Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology The Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology (BCIO) is an ontology for all aspects of human behaviour change interventions and their evaluation. It is being developed as a part of the Human Behaviour Change Project (http://www.humanbehaviourchange.org). The BCIO is developed across several modules. This ontology file contains the merged version of the BCIO, encompassing the upper level and the modules for Setting, Mode of Delivery, Style of Delivery, Source, Mechanisms of Action, Behaviour and Behaviour Change Techniques. Additional modules will be added soon. BFO OWL specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification. Really of interest to developers only BFO OWL specification label BFO OWL specification label BFO CLIF specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2 Person:Alan Ruttenberg Really of interest to developers only BFO CLIF specification label BFO CLIF specification label editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label example example of usage A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> IAO:0000112 uberon example_of_usage true example_of_usage example of usage example of usage has curation status PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bill Bug PERSON:Melanie Courtot OBI_0000281 has curation status has curation status definition definition textual definition English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software. The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> DEFINITION definition definition textual definition The official definition. url:http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/iao.owl editor note An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obfoundry.org/obo/obi> GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/obi> IAO:0000116 uberon editor_note true editor_note editor note editor note definition editor term editor Name of editor entering the definition in the file. The definition editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The definition editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115. 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition editor definition editor term editor term editor alternative label alternative term A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like. An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent) OBO Operations committee PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> Consider re-defing to: An alternative name for a class or property which can mean the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent, narrow, broad or related). alternative label alternative term alternative term definition source Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 PERSON:Daniel Schober Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source definition source curator note An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg IAO:0000232 uberon curator_notes curator_notes curator note curator note curator notes term tracker item the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/ An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg IAO:0000233 uberon term_tracker_item true term_tracker_item The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term. term tracker item term tracker item imported from For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> imported from imported from OBO foundry unique label An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry. The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools . The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools . PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters PERSON:Chris Mungall PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/> OBO foundry unique label elucidation person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Barry Smith Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms elucidation elucidation has associated axiom(nl) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(fol) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax has associated axiom(fol) has associated axiom(fol) synonym tag display synonym S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S. PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002162> PREFIX present_in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002175> CONSTRUCT { in_taxon: a owl:ObjectProperty . ?witness rdfs:label ?label . ?witness rdfs:subClassOf ?x . ?witness rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty in_taxon: ; owl:someValuesFrom ?taxon ] . } WHERE { ?x present_in_taxon: ?taxon . BIND(IRI(CONCAT( "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002175#", MD5(STR(?x)), "-", MD5(STR(?taxon)) )) as ?witness) BIND(CONCAT(STR(?x), " in taxon ", STR(?taxon)) AS ?label) } RO:0002175 applicable for taxon uberon present_in_taxon true true present_in_taxon The SPARQL expansion for this relation introduces new named classes into the ontology. For this reason it is likely that the expansion should only be performed during a QC pipeline; the expanded output should usually not be included in a published version of the ontology. present in taxon present_in_taxon S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Used to capture development notes and design decisions or questions. All annotations using this property should be removed before publishing / releasing the ontology to the public (but ideally retained in some place as valuable documentation). SEPIO_editor_note http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor uberon dc-contributor true dc-contributor contributor has_alternative_id has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label. Fully qualified synonym, contains the string, term type, source, and an optional source code if appropriate. Each subfield is deliniated to facilitate interpretation by software. Synonym of the term. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/20 FULL_SYN Synonym with Source Data has exact synonym has exact synonym has_exact_synonym https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/20 Synonym of the term. url:http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasExactSynonym has_narrow_synonym disease_ontology has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym An identifier for an individual entity. id An identifier for an individual entity. url:http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0020000 in_subset shorthand comment is defined by is defined by This is an experimental annotation label A human readable name for this class. A human-readable name for the subject. label label A human readable name for this class. url:http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label alternate name derived_from derived from A relation that holds between a study and the study sample for that study has study sample A relation that holds between a study and the study investigator for that study has study investigator A relation that holds between a behaviour change intervention delivery and the source who performs the delivery has BCI source A relation that holds between a behaviour change intervention scenario and the context of the scenario has BCI context A relation that holds between an evaluation study and the scenario that it is evaluating evaluates A relation that holds between a comparative evaluation study and two or more scenarios that are being compared comparatively evaluates A relation that holds between an effect estimate and two outcome estimates difference between A relation that holds between an interventions mechanism of action and an entity x, in which the entity x participates in or is part of the mechanism of action process and is influenced by a BCI or its context such that there is some change in entity x. through A relation that links abstinence from a behaviour to a temporal region during which this personal attribute is true has abstinence period A relation that links an individual human behaviour to a behavioural attribute. has behavioural attribute Realises the human life function of an individual human behaviour. serves behavioural function Causally influenced by a cognitive representation of something the behaviour could bring about. has behavioural goal Causally relation between two entities in which a behaviour brings into existence, causes to occur, destroys, prevents from occurring, or changes an entity. has behavioural outcome Has participant that relates a behaviour to the person enacting the behaviour. is enacted by Has participant that relates a behaviour to a material entity that the person enacting the behaviour intends to enable or facilitate the behaviour. uses Has participant that relates a behaviour to another sentient being that accompanies the person enacting the behaviour. has behavioural companion Has participant that relates the behaviour to an object that the person enacting the behaviour intends to influence. has behavioural target is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of part of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) A core relation that holds between a whole and its part a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part has part has part realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation Inverse of realizes relation. is realized by realized_in [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realised in realized in realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility To say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d and b is a process which has participant d at t and c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at tand the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realises realizes b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entityand there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.and forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t and there exist spatial regions s and s’ where and b spatially_projects_onto s at tand c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at tand s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t occurs in exists-at existsAt BFO2 Reference: entity BFO2 Reference: temporal region b exists_at t means: b is an entity which exists at some temporal region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [118-002]) exists at b exists_at t means: b is an entity which exists at some temporal region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [118-002]) has-profile Inverse of process_profile_of has process attribute has profile profile-of processProfileOf inverse of has_process_profile is process attribute of process profile of p occupies_temporal_region t. This is a primitive relation between an occurrent p and the temporal region t upon which the spatiotemporal region p occupies_spatiotemporal_region projects. occupies temporal region This document is about information artifacts and their representations A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. Is about is a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic. person:Alan Ruttenberg Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy is about is about inheres in this fragility is a characteristic of this vase this red color is a characteristic of this apple A relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. inheres_in Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing. characteristic of is attribute of bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility A relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence Inverse of characteristic_of A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. bearer_of is bearer of has attribute has characteristic participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation A relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in participates in participates in has participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant has participant has participant this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role has role A relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has disposition has disposition located in my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage A relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ located_in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in located in located in X happens_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y)) happens during Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kBv1ep_9g3sTR-SD3jqzFqhuwo9TPNF-l-9fUDbO6rM/edit?pli=1 A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. temporally related to inverse of starts with starts inverse of ends with ends P has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present at the beginning of p. p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p. produces has output has output https://wiki.geneontology.org/Has_output A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities. This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function functionally related to Inverse of has output relation inverse of has output output of output of relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause. This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative? The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causally related to relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causal relation between entities causally influenced by Relates a continuant (e.g., Person state) to a data item that describes it. Example: fatigue state is_described_by fatigue assessment result External A mental disposition towards repeated episodes of abnormally high levels of motivation to engage in a behaviour, acquired as a result of engaging in the behaviour, where the behaviour results in risk or occurrence of serious net harm. Dependence The aim is to include dispositions about which there is a consensus that they constitute addiction while avoiding making a disputed statement about whether addiction necessarily involves disordered brain mechanisms . This entity focuses on abnormal motivation to engage in a behaviour and includes serious net harm as a feature. The reason is to limit the class to things that merit a treatment and public health response. It is a quantitative entity and a fuzzy set because there can be varying thresholds set for degree of harm and strength of motivation. As a result, it is essential to operationalise the term for it to be meaningful. While 'addiction' is a disposition relating to experience motivation to use a substance, 'substance dependence' refers to 'disposition related to the impaired functioning in the absence of a substance'. addiction External A feeling involving positive affect associated with reduction in a feeling of need. subjective need feeling of need satisfaction External A cognitive representation of themselves by a person or group. identity External An identity that a person has about themselves. self-identity External A subjective affective feeling involving a strong desire or urge. craving External An identity that a group holds about itself. An ongoing consideration regarding this class is whether a socially shared representation can be said to be purely cognitive. group identity External A self-identity in which the representation involves a relation between the identity holder and another person or group. 'Social identity' can involve a sense of one's rank or status in reference to other groups. social identity External A bodily disposition which is realised as impaired functioning following reduction or termination of use of a psychoactive substance. While 'addiction' is a disposition relating to experience motivation to use a substance, 'substance dependence' refers to 'disposition related to the impaired functioning in the absence of a substance'. substance dependence bcio:BCIO_001000 Published A planned process in which a BCI is applied in a given context, including BCI engagement and outcome behaviour. BCI scenario behaviour change intervention scenario bcio:BCIO_002000 Published Human behavior that is an intervention outcome. behaviour change intervention outcome behaviour bcio:BCIO_003000 Involves use of products, services, activities, rules or environmental objects. Published An intervention that has the aim of influencing human behaviour. BCI behaviour change intervention Includes as part BCI population and BCI setting. Use of the word ‘may’ conveys a non-zero probability given available information. Published An aggregate of entities that are not dependent on the intervention but may influence the effect of a BCI on its outcome behaviour. BCI context behaviour change intervention context bcio:BCIO_006000 Published A process that is causally active in the relationship between a BCI scenario and its outcome behaviour. BCI MOA behaviour change intervention mechanism of action Published An environmental system that consists of people, their pets, social and cultural institutions and processes that influence the life of people and social groups. social environmental system Published A social environmental system that consists of persons related as members of a domestic group, or a number of domestic groups linked through descent from a common ancestor, marriage, adoption or other legal arrangements. family environmental system Published A social environmental system that consists of persons who share a bond of mutual affection and are in contact or communication. friendship network Published A mental capability acquired through training or practice. The term 'skill' specifically refers to acquired capabilities, as behavioural theories suggested that the main difference between capabilities and skills was that skills were learned. mental skill Published A mental capability that involves processes that modulate the frequency, rate or extent of a response to external or internal stimuli and that are instigated by the person themselves. 'Modulate’ refers to ‘modifying or controlling influence on or change the strength’ and involves processes self-regulation capability Published A self-regulation capability to modulate one's behaviour. behavioural regulation capability behavioural self-regulation capability Published A self-regulation capability to modulate one's cognitive processes. cognitive self-regulation capability Published A self-regulation capability to modulate one's emotional responses to a stimulus. emotional regulation capability emotional self-regulation capability Published A behavioural capability that involves sensory or musculoskeletal abilities physical behavioural capability Published A physical capability acquired through training or practice. physical skill Published A personal capability includes interpersonal behaviour in its realisation. social behavioural capability Published A social capability acquired through training or practice. social skill Published A mental disposition to perceive or experience oneself as isolated from and not meaningfully involved in social groups. social alienation Published A mental disposition that is realized by attending to events, objects or sensory patterns in experience. The events attended to can include internal and external events. awareness Published A mental disposition to commit to enact or not enact a behaviour. The term ‘plan’ can sometimes be used to refer to intention and sometimes for instructional plans. behavioural intention Published A belief about a factor that could restrict or impede a person from engaging in a behaviour. belief about barriers to a behaviour Published A belief about the extent to which one's own behaviour is similar to that of referent others. belief about conformity to behavioural norms Published A belief about what results from or follows the performance of a behaviour. response efficacy Consequences can be either positive or negative. belief about consequences of behaviour Published A belief about consequences of behaviour in terms of their impact on the social environmental system. Consequences can be either positive or negative. belief about social consequences of behaviour Published A belief about the outcomes resulting from achieving a goal. Consequences can be either positive or negative. Belief about consequences of goal attainment is about what types of outcomes will be achieved, rather than the value or the likelihood of these outcomes. For instance, a person may believe that studying every night will help achieve good grades. However, the value of achieving such grade may vary, and would fall under 'evaluative belief'. belief about consequences of goal attainment Published A belief about the extent to which one can direct what happens in one's future. belief about control over one's future Published A belief about the existence of an increase from an initial reference point. Perceived gain The perceived gain could be in anything internal or external, such as health or wealth. The classes 'belief about gain' and 'belief about reduction' do not necessarily involve likelihood. Likelihoods relate to the future, However, 'belief about gain' might be about an existing gain. For instance, in situation where the following trade is offered: "I've given you $2, are you willing to trade it for a 50% chance of winning $6?" it'd be "I have $2 more than I started with", there is an existing gain that is compared to a future one. belief about gain Published A belief about the probability a particular behaviour will result or not result in particular outcomes. belief about likelihood of consequences of behaviour Published A belief about the probability of a behaviour resulting or not resulting in a change to health or wellbeing. belief about likelihood of health consequences of behaviour Published A belief about the probability that a given event or state will occur or not occur in the future. Consequences can be either positive or negative. belief about likelihood of consequences of an occurrence Published A belief about the existence of a decrease from an initial reference point. belief about loss The perceived loss could be in anything internal or external, such as wealth or health. The classes 'belief about gain' and 'belief about reduction' do not necessarily involve likelihood. Likelihoods relate to the future. However, 'belief about reduction' might be about an existing loss. belief about reduction Published A belief regarding whether the content of a verbal, graphic, written or recorded communication is relevant to oneself. belief about message relevance Published A belief about the nature of the immediate physical and social settings in which people live, including culture and the people and institutions with whom they interact. belief about ones environment Published A belief about how serious the harm associated with an outcome could be. belief about threat severity belief about severity of an outcome Published A belief about one's personal vulnerability to a threat. belief about personal susceptibility Published A belief about consequences of behaviour in terms of how long after the performance of the behaviour they will occur. belief about the timing of the consequences of behaviour Published A belief about the extent to which one is free to choose whether to perform the behaviour. belief about autonomy in performing behaviours belief about choice over a behaviour Published An evaluative belief about one's attributes. Self-concept One's attributes can be evaluated as positive or negative. evaluation of self Published A belief about whether a particular aspect of the world is positive or negative. The class 'evaluative belief about the consequences of behaviour' can be found as the subclass of 'belief about consequences of behaviour'. evaluative belief Published A belief about what is typical for people who belong to a particular group. belief about norm A person does not need to belong to a group to have a perception of their norms. For instance, the perceived norm could be in a group one aspires to belong to, and so the person might attempt to conform to it in an attempt to be accepted as a member of that group. perceived norm Published A belief about the prevalence of performance of a given behaviour by people within a group. perceived descriptive norm Published A belief about whether a behaviour is appropriate and correct for people who belong to a particular group. perceived injunctive norm Published A belief about whether key others think one should perform a behaviour. 'Key others' can include 'people in one’s social network’ normative belief Published A belief about one's capabilities to organise and execute a behaviour and achieve the outcomes associated with this behaviour. self-efficacy The phrase 'to organise' refers to the ability to organise mental processes and sequences of actions. 'self-efficacy belief for a behaviour' is part of 'self-efficacy belief for a behaviour and its associated outcomes'. However, the latter also includes a belief about the outcomes associated with behaviour. self-efficacy belief for a behaviour and its associated outcomes Published Self-efficacy belief for a behaviour when a barrier or facilitator of the behaviour is encountered. The 'barrier or facilitator' specified in the definition can be external or internal. situational self-efficacy belief for a behaviour Published A mental disposition that when activated, guides an interconnected network of perception, thought, emotion or behaviour. cognitive schema Published A cognitive schema that when activated, guides a sequence of behaviours. action script action schema Published A mental disposition to represent one proposition as preferred from at least two. Decision is defined as a 'mental disposition', a realisable entity, because a person requires a process to form, think about or reconsider a decision. decision Published A decision that one behaviour is preferred from at least two behavioural options. behavioural decision Published A cognitive representation of an end state towards which one is striving. goal Published A mental disposition to understand the nature of the world, or a specific aspect of the world, that corresponds to the actual state of the world and is acquired through experience or learning. Knowledge is defined as a 'mental disposition', a realisable entity, because a person requires a process to access the information stored in their brain. A person knows something, when the relevant information has been retrieved from their memory. There are instances where a person might have learned something, but is unable to retrieve the information at a specific moment. knowledge Published Knowledge regarding a particular set of actions. knowledge regarding a behaviour Published Knowledge regarding a novel invention or way of doing something. knowledge regarding an innovation Published Knowledge regarding a potential harm. knowledge regarding a threat Published Knowledge regarding a therapy or medication for a health problem. knowledge regarding treatment Published A mental disposition to think or behave in a particular way in response to an internal or external event in the person's environment, which is acquired through associative learning. The responses to an event can include thinking and impulses to respond. learned stimulus-reponse co-occurrence Published A mental disposition to evoke the representation of the sensory characteristics of objects or events when these are not immediately present to the senses. mental imagery disposition Published A mental disposition to act in accordance with the likely approval of others. motivation to comply willingness to comply Published A mental disposition for motivation to be guided by a focus on the presence or absence of outcomes of a certain valence. motivational orientation towards types of outcomes Published A mental disposition for motivation to be guided by a focus on the presence or absence of negative outcomes. prevention focused motivational orientation Published A mental disposition for motivation to be guided by a focus on the presence or absence of positive outcomes. promotion focused motivational orientation Published A mental disposition to regard certain things as fundamentally important in life, which informs standards for behaviour. personal value Published A mental disposition of a person to act to obtain or maintain a particular state due to this state’s importance to the person’s wellbeing. Psychological needs can be satisfied or thwarted. psychological need Published A psychological need to have a sense of personal agency and initiative. need for autonomy Published A psychological need to have a positive evaluation of oneself and one's qualities and characteristics. need for self-esteem Published A psychological need to feel safe from threats. need for a sense of safety Published A psychological need to have caring relationships with other people. need for a sense of belonging and attachment Published A psychological need to experience oneself as capable and effective. need for mastery need to feel competent Published A mental plan that is realised in mental processes representing the steps to enact a behaviour and the conditions under which the behaviour will be enacted. Action plan The term ‘plan’ can sometimes be used to refer to intention and sometimes for instructional plans. 'mental plan for a behaviour’ involves plans for which details about the behaviour (when [specific times], where, how or with whom) are specified. mental plan for a behaviour Published A cognitive schema that when activated, guides perception, thought, emotion or behaviour toward members of a social group as having certain shared attributes, by virtue of their group membership. The attributes of members are not definitional. For instance, a psychologist studying psychology is not a stereotype. stereotype Published A mental disposition to experience a feeling of being connected by social attachments. social embeddedness Published An appraisal that represents an evaluation of how much one is personally obliged to respond to an event or person in need. appraisal of obligation to act Published A cognitive representation of a reference level that an individual wishes to obtain. Examples of 'reference level' are the level of a behaviour and the blood glucose level. desired standard Published A cognitive representation of the sensory characteristics of objects or events that are not immediately present to the senses. mental image Published A role that inheres in a human being by virtue of their social and institutional circumstances. A role can be assigned without being realised. A person realises a role by doing something. personal role Published A personal role that is realised in human social processes. A role can be assigned without being realised. A person realises a role by doing something. social role Published A spatial quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of its position relative to other entities. An intervention could be used to rearrange objects in an environment, changing the location of a person relative to these objects and thereby increasing the likelihood of a behaviour. location Published An environmental disposition that is required for or facilitates a behaviour. The phrase ‘required for’ is used in the definition to specify that 'behavioural opportunity' is a necessary condition for behaviour to occur. Although other MoAs will help bring behaviour about, there has to be a 'behavioural opportunity' for behaviour to occur. The term 'facilitates' is used to specify that 'behavioural opportunity' will make the behaviour easier. Higher behavioural opportunity will increase the likelihood of behaviour across situations and people. The class 'environmental system' relates to what is found in the physical and social environment (e.g., how many streets are there for you to walk on), while the class 'behavioural opportunity' is about the features of the environment and how they interact with the person (e.g., whether an environment enables a person to take walks). behavioural opportunity Published A physical behavioural opportunity that involves the person having sufficient financial resources. As 'financial behavioural opportunity' will involve some physical monetary entity (e.g., money borrowed from someone), it is a physical behavioural opportunity. While financial resources (e.g., money) have intrinsically social dimensions, the 'financial behavioural opportunity' does not involve a social aspect. financial behavioural opportunity Published A behavioural opportunity regarding how easy it is for a person to approach and use a healthcare service. The 'healthcare services' refers to services provided for the purposes of preventing, detecting, curing or controlling a health problem or enhancing wellbeing. healthcare access Published A behavioural opportunity that involves time and parts of the environmental system that do not involve people or organisations. A 'behavioural opportunity' is a feature of the environmental system. While the class 'environmental system' is about what is found in an environment, the behavioural opportunity is a feature of the environment which interacts with the person and enables or prevents a behaviour. physical behavioural opportunity Published A behavioural opportunity that involves the social environmental system. social behavioural opportunity Published A physical behavioural opportunity that involves the person having sufficient time or a suitable period. temporal behavioural opportunity Published A stimulus that arises from bodily processes and serves to elicit or guide behaviour. bodily behavioural cue Published A stimulus that arises from mental processes and serves to elicit or guide behaviour. mental behavioural cue Published An individual human behaviour that is commonly enacted by people that are part of a social environmental system. Normative behaviour can be an MoA or outcome depending on how 'normative behaviour' is described in an intervention. The Behaviour Change-Intervention Ontology includes the class 'outcome behaviour' (definition: Human behavior that is an intervention outcome.), which would not be an MoA. When an intervention targets a normative behaviour to achieve an outcome behaviour, the former qualifies as an MoA. normative behaviour Published A bodily process in which attempts are made to achieve a desired end state. 