP AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/mesh-biological-processes.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MESHCL AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/mesh-cellular-locations.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE NCH AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-named-human-complexes.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE CHEBI AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/chebi-names.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE NCR AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-named-rat-complexes.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE HGNC AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/hgnc-approved-symbols.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE SPAC AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/swissprot-accession-numbers.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE PFH AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-named-human-protein-families.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE NCM AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-named-mouse-complexes.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE CHEBIID AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/chebi-ids.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE RGD AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/rgd-approved-symbols.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MESHD AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/mesh-diseases.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE GO AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/go-biological-processes-names.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE SCHEM AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/selventa-legacy-chemical-names.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE EGID AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/entrez-gene-ids-hmr.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE GOCCACC AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/go-cellular-component-accession-numbers.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE GOCCTERM AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/go-cellular-component-terms.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE HGU95AV2 AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-hg-u95av2.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE HGU133P2 AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-hg-u133-plus2.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE HGU133AB AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-hg-u133ab.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MGU74ABC AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-mg-u74abc.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MG430AB AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-moe430ab.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MG4302 AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-mouse430-2.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE MG430A2 AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-mouse430a-2.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE RG230AB AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-rae230ab-2.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE RG2302 AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/namespace/affy-rat230-2.belns" DEFINE NAMESPACE dbSNP AS URL "file:///C:/Users/testuser/Desktop/BEL/BEL Workspace/Namespaces/SNP.belns" DEFINE ANNOTATION HemicAndImmuneSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-hemic-and-immune-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION UrogenitalSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-urogenital-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION FluidAndSecretion AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-fluid-and-secretion.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION CellStructure AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-cell-structure.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION CellLine AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/atcc-cell-line.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION TextLocation AS LIST {"Abstract","Results","Legend","Review"} DEFINE ANNOTATION IntegumentarySystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-integumentary-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION DigestiveSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-digestive-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION MuskuloskeletalSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-musculoskeletal-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION Tissue AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-tissue.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION BodyRegion AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-body-region.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION Cell AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-cell.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION NervousSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-nervous-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION SenseOrgan AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-sense-organ.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION Disease AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-disease.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION RespiratorySystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-respiratory-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION Species AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/species-taxonomy-id.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION CardiovascularSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-cardiovascular-system.belanno" DEFINE ANNOTATION EndocrineSystem AS URL "http://resource.belframework.org/belframework/1.0/annotation/mesh-endocrine-system.belanno" ################################################################################## # Statements Section SET STATEMENT_GROUP = "Group 1" # Add statements below this comment ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2005 Nov;45(11):899-901.","21532868"} SET Evidence ="The deposition of alpha-synuclein (aS), a product of pathogenic gene for dominantly \ inherited familial Parkinson's disease (PD; park1), as fibrillary aggregates like Lewy bodies (LB), \ is a hallmark lesion of a set of neurodegenerative disorders termed synucleinopathies, including \ sporadic PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We found that aS is the major component of LBs \ and further identified a specific phosphorylation of Ser129 of insoluble aS by mass spectrometric \ analysis. The roles of DJ-1 and PINK-1, products of pathogenic genes for autosomal recessive forms \ of early-onset parkinsonism, have subsequently been examined. Overexpression of DJ-1 conferred \ cultured cells resistance to oxidative stress, suggesting an antioxidant function of DJ-1. We \ also confirmed the anti-PTEN function of DJ-1 that may promote cell survival, showing decreased \ phosphorylation of Akt through upregulation of PTEN activity upon siRNA knockdown for DJ-1. PINK-1, \ that had been identified as a gene upregulated by PTEN overexpression, turned out to be a protein \ kinase localized in mitochondria. Collectively, information derived from studies on pathogenic \ genes for familial PD will open up the way toward the clarification of the pathogenesis of PD, \ underscoring the roles of protein aggregation, proteolysis, oxidative stress and protein \ phosphorylation in PD." p(HGNC:PARK7) -- path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") p(HGNC:PINK1) -- path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") p(HGNC:PARK7) -| bp(GO:"response to oxidative stress") p(HGNC:PARK7) -> bp(GO:"cytokine activity") ######################## SET Citation={"PubMed","Clin Genet. 