'Goal pursuit process' is a bodily process, as it may involve more than just mental processes (i.e., other processes in the body). goal pursuit process Social support from social network. Published An inter-personal behaviour where a person exerts an influence on the behaviour of another. social influence behaviour Published A bodily process by which the person experiences an internally-generated positive physical or psychological state subsequent to a response. internal reward for a response Published A bodily process by which a person attempts to follow the steps in a plan. plan enactment Published A self-regulation process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of one's performance of a behaviour. self-regulation of behaviour Published Self-regulation of behaviour through the performance of a different behaviour. Behavioural self-regulation of behaviour can be an MoA or outcome depending on how 'behavioural self-regulation of behaviour' is described in an intervention. The Behaviour Change-Intervention Ontology includes the class 'outcome behaviour' (definition: Human behavior that is an intervention outcome.), which would not be an MoA. When an intervention targets behavioural self-regulation of behaviour to achieve an outcome behaviour, the former qualifies as an MoA. behavioural self-regulation of behaviour Published Self-regulation of behaviour undertaken to manage a sense of guilt, anxiety or obligation. introjected self-regulation Published Self-regulation of behaviour through self-administering a reward for performing an intended behaviour. self-reinforcing self-regulation Published Self-regulation undertaken to achieve consistency between one's values and the behaviour performed. value-congruent self-regulation Published An unpleasant subjective affective feeling experienced due to perceived inconsistency between two concurrently held cognitive representations. cognitive dissonance Published A subjective affective feeling that arises when an impulse to enact a behaviour is activated but not immediately acted upon. An urge is felt when an impulse is frustrated. feeling an urge Published A cognitive process that creates a representation of the meaning and significance of a communication, object, event or situation. comprehension Published A cognitive process used prior to decision-making that reduces the perceived scope or complexity of available options. decision simplification Published Thinking that involves the generation of inferences by reasoning based on one or more statements, evaluating anticipated consequences or considering the relationships between concepts. reflective thinking Published A mental process through which a perceived inconsistency between two concurrently held cognitive representations is reduced. dissonance reduction process Published A mental process that establishes a cognitive representation of the desired end state. goal setting process Published A mental process that uses simple rules and associations learnt from experience to make judgements. heuristic process Published Judging during which one proposition is selected as preferred from at least two. The output of decision-making is a decision. decision-making Published Judging oneself or one's social group in relation to the qualities or characteristics of another person or social group. social comparison process Published Learning that involves changing the strength of association between two or more mental processes. While associative learning is often defined as learning an association between a stimulus and response, the stimulus has to be perceived. Therefore, associative learning is between perceiving or processing information about a stimulus (a mental process) and one or more other mental processes. The label 'associative learning' is also used for a behaviour change technique (BCT) in the BCT Taxonomy v1 (Michie et al., 2013). The definition for this BCT reads as follows: 'Present a neutral stimulus jointly with a stimulus that already elicits the behavior repeatedly until the neutral stimulus elicits that behavior.' As indicated by the definition, the BCT is the deliberate presentation of a stimulus, whereas the MoA is a learning process that occurs in the brain. associative learning Published Associative learning process that occurs when the pairing of a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus leads to the conditioned stimulus producing a response that would otherwise have only been produced by the unconditioned stimulus. classical conditioning Published Associative learning process in which people learn to distinguish between appropriate responses to similar but different stimuli depending on whether a generalised response is rewarded or not. discrimination learning Published Associative learning process in which the strength of a conditioned response is reduced because its conditioned stimulus is presented without being accompanied by the unconditioned stimulus. An unconditioned stimulus is "a stimulus that elicits a reflexive or innate response (the unconditioned response) without prior learning." (p., 280, Holt, N., Bremner, A., Sutherland, E., Vliek, M., Passer, M., and Smith, R. (2019). EBOOK: Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour, 4e. McGraw Hill.) A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that, through association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response similar to the original unconditioned response (Holt, N., Bremner, A., Sutherland, E., Vliek, M., Passer, M., and Smith, R. (2019). EBOOK: Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour, 4e. McGraw Hill.) extinction in classical conditioning Published Associative learning process in which the rate of behavioural response in the presence of a discriminative stimulus is reduced because the response is no longer followed by a reinforcer. Holt, N., Bremner, A., Sutherland, E., Vliek, M., Passer, M., and Smith, R. (2019). EBOOK: Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour, 4e. McGraw Hill.) Discriminative stimulus is "a signal that a particular response will produce certain consequences." (p. 291 extinction in operant learning Published Associative learning process in which prior learning that an antecedent stimulus signals certain consequences of behaviour spreads to a stimulus that differs in certain aspects from the original antecedent stimulus. The label 'Generalisation of target behavior' is used for a behaviour change technique (BCT) in the BCT Taxonomy v1 (Michie et al., 2013). The definition for this BCT reads as follows: 'Advise to perform the wanted behaviour, which is already performed in a particular situation, in another situation.' Therefore, the BCT is the advice to perform the behaviour, whereas the MoA is a learning process that occurs in the brain. generalisation in learning Published Associative learning process in which the likelihood of a particular behavioural response is influenced by the past consequences associated with performing that behaviour. operant conditioning Published A memory process that deals with the receipt, storage, retrieval and modification of information regarding a set of entities associated with a particular object or event. associative memory Published A memory process that deals with the receipt, storage, retrieval and modification of information regarding a personally experienced event at a particular time or place. episodic memory Published A memory process that deals with the receipt, storage, retrieval and modification of information associated with meanings, understandings or conceptual facts about the world. semantic memory Published A memory process that deals with the receipt, storage, retrieval and modification of information regarding performance of an activity. procedural memory Published A memory process that deals with the receipt, storage, retrieval and modification of information regarding a brief visual stimulus. iconic memory Published A mental process in which objects, events, people, or experiences are grouped into classes, on the basis of features shared by members of the same class and features distinguishing the members of one class from those of another. mental categorising Published A mental process in which conditions are compared against a particular reference level. The term 'condition' may refer to the characteristics of an object, event and person. mentally comparing against a standard Published A mental process that energises and directs a behaviour. behavioural motivation Published Behaviour motivation that arises from emotions and impulses that result from associative learning or innate dispositions. automatic motivation Published Autonomous motivation due to a behaviour's inherent enjoyment, satisfaction or benefits to oneself. The phrase 'benefits to oneself' includes the reduction of unpleasant internal states. intrinsic motivation Published A mental process in which one observes one's own behaviour or mental processes. There are behaviour change techniques labelled 'Self-monitoring of behaviour' and 'Self-monitoring of outcome of behaviour'. These are about establishing a method for monitoring states. In contrast, the MoA is the mental process of monitoring. 'Self-monitoring of behaviour' is defined as 'Instruct self recording of specified behaviour/s (with or without associated thoughts, emotions, situations) as part of a behaviour change strategy ' (Michie et al., 2013). 'Self-monitoring of outcome of behaviour' is defined "Establish a method for the person to monitor and record their behavior(s) as part of a behavior change strategy" (Michie et al., 2013). self-monitoring Published A belief about the potential emotions experienced as result of an event. 'Belief about anticipated emotions' is about the consequences of anything, not just behaviour. In contrast, the class 'belief about emotional consequences of behaviour' is about the emotions resulting from behaviours. belief about anticipated emotion Published A belief regarding aspects of a verbal, graphic, written or recorded communication. belief about message Published A belief about whether a verbal, graphic, written or recorded communication is provided by people or institutions who provide reliable information. belief about the credibility of a message's source Published A belief about whether a verbal, graphic, written or recording communication provides information that can be relied on as honest or truthful. belief about message trustworthiness Published A belief regarding whether one or more of the person's needs have been met. belief about need satisfaction Published A belief about the aspects of one's immediate social settings in which people live, including culture and the people and institutions with whom they interact. belief about ones social environment Published A belief about whether others will provide or are available to provide assistance or comfort to help the person cope with one or more stressors or enhance their wellbeing. belief about social support Published An evaluative belief about whether a behaviour is positive or negative. For 'evaluative belief about the consequences of a behaviour' see under parent class 'belief about the consequences of a behaviour'. evaluative belief about a behaviour Published A belief about consequences of behaviour in terms of whether they are positive or negative. Note that while this has 'belief about the consequences of a behaviour' as the parent, there is also a class 'evaluative belief' that acts as a parent for other evaluative beliefs. evaluative belief about the consequences of behaviour Published An evaluative belief about the value of the consequences of behaviour to oneself. 'Desirability' can range from highly desirable to highly undesirable. belief about the personal desirability of consequences of a behaviour Published An evaluative belief about the attributes of others. evaluative belief about others Published A belief about one's capabilities and opportunities within an environmental system to perform a behaviour or achieve the outcomes resulting from a behaviour. belief about control over behaviour Published A belief about one's capabilities to organise and execute a behaviour. The phrase 'to organise' refers to the ability to organise mental processes and sequences of actions. 'self-efficacy belief for a behaviour' is part of 'self-efficacy belief for a behaviour and its associated outcomes'. However, the latter also includes a belief about the outcomes associated with behaviour. self-efficacy belief for a behaviour Published A mental disposition to behave in a particular way in response to an internal or external event in the person's environment, which is acquired through habit learning. Habit Learned stimulus-behaviour co-occurrence can vary in strength. learned stimulus-behaviour co-occurrence Published A mental disposition to think in a particular way in response to an internal or external event in the person's environment, which is acquired through associative learning. Mental habit learned stimulus-thought co-occurrence Published A mental plan regarding a strategy to deal with conditions that could prevent the performance of a behaviour. mental plan for coping with barriers Published A behaviour that results from a learnt stimulus-behaviour co-occurrence. A learnt stimulus-behaviour co-occurrence can lead to activation or execution of a habitual behaviour. Habitual behaviour can be an MoA or outcome depending on how 'habitual behaviour' is described in an intervention. The Behaviour Change-Intervention Ontology includes the class 'outcome behaviour' (definition: Human behavior that is an intervention outcome.), which would not be an MoA. When an intervention targets a habitual behaviour to achieve an outcome behaviour, the former qualifies as an MoA. habitual behaviour Published Pleasure that is experienced as a result of engaging in a behaviour. Enjoyment of behaviour pleasure associated with behaviour Published A mental process that reduces the frequency by which an aversive cognitive representation is evoked. avoidance mental process Published A cognitive process that involves intentionally detaching oneself from one's immediate thoughts. decentring mental distancing Published Mental distancing that involves identifying particular immediate thoughts and intentionally detaching from these thoughts. targeted decentring targeted mental distancing Published Extrinsic motivation to gain or maintain social approval or a positive self-evaluation. introjected regulation approval-based motivation Published A belief about how vulnerable others are to a threat. belief about others' susceptibility Published Behavioural motivation that is internally generated and based on a behaviour being interesting or valuable to an individual. autonomous motivation Published A belief about whether oneself or another person is obligated to take a certain course of action. belief about responsibility to act Published Autonomous motivation due to the perceived value or importance of the behaviour to oneself. identified regulation behavioural importance-based motivation Published A belief about vulnerability to a threat. belief about susceptibility to a risk belief about susceptibility to a threat Published A belief about a potential harm. belief about threat Published Behaviour motivation that is based on external rewards, punishments or pressure regarding a behaviour. controlled motivation extrinsic motivation Published Autonomous motivation due to a behaviour being perceived to satisfy a core psychological need. integrated regulation fundamental need-based motivation Published Associative learning process that involves strengthening an association between a stimulus and an impulse through repetition of co-occurrence of the stimulus and the behaviour. habit learning bcio:BCIO_007000 Consists of BCTs that can be classified using a BCT taxonomy. Published An intervention content that is part of a behaviour change intervention. BCI content behaviour change intervention content Published A behaviour change technique that sets or changes goals. A goal is a cognitive representation of an end state towards which one is striving. goal directed BCT Published A goal directed BCT that sets goals. A goal is a cognitive representation of an end state towards which one is striving. The goal could be set for the self or another person. goal setting BCT Published A goal setting BCT that sets a goal for the behaviour to be achieved. if goal is a behavioural outcome, code 'set outcome goal BCT' if goal unspecified code 'goal setting BCT' if the goal defines a specific context, frequency, duration or intensity for the behaviour, also code 'action planning BCT'. A goal is a cognitive representation of an end state towards which one is striving. The goal could be set for the self or another person. Only code if there is sufficient evidence that the goal is set as part of intervention set behaviour goal BCT Published A goal setting BCT that involves the intervention source agreeing with the person on a behavioural goal. A goal is a cognitive representation of an end state towards which one is striving. agree behaviour goal BCT Published A goal setting BCT in which the goal is a positive outcome of performing the behaviour. if goal is a behaviour, code 'set behaviour goal BCT' if goal unspecified code 'goal setting BCT'. A goal is a cognitive representation of an end state towards which one is striving. The goal could be set for the self or another person. Only code guidelines if set as a goal in an intervention context set outcome goal BCT Published A goal setting BCT that involves the intervention source agreeing with the person on a goal which is a positive outcome of performing the behaviour. objective setting A goal is a cognitive representation of an end state towards which one is striving. agree outcome goal BCT Published A goal directed BCT in which the person analyses factors influencing the behaviour and generates, selects, or reviews strategies to increase facilitators and overcome barriers. relapse prevention, coping planning, problem solving Barrier identification without strategies to increase facilitators is not sufficient. goal strategising BCT Published A goal directed BCT that involves making a detailed plan for the performance of the behaviour, which must include at least one of context, frequency, duration or intensity. Evidence of action planning does not necessarily imply goal setting, only code latter if sufficient evidence. action planning BCT Published A goal directed BCT that reviews a behavioural goal and considers modifying the goal in light of progress toward the goal. if discrepancy created consider also 'attend to discrepancy between current behaviour and goal BCT' if goal unspecified, code 'review outcome goal BCT' if modifying the plan to achieve the goal consider also 'review behaviour goal plan BCT'. A goal is a cognitive representation of an end state towards which one is striving. If goal specified in terms of behaviour, code this class review behaviour goal BCT Published A goal directed BCT that draws attention to discrepancies between a person's current behaviour and the person's outcome goal, behavioural goal or action plan. if feedback provided, also code 'provide feedback BCT' or one of its child classes. If discomfort is created only code 'draw attention to incompatible beliefs BCT' and not this class. If goals are modified, also code 'review behaviour goal BCT' and/or 'review outcome goal BCT' attend to discrepancy between current behaviour and goal BCT Published A goal directed BCT that reviews an outcome goal and considers modifying the goal in light of achievement. if discrepancy created consider also 'attend to discrepancy between current behaviour and goal BCT'. if goal unspecified, code this class A goal is a cognitive representation of an end state towards which one is striving. If goal specified in terms of behaviour, code 'review behaviour goal BCT' review outcome goal BCT Published A goal directed BCT that creates a written specification of the behaviour to be performed, agreed on by the person, and witnessed by another person. behavioural contract The person witnessing the agreement can be the intervention source or another person who is present at the time. Also code 'set behaviour goal BCT'. create behavioural contract BCT Published A goal directed BCT that asks the person to affirm or reaffirm statements indicating commitment to change the behaviour. commitment If defined in terms of the behaviour to be achieved also code 'set behaviour goal BCT'. affirm commitment BCT Published A goal directed BCT that advises the person to adopt more than one goal in a situation where the goals facilitate each other. goal facilitation advise goal integration BCT Published A behaviour change technique that involves gathering or using information about performance. monitoring BCT Published A monitoring BCT that observes current performance of the behaviour with the person’s knowledge but without providing feedback about their behaviour. observation, performance monitoring if feedback given, code only 'provide feedback on behaviour BCT' and not this class if observing outcomes code 'observe outcome of behaviour without feedback BCT'. The monitoring agent can be a human or a technical device. If observation is part of a data collection procedure rather than a strategy aimed at changing behaviour, do not code observe behaviour without feedback BCT Published A monitoring BCT that records current performance of the behaviour with the person’s knowledge but without providing feedback about their behaviour. monitoring if feedback given, code only 'provide feedback on behaviour BCT' and not this class if recording outcomes code 'record outcome of behaviour without feedback BCT'. The monitoring agent can be a human or a technical device. If recording is part of a data collection procedure rather than a strategy aimed at changing behaviour, do not code record behaviour without feedback BCT Published A monitoring BCT that observes an outcome of performing the behaviour with the person’s knowledge but without providing feedback about the outcome. if feedback given, code only 'provide feedback on outcome of behaviour BCT' and not this class if observing behaviour code 'observe behaviour without feedback BCT'. The monitoring agent can be a human or a technical device. If recording is part of a data collection procedure rather than a strategy aimed at changing behaviour, do not code observe outcome of behaviour without feedback BCT Published A monitoring BCT that records an outcome of performing the behaviour with the person's knowledge but without providing feedback about the outcome. if feedback given, code only 'provide feedback on outcome of behaviour BCT' and not this class if recording behaviour code 'record behaviour without feedback BCT'. The monitoring agent can be a human or a technical device. If recording is part of a data collection procedure rather than a strategy aimed at changing behaviour, do not code record outcome of behaviour without feedback BCT Published A monitoring BCT in which feedback about the behaviour is provided. feedback, behavioural feedback Feedback is provision of data about some aspect of behaviour without an evaluation (positive or negative). Where feedback includes reward or punishment, see behavioural consequence BCT, outcome consequence BCT and their child classes. If there is no clear evidence that feedback was given, code 'observe behaviour without feedback BCT' or 'record behaviour without feedback BCT'. provide feedback BCT Published A provide feedback BCT that provides information about the person's previous performance of the behaviour. provide feedback on behaviour BCT Published A monitoring BCT in which the person uses a method to monitor and record their behaviour. self-monitoring if self-monitoring of outcome of behaviour, code 'self-monitor outcome of behaviour BCT'. If monitoring is part of a data collection procedure rather than a strategy aimed at changing behaviour, do not code self-monitor behaviour BCT Published A monitoring BCT in which the person uses a method to monitor and record an outcome of their behaviour. if self-monitoring behaviour, code 'self-monitor behaviour BCT'. If monitoring is part of a data collection procedure rather than a strategy aimed at changing behaviour, do not code self-monitor outcome of behaviour BCT Using a pedometer to keep track of number of steps taken in a day. Published A provide feedback BCT that provides information about the functioning or state of the person's body, based on information collected by an external monitoring device. biofeedback provide biofeedback BCT Published A provide feedback BCT that provides information about an outcome of the person's previous performance of the behaviour. provide feedback on outcome of behaviour BCT Published A behaviour change technique that involves taking steps to secure or deliver the support or aid of another person. Attending a group class and/or mention of ‘follow-up’ does not necessarily apply this BCT, support must be explicitly mentioned. social support BCT Published A social support BCT that involves advising the person to seek support from another person. Where an "advise to seek support BCT" is used together with an "arrange support BCT," this constitutes connecting to social support as used in social prescribing. Attending a group class and/or mention of ‘follow-up’ does not necessarily apply this BCT, support must be explicitly mentioned advise to seek support BCT Published An advise to seek support BCT that suggests the person try to obtain support from another in terms of tangible aid. advise to seek instrumental support BCT Published An advise to seek support BCT that suggests the person try to obtain support from another in terms of expressing concern, caring and empathy. advise to seek emotional support BCT Published An advise to seek support BCT that suggests the person try to obtain support from another in terms of advice, suggestions and information. advise to seek informational support BCT Published An advise to seek support BCT that suggests the person try to obtain support from another in terms of information that will aid the person in evaluating themself or the situation. advise to seek appraisal support BCT Published A social support BCT that organises support from another for the person. Where an "arrange support BCT" is used together with an "advise to seek support BCT", this constitutes "connecting to support" as used in social prescribing. Attending a group class and/or mention of ‘follow-up’ does not necessarily apply this BCT, support must be explicitly mentioned arrange support BCT Published An arrange support BCT that organises support from another in terms of tangible aid. arrange instrumental support BCT Published An arrange support BCT that organises support from another in terms of expressing concern, caring and empathy. arrange emotional support BCT Published An arrange support BCT that organises support from another in terms of advice, suggestions and information. arrange informational support BCT Published An arrange support BCT that organises support from another in terms of information that will aid the person in evaluating themself or the situation. arrange appraisal support BCT Published A social support BCT that directly provides support to the person. social support Attending a group class and/or mention of ‘follow-up’ does not necessarily apply this BCT, support must be explicitly mentioned deliver support BCT Published A deliver support BCT that provides tangible aid. instrumental social support, practical social support deliver instrumental support BCT Published A deliver support BCT that provides expressions of concern, caring and empathy. emotional social support deliver emotional support BCT Published A deliver support BCT that provides advice, suggestions and information. information social support deliver informational support BCT Published A deliver support BCT that provides information that will aid the person in evaluating themself or the situation. appraisal social support deliver appraisal support BCT Published A behaviour change technique that provides guidance regarding how to perform the behaviour. guide how to perform behaviour BCT Published A guide how to perform behaviour BCT that involves reaching consensus on how to perform the behaviour. agree on how to perform behaviour BCT Published A suggest different perspective on behaviour BCT that involves providing factual information to the person regarding triggers or influences that precede the initiation of the behaviour. trigger recognition, understanding of antecedents inform about antecedents BCT Published A suggest different perspective on behaviour BCT that involves eliciting the person's beliefs about, and suggesting alternative beliefs about, the causes of the behaviour. re-attribution re-attribute cause BCT Published A behaviour change technique that advises on how to identify and test hypotheses about the behaviour, its causes and consequences. behavioural experiment conduct a behavioural experiment BCT Published A guide how to perform behaviour BCT that provides an observable sample of the performance of the behaviour for the person to aspire to or imitate. modelling, observational learning If provided with instructions on how to perform, also code 'instruct how to perform behaviour BCT'. If advised to practice, also code 'practise behaviour BCT' demonstrate the behaviour BCT Published A suggest different perspective on behaviour BCT that involves reattributing a person's successes to internal, stable or global factors or failures to external, unstable or specific factors. cognitive re-structuring, re-attribution reframe past behaviour BCT Published A suggest different perspective on behaviour BCT that draws the person's attention to the discrepancies between current or past behaviour and self-identity. cognitive dissonance draw attention to incompatible beliefs BCT Published A guide how to perform