2010 Feb;77(2):183-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01310.x. Epub 2009 Nov 23.","19968671"} SET Evidence ="When we considered a three-marker sliding window, we found a highly significant association \ between the disease and the haplotypes including markers rs17523802, Ins/Del, and rs3766606 (p = 0.0007) \ and markers Ins/Del, rs3766606 and rs7517357 (p = 0.0054). Our results indicate that polymorphisms located \ in a region spanning 3535 bp from the promoter to the intron 2 of the DJ-1 gene confer risk to sporadic PD \ in southern Italy." g(HGNC:PARK7) -> p(HGNC:PARK7) g(HGNC:PARK7) -- g(dbSNP:rs17523802) g(HGNC:PARK7) -- g(dbSNP:rs3766606) g(HGNC:PARK7) -- g(dbSNP:rs7517357) g(dbSNP:rs17523802) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") g(dbSNP:rs3766606) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") g(dbSNP:rs7517357) -> path(MESHD:"Parkinson Disease") UNSET STATEMENT_GROUP Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. DJ-1 PINK7 PARK7 mutation parkinsonism Pallidal_stimulation Gross, C., Rougier, A., Guehl, D., Boraud, T., Julien, J., & Bioulac, B. (1997). High-frequency stimulation of the globus pallidus internalis in Parkinson's disease: a study of seven cases. Journal of neurosurgery, 87(4), 491-498. globus pallidus pars interna stimulation pallidal DBS pallidus stimulation stimulation of the globus pallidus High frequency stimulation of the globus pallidus internalis which leads to alleviation of akinesia and rigidity and improvement of gait and speech disturbances. Pallidal stimulation Pallidotomy Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. A surgical treatment for Parkinson’s disease in which targeted areas of neurons in the PALLIDUM, one of the BRAIN structures that control movement, are destroyed. This process interrupts the flow of nerve signals the globus pallidus sends to the motor cortex, which in turn controls the muscles, reducing many of the symptoms of Parkinson’s such as TREMORS, BRADYKINESIA, DYSTONIA, and other DYSKINESIA. Pallidotomy Paraquat http://viartis.net/parkinsons.disease/toxic.causes.htm Paraquat is a quaternary ammonium herbicide. Other members of this class include diquat, cyperquat, diethamquat, difenzoquat and morfamquat. Pesticides are known to be associated with an increased rate of Parkinson's Disease. Paraquat structurally resembles MPTP and its metabolite MPP+. MPTP and MPP+ are neurotoxic chemicals, that induce Parkinson's Disease in exposed humans. Paraquat might therefore might, as do MPTP and MPP+ inhibit tyrosine hydroxylation, which is essential for the formation of dopamine. Paraquat Paresthesia Duvoisin, R. C., & Sage, J. (2001). Parkinson's disease: A guide for patient and family. Wolters Kluwer Health. Sensations, usually unpleasant, arising spontaneously in a limb or other part of the body and variously experienced as pins and needles or a feeling of warmth or coldness (thermal paresthesias). Paresthesia Park2tm1Ccs Park2tm1Ccs Park2tm1Roo Park2tm1Roo Park2tm1Shn Park2tm1Shn Park2tm1Tmd Park2tm1Tmd Park2tm1Ykt Park2tm1Ykt Park7tm1Cai Park7tm1Cai Park7tm1Shn Park7tm1Shn Park7tm1Xz Park7tm1Xz Parkin Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Parkin Parkinson-Plus_syndrome Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. atypical Parkinson's syndromes atypical parkinsonism A group of diverse, relatively uncommon and obscure neurodegenerative disorders that may masquerade as PD. Parkinson-Plus syndrome Parkinson_disease_dyskinesia_scale Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. PDYS-26 This scale aims at quantifying the impact of dyskinesias on patient functioning and comprises of 26 items rated on a 4-point scale. Parkinson disease dyskinesia scale Parkinson_fatigue_scale Brown, R. G., Dittner, A., Findley, L., & Wessely, S. C. (2005). The Parkinson fatigue scale. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 11(1), 49-55. PFS PFS-16 The PFS-16 scale was designed to tap a single construct encompassing the physical aspects fatigue and their impact on the patient’s daily function. The scale deliberately excludes emotional and cognitive features that may occur as part of the fatigue experience but which may also occur independently in Parkinsonism. The scale has good intrinsic properties and satisfactory test-retest reliability. It shows reasonable associations with other measures of fatigue and is able to identify patients who self-report the presence of fatigue, and particularly those in whom fatigue is a problem. Parkinson fatigue scale Parkinson_psychosis_rating_scale Friedberg, G., Zoldan, J., Weizman, A., & Melamed, E. (1998). Parkinson Psychosis Rating Scale: a practical instrument for grading psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Clinical neuropharmacology, 21(5), 280-284. PPRS PPRS is a relevant, reliable, valid, and easily-administered instrument for measuring the severity of parkinsonian psychosis. Parkinson psychosis rating scale Parkinsoniam_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. parkinson tremor Any kind of tremor presented by most patients with PD. Parkinsonian tremor Parkinsons_disease_cognitive_rating_scale PD-CRS Parkinsons disease cognitive rating scale Parkinsons_disease_dementia-short_screen Aarsland, D., Cummings, J., Weintraub, D., & Chaudhuri, K. R. (Eds.). (2013). Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Changes in Parkinson's Disease and Related Movement Disorders: Diagnosis and Management. Cambridge University Press. PDD-SS The PDD-SS was designed and validated as a PD-specific brief cognitive test for screening dementia in PD. Parkinsons disease dementia-short screen Parkinsons_disease_questionnaire-39 Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. PDQ-39 A 39-item questionnaire aimed at assessing numerous areas of health-related quality of life. Parkinsons disease questionnaire-39 Paroxymal_dyskinesia Kompoliti K. & Metman L. V. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders. Academic Press. paroxysmal dyskinesias A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by intermittent attacks of hyperkinetic involuntary movements. Paroxysmal dyskinesia Paroxysmal_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Episodic movement disorder in which abnormal movements are only present during attacks. Paroxysmal dystonia Pathological_biomarkers_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. The pathological biomarkers are the molecular hallmarks of PD diagnosis and its final confirmation. Pathological biomarker of Parkinson disease Pathological_gambling Dodd, M. L., Klos, K. J., Bower, J. H., Geda, Y. E., Josephs, K. A., & Ahlskog, J. E. (2005). Pathological gambling caused by drugs used to treat Parkinson disease. Archives of Neurology, 62(9), 1377. Pathological gambling is a rare potential complication related to treatment of Parkinson disease (PD). Pathological gambling Peak_dose_dyskinesia Albanese, A., & Jankovic, J. (Eds.). (2012). Hyperkinetic movement disorders: differential diagnosis and treatment. John Wiley & Sons. Dopa-induced peak dose dyskinesia inter-dose dyskinesia on period dyskinesia peak-dose L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias peak-dose dyskinesia Peak-dose dyskinesia occurs when dopaminergic activity levels are high and when patients are experiencing good clinical benefit from levodopa. Peak dose dyskinesia Peripheral_surgery Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Procedures that target parts of the body other than the brain and they have been useful primarily in blepharospasm and cervical dystonia. Peripheral surgery Persistent_depression Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Persistent depression Pharmacological_management_of_parkinson_disease Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. pharmacotherapeutic management of Parkinson's disease pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's disease pharmacotherapy of parkinson disease Pharmacotherapy involves managing multiple medications to relieve specific symptoms, as well as monitoring drug interactions, side effects, and complications. The primary therapeutic approach for Parkinson’s disease is pharmacotherapy, with LEVODOPA and dopamine agonists as its mainstays. Pharmacological management of parkinson disease Physiological_biomarkers_od_Parkinson_disease Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. neurophysiological biomarker Biomarkers used to describe phenotypes resulting from disease of the basal ganglia or pathological changes outside the basal ganglia. Physiological biomarker of Parkinson disease Pink1tm1Aub Pink1tm1Aub Pink1tm1Shn Pink1tm1Shn Pittsburgh_sleep_quality_index Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. PSQI It is recommended to assess insomnia and quality of nighttime sleep. Pittsburgh sleep quality index Plasma_homocysteine Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Plasma homocysteine Platelet_complex-1_activity Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Platelet complex-1 activity Poliomyelitis Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Poliomyelitis Polysomnography http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188764-overview PSG Polysomnographic sleep measure nocturnal polysomnography polysomnographic architecture polysomnographic recordings polysomnographic study Nocturnal, laboratory-based polysomnography (PSG) is the most commonly used test in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). It is often considered the criterion standard for diagnosing OSAS, determining the severity of the disease, and evaluating various other sleep disorders that can exist with or without OSAS. PSG is used to evaluate abnormalities of sleep and/or wakefulness and other physiologic disorders that have an impact on or are related to sleep and/or wakefulness. Polysomnography Position-specific_postural_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. A rare variant of postural tremor. Position-specific postural tremor Position_specific_writing Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. type B tremor Position-specific tremor occurs when the hand position used in writing is adopted. Position specific tremor Post-traumatic_parkinsonism Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 PTP dementia pugilistica parkinsonism and traumatic brain injury post-traumatic movement disorder post-traumatic parkinson syndrome post-traumatic parkinsonism post-traumatic tremor Repeated concussive head injury, such as experienced by boxers, can result in parkinsonism, ataxia, dementia, and personality change. Posttraumatic parkinsonism Postencephalic_parkinsonism Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. Post-encephalitic parkinsonism postencephalitic parkinsonism Postencephalitic parkinsonism develops as a result of damage to the brain after infection with a viral form of encephalitis called encephalitis lethargica. Postencephalic parkinsonism Postural_instability Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. PI Postural instability due to loss of postural reflexes is generally a manifestation of the late stages of PD and usually occurs after the onset of other clinical features. Postural instability Postural_irregularity Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Postural irregularity Postural_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Postural tremor is present while voluntarily maintaining a position against gravity. Postural tremor Power_wheelchair Power wheelchair Pramipexole Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Pramipexole Primary_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. It describes a case in which the dystonia is the only neurological disorder that the person has. Primary dystonias include some genetic forms (such as DYT1 dystonia in which a gene has been identified) and forms for which a cause is not usually found. Primary dystonia Primary_immature_dopaminergic_neuron Falkenburger, B. H., & Schulz, J. B. (2006). Limitations of cellular models in Parkinson’s disease research. In Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders (pp. 261-268). Springer Vienna. Midbrain dopamine neurons cultured in the context of their physiological neighbors. Primary immature dopaminergic neuron Primary_midbrain_culture Falkenburger, B. H., & Schulz, J. B. (2006). Limitations of cellular models in Parkinson’s disease research. In Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders (pp. 261-268). Springer Vienna. A culture system originated from E13 rodent embryo midbrain presenting with 5-10% dopaminergic neurons. Primary midbrain culture Primary_orthostatic_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. A unique tremor syndrome that has been observed until now only in patients over 40 years old and is characterized by a subjective feeling of unsteadiness during stance but only in severe cases during gait. Primary orthostatic tremor Primary_parkinsonism Adler, C. H., & Ahlskog, J. E. (Eds.). (2000). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders: diagnosis and treatment guidelines for the practicing physician. Springer. primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease Parkinsonism occuring as a neurodegenrative disorder with a definite cause. Primary parkinsonism Primary_writing_tremot Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Tremor during writing without other manifestations of tremor or other neurological disease is called primary writing tremor. Primary writing tremor Prochlorperazine-induced_parkinsonism Grosset, D., Grosset, K. A., Okun, M. S., & Fernandez, H. H. (2009). Parkinson’s Disease: Clinician’s Desk Reference. prochlorperazine induced acute parkinsonism An anti-nausea agent which induces secondary parkinsonism. Prochlorperazine-induced parkinsonism Progressive_pallidal_atrophy Fernandez-Alvarez, E., Aicardi, J., & Bathien, N. (2001). Movement disorders in children. Cambridge University Press. primary atrophy of the pallidal system progressive atrophy of the globus pallidus A selective atrophy of the motor neurons of the globus pallidus leading to progressive parkinsonian signs and dystonic features with intact intellect. Progressive pallidal atrophy Progressive_supranuclear_palsy Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. PSP progressive supra-nuclear palsy A rare neurodegenerative disease with symptoms that are similar to those of Parkinson’s disease. Progressive supranuclear palsy Promethazine-induced_parkinsonism Hardiman O. (2011) Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Clinical Guide. Springer A neuroleptic agent that induces secondary parkinsonism. Promethazine-induced parkinsonism Proteinopathy Walker, L. C., & LeVine 3rd, H. (2002). Proteopathy: the next therapeutic frontier?. Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England: 2000), 3(5), 782-787. proteopathy The abnormal conformation and assembly of proteins, which is a probable cause of many degenerative diseases of old age. protein misfolding Proteinopathy Proteomic_biomarkers_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Proteomic biomarker of Parkinson disease Psychosis Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. A condition of mental dysfunction in which a person loses contact with reality. DELUSIONS, HALLUCINATIONS, CONFUSION, DISORIENTATION, and PARANOIA are common in psychosis. In the person with Parkinson’s disease, psychosis can develop as a separate disease entity, as a manifestation of the brain deterioration taking place as a result of the Parkinson’s, or as a side effect of ANTIPARKINSON’S MEDICATIONS. Psychosis Ptstm1Ich Ptstm1Ich Pulsion Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. antepulsion pulsion is the tendency to step forward when bumped or bumping into an object. Pulsion Punding Evans, A. H., Katzenschlager, R., Paviour, D., O'Sullivan, J. D., Appel, S., Lawrence, A. D., & Lees, A. J. (2004). Punding in Parkinson's disease: its relation to the dopamine dysregulation syndrome. Movement disorders, 19(4), 397-405. Punding is a term that was coined originally to describe complex prolonged, purposeless, and stereotyped behaviour in chronic amphetamine users. Punding Pyridoxal_kinase Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Pyridoxal kinase Quantitative_tremor_analysis Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Mathematical analysis of the accelerogram and EMG of hand tremor with spectral analysis to assess the frequency and amplitude of tremor during standardized maneuvers. Quantitative tremor analysis Ramisectomy Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Extradural sectioning of the posterior primary division of the cervical nerve roots. Ramisectomy Rapid-onset_dystonia-parkinsonism Schapira H.V.A. (2010) parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press. RDP rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism rapid-onset dystonia with parkinsonism rapid-onset of dystonia parkinsonism An autosomal-dominant coordination in which affected individuals have the onset of dystonia and parkinsonism over hours to days. Rapid onset dystonia parkinsonism Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behaviour_disorder Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. RBD REM sleep behavior disorder rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder The stage in which dreams primarily take place is called rapid eye movement (REM). In people with Parkinson’s, this mechanism becomes dysfunctional and the body acts out dreams, sometimes with great physical energy expressed through kicking, thrashing, swinging of the arms, and other actions that can actually be harmful to the person or to a partner who is sharing the bed. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder Recessive_early-onset_parkinsonism Pfeiffer R.E., Wszolek Z.K., Ebadi M. (2013) Parkinson's Disease-Second Ed. CRC Press. parkinsonism linked to chromosome 1 recessive form of early-onset parkinsonism recessive, early onset parkinsonism recessive, early-onset PD Relatively high proportion of patients with early-onset parkinsonism have been found to be caused by recessive mutations in several genes. Recessive early-onset parkinsonism Reduced_CSF_gluthatione-SH Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Reduced CSF gluthatione-SH Reserpine_model Pfeiffer R.E., Wszolek Z.K., Ebadi M. (2013) Parkinson's Disease-Second Ed. CRC Press. Reserpine-induced model The first animal model for PD using rabbits treated with reserpine, a catecholamine-depleting agent that blocks vesicular storage of monoamines. Reserpine model Rest_tremor Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. Tremors are unilateral, occur at a frequency between 4 and 6 Hz, and almost always are prominent in the distal part of an extremity. Hand tremors are described as supination–pronation (“pill-rolling”) tremors that spread from one hand to the other. Rest tremor in patients with PD can also involve the lips, chin, jaw and legs but, unlike essential tremor, rarely involves the neck/head or voice. Thus a patient who presents with head tremor most likely has essential tremor, cervical dystonia, or both, rather than PD. Rest tremor Resting_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Type II tremor Resting tremor occurs in a body part that is not voluntarily activatedand is completely supported against gravity. Resting tremor Restless_legs_syndrome Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. RLS leg restlessness A condition in which the legs twitch involuntarily usually when sitting or lying quietly at rest. It may be mild, with occasional tingling and small areas of twitching, or severe enough that the legs appear to be walking or running of their own volition. Restless legs syndrome Retropulsion Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. Retropulsion is the tendency to step back. Retropulsion Rigidity Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. Rigidity is characterised by increased resistance, usually accompanied by the “cogwheel” phenomenon, particularly when associated with an underlying tremor, present throughout the range of passive movement of a limb (flexion, extension or rotation about a joint). It may occur proximally (eg, neck, shoulders, hips) and distally (eg, wrists, ankles). Rigidity Risk_factors_for_Parkinson_disease Gorell, J. M., Peterson, E. L., Rybicki, B. A., & Johnson, C. C. (2004). Multiple risk factors for Parkinson's disease. Journal of the neurological sciences, 217(2), 169-174. risk factors for PD risk factors for Parkinson's disease risk factors in Parkinson's disease risk factors of Parkinson's disease Occupational, environmental lifestyle and, likely, genetic factors, individually and collectively, play a significant role in the etiology of the Parkinson's disease. Risk factors for Parkinson disease Rotenon_model LeDoux, M. S. (Ed.). (2005). Movement Disorders: Genetics and Models. Academic Press. Rotenon A model used by researchers for rotenone exposure to model the systemic defect in complex I reported in PD. Rotenone model Rotenone http://viartis.net/parkinsons.disease/toxic.causes.htm Rotenone is an insecticide that has the potential to cause Parkinson's disease. Insecticides are also known to affect well water. Rotenone is commonly used in powdered form to treat parasitic mites on chickens and other fowl, and so can be found in poultry. Rotenone is produced by extraction from the roots, seeds, and leaves of certain tropical legumes. Rotenone inhibits tyrosine hydroxylation, which is essential for the formation of dopamine. So rotenone could cause Parkinson's disease by lowering dopamine levels. When given intravenously to mice, rotenone has been demonstrated to cause a model of Parkinson's disease. Rotenone toxicity is also caused by complex I inhibition, depletion of cellular and oxidative damage. These processes cause loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, leading to depletion of dopamine in the brain. Rotenone Rural_living Priyadarshi, A., Khuder, S. A., Schaub, E. A., & Priyadarshi, S. S. (2001). Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: a metaanalysis. Environmental research, 86(2), 122-127. exposure to rural environmental factors rural living rural residency The association of rural living with PD, which may be related to exposure to potential neurotoxins present in pesticides, well water, or spring water. Exposure to rural living Rush_dyskinesia_rating_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. RDRS It rates patients during activities of daily living such as drinking, dressing, and walking. Rush dyskinesia rating scale SCOPA-COG Fisher, A., Hanin, I., Poewe, W., & Windisch, M. (Eds.). (2007). Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases (Vol. 4). Karger Publishers. SCOPA-COG scales for outcomes of Parkinson's disease-cognition SCOPA-COG is a simple, sensitive, validated test, which should be incorporated in the tests for the evaluation of PD patients. The SCOPA-COG consists of 10 items with a maximum score of 43, with higher scores reflecting better performance. Scales for outcomes of Parkinson's disease-cognition SH-SY5Y Falkenburger, B. H., & Schulz, J. B. (2006). Limitations of cellular models in Parkinson’s disease research. In Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders (pp. 261-268). Springer Vienna. SH-SY5Y Cell lines originated from the human neuroblastoma and presenting DAT, D2R, DA, TH, vesicles and DA release phenotypes. SH SY5Y SPECT_biomarker Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. SPECT biomarker SPECT_imaging_biomarker SPECT imaging biomarker Saint_Luis_encephalitis Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Saint Luis encephalitis Saliva_biomarkers_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. In vitro diagnostic biomarkers that can be estimated from saliva samples of a PD patient. Saliva biomarker of Parkinson disease Salsolinol Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Salsolinol Scales_for_outcomes_in_Parkinsons_disease-Motor Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. SCOPA-Motor This seeks to assess motor signs, functional ability and motor complications in PD. Scales for outcomes in Parkinsons disease-Motor Schwab_and_England_activities_of_daily_living_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Schwab and England disability scale Schwab and England scale It is a questionnaire that measures the patient's perception of functional independence. Schwab and England activities of daily living scale Secondary_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. acquired dystonia Secondary dystonia results from environmental or other damage to the brain, or from exposure to certain types of medications. Secondary dystonia Secondary_parkinsonism Adler, C. H., & Ahlskog, J. E. (Eds.). (2000). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders: diagnosis and treatment guidelines for the practicing physician. Springer. secondary to parkinsonism symptomatic parkinsonism Parkinsonism that has been induced by a specific and potentially identifiable cause, such as drugs, toxins, or trauma. Secondary parkinsonism Segmental_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Segmental dystonia affects two or more adjacent parts of the body. Segmental dystonia Selective_peripheral_denervation Truong, D. (2010). Living Well with Dystonia: A Patient Guide. Demos Medical Publishing. A surgical technique in which the motor nerve branches to specific muscles are cut in order to relieve dystonia. Selective peripheral denervation Sensory_symptom Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Sensory symptoms are part of PD in the earliest clinical descriptions of the disorder and are reported in 40%-50% of patients. Sensory symptom Shapiro_tourette_syndrome_severity_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. STSSS It is a composite clinician rating of severity comprising 5 factors. Shapiro tourette syndrome severity scale Short_parkinsons_rating_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. SPES short parkinson's rating scale Similar to UPDRS, it assesses mental function, activities of daily living, motor findings, and complications of therapy. It uses a 0-3 rating and involves approximately 7-10 minutes. Short parkinsons rating scale Shuffling_gait Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. Walking stooped forward with short, shuffling steps is perhaps the most distinctive gait disturbance of Parkinson’s. In this gait, the person’s feet barely clear the surface when walking, or one or both feet may drag. Shuffling gait Shy_Drager_syndrom Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. SDS Shy-Drager syndrome Neurological syndrome characterized by severe autonomic failure combined with parkinsonism, cerebellar and pyramidal signs. Shy Drager syndrom Sialorrhoea Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. drooling Excessive saliva production and drooling. Sialorrhoea Simple_kinetic_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Occurs during voluntary movements that are not goal directed. Simple kinetic tremor Sleep_EEG Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Sleep EEG Sleep_attack Schapira, A. H. (2000). Sleep attacks (sleep episodes) with pergolide. The Lancet, 355(9212), 1332-1333. The terms sleep attack implies abrupt and uncontrollable onset of sleep, which seems to be always preceded by a prodrome of sleepness. Sleep attack Sleep_disorder Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. sleep disorder Problems in falling or staying asleep in people with Parkinson’s disease. Sleep disturbance Sleep_disturbance Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. disturbed sleep sleep problems Problems in falling or staying asleep are common in people with Parkinson’s disease. Sleep disturbance Slowness_of_movement Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. bradykinesia Slowness of movement Sncatm1Nbm Sncatm1Nbm Sncatm1Rosl Sncatm1Rosl Sncatm1Sud Sncatm1Sud Sporadic_OPCA Noggle C.A., Dean R.S., Horton A.M.Jr. (2012) The Encyclopedia of