behaviour BCT that involves telling the person how to perform the behaviour. skills training, instruction When the person attends classes such as exercise or cookery, code 'instruct how to perform behaviour BCT', 'practise behaviour BCT', and 'demonstrate the behaviour BCT'. instruct how to perform a behaviour BCT Published A prompt thinking related to successful performance BCT that reminds the person of their skills and abilities that are relevant to the performance of the behaviour. remind about personal capability BCT Published A goal directed BCT that advises the person to plan a way of performing the behaviour that is pleasurable or satisfying. plan inclusion of enjoyment BCT Published A behaviour change technique that draws attention to consequences of the behaviour in the normal course of events. increase awareness of consequences BCT Published An increase awareness of consequences BCT that provides information about the physical or mental health consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. consequences for well-being, health effects, wellness outcomes emphasising importance of consequences is not sufficient. Consequences can be for any target, not just the recipient(s) of the intervention inform about health consequences BCT Published An increase awareness of consequences BCT that provides information about the social consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. social effects, community repercussions emphasising importance of consequences is not sufficient. Consequences can be for any target, not just the recipient(s) of the intervention inform about social consequences BCT Published An increase awareness of consequences BCT that provides information about the emotional consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. affective outcomes, emotional effects, consequences on emotions emphasising importance of consequences is not sufficient. Consequences can be related to emotional health disorders (e.g. depression, anxiety) and/or states of mind (e.g. low mood, stress). Consequences can be for any target, not just the recipient(s) of the intervention inform about emotional consequences BCT Published A monitoring BCT that involves the person assessing their emotions after performing the behaviour. monitor emotional consequences BCT Published An inform about emotional consequences BCT that focuses on expectations of remorse after performing or not performing the behaviour. If suggests adoption of a perspective or new perspective in order to change cognitions also code 'suggest different perspective on behaviour BCT' or one of its child classes induce anticipated regret BCT Published An awareness of consequences BCT that changes behaviour by the source emphasising the consequences of performing a behaviour to the person in a way that makes them memorable. significance of outcomes, importance of consequences, relevance of results Consider also coding one of "inform about health consequences", "inform about emotional consequences", "inform about social consequences", or their child classes increase salience of consequences BCT Published An increase awareness of consequences BCT that advises identification and comparison of the positive and negative consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. decisional balance, weighing pros and cons consider pros and cons BCT Published An increase awareness of consequences BCT that guides the person to imagine and compare the consequences of performing and not performing the behaviour. imagining future results prompt comparative imagining of future outcomes BCT Published A behaviour change technique that increases awareness of what other people think, do, or feel. awareness of other peoples thoughts, feelings and actions BCT Published An awareness of other people's thoughts, feelings and actions BCT that draws attention to other people's behaviour and compares it with the person's own behaviour. social comparison Being in a group setting does not necessarily mean that social comparison is actually taking place prompt social comparison BCT Published An awareness of other people's thoughts, feelings and actions BCT that increases awareness of whether others will like, approve, dislike, or disapprove of the behaviour. increase awareness of others approval BCT Published An awareness of other people's thoughts, feelings and actions BCT that presents information from a credible person or organisation to influence the behaviour. Code this BCT if influence generally agreed on as credible e.g., health professionals, celebrities or words used to indicate expertise or leader in field and if the communication has the aim of persuading present information from credible influence BCT Published An awareness of other people's thoughts, feelings and actions BCT that involves sharing a view about what behaviour the person should do. encourage to change behaviour An example of the "suggest to change behaviour BCT" would be saying to someone: "I think you should do this behaviour" whereas an example of the "Tell to change behaviour BCT" is saying "Do this behaviour". This class includes "strongly encourage". suggest to change behaviour BCT Published An awareness of other people's thoughts, feelings and actions BCT that involves telling the person to perform the behaviour. instruct, command An example of the "Tell to change behaviour BCT" is saying "Do this behaviour" whereas an example of the "suggest to change behaviour BCT" would be saying to someone: "I think you should do this behaviour." tell to change behaviour BCT Published An awareness of other people's thoughts, feelings and actions BCT that makes an emotional or earnest appeal to change the person's behaviour. implore to change behaviour BCT Published An associative learning BCT that involves creating, strengthening or reducing an association between the behaviour and an environmental trigger. alter external stimulus BCT Published An alter external stimulus BCT that involves introducing an external stimulus to facilitate the behaviour for which an intention has previously been formed. prompts When a stimulus is linked to a specific action in an if-then plan including one or more of frequency, duration or intensity also code 'action planning BCT' prompt intended action BCT Published An alter external stimulus BCT that introduces external information that is already associated with the behaviour in order to elicit that behaviour. cues When a stimulus is linked to a specific action in an if-then plan including one or more of frequency, duration or intensity also code 'action planning BCT' cue BCT Published An alter external stimulus BCT that identifies an external stimulus that reliably signals that reward will follow the behaviour. discriminative stimulus for reward cue signalling reward BCT Published An alter external stimulus BCT in which cues for the behaviour are presented less frequently. fading The reduction in frequency of cue presentation can be gradual or rapid. This BCT is concerned with reducing the frequency of cue presentation. In contrast, in "reduce exposure to cues for the behaviour BCT", the cue frequency may remain unchanged but the person's exposure to the presentation of the cue is reduced. reduce cue frequency BCTs Published An alter external stimulus BCT that sustains the person's exposure to a stimulus associated with the behaviour. exposure expose to stimulus BCT Published An expose to stimulus BCT that provides sustained exposure to a stimulus to reduce or extinguish an unwanted behaviour. arrange satiation BCT Published An expose to stimulus BCT that gradually exposes the person to an aversive stimulus while also engaging them in a relaxation process to reduce the response to that stimulus. systematically desensitise BCT Published A behaviour change technique that involves repeated pairing of a stimulus with another stimulus or with a behavioural outcome. Classical conditioning, Pavlovian conditioning When this BCT involves reward or punishment, consider 'behavioural consequence BCT' and its child classes associative learning BCT Published An associative learning BCT that involves repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that already elicits the behaviour until the neutral stimulus elicits the behaviour. Classical conditioning, Pavlovian conditioning associative learning to elicit behaviour BCT Published An associative learning BCT that stops the presentation of a reward for the behaviour. extinction, elimination of reinforcement associative learning to extinguish behaviour BCT Published An advise specific behaviour BCT that advises repetition of the behaviour in a way that has the function of increasing the skill in performing the behaviour. skill practise, rehearsal If aiming to associate performance with the context, also code 'context-specific repetition of behaviour BCT' practise behaviour BCT Published An advise specific behaviour BCT that advises the person to replace the unwanted behaviour with another behaviour. behaviour replacement, alternative response If this occurs regularly, also code 'context-specific repetition of alternative behaviour BCT' substitute behaviour BCT Published An advise specific behaviour BCT that advises the person to repeat the behaviour in the same context. habit formation, habit development For the purposes of this BCT, preceding behaviour can be considered part of the context. Also code 'practise behaviour BCT' context-specific repetition of behaviour BCT Published An advise specific behaviour BCT that advises the person to repeat an alternative behaviour consistently in a context that previously elicited an unwanted behaviour. habit reversal, breaking a habit, habit elimination For the purposes of this BCT, preceding behaviour can be considered part of the context. Also code 'substitute behaviour BCT' context-specific repetition of alternative behaviour BCT Published An advise specific behaviour BCT that advises the person to repeat a wanted behaviour in an exaggerated way following performance of an unwanted behaviour. overcorrection, remedial overcompensation overcorrect unwanted behaviour BCT Published An advise specific behaviour BCT that advises the person to perform the behaviour which is already performed in a particular context, in a similar context. universalisation of behaviour generalise behaviour BCT Published A goal directed BCT that sets easy-to-perform tasks for the person, making them increasingly difficult, but achievable, until the behaviour is performed. graded tasks set graded tasks BCT Published A behaviour change technique that alters the consequences or promised consequences for the behaviour. behavioural consequence BCT Published An increase awareness of consequences BCT that guides the person to imagine performing the unwanted behaviour in a real-life situation followed by experiencing an unpleasant consequence for performing that behaviour. covert sensitisation imagine punishment BCT Published An increase awareness of consequences BCT that guides the person to imagine performing the wanted behaviour in a real-life situation followed by experiencing a pleasant consequence for performing that behaviour. covert conditioning imagine reward BCT Published An increase awareness of consequences BCT that prompts observation of another person being rewarded when they perform the behaviour. vicarious reinforcement vicarious reward BCT Published An increase awareness of consequences BCT that prompts observation of another person being punished when they perform the behaviour. vicarious punishment BCT Published A goal directed BCT that involves the person communicating their intention to achieve a goal. The goal being made public can be in terms of behaviour (e.g. to walk for 30 minutes a day) or an outcome of behaviour (e.g. to lose 5kg of body weight) make a goal public BCT Advise the person to carry food calorie information to reduce burden on memory when deciding what to eat. Published A manage mental processes BCT that advises a way to minimise demands on mental resources. conserve mental resources BCT asking someone to smoke lots of cigarettes as a part of a quit smoking intervention. Published An advise specific behaviour BCT that advises the person to engage in an unwanted behaviour in a way that is aversive. paradoxical instructions advise paradoxical behaviour BCT bariatric surgery meaning a person has to limit their food intake increasing physical strength or flexibility to facilitate walking outdoors Published A behaviour change technique that alters the structure or functioning of the person's body. change the body BCT asserting that the person can and will succeed. Arguing against self-doubts Published A prompt thinking related to successful performance BCT that persuades the person that they can successfully perform the behaviour. persuade about personal capability BCT Published A prompt thinking related to successful performance BCT that prompts the person to practise imagining performing the behaviour well in a relevant context. prompt mental rehearsal of successful performance BCT Published A prompt thinking related to successful performance BCT that prompts the person to think about previous successful performance of the behaviour. prompt focus on past success BCT Published A prompt thinking related to successful performance BCT that promotes the use of positive self-talk before or during the behaviour. Self-talk could be about the behaviour or the context of the behaviour. Self-talk does not need to be spoken aloud prompt self-talk BCT Published A goal directed BCT that advises the person to find ways to remind themselves of their behavioural goal. advise to keep behaviour goal in mind BCT Published A goal directed BCT that advises the person to find ways to remind themselves of their goal in terms of a desired outcome of performing the behaviour. advise to keep outcome goal in mind BCT Training on the stop signal task Practising the Go/No-Go task Published A manage mental processes BCT that promotes a task that trains the person to control automatic responses. Automatic responses can include impulses, habits or emotions that lead to the unwanted behaviour. enable person to manage automatic responses BCT Published A behaviour change technique promoting medicines or other drugs. If pharmacological support to reduce negative emotions (i.e. anxiety) then also code 'advise how to reduce negative emotions BCT' promote pharmacological support BCT Published A promote pharmacological support BCT that provides the person with medicines or other drugs. provide pharmacological support BCT Published A promote pharmacological support BCT that encourages the person to use medicines or other drugs. encourage pharmacological support BCT Published A behaviour change technique that suggests a method to alter emotions. This is a broad category. It can include both advising people on ways to change emotions and directly intervening to change emotions. advise how to change emotions BCT Published A behaviour change technique that alters the environment in which the behaviour is, or would have been, performed in a way that facilitates or impedes the behaviour. restructure the environment BCT Example 1: Changing meal portion size to reduce the amount people eat at a sitting. Example 2: Removing unhealthy snacks from the till area in supermarkets to reduce impulse buying of these items. Example 3: Organisation wide use of ‘red time’ notices that people can put on their door or desk to signal that they are not to be interrupted in order to increase productivity. Published A restructure the physical environment BCT that changes the person’s directly experienced environment at the time the behaviour is, or would have been, performed. directly restructure the physical environment BCT Example 1: Putting cigarette packs out of sight in shops in order to promote smoking cessation or reduce smoking uptake Example 2: Introducing safe cycle routes in residential neighbourhood to increase frequency of initiating journeys from home by bicycle. Published A restructure the physical environment BCT that changes the person's environment at a time or location other than when and where the behaviour is performed. indirectly restructure the physical environment BCT Published An alter external stimulus BCT that reduces an external stimulus that signals the behaviour. The reduction in exposure can be gradual, as in the technique of "fading" or not so gradual. This BCT is concerned with reducing the person's exposure to the cue, while the cue frequency may remain unchanged. In contrast, "reduce cue frequency BCT" is concerned with a reduction in the number of times with which the cue is presented. This BCT may also involve 'restructure the physical environment BCT' and/or 'restructure the social environment BCT'. reduce exposure to cues for the behaviour BCT Published An manage mental processes BCT that advises the person to find an alternative focus for attention in order to avoid internal or external states or events associated with an unwanted behaviour. attention shift advise distraction BCT Published A restructure the physical environment BCT that organises an alternative focus for attention for the person to avoid internal or external states or events associated with an unwanted behaviour. attention shift provide distraction BCT Published A restructure the physical environment BCT that adds objects to the person's physical surroundings. Provision of information (e.g. written, verbal, visual) in a booklet or leaflet is insufficient. If this is accompanied by social support, also code 'social support BCT' or one of its child classes. If the environment is changed beyond the addition of objects, also code 'directly restructure the physical environment BCT' and/or 'indirectly restructure the physical environment BCT'. add objects to the environment BCT Published A behaviour change technique that prompts the person to focus on their mental representation of themself. self-perception prompt focus on self-identity BCT Published A prompt focus on self-identity BCT that informs the person that their behaviour may be an example to others. identify self as role model BCT Published A prompt focus on self-identity BCT that advises engagement in activities that affirm the person's valued attributes. self-affirmation, personal affirmation affirm valued self-identity BCT Published A prompt focus on self-identity BCT that promotes the adoption of a self-identity as someone who engages in the behaviour that is different from their previous behaviour. adopt changed self-identity BCT Published A prompt focus on self-identity BCT that promotes the adoption of a positive self-identity as someone who currently engages in the behaviour. adopt positive self-identity BCT Published An add objects to the environment BCT that adds an object to the person’s directly experienced environment at the time the behaviour is, or would have been, performed. add objects to the directly experienced environment BCT Published An add objects to the environment BCT that adds an object to the person’s environment at a time or location other than when and where the behaviour is performed. add objects to the indirectly experienced environment BCT Published An advise how to change emotions BCT that suggests the person perform a particular behaviour to change an emotion. behavioural activation in cognitive-behavioural therapy advise behavioural ways to change emotions BCT Published An advise how to change emotions BCT that suggests the person deliberately use a particular mental process. The target of the mental process advised by this BCT will be an emotion. If a BCT suggests adopting a different cognitive perspective on behaviour, which then changes emotions, use "suggest different perspective on behaviour BCT" or one of its child classes. A mental process is something that occurs in the brain, and that can of itself be conscious, or can give rise to a process that can of itself be conscious or can give rise to behaviour. advise cognitive ways to change emotions BCT Published An advise how to change emotions BCT that suggests the person use a method that stimulates one or more senses. advise to use aromatherapy to reduce stress advise to listen to up-tempo music to increase happiness advise sensory ways to change emotions BCT Published A behaviour change technique that advises the person to perform a behaviour in a particular way to help change the target behaviour. In this BCT, the behaviour the person is advised to perform may not necessarily be the target behaviour, but performing the advised behaviour is thought to help change the targeted behaviour. advise specific behaviour BCT Published An advise specific behaviour BCT that advises the person to refrain from engaging in the behaviour in a specified context. For the purposes of this BCT, preceding behaviour can be considered part of the context context-specific non-enactment of behaviour BCT Published An expose to stimulus BCT that involves sustained exposure to an aversive stimulus to reduce the likelihood of the behaviour when encountering that stimulus. flooding expose to sustained aversive stimulus BCT Published A goal directed BCT that enables the person to engage in an alternative rewarding behaviour that increases the likelihood of goal achievement. facilitate alternative goal-directed activity BCT Published An expose to stimulus BCT that involves gradually increasing exposure to an aversive stimulus to reduce the likelihood of the behaviour when encountering that stimulus. graded exposure gradually increase exposure to aversive stimulus BCT Published A behaviour change technique that draws attention to the behaviour. This class concerns raising awareness of the behaviour itself. Where a BCT increases awareness of the consequences of behaviour, rather than the behaviour itself, use "increase awareness of consequences BCT" or one of its child classes increase awareness of behaviour BCT Published An increase awareness of behaviour BCT that draws attention to the possibility of performing a novel behaviour. This class concerns raising awareness of a novel behaviour that one might not have known was an option. If not a novel behaviour, consider "suggest how to perform behaviour BCT". increase awareness of option of novel behaviour BCT Mask use at the start of the Covid pandemic through symbols/signs of masks in public spaces Published An increase awareness of behaviour BCT that makes the possibility of performing the behaviour more distinctive or prominent. salience of behaviour increase salience of behaviour BCT Published An increase awareness of consequences BCT that provides information about the environmental consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. environmental effects, ecological impacts emphasising importance of consequences is not sufficient. Consequences can be for any target, not just the recipient(s) of the intervention inform about environmental consequences BCT Published An inform about emotional consequences BCT that provides information about the negative emotional consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. inform about negative emotional consequences BCT Published An inform about environmental consequences BCT that provides information about the negative environmental consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. inform about negative environmental consequences BCT Published An inform about health consequences BCT that provides information about the negative physical or mental health consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. inform about negative health consequences BCT Published An inform about social consequences BCT that provides information about the negative social consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. inform about negative social consequences BCT Published An inform about emotional consequences BCT that provides information about the positive emotional consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. inform about positive emotional consequences BCT Published An inform about environmental consequences BCT that provides information about the positive environmental consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. inform about positive environmental consequences BCT Published An inform about health consequences BCT that provides information about the positive physical or mental health consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. inform about positive health consequences BCT Published An inform about social consequences BCT that provides information about the positive social consequences of performing or not performing the behaviour. inform about positive social consequences BCT Published A behaviour change technique that advises how to manage mental processes to facilitate the behaviour. A mental process is something that occurs in the brain, and that can of itself be conscious, or can give rise to a process that can of itself be conscious or can give rise to behaviour. manage mental processes BCT Published A behaviour change technique that alters the consequences or promised consequences for an outcome that results from performing or not performing the behaviour. outcome consequence BCT Published A behavioural consequence BCT that promises a future consequence contingent on performing or not performing the behaviour. "promises" here means assuring someone that one will do something or that something will happen. promise consequence for behaviour BCT Published A behavioural consequence BCT that promises future removal of a consequence contingent on performing or not performing the behaviour. promise to remove consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is aversive. threat, warning, disincentive To qualify as aversive, the consequence should be aversively valued by the person receiving it. promise aversive consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise to remove consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is aversive. incentive to remove punishment promise to remove aversive consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise aversive consequence for behaviour BCT that promises the consequence will be provided for the behaviour in one situation but not in another. threat for situation specific behaviour promise aversive consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT Published A promise aversive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material threat promise aversive material consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise aversive consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT in which the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material threat for situation specific behaviour promise aversive material consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT Published A promise aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. promise aversive material consequence for outcome of behaviour Published A promise consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is aversive. threat, warning, disincentive promise aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A promise to remove consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is aversive. incentive to remove punishment promise to remove aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A promise aversive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social threat A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise aversive social consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise aversive consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT in which the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social threat for situation specific behaviour A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise aversive social consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT Published A promise aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise aversive social consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published An outcome consequence BCT that promises a future consequence contingent on an outcome of performing or not performing the behaviour. "promises" here means assuring someone that one will do something or that something will happen. promise consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published An outcome consequence BCT that promises future removal of a consequence contingent on an outcome of performing or not performing the behaviour. promise to remove consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A promise consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is positive. incentive To qualify as positive, the consequence should be positively valued by the person receiving it. If consequence is delivered, also code 'provide positive consequence for behaviour BCT' or one of its child classes. promise positive consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise to remove consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is positive. threaten to remove reward promise to remove positive consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for behaviour BCT that promises the consequence will be provided for the behaviour that is different from the unwanted behaviour. incentive for alternative behaviour promise positive consequence for alternative behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is provided as the performance gradually gets closer to the behaviour. incentive for approximating behaviour promise positive consequence for approximating behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for behaviour BCT in which the consequence will be provided for performing the final behaviour in a sequence of behaviours, followed by adding behaviours that occur earlier in the sequence. incentive for completion of behavioural sequence promise positive consequence for completion of behavioural sequence BCT Published A promise positive consequence for behaviour BCT that promises the consequence will be provided for the behaviour that is incompatible with the unwanted behaviour. incentive for incompatible behaviour promise positive consequence for incompatible behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for behaviour BCT that promises the consequence will be provided for the behaviour in one situation but not in another. incentive for situation specific behaviour promise positive consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material incentive promise positive material consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for alternative behaviour BCT in which the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material incentive for alternative behaviour promise positive material consequence for alternative behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for approximating behaviour BCT in which the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material incentive for approximating behaviour promise positive material consequence for approximating behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for completion of behavioural sequence BCT in which the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material incentive for completion of behavioural sequence promise positive material consequence for completion of behavioural sequence BCT Published A promise positive consequence for incompatible behaviour BCT in which the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material incentive for incompatible behaviour promise positive material consequence for incompatible behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT in which the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material incentive for situation specific behaviour promise positive material consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. promise positive material consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A promise consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is positive incentive promise positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A promise to remove consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is positive. threaten to remove reward promise to remove positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social incentive A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise positive social consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for alternative behaviour BCT in which the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social incentive for alternative behaviour A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise positive social consequence for alternative behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for approximating behaviour BCT in which the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social incentive for approximating behaviour A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise positive social consequence for approximating behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for completion of behavioural sequence BCT in which the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social incentive for completion of behavioural sequence A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise positive social consequence for completion of behavioural sequence BCT Published A promise positive consequence for incompatible behaviour BCT in which the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social incentive for incompatible behaviour A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise positive social consequence for incompatible behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT in which the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social incentive for situation specific behaviour A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise positive social consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise positive social consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A promise aversive consequence for behaviour BCT that promises to provide the consequence at increasingly less frequent intervals. reduce threat frequency promise reduced frequency of aversive consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise reduced frequency of aversive consequence for behaviour BCT in which the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. reduce material threat frequency promise reduced frequency of aversive material consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise reduced frequency of aversive consequence for behaviour BCT in which the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. reduce social threat frequency A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise reduced frequency of aversive social consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise positive consequence for behaviour BCT that promises to provide the consequence at increasingly less frequent intervals. reduce incentive frequency promise reduced frequency of positive consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise reduced frequency of positive consequence for behaviour BCT in which the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. reduce material incentive frequency promise reduced frequency of positive material consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise reduced frequency of positive consequence for behaviour BCT in which the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. reduce social incentive frequency A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise reduced frequency of positive social consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise to remove aversive consequence for behaviour BCT in which the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. incentive to remove material punishment promise to remove aversive material consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise to remove aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. incentive to remove material punishment promise to remove aversive material consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A promise to remove aversive consequence for behaviour BCT in which the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process incentive to remove social punishment A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise to remove aversive social consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise to remove aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. incentive to remove social punishment A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise to remove aversive social consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A promise to remove positive consequence for behaviour BCT in which the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. threaten to remove material reward promise to remove positive material consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise to remove positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. threaten to remove material reward promise to remove positive material consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A promise to remove positive consequence for behaviour BCT in which the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process threaten to remove social reward A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise to remove positive social consequence for behaviour BCT Published A promise to remove positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. threaten to remove social reward A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication promise to remove positive social consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A behaviour change technique that prompts thinking relating to successful performance of the behaviour. prompt thinking related to successful performance BCT Published A behavioural consequence BCT that provides a consequence for the behaviour. provide consequence for behaviour BCT Published A provide consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is aversive. punishment To qualify as aversive, the consequence should be aversively valued by the person receiving it. provide aversive consequence for behaviour BCT Published A provide aversive consequence for behaviour BCT that provides the consequence for the behaviour in one situation but not in another. punishment for situation specific behaviour provide aversive consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT Published A provide aversive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material punishment provide aversive material consequence for behaviour BCT Published A provide aversive consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material punishment for situation specific behaviour provide aversive material consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT Published A provide aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material punishment provide aversive material consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A provide consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is aversive. punishment To qualify as aversive, the consequence should be aversively valued by the person receiving it. provide aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A provide aversive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social punishment A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide aversive social consequence for behaviour BCT Published A provide aversive consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social punishment for situation specific behaviour A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide aversive social consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT Published A provide aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social punishment A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide aversive social consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published An outcome consequence BCT that provides a consequence for an outcome resulting from performing or not performing the behaviour. provide consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Provide a reward for consuming low sugar food instead of high sugar food Published A provide positive consequence for behaviour BCT that provides the consequence for a behaviour that is different from the unwanted behaviour. differential reinforcement, reward for alternative behaviour provide positive consequence for alternative behaviour BCT Published A provide consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is positive. positive reinforcement, reward To qualify as positive, the consequence should be positively valued by the person receiving it. If informed of consequence in advance of rewarded behaviour, also code 'promise positive consequence for behaviour BCT' or one of its child classses. provide positive consequence for behaviour BCT Reward a person who has recently had a stroke who is learning to use cutlery again Published A provide positive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is provided as the performance gradually gets closer to the behaviour. shaping, reward for approximating behaviour provide positive consequence for approximating behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is provided for performing the final behaviour in a sequence of behaviours, followed by adding behaviours that occur earlier in the sequence. backward chaining, reward for completion of behavoural sequence provide positive consequence for completion of behavioural sequence BCT Provide a reward when a person folds their arms or sits on their hands instead of touching their face. Published A provide positive consequence for behaviour BCT that provides the consequence for a behaviour that is incompatible with the unwanted behaviour. counter-conditioning, reward for incompatible behaviour provide positive consequence for incompatible behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for behaviour BCT that provides the consequence for the behaviour in one situation but not in another. discrimination training, reward for situation specific behaviour provide positive consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material reward, tangible reinforcement provide positive material consequence for behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for alternative behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material reward for alternative behaviour provide positive material consequence for alternative behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for approximating behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material reward for approximating behaviour provide positive material consequence for approximating behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for completion of behavioural sequence BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material reward for completion of behavoural sequence provide positive material consequence for completion of behavioural sequence BCT Published A provide positive consequence for incompatible behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material reward for incompatible behaviour provide positive material consequence for incompatible behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material reward for situation specific behaviour provide positive material consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. material reward, tangible reinforcement provide positive material consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A provide consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is positive. positive reinforcement, reward To qualify as positive, the consequence should be positively valued by the person receiving it. provide positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social reward A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide positive social consequence for behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for alternative behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social reward for alternative behaviour A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide positive social consequence for alternative behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for approximating behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social reward for approximating behaviour A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide positive social consequence for approximating behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for completion of behavioural sequence BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social reward for completion of behavoural sequence A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide positive social consequence for completion of behavioural sequence BCT Published A provide positive consequence for incompatible behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social reward for incompatible behaviour A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide positive social consequence for incompatible behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social reward for situation specific behaviour A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide positive social consequence for situation specific behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. social reward A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide positive social consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A provide reduced frequency of positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. reduce material reward frequency provide reduced frequency of positive material consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A provide aversive consequence for behaviour BCT that provides the consequence at increasingly less frequent intervals. reduce punishment frequency provide reduced frequency of aversive consequence for behaviour BCT Published A provide reduced frequency of aversive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. reduce material punishment frequency provide reduced frequency of aversive material consequence for behaviour BCT Published A provide reduced frequency of aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. reduce material punishment frequency provide reduced frequency of aversive material consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A provide aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT that provides the consequence at increasingly less frequent intervals. reduce punishment frequency provide reduced frequency of aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A provide reduced frequency of aversive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. reduce social punishment frequency A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide reduced frequency of aversive social consequence for behaviour BCT Published A provide reduced frequency of aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. reduce social punishment frequency A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide reduced frequency of aversive social consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for behaviour BCT that provides the consequence at increasingly less frequent intervals. thinning, reduce reward frequency provide reduced frequency of positive consequence for behaviour BCT Published A provide reduced frequency of positive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. reduce material reward frequency provide reduced frequency of positive material consequence for behaviour BCT Published A provide positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT that provides the consequence at increasingly less frequent intervals. thinning, reduce reward frequency provide reduced frequency of positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A provide reduced frequency of positive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. reduce social reward frequency A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide reduced frequency of positive social consequence for behaviour BCT Published A provide reduced frequency of positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. reduce social reward frequency A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication provide reduced frequency of positive social consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A restructure the physical environment BCT that reduces an alternative focus for attention for the person to concentrate on internal or external states or events associated with the behaviour. Reducing a distraction to zero is equivalent to removing a distraction reduce distraction BCT Published A behavioural consequence BCT that removes a previously provided consequence for performing the behaviour. remove consequence for behaviour BCT Published A remove consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is aversive. negative reinforcement, remove punishment To qualify as aversive, the consequence should have been aversively valued by the person receiving it. remove aversive consequence for behaviour BCT Published A remove aversive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. remove material punishment remove aversive material consequence for behaviour BCT Published A remove aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT in which the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. remove material punishment remove aversive material consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A remove consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT in which the consequence is aversive. negative reinforcement, remove punishment To qualify as aversive, the consequence should have been aversively valued by the person receiving it. remove aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A remove aversive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. remove social punishment A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication remove aversive social consequence for behaviour BCT Published A remove aversive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT in which the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. remove social punishment A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication remove aversive social consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published An outcome consequence BCT that removes a previously provided consequence for an outcome resulting from performing or not performing the behaviour. remove consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A remove consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is positive. time out, response cost, extinction, remove reward To qualify as positive, the consequence should have been positively valued by the person receiving it. remove positive consequence for behaviour BCT Published A remove positive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. remove material reward remove positive material consequence for behaviour BCT Published A remove positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT in which the consequence is money, vouchers or other valued objects. remove material reward remove positive material consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A remove consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT in which the consequence is positive. remove reward To qualify as positive, the consequence should have been positively valued by the person receiving it. remove positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A remove positive consequence for behaviour BCT where the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. remove social reward A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication remove positive social consequence for behaviour BCT Published A remove positive consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT in which the consequence is an interpersonal process or a proxy interpersonal process. remove social reward A proxy interpersonal process is where the person interacts with a chatbot, digital assistant, or similar computer program designed to simulate and process human communication remove positive social consequence for outcome of behaviour BCT Published A goal directed BCT that reviews progress towards a behavioural goal and considers modifying the plan to achieve the goal. A goal is a cognitive representation of an end state towards which one is striving. review behaviour goal plan BCT Published A set behaviour goal BCT that describes the behaviour to be achieved in terms of a measurable target. A behaviour goal might be set in general terms e.g. "to do more physical activity" or in measurable terms e.g. "to do 30 minutes of physical activity five times a week" or "to walk 8000 steps a day." Use this class for measurable behaviour goals set measurable behaviour goal BCT Published A set outcome goal BCT that describes the behavioural outcome to be achieved in terms of a measurable target. An outcome goal might be set in general terms - e.g. "to lose weight" or in measurable terms - e.g. "to lose 5kg of weight" or "to lose 10% of my body weight". Use this class for measurable outcome goals set measurable outcome goal BCT Published A behaviour change technique that suggests the deliberate adoption of a new perspective on the behaviour. cognitive reframing suggest different perspective on behaviour BCT Published A guide how to perform behaviour BCT that provides a suggestion regarding how to perform the behaviour. suggest how to perform behaviour BCT bcio:BCIO_008000 Published An intervention delivery in which the intervention is a behaviour change intervention. BCI delivery behaviour change intervention delivery Includes the start and end of the BCI and its parts. Published A BCI attribute that involves its temporal organisation. BCI schedule of delivery behaviour change intervention schedule of delivery bcio:BCIO_010000 This includes individual people, groups of people, and organisations. Published A role played by a person, population or organisation that provides a BCI. BCI source behaviour change intervention source Published A behaviour change intervention source role that inheres in a person. person source role Published A person who is the bearer of a behaviour change intervention source role. person source Published A role that inheres in a person source. personal role of source Interventionist, facilitator, study staff Published A personal role of source that is realised by doing a specified type of work or working in a specified way. occupational role of source Commercial Managers Administrative Managers Chief Executive Officers Published An occupational role of source that manages, plans and coordinates the overall activities of enterprises, governments and other organisations. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 1 manager Published An occupational role that works in knowledge building activities, applies scientific or artistic concepts and theories or teaches about the foregoing in a systematic manner. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2 professional Science Professional, Mathematician, Actuary, Statistician, Life Science Professional, Engineering Professional, Electrotechnology Engineer, Architect, Planner, Surveyor, Designer Published A professional that conducts research, improves or develops concepts, theories and operational methods or applies scientific knowledge. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 21 science and engineering professional Arts therapist, Chiropractor, Dance and movement therapist, Occupational therapist, Osteopath, Podiatrist, Recreational therapist, Health staff, Clinic staff Health professional Published A professional that improves or develops concepts, theories and operational method, and applied scientific knowledge relating to medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, and promotion of health. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 22 health professional District medical doctor-therapist, family medical practitioner, general practitioner, medical doctor (general), medical officer (general), physician (general), primary health care physician, resident medical officer specializing in general practice Published A health professional that studies, diagnoses, treats and prevents illness, disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments in humans through the application of modern medicine. They plan, supervise and evaluate the implementation of care and treatment plans by other health care providers, and conduct medical education and research activities. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 221 medical doctor Primary care physician, family doctor, GP Published A medical doctor that diagnoses, treats and prevents illness, disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments and maintains general health in humans through application of modern medicine. They do not limit their practice to certain disease categories or methods of treatment, and may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families and communities. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2211 generalist medical practitioner Anaesthetist, Cardiologist, Emergency medicine specialist, Gynaecologist, Obstetrician, Ophthalmologist, Paediatrician, Pathologist, Preventive medicine specialist, Psychiatrist, Radiation oncologist, Radiologist, Resident medical officer in specialist training, Specialist medical practitioner (public health), Specialist physician (internal medicine), Specialist physician (nuclear medicine), Surgeon Published A medical doctor that diagnoses, treats and prevents illness, disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments in humans, using specialized testing, diagnostic, medical, surgical, physical and psychiatric techniques through application of the principles and procedures of modern medicine. They specialize in certain disease categories, types of patient or methods of treatment and may conduct medical education and research in their chosen areas of specialization. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2212 specialist medical practitioner Published A health professional that provides treatment and care services for people who are physically or mentally ill, disabled or infirm, and those with potential risks to health including before, during and after childbirth. They assume responsibility for the planning, management and evaluation of the care of patients, including the supervision of other health care workers, working autonomously or in teams with medical doctors and others in the practical application of preventive and curative measures. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 222 nursing and midwifery professional Clinical nurse consultant, District nurse, Nurse anaesthetist, Nurse educator, Nurse practitioner, Operating theatre nurse, Professional nurse, Public health nurse, Specialist nurse, Nursing Counsellor, Study Nurse Published A health professional that provides treatment, support and care services for people who are in need of nursing care due to the effects of ageing, injury, illness or other physical or mental impairment, or potential risks to health. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2221 nursing professional Midwife Published A health professional that plans, manages, provides and evaluates midwifery care services before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth. They provide delivery care for reducing health risks to women and newborn children, working autonomously or in teams with other health care providers. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2222 midwifery professional Acupuncturist, Ayurvedic practitioner, Chinese herbal medicine practitioner, Homeopath, Naturopath, Unani practitioner Published A health professional that examines patients, prevents and treats illness, disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments and maintains general health in humans. They do this by applying knowledge, skills and practices acquired through extensive study of the theories, beliefs and experiences originating in specific cultures. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 223 traditional and complementary medicine professional Advanced care paramedic, Clinical officer (paramedical), Feldscher, Primary care paramedic, Surgical technician Published A health professional that provides advisory, diagnostic, curative and preventive medical services more limited in scope and complexity than those carried out by medical doctors. They work autonomously or with limited supervision of medical doctors, and apply advanced clinical procedures for treating and preventing diseases, injuries and other physical or mental impairments common to specific communities. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 224 paramedical practitioner Animal pathologist, Veterinarian, Veterinary epidemiologist, Veterinary intern, Veterinary surgeon Published A health professional that diagnoses, prevents and treats diseases, injuries and dysfunctions of animals. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 225 veterinarian Dental practitioner, Dental surgeon, Dentist, Endodontist, Oral and maxillofacial surgeon, Oral pathologist, Orthodontist, Paedodontist, Periodontist, Prosthodontist, Stomatologist Published A health professional that diagnoses treats and prevents diseases, injuries and abnormalities of the teeth, mouth, jaws and associated tissues by applying the principles and procedures of modern dentistry. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2261 dentist Dispensing chemist, Hospital pharmacist, Industrial pharmacist, Retail pharmacist Published A health professional that stores, preserves, compounds and dispenses medicinal products and counsel on the proper use and adverse effects of drugs and medicines following prescriptions issued by medical doctors and other health professionals. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2262 pharmacist Environmental health officer, Occupational health and safety adviser, Occupational hygienist, Radiation protection expert Published A health professional that assesses, plans and implements programmes to recognize, monitor and control environmental factors that can potentially affect human health, to ensure safe and healthy working conditions and to prevent disease or injury caused by chemical, physical, radiological and biological agents or ergonomic factors. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2263 environmental and occupational health and hygiene professional Geriatric physical therapist, Manipulative therapist, Orthopaedic physical therapist, Paediatric physical therapist, Physical therapist, Physiotherapist Published A health professional that assesses, plans and implements rehabilitative programmes that improve or restore human motor functions, maximize movement ability, relieve pain syndromes, and treat or prevent physical challenges associated with injuries, diseases and other impairments. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2264 physiotherapist Clinical dietician, Food service dietician, Nutritionist, Public health nutritionist, Sports nutritionist Published A health professional that assesses, plans and implements programmes to enhance the impact of food and nutrition on human health. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2265 dietician and nutritionist Audiologist, Language therapist, Speech pathologist, Speech therapist Published A health professional that evaluates, manages and treats physical disorders affecting human hearing, speech, communication and swallowing. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2266 audiologist and speech therapist Ophthalmic optician , Optometrist, Orthoptist Published A health professional that provides diagnosis, management and treatment services for disorders of the eyes and visual system. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2267 optometrist and ophthalmic optician Education Methods Specialist, Other Language Teacher, Information Technology Teacher, Private Tutor, School Counsellor, Student Advisor Published A professional that teaches the theory and practice of one or more disciplines at different educational levels. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 23 teaching professional Higher education lecturer, Professor, University lecturer, University tutor Published A teaching professional that prepares and delivers lectures and conduct tutorials in one or more subjects within a prescribed course of study at a university or other higher educational institution. They conduct research, and prepare scholarly papers and books. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 231 university and higher education teacher Automotive technology instructor, Cosmetology instructor, Vocational education teacher Published A teaching professional that teaches or instructs vocational or occupational subjects in adult and further education institutions and to senior students in secondary schools and colleges. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 232 vocational education teacher Secondary school teacher, High school teacher Published A teaching professional that teaches one or more subjects at secondary education level. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 233 secondary education teacher Published A teaching professional that teaches teach a range of subjects at the primary education level. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2341 primary school teacher Early childhood educator, Pre-school teacher Published A teaching professional that promotes the social, physical, and intellectual development of children below primary school age through the provision of educational and play activities. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2342 early childhood educator Learning disabilities special education teacher, Learning support teacher, Remedial teacher, Teacher of gifted children, Teacher of the hearing impaired, Teacher of the sight impaired Published A teaching professional that teaches children, young persons or adults with physical or intellectual special needs. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2352 special needs teacher Guitar teacher (private tuition), Piano teacher (private tuition), Singing teacher (private tuition), Violin teacher (private tuition) Published A teaching professional that teaches students in the practice, theory and performance of music in private or small group tuition or within mainstream educational institutions. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2354 music teacher Dance teacher (private tuition), Drama teacher (private tuition), Painting teacher (private tuition), Sculpture teacher (private tuition) Published A teaching professional that teaches students in the practice, theory and performance of dance, drama, visual and other arts (excluding music) in private or small group tuition or within mainstream educational institutions. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2355 arts teacher Published A professional that conducts research, improves or develops concepts, theories and operational methods, or applies knowledge relating to the law, social or cultural studies. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 26 legal, social and cultural professional Lawyer, Judge, Coroner Published A legal, social and cultural professional that conducts research on legal problems, advises clients on legal aspects of problems, pleads cases or conducts prosecutions in courts of law, presides over judicial proceedings in courts of law and draft laws and regulations. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 261 legal professional Librarian, Archivist, Curator Published A legal, social and cultural professional that develops and maintains collections of archives, libraries, museums, art galleries and similar establishments. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 262 librarian, archivist and curator Economist, Sociologist, Anthropologist, Philosopher, Historian, Political Scientist Published A legal, social and cultural professional that conducts research, improves or develops concepts, theories and operational methods or applies knowledge relating to psychology, sociology, philosophy, politics, economics, sociology, anthropology, history and other social sciences, or provides social services to meet the needs of individuals and families in a community. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 263 social professional Clinical psychologist, Counselling psychologist, Educational psychologist, Forensic psychologist, Health psychologist, Neuropsychologist, Organizational psychologist, Psychotherapist, Sport and exercise psychologist Published A social professional that studies the mental processes and behaviour of human beings as individuals or in groups, and applies this knowledge to promote personal, social, educational or occupational adjustment and development. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2634 psychologist Counsellor, Addictions counsellor, Bereavement counsellor, Child and youth counsellor, District social welfare officer, Family counsellor, Marriage counsellor, Parole officer, Probation officer, Sexual assault counsellor, Social worker, Women’s welfare organizer Published A social professional that provides advice and guidance to individuals, families, groups, communities and organizations in response to social and personal difficulties. They assist clients to develop skills and access resources and support services needed to respond to issues arising from unemployment, poverty, disability, addiction, criminal and delinquent behaviour, marital and other problems. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2635 social work and counselling professional Bonze, Imam, Minister of religion, Poojari, Priest, Rabbi Published A legal, social and cultural professional that functions as a perpetuator of sacred traditions, practices and beliefs. They conduct religious services, celebrate or administer the rites of a religious faith or denomination, provide spiritual and moral guidance and perform other functions associated with the practice of a religion. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 2636 religious professional Author, Writer, Journalist, Translator, News anchor Published A legal, social and cultural professional that conceives and creates literary works, and interprets and communicates news and public affairs through the media. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 264 author and journalist other linguist Interpretator Published A legal, social and cultural professional that translates or interprets from one language into another. linguist Visual artist, Musician, Singer, Composer, Dancer, Choreographer, Director, Producer, Actor, Announcer on radio, television and other media Published A legal, social and cultural professional that communicates ideas, impressions and facts in a wide range of media to achieve particular effects, interprets a composition such as a musical score or a script to perform or direct the performance, and hosts the presentation of such performance and other media events. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 265 creative and performing artist Published A professional that performs technical and related tasks connected with research and the application of scientific or artistic concepts and operational methods, and government or business regulations. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3 technician and associate professional Veterinary Technician Published A technician and associate professional that performs technical and practical tasks to support diagnosis and treatment of illness, disease, injuries and impairments in humans or animals, and supports the implementation of health care usually established by medical, veterinary, nursing and other health professionals. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 32 health associate professional Medical imaging and therapeutic equipment technician, Medical and Pathology laboratory technician, Pharmaceutical technician, Medical and dental prosthetic technician Published A health associate professional that performs technical tasks to assist in diagnosis and treatment of illness, disease, injuries and impairments. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 321 medical and pharmaceutical technician Practice assistant, Quit Smoking Counsellor, Health educator, Dispensing Optician, Information Technician Published A health associate professional that provides basic nursing and personal care for people who are physically or mentally ill, disabled or infirm, and for others in need of care due to potential risks to health including before, during and after childbirth. They generally work under the supervision of, and in support of, implementation of health care, treatment and referrals plans established by medical, nursing, midwifery and other health professionals. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 322 nursing and midwifery associate professional Assistant nurse, Associate professional nurse, Enrolled nurse, Practical nurse Published A nursing and midwifery associate professional that provides basic nursing and personal care for people in need of such care due to effects of ageing, illness, injury, or other physical or mental impairment. They generally work under the supervision of, and in support of, implementation of health care, treatment and referrals plans established by medical, nursing and other health professionals. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3221 nursing associate professional Assistant midwife, Traditional midwife Published A nursing and midwifery associate professional that provides basic health care and advice before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth. They implement care, treatment and referral plans usually established by medical, midwifery and other health professionals. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3222 midwifery associate professional Acupuncture technician, Ayurvedic technician, Bonesetter, Herbalist , Homeopathy technician, Scraping and cupping therapist, Village healer, Witch doctor Published A health associate professional that prevents and treats human physical and mental illnesses, disorders and injuries using herbal and other therapies based on theories, beliefs and experiences originating in specific cultures. They administer treatments using traditional techniques and medicaments, either acting independently or according to therapeutic care plans established by a traditional medicine or other health professional. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 323 traditional and complementary medicine associate professional Dental assistant, Dental hygienist , Dental therapist Published A health associate professional that provides basic dental care services for the prevention and treatment of diseases and disorders of the teeth and mouth, according to care plans and procedures established by a dentist or other oral health professional. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3251 dental assistant and therapist Community health aide, Community health promoter, Community health worker, Village health worker, outreach worker, health worker Published A health associate professional that provides health education, referral and follow-up, case management, basic preventive health care and home visiting services to specific communities. They provide support and assistance to individuals and families in navigating the health and social services system. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3253 community health worker Acupressure therapist, Electrotherapist, Hydrotherapist, Massage therapist, Physical rehabilitation technician, Physiotherapy technician, Shiatsu therapist Published A health associate professional that provides physical therapeutic treatments to patients in circumstances where functional movement is threatened by injury, disease or impairment. Therapies are usually provided according to rehabilitative plans established by a physiotherapist or other health professional. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3255 physiotherapy technician and assistant Clinical assistant, Medical assistant, Ophthalmic assistant Published A health associate professional that performs basic clinical and administrative tasks to support patient care under the direct supervision of a medical practitioner or other health professional. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3256 medical assistant Food sanitation and safety inspector, Health inspector, Occupational health and safety inspector, Pollution inspector, Product safety inspector, Sanitarian, Sanitary inspector Published A health associate professional that investigates the implementation of rules and regulations relating to environmental factors that may affect human health, safety in the workplace, and safety of processes for the production of goods and services. They may implement and evaluate programmes to restore or improve safety and sanitary conditions under the supervision of a health professional. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3257 environmental and occupational health inspector and associate Ambulance officer, Ambulance paramedic, Emergency medical technician, Emergency paramedic Published A health associate professional that provides emergency health care to patients who are injured, sick, infirm or otherwise physically or mentally impaired prior to and during transport to medical facilities. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3258 ambulance worker Financial and Mathematical associate professional, Sales and purchasing agent, Broker, Business Services Agent, Administrative and Specialized Secretary, Government regulatory associate professional, Medical secretary Published A technician and associate professional that performs mostly technical tasks connected with the practical application of knowledge relating to financial accounting and transaction matters, mathematical calculations, human resource development, selling and buying financial instruments, specialized secretarial tasks and enforcing or applying government rules. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 33 business and administration associate professional Bailiff, Judge’s clerk, Conveyancing clerk, Court clerk, Justice of the peace, Law clerk, Legal assistant, Paralegal, Private detective, Title searcher Published A technician and associate professional that performs support functions in courts of law or in law offices, provide services related to such legal matters as insurance contracts, the transferring of property and the granting of loans and other financial transactions, or conduct investigations for clients. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3411 legal and related associate professional Community development worker, Community services worker, Crisis intervention worker, Disability services worker, Family services worker, Life skills instructor, Mental health support worker, Welfare support worker, Women’s shelter supervisor, Youth services worker Published A technician and associate professional that implements social assistance programmes and community services and assist clients to deal with personal and social problems. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3412 social work associate professional Faith healer, Lay preacher, Monk, Nun Published A technician and associate professional that provides support to ministers of religion or to a religious community, undertake religious works, preach and propagate the teachings of a particular religion and endeavour to improve well-being through the power of faith and spiritual advice. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3413 religious associate professional physical activity professional, exercise physiologist, exercise therapist, exercise specialist Published A technician and associate professional that prepares for and competes in sporting events for financial gain, trains amateur and professional sportsmen and women to enhance performance, promotes participation and standards in sport, organises and officiates sporting events, or provides instruction, training and supervision for various forms of exercise and other recreational activities. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 342 sport and fitness worker Athlete, Bicycle racer, Boxer, Chess player , Footballer, Golfer, Hockey player, Jockey, Poker player, Racing driver, Skier, Tennis player, Wrestler Published A sport and fitness worker that participates in competitive sporting events. They train and compete, either individually or as part of a team, in their chosen sport. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3421 athlete and sports player Referee, Ski instructor, Sports coach, Sports official, Swimming instructor Published A sport and fitness worker that works with amateur and professional sportspersons to enhance performance and encourage greater participation in sport, and organizes and officiates in sporting events according to established rules. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3422 sports coach, instructor and official Aerobics instructor, Fitness instructor, Horse riding instructor, Outdoor adventure guide, Personal trainer, Sailing instructor, Underwater diving instructor Published A sport and fitness worker that leads, guides and instructs groups and individuals in recreational, fitness or outdoor adventure activities. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 3423 fitness and recreation instructor and programme leader Photographer, Interior designers and decorator, Gallery, museum and library technician, Chef Published A technician and associate professional that combines creative skills and technical and cultural knowledge in creative media or food. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 343 artistic, cultural and culinary associate professional Information and Communications Technology Operations and User Support Technician, Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technician Published A technician and associate professional that provides support for the day to day running of computer systems, communication systems and networks, broadcast images and sound, telecommunication signals on land, sea or in aircraft. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 35 information and communications technician General and Keyboard Clerk, customers Services Clerk, Numerical and Material Recording Clerk Published An occupational role that records, organizes, stores, computes and retrieves information, and performs a number of clerical duties in connection with money-handling operations, travel arrangements, requests for information, and appointments. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 4 clerical support worker Published An occupational role that provides personal or protective services related to travel, house-keeping, catering, personal care, protection against fire and unlawful acts, or sells goods in retail or markets. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 5 services and sales worker Travel Attendant, Conductor, Guide, Cook, Waiter, Bartender, Hairdresser, Beautician, Housekeeping Supervisor, Astrologer, Fortune-teller, Valet, Undertaker, Embalmer, Pet Groomer, Animal Care Worker Published A services and sales worker that provides personal services related to travel, housekeeping, catering and hospitality, hairdressing and beauty treatment, animal care grooming and training, companionship and other services of a personal nature. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 51 personal services worker Street Salesperson, Market Salesperson, Shop Salesperson, Cashier, Ticket Clerk, Model, Sales Demonstrator, Door-to-door Salesperson, Contact Centre Salesperson, Service Station Attendant, Food Service Counter Attendant Published A services and sales worker that demonstrates goods in wholesale or retail shops, at stalls and markets, door to door, via telephone or customer contact centres. They may record and accept payment for goods and services purchased, and may operate small retail outlets. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 52 sales worker Personal carer Published A services and sales worker that provides care, supervision and assistance for children, patients and elderly, convalescent or disabled persons in institutional and residential settings. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 53 personal care worker Babysitter, Child care worker, Creche ayah, Family day care worker, Nanny, Out of school hours care worker Published A personal care worker that provides care and supervision for children in non-domestic settings. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 5311 child care worker Pre-school assistant, Teacher’s assistant Published A personal care worker that performs non-teaching duties to assist teaching staff, and provides care and supervision for children in schools and pre-schools. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 5312 teachers’ aide Nursing aide (clinic or hospital), Patient care assistant, Psychiatric aid Published A personal care worker that provides direct personal care and assistance with activities of daily living to patients and residents in a variety of health care settings, working in implementation of established care plans and practices, and under the direct supervision of medical, nursing or other health professionals or associate professionals. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 5321 health care assistant Home birth assistant, Home care aide, Nursing aide (home), Personal care provider Published A personal care worker that provide routine personal care and assistance with activities of daily living to persons who are in need of such care due to effects of ageing, illness, injury, or other physical or mental conditions, in private homes and other independent residential settings. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 5322 home-based personal care worker Firefighter, Police officer, Prison guard, Security guard, Offender manager Published A services and sales worker that protects individuals and property against fire and other hazards, maintain law and order and enforce laws and regulations. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 54 protective services worker Market gardener, Crop grower, Animal Producer, Mixed Crop and Animal Producer, Forestry worker, Fishery worker, Hunter. Subsistence Crop Farmer, Subsistence Livestock Farmer Published An occupational role that grows and harvests plants or animals to provide food, shelter and income for themselves and their households. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 6 skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery worker Building Trade Worker, Metal Workers, Machinery Worker, Handicraft Worker, Printing Worker, Electrical Equipment Installers and Repairer, Electronics and Telecommunications Installer and Repairer, Food Processing Worker, Woodworker, Tobacco Product Maker Published An occupational role that applies specific technical and practical knowledge and skills to construct and maintain buildings, machinery, equipment or tools, carries out printing work, and produces or processes foodstuffs, textiles and wooden, metal and other articles, including handicraft goods. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 7 craft and related trades worker Stationary Plant and Machine Operator, Driver, Mobile Plant Operator Published An occupational role that operates and monitors industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment on the spot or by remote control, or drives and operates trains, motor vehicles and mobile machinery and equipment. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 8 plant and machine operator Published An occupational role that assembles products from component parts according to strict specifications and procedures. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 8 assembler Cleaner, Labourer, Food Preparation Assistant, Street and Related Services Worker, Street Vendor (excluding Food), Refuse Worker Published An occupational role that involves the performance of simple and routine tasks which may require the use of hand-held tools and considerable physical effort. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 9 elementary occupation Admiral, Air commodore, Air marshal, Airman, Brigadier (army), Bombardier, Captain (air force), Captain (army), Captain (navy), Colonel (army), Corporal, Field marshal, Flight lieutenant (air force), Flying officer (military), General (army), Gunner, Group captain, (air force), Lieutenant (army), Major (army), Midshipman, Naval officer (military) , Navy commander, Officer cadet (armed forces), Paratrooper, Rifleman, Sergeant (army), Second lieutenant (army), Seaman, Squadron leader, Sublieutenant (navy), Wing commander Published An occupational role that includes all jobs held by members of the armed forces. International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) ISCO: 10 armed forces occupation researcher, research assistant, investigator Published An occupational role that is a researcher but unclear what discipline. researcher Published A personal role of source that is enrolled in an educational institution or a formal programme of professional training. student or trainee role Published A student or trainee that is currently learning in a non-institutional setting. informal education student or trainee Published A student or trainee that is currently learning at a primary or secondary education level in an institutional, organised setting. school student or trainee Published A student or trainee that is currently learning the curriculum material of vocational programme, normally in preparation for employment in a trade, job or profession. vocational training student or trainee completing a university bachelor's or master's course of study, medical school or other professional school. Published A student or trainee that is currently learning on an advanced educational programme in a university, college or professional school. higher education student or trainee undergraduate student Published A higher education student or trainee that is currently studying for an undergraduate degree. undergraduate student or trainee graduate student Published A higher education student or trainee that has completed an undergraduate degree. graduate student or trainee MSc student, Masters student Published A higher education student or trainee that is currently studying for a Masters degree. masters student or trainee PhD student Published A higher education student or trainee that is currently studying for a doctoral degree. doctoral student or trainee psychology, medicine, hairdressing Published A specific domain of study undertaken by the bearer of a student or trainee role. discipline of current programme of study or training Published A personal role of source that is realised in some relationship to the characteristics of the intervention participants. relatedness between person source and the target population Published A relatedness between person source and the target population that is an individual who is related to another person as they are descended from a common progenitor, related by marriage or other legal tie, or by a feeling of closeness. family member mother, father, step-mother, step-father, guardian Published A family member that is a mother, father or legal carer of a child. parent or guardian boyfriend, girlfriend, partner, fiance, wife, husband Published A family member that is an individual who is married or in a committed relationship with another individual. spouse or partner brother, sister, step-brother, step-sister Published A family member that is a family relationship between two persons with at least one shared parent. sibling relationship daughter, son, step-daughter, step-son Published A family member that is an offspring relationship from a person to their parent. child relationship carer Published A relatedness between person source and the target population that is an individual who cares, unpaid, for a friend or family member who, due to illness or disability, requires support in their daily life activities. carer Published A relatedness between person source and the target population that is a person whom the participant knows, likes and trusts, typically exclusive of sexual or family relations. friend Published A relatedness between person source and the target population that is a person with whom the participant works in a profession or business. colleague Published A relatedness between person source and the target population that is a person which hires the services of the participant. employer Published A relatedness between person source and the target population that is descried as matched to intervention recipients on the basis of ‘peerness’ – age, social status, gender, shared experience, shared health status etc. peer Published A relatedness between person source and the target population that is a source who is known and working to deliver intervention in own community. embedded in participants’ community Published A count data item that is the number of providers that an individual participant in the intervention encounters. number of people delivering intervention to each participant Published A count data item that is the total number of providers that are available and able to deliver the intervention. total number of people able to deliver intervention Published A social or demographic characteristic of a human being who is the bearer of a person source role. socio demographic attribute of person source Published A socio-demographic attribute of person source that is a time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long the bearer has existed. age of person source gender Published A socio-demographic attribute of person source that is an individual's perception of having a particular gender, which may or may not correspond with their birth sex. gender of person source female, woman Published A gender of person source that is the cultural gender role of female. female gender male, man Published A gender of person source that is the cultural gender role of male. male gender non-binary, transexual Published A gender of person source that reports not belonging to the cultural gender role distinctions of either male or female. other gender black, white, Indian, Chinese, Somalian Published A socio-demographic attribute of person source that is the ethnic group to which an individual identifies as belonging, where an ethic group is a population whose members have a common heritage that is real or presumed such as common culture, language, religion, behaviour or biological trait. ethnic group membership of person source Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Judaism Published A socio-demographic attribute of person source that is a religious group to which an individual identifies as belonging, where a religious group is a group of people characterised by the practice of a common religion. religious group membership of person source fluent, native Published A socio-demographic attribute of person source that is an individual’s ability to speak or perform in the intervention language. language proficiency of person source diabetes, cancer, depression, obesity, overweight Published A socio-demographic attribute of person source that represents their mental or physical condition. health status of person source source is highly physically active Published A socio-demographic attribute of person source that is their amount or experience of the intervention’s target behaviour. target behaviour of person source Published A socio-demographic attribute of person source that is their existing psychological attributes related to or potentially affecting the target behaviour. psychological influence on intervention delivery of person source Published A disposition that is an expert skill or knowledge held by the source delivering the behaviour change intervention. expertise of person source trained (if unclear whether pre-existing or acquired) Published An expertise of person source that is knowledge or skills held in order to deliver the behaviour change intervention. knowledge or skill Bachelor’s degree, certification, accredited, qualified Published A knowledge or skill that is already possessed by