Neuropsychological Disorders. Springer Publishing Company. SOPCA sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy The sporadic type of OPCA is considered by many to be a subgroup of multiple system atrophy. Generally OPCAs are progressive neurodegenerative conditions and the typical age of onset for the sporadic form is 49 years. The etiology of OPCA is not well-known, but the sporadic forms have been shown to involve abnormalities of alpha-synuclein. Sporadic OPCA Sporadic_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. A case of dystonia that is genetic or presumed to be genetic when the affected person does not have a history of dystonia in the family. Sporadic dystonia Sporadic_parkinson_disease Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. sPD sporadic PD sporadic form of PD sporadic parkinson's The most frequent synucleinopathy and neurodegenerative disorder of the human brain, which develops within multiple central and subdivisions of the human nervous system. Sporadic parkinson disease Sporadic_tauopathy Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. tauopathy Sporadic tauopathies include Pick disease (PiD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) and neurofibrillary tangle dementia. Classification is based on the cellular and anatomical distribution of tau-immunoreactive structures, the ultrastructure of tau filaments and the isoform profile of pathological tau bands. Sporadic tauopathy Start_hesitation Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. Start hesitation Stem_cell_therapy Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. stem cell-based therapy Stem cell therapy Striatal_iron Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Striatal iron Striatonigral_degeneration Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. SND degeneration in the striatonigral A disease caused by the degeneration of the striatum and substantia nigra, clinically presenting as parkinsonism with or without some degree of autonomic and cerebellar dysfunction. Striatonigral degeneration Strict_diet Gao, X., Chen, H., Fung, T. T., Logroscino, G., Schwarzschild, M. A., Hu, F. B., & Ascherio, A. (2007). Prospective study of dietary pattern and risk of Parkinson disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 86(5), 1486-1494. diet dietary dietary exposure intake nutrient intake Association between dietary patterns and PD risk. Dietary intake Structural_lesion-induced_parkinsonism Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 lesion of the subthalamic nucleus lesion responsible for parkinsonism Mass lesions of the midbrain, basal ganglia, or ventricular outflow pathways are an uncommon cause of parkinsonism. Structural lesion-induced parkinsonism Subthalamic_stimulation Benabid, A. L., Koudsié, A., Benazzouz, A., Fraix, V., Ashraf, A., Le Bas, J. F., ... & Pollak, P. (2000). Subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Archives of medical research, 31(3), 282-289. stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus subthalamic (STN) deep brain stimulation subthalamic deep brain stimulation subthalamic nucleus stimulation ventrolateral thalamic stimulation High frequency stimulation of the brain that induces a jamming of sensory-motor loops in the subthalamic nucleus. Subthalamic stimulation Swallowing_disorder Miller, N., Noble, E., Jones, D., & Burn, D. (2006). Hard to swallow: dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease. Age and ageing, 35(6), 614-618. swallowing disturbance swallowing dysfunction Swallowing dysfunction occurs from the earliest stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD), even in asymptomatic cases. Changes range from drooling (despite indications of decreased salivary production in PD; food residues in the oral sulci long after meals; poor bolus formation; slowed oral transit; repeated tongue pumping for retropulsion of the bolus; delayed triggering of the pharyngeal swallow reflex; reduced diameter but prolonged opening of the upper oesophageal sphincter; to vallecular stasis, residue in the piriform sinuses with risk of aspiration and true aspiration. Swallowing disorder Symptom_of_Parkinson_disease www.medicalnewstoday.com Symptom is something the patient feels and describes. Parkinson’s disease causes problems with movement, cognitive problems, neurobehavioral problems, as well as sensory and sleep difficulties. The signs and symptoms usually begin gradually, slowly and often randomly (in no set order). Symptom of Parkinson disease Symptomatic_skin_response Symptomatic skin response Synucleinopathy McCann, H., Stevens, C. H., Cartwright, H., & Halliday, G. M. (2014). α-Synucleinopathy phenotypes. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 20, S62-S67. alpha-synucleinopathy α-Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterised by the abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates in neurons, nerve fibres or glial cells. Synucleinopathy Syphilis Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Syphilis Syphilitic_parkinsonism Frederick Tice, Tice's practice of medicine, volume 10. Hoeber Medical Division, Harper & Row, 1968. syphilic vascular parkinsonism syphilitic vascular parkinsonism Syphilitic involvement of the basal ganglia may sometimes produce a parkinsonian syndrome. Syphilitic parkinsonism Targeted_gene Transgenic mouse model of Parkinson disease Task-specific_kinetic_tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. May appear or become exacerbated during specific activities. Task-specific kinetic tremor Task_specific_writing Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Type A tremor It is characterized by tremor appearing only during writing. Task specific tremor Tauopathy Dickson, D., & Weller, R. O. (Eds.). (2011). Neurodegeneration: the molecular pathology of dementia and movement disorders. Wiley. com. tauopathies Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases that are neuropathologically characterized by prominent intracellular accumulations of abnormal filaments of tau protein. Tauopathy Testing_autonomic_nervous_system Testing autonomic nervous system Tfamtm1Lrsn Tfamtm1Lrsn Thalamotomy Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. A surgical procedure that creates a LESION (scar) in the THALAMUS to disrupt the nerve signals between the BRAIN and the muscles. Thalamotomy Three-wheeled_walking_stabilizer Three-wheeled walking stabilizer Tightening_sensation Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Tightening sensation Tingling_sensation Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Tingling sensation Tnfrsf1atm1Imx Tnfrsf1atm1Imx Tnfrsf1btm1Imx http://www.informatics.jax.org/ Tnfrsf1btm1Imx Toluene Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Toluene is a solvent that has been shown to cause Parkinson's Disease, or that has been associated with people with Parkinson's disease. Toluene is used as an octane booster in fuel, as a solvent in paints, paint thinners, chemical reactions, rubber, printing, adhesives, lacquers, leather tanning, disinfectants, and to produce phenol and TNT (a component of explosives). It is also used as a raw material for toluene di-isocyanate, which is