the source which allows them to deliver the behaviour change intervention, including educational level and qualifications. pre-existing knowledge or skill The division of expertise into different disciplines or fields is complex and depends on historical, social and structural factors. Published An attribute that is a field of knowledge or practice. expertise discipline psychology, yoga, cognitive behavioural therapy, hypnotism Published The expertise discipline in which the person source has acquired their pre-existing knowledge and skills. discipline of pre-existing knowledge or skill Published A knowledge or skill that is additional knowledge or skills supplied to the source to allow them to deliver the behaviour change intervention, including educational level and qualifications. acquired knowledge or skill full-day, 6 years Published A knowledge or skill that is the duration of experience in related domain held by person source. amount of experience member of British Psychological Society Published A pre-existing knowledge or skill that is recognised through affiliation to a formal group or organisation. affiliation to a formal group or organisation supervised Published A process in which a person source is formally provided, by an individual with appropriate expertise, with corrective and skill-enhancing feedback, regarding the person source’s performance in delivering the intervention. supervision of person source voluntary basis, volunteering Published A process in which a person source delivers the intervention on a voluntary basis without formal compensation. volunteering of person source Published A process in which a person source is paid or compensated for delivering the intervention. payment of person source paid in cash, vouchers Published A payment of person source that is money, vouchers or valued objects given to the source for delivering the intervention. monetary payment course credit Published A payment of person source that is non-monetary compensation given to the source for delivering the intervention. non-monetary payment Published A BCI source whose occupational or voluntary role is focused on delivery of the behaviour change intervention. source role related to intervention Published A BCI source that is involved in the development of intervention content. source involved in development of intervention Published A source involved in development of intervention that has developed the intervention content in collaboration with key stakeholders such as patients or community members. source involved in co-production of intervention Published A BCI source role that is borne by an organisation. organisational source role Published An organisation that is the bearer of a behaviour change intervention source role, such as voluntary, public or commercial organisations delivering a behaviour change intervention. organisation source Published An attribute of a BCI delivery that is the physical or informational medium through which a BCI is provided. BCI mode of delivery MOD behaviour change intervention mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery that involves intentional transmission of a representation of the world to an intervention recipient with the aim of changing that person's representation of the world. This includes delivery of rewards, prompts, and cues that result in learning and information about the environment and environmental contingencies. informational mode of delivery Published Informational mode of delivery that involves a person as intervention source who interacts with an intervention recipient in real time. human interactional mode of delivery Published Human interactional mode of delivery that involves an intervention source and recipient being together in the same location and communicating directly. face to face mode of delivery Published Human interactional mode of delivery that involves an intervention source and recipient being in different locations and communicating through a communication channel. at-a-distance mode of delivery Published Informational mode of delivery that involves use of printed material. Can include paper, acetate, text, diagrams and photographic images. printed material mode of delivery Published Printed material mode of delivery that involves a letter or postcard that can be sent through the post or handed directly to the recipient letter mode of delivery Published Printed material mode of delivery that involves display of a poster, sign or notice in a public location. public notice mode of delivery Published Printed material mode of delivery that involves use of of a printed publication. Includes leaflets, brochures, newspapers, newsletter, booklets, mazazines, manuals or worksheets. printed publication mode of delivery Published Printed material mode of delivery that involves information printed on a product or its packaging, or a label attached to or included with, a product or its packaging, and aims to convey information about that product. labelling mode of delivery Published Informational mode of delivery that involves electronic technology in the presentation of information to an intervention recipient. Electronic has been used rather than digital because not all of the content may involve digital encoding - some may be analogue. Also, it is the electronic nature that is central not the means of encoding. electronic mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves presentation of information that is broadcast and displayed by television. Includes internet and satellite television. television mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves presentation of information by a handheld mobile digital device that can store, retrieve and process data. mobile digital device mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves presentation of information by a desktop or laptop computer. computer mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves presentation of information by an electronic screen positioned in a public location. electronic billboard mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves presentation of information by an electronic device that is worn or carried on the body. Includes a watch, clip-on device, spectacles, in-ear devfice, vibrating device. wearable electronic device mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves an electronic device positioned in the environment of the intervention recipient that can gather information and respond to commands. Includes robots, and 'internet of things'. electronic environmental object mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves presentation of a 3-D image. Includes hologram but does not include virtual reality headsets. 3-D projection mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves use of virtual reality through a virtual reality headset and optionally body movement sensors. virtual reality mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves presentation of information stored on an object that is inserted into a playing device. Includes cassettes, video tapes, DVDs, CDs. playable electronic storage mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves presentation of audio information that is broadcast and received by a radio receiver. Includes digital radio and audio that is streamed as a podcast. radio broadcast mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves a communication process in which a signal is sent by a caller to a recipient to alert them of the communication intent, giving the recipient the opportunity to enage with the communication. Added in order to be able to capture the concept of a 'call'. call mode of delivery Published Call mode of delivery that involves only audio information in the communication. Includes automated calls and audio messaging. audio call mode of delivery Published Call mode of delivery that involves video and audio information in the communication. video call mode of delivery Published Call mode of delivery that involves textual information in the communication. Text message can include emojis, and additional audio and pictorial material. Includes SMS, WhatsApp and other messaging services. messaging mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves communication by email. email mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves the intervention recipient playing a computer game. video game mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves the intervention recipient interacting with a website. website mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves the intervention recipient interacting with a mobile application. The distinction between websites and mobile applications has become blurred with the advent of webapps. mobile application mode of delivery Published Electronic mode of delivery that involves the intervention recipient being given access to an e-book. e-book mode of delivery Published Informational mode of delivery that involves sound. audio informational mode of delivery Published Informational mode of delivery that involves visual images. visual informational mode of delivery Published Informational mode of delivery that involves written text. textual mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery that involves changing the physical shape, size, structure or appearance of objects in the environment of the intervention recipient. This is a very heterogeneous class that will need to be further subdivided. This does not include use of textual or pictorial information. It includes lighting, speed humps, use of music, shape and size of containers of consumables. environmental change mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery that involves devices or substances that alter bodily processes or structure. Is intended to be disjoint from informational mode of delivery. somatic mode of delivery Published Somatic mode of delivery that involves ingestion of a chemical into the body. ingestion mode of delivery Published Ingestion mode of delivery that involves ingestion of a chemical through the skin. transdermal mode of delivery Published Somatic mode of delivery that involves ingestion of a chemical through the stomach or intestine. alimentary mode of delivery Published Alimentary mode of delivery that involves swallowing of a pill or oral capsule. pill mode of delivery Published Alimentary mode of delivery that involves swallowing of a liquid. ingestable liquid mode of delivery Published Ingestion mode of delivery that involves absorption of a chemical through the lining of the buccal cavity. buccal mode of delivery Published Ingestion mode of delivery that involves absorption of a chemical through the upper airways or lungs by inspiration. inhalation mode of delivery Published Ingestion mode of delivery that involves a chemical being introduced into body tissue through a hollow needle that punctures the skin. injection mode of delivery Published Injection mode of delivery in which the tissue receiving the chemical is subcutaneous tissue. subcutaneous injection mode of delivery Published Injection mode of delivery in which the tissue receiving the chemical is venous blood. intravenous injection mode of delivery Published Injection mode of delivery in which the tissue receiving the chemical is muscle. intramuscular injection mode of delivery Published Ingestion mode of delivery that involves a device that is worn on the body. Includes insulin pump. wearable ingestion mode of delivery Published Ingestion mode of delivery that involves chewing of a soft material. This includes chewing gum. often involves ingestion of a chemical that is released by chewing and absorbed through the lining of the buccal cavity, but this is not necessary. chewable substance mode of delivery Published A mode of delivery that involves application of a physical stimulus to the body. physical stimulus mode of delivery Published Physical stimulus mode of delivery that involves exposure of light to the body Includes photo therapy light exposure mode of delivery Published Physical stimulius mode of delivery that involves application of heat or cold to the body. temperature mode of delivery Published Physical stimulus mode of delivery that involves application of electrical stimulation to the body. electrical stimulation mode of delivery Published Physical stimulus mode of delivery that involves application of physical pressure to the outside of the body. Includes massage. physical pressure mode of delivery Published Physical stimulus mode of delivery that involves a device that is worn on the body. wearable stimulus mode of delivery Published Mode of of delivery that involves modifying the structure of the body of the recipient of the intervention. Includes surgery. somatic alteration mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery that involves one recipient in the location where the intervention is delivered. individual-based mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery that involves two recipients in the location where the intervention is delivered who have an interpersonal relationship. pair-based mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery that involves three or more people in the location where the intervention is delivered. group-based mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery in which the only causal influence is from the intervention source to the recipient. uni-directional mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery in which there is causal influence from the intervention source to the recipient and from the recipient to the source. interactional mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery that involves delivery and receipt of the intervention or its components occurring at the same time or very close in time. synchronous mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery that involves receipt of the intervention or its components taking place a significant period of time after delivery. asynchronous mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery that is not dependent on actions on the part of the intervention recipient. push mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery that requires some action on the part of the recipient. pull mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery that involves application of typical elements of game playing to other areas of activity, typically as an online marketing technique to encourage engagement with a product or service. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/gamification Includes point scoring, competition with others, and rules of play. gamification mode of delivery Published Mode of delivery that involves application of creativity on the part of the intervention recipient. Includes art therapy, music therapy, dance and acting. arts feature mode of delivery bcio:BCIO_013000 Includes mental activities and behaviours. Published Individual human activity that enables a BCI to influence the outcome behaviour. BCI engagement behaviour change intervention engagement Includes as parts social setting and physical setting. Published An aggregate of entities that form the environment in which a BCI is provided. BCI setting behaviour change intervention setting Published A human population who are exposed to a BCI. BCI population behaviour change intervention population Published A role that is realised in a person by doing a specified type of work or working in a specified way. A role can be assigned without being realised. A person realises a role by doing something. occupational role Comparison involves identifying differences between the entities in the scenarios. Published A BCI evaluation study that involves comparison between two or more BCI scenarios to produce one or more BCI effect estimates. BCI comparison evaluation study behaviour change intervention comparison evaluation study This includes the following subclasses: 1) BCI effect estimate type -the type of statistic used to represent the difference (e.g. odds ratio, mean difference), 2) BCI effect estimate value – the datum that represents the difference (e.g. 1.35), 3) BCI effect estimate uncertainty type – the type of statistic used to represent the range of uncertainty of the value (e.g. 95% confidence interval see STATO), and 4) the BCI effect estimate uncertainty value - the datum representing the uncertainty (e.g. 1.20-1.55). Published A behaviour change intervention evaluation finding that characterises the difference between BCI outcome estimates of two BCI scenarios. BCI effect estimate behaviour change intervention effect estimate Published An intervention evaluation study of a BCI scenario. BCI evaluation study behaviour change intervention evaluation study Published An information content entity that is about the likelihood of the BCI evaluation finding misrepresenting the outcome behaviour. BCI evaluation study risk of bias or error behaviour change intervention evaluation study risk of bias or error Includes entities that stand in direct relation to the study e.g. authors, findings, funding, aims. Published A report that is a description of a BCI evaluation study. BCI evaluation report behaviour change intervention evaluation report the number of behaviour change techniques included in an intervention. The dose of an active ingredient in a pharmacological intervention Published A BCI content attribute that is its amount. BCI dose This class requires further specification when it is used because specific BCI content instances may vary in amount in different ways. behaviour change intervention dose Published An evaluation finding that is the output of a BCI evaluation study. BCI evaluation finding behaviour change intervention evaluation finding Published A plan for a BCI evaluation study. BCI evaluation study plan behaviour change intervention evaluation study plan This includes as subclasses 1) type of outcome estimate (e.g. mean, percentage), 2) value of outcome estimate (e.g. 1.5 cigs per day, 23%), 3) uncertainty estimate type (e.g. 95% CI), and 4) uncertainty estimate value (e.g. 12.0%-45.0%). Published A BCI evaluation finding that is about an outcome behaviour. BCI outcome estimate behaviour change intervention outcome estimate Published A physical environment in which a BCI is delivered. BCI physical setting behaviour change intervention physical setting Spain United Kingdom Published A geographical location of a country where the intervention takes place. country of intervention City New York Rotterdam State Town Region Published A geographical location within a country where the intervention takes place. within-country location Published Features of a given location, such as social and economic characteristics. attribute of location World Bank Classifications crime rates disadvantaged area Published An attribute of location describing the overall socioeconomic state of a location. area social and economic condition developing country Published An area social and economic condition described to have a low-income, whether at a country or within-country level. low-income area developed country Published An area social and economic condition described to have a high-income, whether at a country or within-country level. high-income area Published An attribute of location describing the density of an area, in terms of people and resources within it. population and resource density Published An area on the edge of a large town or city where a proportion of those who work in the town or city live. suburban area Published A facility where an individual is living alone or with one or more person. The individuals do not have to be related. household residence bedsit Published A facility where an individual lives with many others that may be collected according to a social structure such as education or disability. multiple occupancy residence student hall Published A multiple occupancy residence where many students live. student residence retirement home Published A multiple occupancy residence where multiple vulnerable people live residential care or assisted living an architectural structure for which an individual does not have a legal right to stay Published A residential facility where an individual is living that is not stable and secure. homeless setting BandB emergency accomnodation Hostels Published A residential facility where individuals are in a transitional state of housing and not staying for a prolonged period. temporary residence Published A hospital facility to treat patients without them staying overnight, often after a hospital visit. hospital outpatient clinic facility doctor surgery general practitioners surgery Published A healthcare facility led by doctors. doctor-led primary care facility Published A healthcare facility that is run by a care home organization and is the bearer of a care home function. care home facility Published A rehabilitation facility to assist the recovery of people with drug or alcohol addiction. drug or alcohol rehabilitation facility polyclinic Published A clinic providing healthcare services to people in a certain area community healthcare facility Published A healthcare facility to treat patients in the community without them staying overnight. community outpatient clinic facility Published A healthcare facility where dental healthcare is provided. dentist facility Published A facility in which formal education is provided to a student population. educational facility nursery school Published An educational facility in which pre-school education is provided. early years facility Published A school facility for younger children, typically aged between five and eleven. primary school Published A school facility providing education between primary and secondary school. middle school high school Published A school facility for older children and teenagers, typically aged between eleven and eighteen. secondary school Published An educational facility providing practically based, occupationally-specific teaching. vocational facility Published An educational facility in which students study for degrees and academic research is done. university facility recycling centre food bank Published A facility used by a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common. community facility stadium swimming pool tennis court gym Published A community facility used for exercising. sport and exercise facility working mens club YMCA Published A community facility used for socialising by those living in a given area. social centre or Community Hall facility Published A community facility containing a collection of books and learning resources for loan. library facility church temple mosque Published A community facility where individuals or a group of people come to perform acts of devotion and veneration. religious facility bar pub restaurant diner Published A community facility used to serve food. hospitality and catering facility disco theatre cinema Published A community facility designed to entertain or amuse. arts and entertainment facility market shopping centre supermarket Published A facility used as an outlet for shopping. retail facility Published A facility of a room, set of rooms, or building used as a place for commercial, professional, or bureaucratic work. office facility prison Published A facility where individuals are being reprimanded, detained or imprisoned. criminal justice facility Published A facility of a building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by machine factory facility air force navy army Published A facility relating to or characteristic of soldiers or armed forces military facility Published Methods of traveling from one place to another. NCI Thesaurus OBO Edition transportation plane train bus Published Forms of transportation that run on fixed routes and are available to the public, usually for a set fare NCI Thesaurus OBO Edition public transportation bicycle motorbike car Published A form of transportation owned by an individual for individual or group use. private transportation mobile van Published A form of transportation delivering interventions in transient locations. mobile intervention venue Published A form of transporation which can transport patients for health treatment, and in some instances will also provide out-of-hospital healthcare to the patient. ambulance Published A site which is an outdoor location outside of a building. outdoor environment Published An outdoor environment set in an expanse of water. water Published An outdoor environment for the passage of persons or cyclists on land path or pavement Published A path or pavement for the passage of persons only on land. path or pavement for pedestrians Published A path or pavement for the passage of people using bicycles only on land. path or pavement for cyclists Published A place designed and staffed to house and treat individuals that need assistance with mental dysfunctions NCI Thesaurus OBO Edition psychiatric facility Published A report that describes a BCI scenario. BCI scenario report behaviour change intervention scenario report Published A plan that is realized in a BCI scenario process. BCI scenario plan behaviour change intervention scenario plan Published An aggregate of people with whom a BCI population interacts. BCI social setting behaviour change intervention social setting What counts as substantively is subject to judgement. The level and nature of the contribution can be defined using the CReDiT taxonomy (https://casrai.org/credit/). Published A role played by a person that contributes substantively to production or reporting of a BCI evaluation study. BCI study investigator behaviour change intervention study investigator Published A population whose behaviour is studied in a BCI evaluation study. BCI study sample behaviour change intervention study sample Tailoring the dose of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation to the prior level of nicotine dependence of the smoker (static) or to the smokers' current strength of urges to smoke during a quit attempt (dynamic). Published A BCI attribute in which the content or delivery of a BCI for some member of the BCI population varies according to their characteristics or setting. BCI tailoring Tailoring can be static (i.e., conducted before intervention delivery in a case case), or dynamic (i.e., conducted one or more times after the intervention has started in a given case based on population or setting characteristics present at that time. Population and setting characteristics include the historical factors such as prior exposure to the intervention. behaviour change intervention tailoring bcio:BCIO_033000 Published A planned process that is the smallest part of BCI content that is observable, replicable and on its own has the potential to bring about behaviour change A planned process that is the smallest part of BCI content that is observable, replicable and on its own has the potential to bring about behaviour change. BCT behaviour change technique Published An aggregate of individual human behaviours of members of a population. human behaviour population behaviour Published A data item that is the output of an intervention evaluation study. evaluation finding Also referred to in definitions as human behaviour or just behaviour. Published A bodily process of a human that involves co-ordinated contraction of striated muscles controlled by the brain. human behaviour it is concerned with moving skeletal parts to which it is usually attached.' (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/striped-muscle) Striated muscles referred to in the definition do not ordinarily involve cardiac muscles. Behaviours are usually in response to an internal or external stimuli. Every behaviour is associated with mental processes, but not every mental process is associated with behaviour. For instance, a verbal communication behaviour will involve mental processes to produce speech. However, mental processes associated with listening can occur without a person performing a behaviour. 'behaviours' can involve a series of activities (e.g., more granular behaviours). 