used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams. The precise means of toxicity of toluene is not known. Toluene Toronto_western_spasmodic_torticollis_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. TWSTRS It consists of 3 subclasses and is used to assess motor severity, activities of daily living, and pain. Toronto western spasmodic torticollis scale Torsion_dystonia Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Also known as dystonia musculorum deformans, is a disease characterized by painful muscle contractions resulting in uncontrollable distortions. Torsion dystonia Tourette_syndrome_global_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. TSGS It is a multidimensional scale of GTS symptoms and social functioning comprising 8 individually rated dimensions. Tourette syndrome global scale Toxin-induced_parkinsonism Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 Parkinson's disease induced by toxins Parkinsonian syndromes induced by other toxins toxin-induced Parkinson's disease Exposure to toxins causing damage to the substantia nigra or basal ganglia can potentially result in irreversible parkinsonism. Toxin-induced parkinsonism Toxin_cause_of_parkinsonism 1.Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Facts on Files, Inc. 2.Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Poisons, typically chemicals, that can cause illness, injury and disease, a number of which have been considered or implicated as possible causes of Parkinson's disease. Toxin cause of parkinsonism Toxoplasma Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Toxoplasma Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation Kobayashi, M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2003). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology. The Lancet Neurology, 2(3), 145-156. The electrical stimulation of neural tissue, including cerebral cortex, spinal roots, and cranial and peripheral nerves. Transcranial magnetic stimulation Transcranial_ultrasound_biomarker Michell, A. W., Lewis, S. J. G., Foltynie, T., & Barker, R. A. (2004). Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 127(8), 1693-1705. Using a temporal bone acoustic window, it is possible to use ultrasound to determine the echogenicity of the substantia nigra (Becker and Berg, 2001). In Parkinson's disease this tends to be increased bilaterally, whereas in non-extrapyramidal neurological disorders it is often normal, although in ∼30% of cases this examination could not distinguish these two groups Transcranial ultrasound biomarker Transgenic_Drosohila_model_of_Parkinson_disease Duty, S., & Jenner, P. (2011). Animal models of Parkinson's disease: a source of novel treatments and clues to the cause of the disease. British journal of pharmacology, 164(4), 1357-1391. A multicellular model organism with mutations in a number of conserved human genes including those implicated in PD. Drosohila model of Parkinson disease Transgenic_mouse_model_of_Parkinsons_disease Pfeiffer R.E., Wszolek Z.K., Ebadi M. (2013) Parkinson's Disease-Second Ed. CRC Press. These transgenic models are developed by manipulating genes of interest identified through familial studies of PD or by identification of genes whose potential role in basal ganglia development, dopamine function, or cell death has been hypothesized to participate in PD. Transgenic mouse model of Parkinsons disease Treatment_of_Parkinson_s_disease Hely, M. A., Fung, V. S., & Morris, J. G. (2000). Treatment of Parkinson's disease. Journal of clinical neuroscience, 7(6), 484-494. treatment for Parkinson's disease treatment of early Parkinson's disease Amelioration of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease while seeking to lessen the potential development of late levodopa complications. Treatment of Parkinson's disease Tremor Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Tremor is a rhythmic oscillation of at least one functional body region. Tremor Tremor-predominant_Parkinson_s_disease Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Facts on Files, Inc. Tremor-predominant Parkinson's disease tremor predominant parkinson's tremor-predominant PD A presentation of PD in which the primary and obvious symptom is tremor. Tremor predominant Parkinsons disease Tuberculosis Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Tuberculosis Turn_hesitation Turn hesitation Turning Mosley, A. D., Romaine, D. S., & Samii, A. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. changing direction Changing direction, or turning, becomes a challenge for many people with Parkinson’s and is a function of movement during which the risk for falling is high. The person with Parkinson’s attempts to accommodate the loss of these abilities by using small, shuffling steps to move in an arc when changing direction. Turning Type_2_diabetes Hu, G., Jousilahti, P., Bidel, S., Antikainen, R., & Tuomilehto, J. (2007). Type 2 diabetes and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Diabetes care, 30(4), 842-847. diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Surveillance bias might account for higher rates in diabetes. The mechanism behind this association between diabetes and Parkinson's disease is not known. Type 2 diabetes U-shaped_walking_stabilizer U-shaped walking stabilizer Ubiquinone_NADH_oxidoreductase Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Ubiquinone NADH oxidoreductase Ubiquitin Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Ubiquitin Ultrasonography Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Ultrasonography Unified_Parkinson_s_disease_rating_scale Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368-376. UPDRS UPDRS assessment Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale UPDRS is the most well established scale for assessing disability and impairment and is used to track the progression of PD. Unified Parkinsons disease rating scale Unified_dystonia_rating_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. It is intended to address the potential limitations of the F-M scale by subdeviding body regions and separately assessing a duration factor measuring the time dystonia was present during the examination. Unified dystonia rating scale Unified_myoclonus_rating_scale Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. It assesses myoclonus severity, characteristics, and disability using 73 items. Unified myoclonus rating scale University_of_California_Los_Angeles_scale Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. It measures 14 signs and symptoms and seven activities of daily living each on a 0-2 scale. University of California Los Angeles scale Urinary_8-OH-2dG Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Urinary 8-OH-2dG Urine_biomarkers_of_Parkinson_disease Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. In vitro diagnostic bimarkers that can be estimated from urine samples of a PD patient. Urine biomarker of Parkinson disease Vascular_parkinsonism Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 cerebral vascular disease and parkinsonism multiinfarct state vascular ischemic parkinsonism Acute ischemic infarction of the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, or brain stem can result in parkinsonism. Vascular parkinsonism Vesical_sphincter_EMG Vesical sphincter EMG Visiospatial_and_color_discrimination Bertrand, J. A., Bedetti, C., Postuma, R. B., Monchi, O., Génier Marchand, D., Jubault, T., & Gagnon, J. F. (2012). Color discrimination deficits in Parkinson's disease are related to cognitive impairment and white‐matter alterations. Movement Disorders, 27(14), 1781-1788. Color discrimination deficit is a common nonmotor manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the pathophysiology of this dysfunction remains poorly understood. Although retinal structure changes found in PD have been suggested to cause color discrimination deficits, the impact of cognitive impairment and cortical alterations remains to be determined. Color discrimination deficit Visiospatial_deficit Sandyk, R. (1995). Reyersal of a Visuospatial Deficit on the Clock Drawing Test in Parkinson's Disease by Reatment with Weak Electromagnetic Fields. International Journal of Neuroscience, 82(3-4), 255-268. Visuospatial dysfunction Visuospatial function Visuospatial impairment Visuospatial memory deficits Visuospatial deficits are among the most frequently encountered abnormalities in neuropsychological testing of patients with Parkinson's disease, being present in up to 90% of cases. Clinically, impairment of visuospatial functions may not be noted by Parkinsonian patients but may contribute to various functional disabilities including frequent falls, difficulties operating a vehicle, ambulating, and dressing. Visuospatial deficit Vitamin_intake Etminan, M., Gill, S. S., & Samii, A. (2005). Intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. The Lancet Neurology, 4(6), 362-365. dietary folate dietary vitamin intake of vitamin Dietary vitamin E may have a neuroprotective effect attenuating the risk of PD. Vitamin intake Walking_difficulty Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Walking difficulty Wearing-off_questionnaire Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. It captures wearing-off symptoms and has three versions. Wearing-off questionnaire Webster_scale Parkinson's Disease. Second Edition. Edited by Manuchair Ebadi and Ronald F . Pfeiffer. CRC Press 2013. The Webster scale scores nine impairment items and one disability item, each on a scale of 0-3, with 3 indicating more severe. Webster scale Well-water_drinking Priyadarshi, A., Khuder, S. A., Schaub, E. A., & Priyadarshi, S. S. (2001). Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: a metaanalysis. Environmental research, 86(2), 122-127. ground water use well water drinking An increased risk of getting PD in people who drink well water has been found. The risk of PD is assumed to be due to some form of contamination from pesticides, volatile organic compounds, and other chemicals with neurotoxic properties. Exposure to well water West_Nile_virus Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. West Nile virus Western_equine_encephalitis Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Western equine encephalitis Wheeled_walker rollator roller walker Wheeled walker Wilson_s_disease Schapira H.V.A. (2010) parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press. Wilson disease Wilson's disease A rare, autosomal-reccssive inborn error of metabolism presenting in the second and third decades and resulting in deficient biliary excretion of copper. Motor symptoms can include resting or action tremor, dysarthria, slowed saccades, dystonia, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Wilsons disease Writers_cramp_rating_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. WCRS Writers cramp rating scale X-linked_dystonia_parkinsonism Schapira H.V.A. (2010) parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press. DYT3 Lubag XDP x-linked dystonia parkinsonism x-linked dystonia-parkinsonism Lubag is an X-linked recessive disorder of Filipino males that can present with either parkinsonism or dystonia. Patients initially presenting with dystonia inevitably develop parkinsonism as the disease progresses. X linked dystonia parkinsonism Yale_global_tic_severity_scale Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. YGTSS It includes separate rating of severity for motor and phonic tics along five dimensions. Yale global tic severity scale Zebrafish_model_of_Parkinson_disease Duty, S., & Jenner, P. (2011). Animal models of Parkinson's disease: a source of novel treatments and clues to the cause of the disease. British journal of pharmacology, 164(4), 1357-1391. A genetic model of PD made by inactivation or knockdown of a variety of PD-related genes. Zebrafish model of Parkinson disease n-hexane Jankovic, J. J. T. E., & Tolosa. (2007). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. E. Tolosa (Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. N-hexane, a constituent of solvents has been shown to cause parkinsonism. Most of the n-hexane used in industry is mixed with similar chemicals called solvents. The major use for solvents containing n-hexane is to extract vegetable oils from crops such as soybeans. These solvents are also used as cleaning agents in the printing, textile, furniture, and shoe making industries, and also by chemists. Certain glues used in the roofing, and shoe and leather industries also contain n-hexane. Several consumer products contain n-hexane, such as gasoline, spot removers, quick-drying glues, and also rubber cement. The means of toxicity of n-hexane is still unknown. n-hexane Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. Patient Card Questionnaire Quick Questionnaire 19-item Wearing-off Questionnaire Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. WOQ-32 32-item Wearing-off Questionnaire Ontology12967727222962:OHDA_model Duty, S., & Jenner, P. (2011). Animal models of Parkinson's disease: a source of novel treatments and clues to the cause of the disease. British journal of pharmacology, 164(4), 1357-1391. 6-OHDA The 6-OHDA model mimics many of biochemical features of PD, including reduced levels of striatal dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase. 6-OHDA produces a dose-dependent degeneration of the nigro-striatal tract. 6 OHDA model Kompoliti, K., & Verhagen, L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders (Vol. 1). Academic Press. WOQ-9 9-item Wearing-off Questionnaire Sharma, S., Moon, C. S., Khogali, A., Haidous, A., Chabenne, A., Ojo, C., ... & Ebadi, M. (2013). Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease (Recent Update). Neurochemistry International. Nonimaging biomarkers that have biophysical properties, which permit their measurement in biological samples. Biophysical biomarker of Parkinson's disease SNCA:Djmo Gt(ROSA)26Sortm2(SNCA*119)Djmo Gt(ROSA)26Sortm2(SNCA119)Djmo cre:Lrsn Slc6a3tm1(cre)Lrsn owl:Thing Mosley A.D., Romaine D.S. & Samii A. (2010) The Encyclopedia of Parkinson's Disease. Infobase Publishing. Parkinson's disease Parkinsonian syndromes A noun that describes a constellation of EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS that resemble those of Parkinson’s disease but may result from other causes or conditions. These generally result from either Parkinson’s or damage to the same areas of the BRAIN Parkinson’s disease affects. Parkinsonism