'A 'striated muscle' can defined as 'a type of contractile tissue that is marked by transverse striations individual human behaviour Learning function (e.g., knowledge development function and skill development function), knowledge or skill maintenance, protection of self, others and the environment, aesthetics function, bodily health function, spiritual function, social organisation function,, excretion function, nutrition function, reproductive function, respiration function,, rest function, travel function, thermoregulation function Published A function that inheres in a human being and is realised in processes that enable the human to survive and thrive. There are complex sets of processes involved in the realisation of human life functions, only some which would behaviours. An example for a human life function that is not a behaviour function: human thermoregulation via sweating function. However, some behaviours can fulfil 'human life functions'. The term 'survive' refers to continuing one's existence (e.g., staying alive), while 'thrive' includes a wide range of processes that improve an animal's life, including physical and mental wellbeing and experiencing positive social interactions, as well as being able to reproduce. Many processes can contribute to a human surviving and thriving. human life function Pointing Published A non-linguistic communication behaviour using body language involving a deliberately chosen movement of the head, neck, torso, or limbs to express an idea or feeling. Gestures are deliberately chosen by the person to communicate some message. The meaning of a gesture may differ across different cultures. non-linguistic communication behaviour using gesture Storing, Littering, Installing, Assembling, Disassembling, Repairing, Designing, Servicing, Washing, Composting, Planting, Pruning, Cooking, Growing food, Recycling, Planting trees, Picking up litter Published An environmental system management behaviour that involves creating, maintaining, adapting or destroying non-sentient objects. Objects can include engineered artifacts, organisms, grain of sand and/or molecules. The phrase ‘non-sentient objects’ is used to refer to objects that do not have a central nervous system. object management behaviour Doing housework, Cleaning, Gardening, Farming, Harvesting Published A material-entity related behaviour that involves creating, maintaining, adapting or destroying aspects of the physical or social environment system. Environmental system is defined as "A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities." (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000254). Accordingly, an environmental system is the social and physical environment surrounding a person. environmental system management behaviour Studying, Active learning, Problem-based learning, Collaborative learning, Online learning Published An experience-related behaviour that involves improving knowledge or skill. learning behaviour Collaborating, coordinating gatherings Published A socially-related behaviour that involves a person contributing to the functioning of a social structure or a person in relation to a social structure. In the definition, the term 'contributing' can refer 'joining or integrating into a group or improving or maintaining the functioning within a group' 'social structure' can relate to a social network or group. social organisation behaviour Intentional overdose Published A harmful behaviour that involves intentionally causing oneself physical harm. There can be different reasons for engaging in self-injury behaviours, including to deal with difficult feelings and memories. self-injury behaviour Expressive dancing, Singing, Playing Music Published An expressive behaviour that involves consciously using some capability to create or shape an aspect of the environment to express an idea or emotion. An aspect of the environment includes both objects within it but also processes (e.g., music performance or dancing). creative expressive behaviour Nail-cutting Published An individual human behaviour that attends one’s own hygiene, comfort or appearance. Behaviour relating to supporting the personal care of others can be captured under the class 'social support behaviour'. personal bodily care behaviour Published A socially-related behaviour that involves an interaction between two or more people. An individual human behaviour that involves an interaction between two or more people. inter-personal behaviour Walking, Crawling, Climbing Published A position-related behaviour in which muscles are used by a person to move themselves relative to the immediate environment or part of it. locomotive behaviour Shooting, Writing, Using a weapon, Using public transport, Taking a bus, Sailing, Typing, Collecting, Drying, Ironing, Painting, Drawing Published A material-entity related behaviour that uses a non-living object. Non-living objects can include engineered artifacts, grain of sand and/or molecules. object-using behaviour Pushing, Kicking, Punching Published A physical contact behaviour that is forceful. physical impact behaviour Published A position-related behaviour that involves adopting a body configuration in relation to the immediate environment. posture behaviour Copulating, Masturbating, Flirting, Having intercourse Published An experience-related behaviour that involves sexual arousal. The classes 'reproductive behaviour' and 'sexual behaviour' have some instances in which they would overlap. For instance, a subclass of both of these classes would be 'reproductive sexual behaviour'. Examples for 'reproductive sexual behaviour' can be annotated by using the two classes: 'reproductive behaviour' and 'sexual behaviour'. There are also various examples in which the classes 'reproductive behaviour' does not overlap with sexual behaviour. For instance, fertility preservation would be a reproductive behaviour but not a sexual behaviour. Similarly, various sexual behaviours do not have a reproductive function. For instance, performing oral sex may not have a reproductive function. sexual behaviour Cyberbullying Published A harassment behaviour that involves targeting someone through deliberate misuse of power in a relationship to inflict physical, social or psychological harm. While bullying behaviours can be directed at anyone, they are often aimed at certain people because of their race, religion, gender or sexual orientation or any other aspect such as appearance or disability (https://www.ncab.org.au/bullying-advice/bullying-for-parents/definition-of-bullying/). bullying behaviour Breast feeding, Nappy changing, Feeding, Nursing behaviour, Provide care Published A social support behaviour that involves meeting another person’s physical, psychological or social needs that this person is unable to fully meet themselves at a given moment. care-giving behaviour Calling out, Talking, Shouting, Teaching, Messaging, Lying, Exaggerating, Threatening, Greeting, Advising, Instructing, Conversing, Lobbying, Demonstrating, Training, Meeting, Posting on social media, Self-disclosing, Answering, Coaching, Giving a speech, Discussing, Story-telling, Writing an article, Advertising Published An expressive behaviour that involves the transmission of information between two or more people. human communication behaviour Spending, Purchasing, Selling, Investing, Renting, Gambling, Saving, Paying debts, Leasing Published A socially-related behaviour that involves the production, acquisition, distribution or exchange of money, goods or services. behaviours, such as economic behaviour, can involve a series of activities (e.g., more granular behaviours). The term 'production' in the definition specifically refers to the 'production of goods and services for value exchange' economic behaviour Wrestling, fencing Published An inter-personal behaviour that involves taking part in a physical struggle involving contact or the use of weapons Physical combat behaviour can be aggressive but does not need to be. For instance, people can fight as part of a game. physical combat behaviour Stalking, Victimization, Sexual misconduct, Insults, Threats Published Harmful behaviour to others that entails intentionally targeting someone with a behaviour that has the effect of causing distress in the targeted person. harassment behaviour Training, Behavioural practice/rehearsal Published A learning behaviour that involves improving the ability to perform physical, psychological or social activities. skill development behaviour Yoga, Taichi Published An experience-related behaviour that aims to create a sense of interconnectedness between the mind and the body. mind-body behaviour Swimming, Engaging in regular physical activity, Exercising, Playing recreational sport Published A health-related behaviour that involves maintenance or improvement of flexibility, strength, balance or cardiovascular fitness. physical performance behaviour Playing Published An experience-related behaviour that is performed to experience pleasure or satisfaction. enjoyment behaviour Urinating, Defecating, Induced vomiting Published A life function-related behaviour that involves eliminating excess or harmful chemicals produced by bodily functions. excretion behaviour Fertility preservation Published A life function-related behaviour that involves producing offspring based on combining DNA of two or more people. The classes 'reproductive behaviour' and 'sexual behaviour' have some instances in which they would overlap. For instance, a subclass of both of these classes would be 'reproductive sexual behaviour'. Examples for 'reproductive sexual behaviour' can be annotated by using the two classes: 'reproductive behaviour' and 'sexual behaviour'. There are also various examples in which the classes 'reproductive behaviour' does not overlap with sexual behaviour. For instance, fertility preservation would be a reproductive behaviour but not a sexual behaviour. Similarly, various sexual behaviours do not have a reproductive function. For instance, performing oral sex may not have a reproductive function. reproductive behaviour Inhaling, exhaling Published A life function-related behaviour involves providing an appropriate level of oxygenation to body tissues. breathing behaviour Published A position-related behaviour that involves changing physical location. Travel refers to some form of relocation from a place or position to another. The classes 'travel behaviour' and 'locomotive behaviour' have many instances in which they overlap. However, there are also examples where these classes are not the same. For instance, running on a treadmill is a locomotive behaviour but not a travel behaviour. travel behaviour Published A material entity-related behaviour that involves ingesting material into the body. consumption behaviour Building, Constructing, Food production, Production of goods Published An object-using behaviour that involves making a product from raw materials or parts. manufacturing behaviour Published An object-using behaviour that involves deriving meaning from written or printed symbols. reading behaviour Published A travel behaviour that involves moving an object in addition toother than the actor. transporting behaviour Advocating, Recycling, Donating, Charitable giving, Charitable working, Volunteering, Participating in research, Co-operation, Altruism, Sharing food, Helping others Published A socially-related behaviour that a population judges to accord with current norms of positive social conduct. pro-social behaviour Published A posture behaviour that involves being in a horizontal position on a supporting surface lying down Published A posture behaviour in which one's weight is supported by one's buttocks and back rather than one's feet, and in which one's back rests on a surface at an angle that is greater than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees. reclining Published A posture behaviour in which one's weight is supported by one's buttocks rather than one's feet, and in which one's back is upright. sitting Published A posture behaviour in which one has or is maintaining an upright position while supported by one's feet standing Swearing at work, Stealing, Mugging, Speeding, Truancy, Authority-challenging behaviour, Disruptive behaviour, Polluting, Scientific misconduct, Plagiarising at a university, Cheating Published A socially-related behaviour that a population judges to be is contrary to the laws or accepted current norms of social conduct within a specific social context and causes annoyance and or disapproval in others. antisocial behaviour Published An experience-related behaviour that involves taking defensive action in order to avoid stimuli judged as aversive by the person. avoidance behaviour Vandalism, Sabotaging, Polluting Published An individual human behaviour that causes net harm. harmful behaviour Published A behavioural attribute that is to what extent the behaviour is a direct emotional, habitual or instinctive reaction to something. This class is a dimension and can be construed as the obverse of reflectiveness and so operationalised in terms of acting without thinking. impulsiveness Engaging in community life, Engaging in civic involvement Published A social organisation behaviour that involves increasing a sense of being part of a social group or dyad. affiliation behaviour Comforting, feeding, encouraging Published A socially-related behaviour that involves meeting the physical, psychological or social needs of another living being to promote its development. The term 'animal' in the definition includes humans and other animals. There can be different dimensions of nurturing, e.g., in some cases, nurturing can involve addressing someone's physical needs (e.g., feeding) but not emotional needs. nurture behaviour Voting, Supporting a political campaign, Engaging in political activism, Engaging in protest, Engaging in boycotts, Engaging in strikes, Political opposition, Campaigning to be elected Published A socially-related behaviour that aims to bring about or oppose political or social change. political behaviour Published A uniform process aggregate whose member parts are behaviours of the same type and in the same person. behaviour pattern - For any x and y in P where x does not equal y, if x occupies_spatiotemporal_region s, then y occupies_spatiotemporal_region t and s does not equal t - s is instance_of human being - For any pi in P, pi is instance_of X - For any pi in P, s is participant_in pi - X is subtype_of behaviour - P is the set {p1, ... pn} of process aggregate member parts of b b is a behaviour pattern means: - b is instance_of uniform process aggregate The term 'pattern' is used to refer to several processes (individual human behaviours) of the same type being repeated overtime. This class is intended to include behaviours that can usefully be characterised in terms of frequency and pattern of enactment with a temporal start and end of the series. This means that the series can be terminated (e.g. stopping smoking), interrupted (e.g. abstaining from alcohol consumption for a month), and changed in frequency (e.g. cutting down on snacks). individual human behaviour pattern Published A substance use behaviour pattern that involves tobacco use. tobacco use tobacco use behaviour pattern Published A tobacco use behaviour that involves setting light to a combustible tobacco product and ingesting the tobacco smoke that is produced. smoking tobacco smoking behaviour Published A tobacco use behaviour pattern that involves tobacco smoking behaviour. tobacco smoking behaviour pattern Published A tobacco smoking behaviour that involves setting light to one end of a cigarette, putting the other end to the lips and sucking in order to ingest cigarette smoke. cigarette smoking behaviour Published A tobacco smoking behaviour pattern that involves cigarette smoking behaviour. cigarette smoking behaviour pattern Published An occurrent consisting exactly of a plurality of processes that are process_aggregate_member_parts_of that occurrent for all times at which it exists. Process aggregate extends BFO in the same way that object aggregate extends its coverage of material entities. It is required to be able to classify occurrents such as behaviour patterns that are repeated occurrences of classes of process that have properties such as average frequency of occurrence (not to be confused with frequency as a process profile) and temporal patterning of occurrences. process aggregate Published A locomotive behaviour that involves moving at a regular pace by lifting and setting down each foot in turn, never having both feet off the ground at once. walking Hiring, Firing, Suspending, Promoting, Demoting, Contracting, Working at a job Published An economic behaviour that involves a paid work agreement between an employer and an employee. behaviours', such as employment behaviour, can involve a series of activities (e.g., more granular behaviours). employment behaviour Praying, participating in rituals, meditation practices for spiritual purposes, fasting for spiritual purposes, participating in a silent retreat Published An experience-related behaviour that is performed in line with a belief system that is grounded in reverence for a supernatural power or powers and provides meaning in life. spiritual behaviour Published A consumption behaviour that involves ingesting a psychoactive substance into the body. substance use Substance use behaviour is not equated with substance abuse. substance use behaviour Published A substance use behaviour that involves ingesting constituents of a tobacco-containing product. tobacco use tobacco use behaviour Examples of interventions are putting health warnings on cigarette packets, providing free stop smoking services and banning smoking in public places. Published A planned process that has the aim of influencing an outcome. intervention Published A research study that aims to assess attributes of an intervention with regards to their positive or negative value. intervention evaluation study bcio:BCIO_039000 Includes individual human behaviour, mental activity and physiological activity. Also includes undesirable outcomes, such as treatment side effects, and unintended negative consequences of the intervention. Published A process that is influenced by an intervention. intervention outcome Published A process that is produced by a person. individual human activity Published An aggregate of people human population Published A process that is an individual human behaviour or a population behaviour. human behaviour This is intended to provide a user-friendly way of representing the way in which processes are manifest. This is somewhat similar to, but not the same as, the class 'specifically dependent continuant' in Basic Formal Ontology which provides a way of representing features of material entities such as age and size. It is formally equivalent to process profile in Basic Formal Ontology. Published A process profile that is an attribute of a process. process attribute An example is cold and distant vs. warm and accepting. Published A communication style that is an attribute of a BCI content communication process. BCI style of delivery when a communication style is used as part of a BCI content communication process, then it qualifies as a BCI style of delivery behaviour change intervention style of delivery Published A communication that transmits the content of an intervention Note that an intervention is a planned process with the aim of influencing some outcome whereas a behaviour change intervention is an intervention that aims to influence human behaviour as an outcome. intervention content communication process Published An intervention content communication process that is about behaviour change intervention content A behaviour change intervention is a planned process that aims to influence human behaviour. In contrast, an intervention is a planned process with the aim of influencing some outcome. This outcome may be other than human behaviour. behaviour change intervention content communication process Published An attribute of a communication process An attribute of a communication process. Communication processes can have a variety of attributes, such as their speed, how they are delivered, what language they take place in and the tone of voice in which they occur. All these types of attributes and more are captured by "communication process attribute" communication process attribute Published A particular manner of communicating aimed at inducing or avoiding certain kinds of responses in others, or demonstrating certain characteristics of the initiator. communication style Published A communication style that is an attribute of an intervention content communication process. when a communication style is used as part of an intervention content communication process, then it qualifies as an intervention style of delivery intervention style of delivery Published An intervention delivery characterised by efforts by an intervention source to give a person the resources they need to manage their own life and make them an active participant in deciding how to move forward. person-centred intervention delivery Published An intervention delivery in which the participant takes the lead in determining the focus of the intervention. participant-led intervention delivery Published An intervention delivery in which the intervention person source takes the lead in determining the focus of the intervention. source-led intervention delivery Published A communication involving one participant paying close attention to what is said by another, asking questions and reflecting as needed, in an attempt to fully understand what has been said. http://ontology.apa.org/apaonto/termsonlyOUT (5).owl#Active_Listening active listening Shows approval Making explicit statements of partnership or support Published A communication involving acknowledging another's strength or resilience in a given context or situation. affirming communication Published A communication in which the initiator and one or more activity participants work together to determine a focus for the activity to be undertaken. agenda mapping agenda-sharing communication Published A communication in which some participant requests information from another participant. asking questions Published Asking questions that can only be answered with a limited set of responses. asking closed-ended questions Published Asking questions designed to narrow discussion to focus on a particular aspect or topic. asking focused questions Published Asking questions designed to prompt the questionee to answer in a specific, pre-determined manner. asking directive questions asking leading questions Published Asking questions that cannot be answered with a simple yes or no, but instead require the questionee to elaborate on their points. asking open-ended questions Published A communication involving the exchange of light and teasing remarks intended to be playful. Note that teasing is an essential part of the definition of banter. For amusing or enjoyable communication, but without the element of teasing, using entertaining or humourous communication style. Also, note that banter may not always be perceived as playful by the subject of the remarks banter Change for Life, Time to Change, NHS Smokefree Published A communication using a consistent style of text or graphics to identify and distinguish a product, service or intervention from other products, services or interventions. brand identity branded communication Published A communication involving an extended exchange of utterances between an instigator and at least one other person. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C71323 An utterance is an uninterrupted stretch of speech or writing produced by an individual on a particular occasion. An utterance can range from a single word to a complete sentence. discussion Published A discussion led by the initiator in a manner typical of a teacher or lecturer. classroom-style discussion Published A communication showing acknolwedgement conveying empathy or compassion towards a sub-optimal situation or concerns of a recipient. communication acknowledging difficulties Published A communication using statements that add intensity to the content or emotion expressed by another person. "overshooting" in motivational interviewing communication adding intensity to another's views Educate using “ask-tell-ask” rather than “tell-ask-tell” Published A communication which involves asking for approval before sharing knowledge and giving guidance. communication asking permission to provide information and advice Published A communication which aims to focus on the feelings of others without debating the truth or falsity of statements or ideas. communication avoiding argumentation Published A communication in which the instigator asks questions to determine if the recipient has comprehended information that has been presented. communication checking for others' understanding clarifying what another has said Published A communication in which the instigator asks questions to determine if they have correctly comprehended the information presented by another. communication checking for own understanding Published A communication in which the initiator promotes an extended two-way discussion regarding a topic. Contrasts with a more one-way, didactic style communication encouraging discussion Published A communication in which the initiator attempts to elicit the recipient’s own thoughts and ideas about change rather than imposing the initiator’s own opinion. evoking change talk in motivational interviewing communication evoking another's ideas about change eliciting or seeking information Published A communication to better understand what a person thinks or feels about a topic or an experience. This can include asking questions or prompting elaboration e.g 'Tell me more about that' exploring communication Published A communication pointing out a situation in which actions or propositions are inconsistent with each other. The contradiction can be between two or more of a person's actions, or between a person's actions and beliefs, or between two or more beliefs a person holds communication highlighting a contradiction Published A communication seeking information about a person's responses to the content presented. asking for opinions communication inviting reactions to content presented Published A communication involving accepting that the recipient has different beliefs to the initiator and continuing with the planned activities while allowing both views to exist. From Motivational Interviewing communication involving acceptance that recipients views may be different to the initiator's views Published A communication in which one participant concurs with the views stated by another. communication involving agreement Published A communication involving agreement in which one participant concurs with the views stated by another and then points out an incongruent aspect of the situation under discussion. "agreement with a twist" in motivational interviewing communication involving agreement followed by highlighting incongruent aspects Published A communication involving the initiator rephrasing what a recipient says in a manner intended to confirm understanding of the recipient's situation rather than confront. "coming alongside" in Motivational Interviewing communication involving confirmatory rephrasing Published A communication further developing a declarative statement that has been made by making it clearer, more precise, bringing out its consequences or giving a concrete example. communication involving elaboration of arguments Published A communication involving the initiator offering a range of options to the recipient. communication offering choice Published A communication using statements that diminish or understate the intensity of the content or emotion expressed by the other person. "undershooting" in motivational interviewing communication understating intensity of person's views Published A communication addressing a person using a certain name or title to refer to that person. The child classes of this class are specific types of address, whereas this class is for a non-specific type of address. communication using a particular form of address Published A communication addressing a person using a formal, legal or official name or title to refer to that person. communication using formal address Published A communication addressing a person using a casual or colloquial name or title to refer to that person. communication using informal address Depending on whether Suzie Jones prefers to be addressed formally, or by her given name, saying either "Hello Mrs Jones" or "Hello Suzie" Published A communication addressing a person using a name or title that the person has specified the instigator should use. communication using preferred form of address Published A communication using statements that order or direct a person to think or behave in a certain way. communication using imperatives communication using commands staying silent (where this is intended to give others the chance to speak) Published A communication in which the speaker purposely leaves gaps between or after their speech utterances. Pauses may be deliberately left to provide opportunities for others to speak or reflect, or to demonstrate non-directiveness. communication using deliberate pauses Words like "interesting", "yeah"," mmhmm" Published A communication in which one person uses brief interjections to signal that they are listening to what the other person is saying. "Back-channels" or "undertalk" in the Roter Interaction Analysis System An interjection is a word, phrase or exclamation which is typically unconnected to a sentence and is used to express an emotion or reaction. communication using interjections to signal attentiveness Published A communication using certain vocabulary or phraseology. communication using particular language Published A communication using language in a manner which does not demonstrate an opinion on a particular issue. communication using neutral language Published A communication using language chosen to avoid coercing or persuading the recipient to think, feel or behave in a certain manner. communication using non-pressurising language Published A communication using informal language shared by members of a particular community. communication using slang Published A communication using words or expressions used by a profession or group that are difficult for others not in that profession or group to understand. using jargon communication using specialist language Published A communication using language chosen by the instigator to avoid using words or phrases that could be perceived as rude or insulting. communication avoiding offensive language Published A communication using occasional words chosen from a language spoken by both the instigator and the recipient that is not the main language. communication using selected words from a second language Published A communication that involves the use of declarative propositions based on what the communicator believes to be logical. communication using rational arguments Published A communication in a manner which clearly conveys the emotions of the initiator. emotionally expressive communication When a practitioner suggests to a patient 'Could you think about it like this...' Published A communication that involves suggesting adoption of certain beliefs, theories or lines of action by others. guiding communication Published A communication in which one person interjects before another has finished making their point. interrupting Published A communication in which at least one participant endeavours to not interject before another participant has finished making their point. communication avoiding interrupting Published A communication describing the particulars of a person's life or a course of events in the style of telling a story. narrative communication Published A communication involving goal-oriented collaboration to arrive at an agreement or compromise on a matter of importance to the individuals involved. negotiation made reassuring statements Published A communication intended to provide hope and strength in times of anxiety, worry, confusion, grief, distress, or suffering. based on Roter Interactional Analysis System offering reassurance Published A communication in which one participant summarises what the other said. This class is different to "communication involving confirmatory rephrasing" as this class is simply about summarising what another person said. paraphrasing Published A communication presenting a person's previously expressed thoughts and feelings back to them. reflective communication Published A reflective communication in which the instigator pulls together key points from a complex story told by the recipient in a succinct restatement. "summarising reflection" in Motivational Interviewing summarising reflective communication Published A reflective communication in which the instigator aims to highlight both the positive and negative sides of an issue as previously expressed by the recipient. "double-sided reflection" in Motivational Interviewing double-sided reflective communication Published A reflective communication in which the instigator replaces a word or phrase of the recipient's prior assertion with a figure of speech suggesting an analogy. "metaphorical reflection" in Motivational Interviewing metaphor-using reflective communication Published A reflective communication highlighting the emotional aspects of an issue as previously described by the recipient. "reflection of feeling" in Motivational Interviewing emotion-emphasising reflective communication Published A reflective communication in which the instigator restates the recipient's prior assertation in a less credible way to prompt reconsideration of the assertion. "amplified reflection" in Motivational Interviewing re-evaluation prompting reflective communication Published A communication which follows a pre-written sequence of instructions that are interpreted or carried out by a person or by a program. This class involves tightly following a set of written instructions. It is different to structured communication style, which is a pre-planned style but not to the extent of using a written script. script-based communication Published A communication that involves altering the area of greatest attention during the delivery of information. shifting focus of communication Published A communication style marked by fostering the involvement of the recipient as an engaged actor in the activity to be undertaken rather than as a passive recipient. active participation encouraging communication style Published A communication style characterised by a lack of empathy or compassion for the recipient. aloof communication style Published A communication style characterised by the initiator fluently using language to express ideas. fluent articulate communication style "listened carefully to what you had to say" Published A communication style characterised by purposeful consideration of another's statements. This involves communicating in a manner that ensures the recipient knows that they are being heard attentive communication style Published A communication style which aims to promote the recipient's capacity to make their own decisions. needs-supportive communication style from Self-Determination Theory interventions. autonomy-supportive communication style Published A communication style characterised by a sense of the initiator and recipient working together, the initiator showing sensitivity to the others' needs, in order to obtain an outcome desired by all. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C73529 collaborative communication style Published A communication style suggesting a lack of human interest or friendliness towards the recipient. cold communication style Published A communication style that conveys respect and regard for the recipient as an individual. communication style conveying acceptance Published A communication style demonstrating one perceives an unwanted circumstance for the recipient. communication style conveying concern Published A communication style which suggests one is acting in line with one's true values and beliefs. sincerity communication style conveying genuineness Published A communication style which imparts a feeling of optimism that a person will attain a desired outcome. optimism, positivity communication style conveying hopefulness Published A communication style which imparts a feeling that the instigator believes themselves to be higher in status than the recipient. communication style conveying perceived superiority Published A communication style which imparts one's belief that the recipient can change. communication style conveying support for change Published A communication style demonstrating acceptance of everything about the recipient. communication style demonstrating positive regard Published A communication style which directly instructs the adoption of certain beliefs, theories or lines of action. controlling communication style Published A communication style that is typical of interpersonal dialogue which encourages an interactive exchange of ideas and beliefs. conversational communication style gave a short lecture, conference presentation Published A communication style characterised by the initiator addressing the recipient in the manner of a teacher or lecturer. didactic communication style http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D037001 Published A communication style intended to play an active role in another person's decision making. Note that this class is different from direct communication style directive communication style using non-technical language, using clear language, avoiding jargon Published A communication style characterised by using language in a manner intended to be easily understandable to a recipient. This can involve using plain and simple language easily comprehended communication style Published A communication style which conveys an insightful awareness of the feelings and behaviours of the recipient. sensitivity, compassion empathic communication style Published A communication style characterised by attempting to attract and maintain a recipient's interest or attention. engaging communication style Published A communication style intended to be amusing or enjoyable for the recipient. fun entertaining communication style Published A communication style characterised by the use of traditional standards of correctness and etiquette and without casual, contracted, or colloquial forms of language. formal communication style Published A communication style conveying feelings of annoyance at time taken to understand or complete a process. impatient communication style Published A communication style characterised by the use of casual or colloquial language rather than formal language. "Colloquial" language is language that is typically used in ordinary conversation rather than in formal communication informal communication style Published A communication style characterised by an emphasis on reasoning and promoting objective understanding. intellectual communication style interactive presentation Published A communication style characterised by being responsive to the recipient's activity. interactive communication style Published A communication style characterised by making a person feel that their perspective or emotions are legitimate. validating emotions This entails a deliberate strategy to make the person feel their perspective is legitimate legitimising communication style Published A communication style characterised by suggesting the initiator is open to or able to accept criticism. non-defensive communication style Published A communication style characterised by being diplomatic and avoiding conflict. non-confrontational communication style Published A communication style that demonstrates that one is not assigning a positive or negative valence to another's views or behaviours. non-judgmental communication style "willing to listen" Published A communication style conveying willingness to take time to understand or complete a process. patient communication style Published A communication style which aims to induce or urge the adoption of certain beliefs, theories or lines of action. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D010565 persuasive communication style Published A communication style characterised by courtesy. polite communication style Published A communication style characterised by a lack of tension or anxiety. calm communication style relaxed communication style "acknowledging the victim's feelings" Published A communication style suggesting an understanding of and regard for the feelings, wishes, or rights of others. This class involves showing regard for the feelings etc of others from the outset, but not necessarily adapting one's own communication based on what the other says. In contrast, responsive communication style is adapting the response as a result of how another person is communicating. respectful communication style Published A communication style characterised by adapting to the views and behaviours of the recipient. This class is adapting response as a result of how another person is communicating. In contrast, respectful communication style involves showing regard for the feelings etc of others from the outset, but not necessarily adapting one's own communication based on what the other says responsive communication style Using talking points, using conversation guides, having a list of topics to cover Published A communication style involving the communication content having some constituent pre-planned parts but also being responsive to inputs. organised communication style semi-structured communication style Published A communication style involving the communication content having constituent pre-planned parts. standardised This class is pre-planned style but not to the extent of using a written script. In contrast, "Script-based communication" involves tightly following a set of written instructions. structured communication style Published A communication style similar to that used for dramatic performance or the theatre. theatrical communication style Published A communication style characterised by one participant having more control over a conversation than the other. verbally dominant communication style Published A communication style which demonstrates human interest and caring. friendly communication style warm communication style offering contact, inviting patient to contact you in the event of difficulties or questions Published A communication aimed at building or managing aspects of the interpersonal relationship between an initiator and a recipient rather than focusing on delivering communication content. relationship building Published An attribute of an oral communication relating to the rhythm and pitch of what is said. tone of voice Published An attribute of an oral communication relating to the speed with which an individual speaks. oral communication pace colour scheme chosen for a website, style of images used for a booklet, brightly coloured reminder stickers Published An attribute of an object used in a communication process, concerning how information sensed with the eyes is presented, which may include colours/fonts/images/spacing/sizing. object visual style Health care professionals' uniform to convey authority and knowledge, doctors not wearing white coats to speak to children Published An attribute of an intervention person source concerning how they appear to others. may be purposefully chosen to convey certain attributes of the source source visual style arrangement of chairs in the room for a group intervention, amount of space between blocks of text in a leaflet, arrangement of sections of a website Published An attribute of an object used in communication process, concerning how the object's components are arranged. http://id.loc.gov/ontologies/bibframe/Layout the arrangement of components can be deliberately chosen to help communicate intervention content object layout including adequate blank space and empty circles for the young people and their carers to record and review agenda items Published An attribute of a text used in communication process, concerning the ease of understanding the wording or other qualitative aspects of the text that facilitate comprehension. readability Published A communication style characterised by nervousness or unease. anxious communication style Published A planned process by which intervention content is delivered. intervention delivery Published A planned process that is part of an intervention and is intended to be causally active in influencing the intervention outcome. intervention content Published The aggregate of processes taking place at the same time as a behaviour change intervention. BCI temporal context behaviour change intervention temporal context Published An event which occurs during a behaviour change intervention temporal context. BCI temporal context event behaviour change intervention temporal context event Published Individual human behaviour change that involves a person, who enacted a behaviour pattern until a specific timepoint, not performing this behaviour for a duration after that specific timepoint. cessation of a behaviour pattern behaviour change and process_part_of some ('history' and has_process_part some ('behaviour pattern' and before value t1) and has_process_part some ((not 'behaviour pattern') and after value t1 and before value t2)) individual human behaviour pattern cessation Published Individual human behaviour pattern cessation in which the behaviour pattern is tobacco use. As with the parent class 'individual human behaviour pattern cessation' this class can only be identified after the duration for which cessation has occurred has elapsed and it is necessary to specify this period for the class to be meaningful. tobacco use cessation Non-enactment of a behaviour, cessation of a behaviour pattern, enactment of a behaviour, initiation of a behaviour pattern and change in attributes of a behaviour or behaviour pattern. Published A process that results in a difference in enactment of some individual human behaviour or individual human behaviour pattern from what would have been the case otherwise. behaviour change The term 'change' in behaviour change refers to change from what would have happened in the absence of a causal process. Thus. a process that results in a behaviour (e.g. going to the gym) being maintained when otherwise it would have lapsed is included in the class, as is not taking up smoking as a result of some intervention. behaviour change can refer to individual behaviours (e.g. attending a breast cancer screening appointment) or behaviour patterns (e.g. regular consumption of alcoholic beverages). individual human behaviour change Published An individual human behaviour pattern that involves consumption behaviour. consumption behaviour pattern Published A consumption behaviour pattern that involves substance use behaviour. substance use behaviour pattern Published A social environmental system that consists of persons who have shared interests relating to their occupational roles and are in contact or communication. professional network Published A self-regulation capability to modulate one’s attention toward internal or external stimuli. attentional self-regulation capability Published A personal capability that includes behaviours in its realisation. behavioural capability Published A belief about the potential regret experienced as a result of an event. belief about anticipated regret Published A belief about the outcomes resulting from an occurrence. Consequences can be either positive or negative. belief about consequences of an occurrence Published A belief about consequences of behaviour in terms of emotions. belief about emotional consequences of behaviour Published A belief about consequences of behaviour in terms of health and wellbeing. belief about health consequences of behaviour Published A belief about the probability of a behaviour resulting or not resulting in a change to emotions. belief about likelihood of emotional consequences of behaviour Published A belief about the probability of a behaviour resulting or not resulting in a change to social outcomes. belief about likelihood of social consequences of behaviour Published A self-regulation capability that is acquired through training or practice. self-regulatory skill Published An appraisal that represents an evaluation that an event was caused by natural events and not by humans. appraisal as caused by external non-human factors Published A belief about one's environment in terms of how easy it is for a person to approach and use a healthcare service. belief about healthcare accessibility Published A belief about parts of one's environment that do not involve people or organisations. belief about ones physical environment Published A belief about having enough time or a suitable period of time to enact a behaviour. belief about sufficient time for a behaviour Published A mental disposition to be detached from other people due to exhaustion experienced in one's working environment. disengagement due to workload Published A mental disposition that is realised in mental processes mentally manipulating representations of steps in an imagined process which has some goal. A mental plan is the outcome of a planning process. mental plan Published A self-identity that is associated with one's occupational role. professional identity Published A mental disposition to focus more on future than present outcomes. temporal orientation to the future Published A mental disposition to focus more on present than future outcomes. temporal orientation to the present Published A negative emotion that occurs when a person wishes they chose or acted differently in the past, due to the consequences of that choice or action being unfavourable. regret Published A subjective affective feeling of sadness. feeling sadness Published A mental process that is sudden and compels an organism to think or behave in some way. An impulse is not felt or consciously processed. If an impulse if frustrated, a person or other organism feels an urge. impulse Published A mental process that involves taking notice of one's affective, mental or bodily experience without judging it as good or bad. Acceptance non-judgmental acknowledgement Published A mental process that involves creating adverse consequences for oneself if one does not stick to an intended course of action. Pre-commitment self-binding Written language, spoken language and sign-language communication Published A human communication behaviour in which the information that is communicated is encoded in language. linguistic communication behaviour Communicating through bodily gestures, through pictograms and through sound (e.g. a siren going off communicates information about the presence of danger without the use of language) Published A human communication behaviour in which information is transmitted without being encoded in the meaning units of any language. non-linguistic communication behaviour Published A mental process in which a lasting mental or behavioural change occurs as the result of experience. The class 'learning' from the Gene Ontology was not reused but adapted for the Mechanism of Action (MoA) Ontology, as the Gene Ontology only focuses on learning adaptive behaviours in order to be relevant to all organisms. learning Published Thinking that is about negative experiences and feelings, and repeated. ruminating Published A process aggregate whose member parts are of the same type. u is a uniform process aggregate means: • u instance_of process aggregate • P is the set {p1,…pn} of process aggregate member parts of u • X is some descendant of process • Each of {p1,…pn} in P is instance_of X uniform process aggregate Published A bodily process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to external or internal stimuli and that is instigated by the person. self-regulation process Published Tobacco use cessation in which the form of tobacco use is tobacco smoking. tobacco smoking cessation Published A learning behaviour that involves improving a person's knowledge. knowledge development behaviour Published Behaviour change intervention mechanism of action in which the causal influence affects a bodily disposition. The relation between ‘mechanism of action through bodily disposition’ and ‘bodily disposition’ is labelled as ‘through'. The ‘through’ relationship is defined as: ‘A relation that holds between an intervention’s mechanism of action and an entity x, in which the entity x (a) participates in or is part of the mechanism of action process and (b) is influenced by a BCI or its context such that there is some change in entity x.’ In this definition, ‘change’ refers to change from what would have been the case rather than change from an existing state of affairs. This is to capture the fact that mechanisms of action can act to sustain a current state of affairs, for example preventing smoking uptake. In the definition, ‘some change’ captures changes in salience, change in valence, or being added, increased, decreased, manifested/realised, created, started, stopped or altered rate. mechanism of action through bodily disposition Published Behaviour change intervention mechanism of action in which the causal influence occurs in a bodily process. The relation between ‘mechanism of action through bodily process’ and ‘bodily process’ is labelled as ‘through'. The ‘through’ relationship is defined as: ‘A relation that holds between an intervention’s mechanism of action and an entity x, in which the entity x (a) participates in or is part of the mechanism of action process and (b) is influenced by a BCI or its context such that there is some change in entity x.’ In this definition, ‘change’ refers to change from what would have been the case rather than change from an existing state of affairs. This is to capture the fact that mechanisms of action can act to sustain a current state of affairs, for example preventing smoking uptake. In the definition, ‘some change’ captures changes in salience, change in valence, or being added, increased, decreased, manifested/realised, created, started, stopped or altered rate. mechanism of action through bodily process Published Behaviour change intervention mechanism of action in which the causal influence affects a cognitive representation. The relation between ‘mechanism of action through 'cognitive representation' and cognitive representation' is labelled as 'through'. The ‘through’ relationship is defined as: ‘A relation that holds between an intervention’s mechanism of action and an entity x, in which the entity x (a) participates in or is part of the mechanism of action process and (b) is influenced by a BCI or its context such that there is some change in entity x.’ In this definition, ‘change’ refers to change from what would have been the case rather than change from an existing state of affairs. This is to capture the fact that mechanisms of action can act to sustain a current state of affairs, for example preventing smoking uptake. In the definition, ‘some change’ captures changes in salience, change in valence, or being added, increased, decreased, manifested/realised, created, started, stopped or altered rate. mechanism of action through cognitive representation Published Behaviour change intervention mechanism of action in which the causal influence affects an environmental disposition. The relation between ‘mechanism of action through environmental disposition' and ‘environmental disposition' is labelled as 'through'. The ‘through’ relationship is defined as: ‘A relation that holds between an intervention’s mechanism of action and an entity x, in which the entity x (a) participates in or is part of the mechanism of action process and (b) is influenced by a BCI or its context such that there is some change in entity x.’ In this definition, ‘change’ refers to change from what would have been the case rather than change from an existing state of affairs. This is to capture the fact that mechanisms of action can act to sustain a current state of affairs, for example preventing smoking uptake. In the definition, ‘some change’ captures changes in salience, change in valence, or being added, increased, decreased, manifested/realised, created, started, stopped or altered rate. mechanism of action through environmental disposition Published Behaviour change intervention mechanism of action in which the causal influence shifts the location of people or objects. The relation between ‘mechanism of action through location' and ‘location' is labelled as 'through'. The ‘through’ relationship is defined as: ‘A relation that holds between an intervention’s mechanism of action and an entity x, in which the entity x (a) participates in or is part of the mechanism of action process and (b) is influenced by a BCI or its context such that there is some change in entity x.’ In this definition, ‘change’ refers to change from what would have been the case rather than change from an existing state of affairs. This is to capture the fact that mechanisms of action can act to sustain a current state of affairs, for example preventing smoking uptake. In the definition, ‘some change’ captures changes in salience, change in valence, or being added, increased, decreased, manifested/realised, created, started, stopped or altered rate. mechanism of action through location Published Behaviour change intervention mechanism of action in which the causal influence affects a material entity. The relation between ‘mechanism of action through material entity’ and ‘material entity’ is labelled as‘through’. The ‘through’ relationship is defined as: ‘A relation that holds between an intervention’s mechanism of action and an entity x, in which the entity x (a) participates in or is part of the mechanism of action process and (b) is influenced by a BCI or its context such that there is some change in entity x.’ In this definition, ‘change’ refers to change from what would have been the case rather than change from an existing state of affairs. This is to capture the fact that mechanisms of action can act to sustain a current state of affairs, for example preventing smoking uptake. In the definition, ‘some change’ captures changes in salience, change in valence, or being added, increased, decreased, manifested/realised, created, started, stopped or altered rate. mechanism of action through material entity Published Behaviour change intervention mechanism of action in which the causal influence affects a personal role. The relation between ‘mechanism of action through personal role’ and ‘personal role’ is labelled as ‘through’. The ‘through’ relationship is defined as: ‘A relation that holds between an intervention’s mechanism of action and an entity x, in which the entity x (a) participates in or is part of the mechanism of action process and (b) is influenced by a BCI or its context such that there is some change in entity x.’ In this definition, ‘change’ refers to change from what would have been the case rather than change from an existing state of affairs. This is to capture the fact that mechanisms of action can act to sustain a current state of affairs, for example preventing smoking uptake. In the definition, ‘some change’ captures changes in salience, change in valence, or being added, increased, decreased, manifested/realised, created, started, stopped or altered rate. mechanism of action through personal role Published A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in a person. Attributes included under this header are age, immigration, social and economic conditions. personal attribute bcio:BCIO_050303 Published Tobacco smoking cessation in which the form of tobacco smoking is cigarette smoking. cigarette smoking cessation Published A process attribute whose bearer is a behaviour change intervention. behaviour change intervention attribute BCI attribute Published A subjective affective feeling that is an attraction to an imagined scenario involving anticipated relief from or avoidance of mental or physical discomfort. subjective need Published A subjective affective feeling that is an attraction to an imagined scenario involving anticipated pleasure or satisfaction. subjective want Published Behavioural motivation that involves reflective thinking. reflective behavioural motivation Published A mental information process that is the encoding, storing, and retrieval of informational stimuli. memory process Published A goal interaction in which the goals are incompatible. goal conflict Published A goal interaction in which the goals facilitate each other. goal facilitation Published An information content entity that is about the extent to which goals are compatible with each other. goal interaction Feeling ticklish, feeling tingling Published A mental process that involves the experience of internal or external sensory stimuli. If a subjective feeling is valenced (i.e., an affective process), the more granular class “subjective affective feeling” can be used to capture this feeling. subjective feeling Published A belief about one's position in life in relation to one's goals, expectations, standards and concerns. belief about quality of life Published A behavioural capability that involves psychological abilities. The class ‘psychological behavioural capability’ is the subclass of both ‘behavioural capability’ and ‘mental capability’ and refers to mental capabilities that are needed to realise a behaviour. psychological behavioural capability Published A mental disposition to experience a subjective affective feeling about something. The definition does not express the idea that the feeling is positive or negative because that is implied by the parent class. The entity (‘something’) that is the object of the attitude is usually referred to as the ‘attitude object’. affective attitude Published Affective attitude in which the entity that is the attitude object is a behaviour. affective attitude towards a behaviour Published A mental disposition that is an affective attitude or an evaluative belief about something. The class “attitude” is logically defined as an “effective attitude” or “evaluative belief”, as the term “attitude” can be used to refer to either class. attitude Published An attitude in which the entity that is the attitude object is a behaviour. The class “attitude towards a behaviour” is logically defined as an “affective attitude towards a behaviour” or “evaluative belief about a behaviour”, as the term “attitude towards a behaviour” can be used to refer to either class. attitude towards a behaviour Published A guide how to perform behaviour BCT that involves suggesting the person avoid spending time with others who do a behaviour that the person wants to reduce or stop. advise to avoid people who do an unwanted behaviour BCT Published An alter external stimulus BCT that involves removing an aversive stimulus to bring about behaviour change. escape learning remove aversive stimulus BCT Published An advise behavioural ways to change emotions BCT suggesting the person perform a particular behaviour to enhance negative emotions. advise behavioural ways to increase negative emotions BCT Published An advise behavioural ways to change emotions BCT suggesting the person perform a particular behaviour to decrease negative emotions. advise behavioural ways to reduce negative emotions BCT Published An advise cognitive ways to change emotions BCT suggesting the person deliberately use a particular mental process to enhance positive emotions. advise cognitive ways to increase positive emotions BCT Published An advise cognitive ways to change emotions BCT suggesting the person deliberately use a particular mental process to decrease positive emotions. advise cognitive ways to reduce positive emotions BCT Published An advise cognitive ways to change emotions BCT suggesting the person deliberately use a particular mental process to enhance negative emotions. advise cognitive ways to increase negative emotions BCT Published An advise cognitive ways to change emotions BCT suggesting the person deliberately use a particular mental process to decrease negative emotions. advise cognitive ways to reduce negative emotions BCT Published An advise sensory ways to change emotions BCT suggesting the person use a method that stimulates one or more senses to enhance positive emotions. advise sensory ways to increase positive emotions BCT Published An advise sensory ways to change emotions BCT suggesting the person use a method that stimulates one or more senses to decrease positive emotions. advise sensory ways to reduce positive emotions BCT Published An advise sensory ways to change emotions BCT suggesting the person use a method that stimulates one or more senses to enhance negative emotions. advise sensory ways to increase negative emotions BCT Published An advise sensory ways to change emotions BCT suggesting the person use a method that stimulates one or more senses to decrease negative emotions. advise sensory ways to reduce negative emotions BCT Published An advise how to change emotions BCT suggesting a method to enhance negative emotions. advise how to increase negative emotions BCT Published An advise how to change emotions BCT suggesting a method to enhance positive emotions. advise how to increase positive emotions BCT Published An advise how to change emotions BCT suggesting a method to decrease negative emotions. stress management If includes analysing the behavioural problem, also code 'goal strategising BCT' advise how to reduce negative emotions BCT Published An advise how to change emotions BCT suggesting a method to decrease positive emotions. advise how to reduce positive emotions BCT Published A restructure the social environment BCT that changes the person's directly experienced environment at the time the behaviour is, or would have been, performed. directly restructure the social environment BCT Published A restructure the social environment BCT that changes the person's environment at a time or location other than when and where the behaviour is performed. indirectly restructure the social environment BCT Published A restructure the environment BCT that alters the physical environment in which the behaviour is, or would have been, performed in a way that facilitates or impedes the behaviour. physical space reorganisation, environmental modification This may also involve 'reduce exposure to cues for the behaviour BCT' restructure the physical environment BCT Instructing schoolchildren to form a single file queue rather than mingle in a crowd. Instructing people in a smoking cessation group to sit in a circle rather than in rows Published A restructure the environment BCT that alters the social environment in which the behaviour is, or would have been, performed in a way that facilitates or impedes the behaviour. interpersonal environment restructuring, social context modification This may also involve 'reduce exposure to cues for the behaviour BCT' restructure the social environment BCT Published An advise behavioural ways to change emotions BCT suggesting the person perform a particular behaviour to enhance positive emotions. advise behavioural ways to increase positive emotions BCT Published An advise behavioural ways to change emotions BCT suggesting the person perform a particular behaviour to decrease positive emotions. advise behavioural ways to reduce positive emotions BCT Published Providing a healthcare that involves a procedure to assess another person’s health or wellbeing. providing healthcare testing Published Providing healthcare testing to detect the presence of a health condition in a person who is asymptomatic for that condition. providing in health screening Published Providing healthcare that involves advising and authorising the use of a treatment to improve or maintain another person's health or wellbeing. prescribing behaviour Published Prescribing behaviour that involves advising and authorising the use of a medicine. Medicine is defined as type of drug, i.e., ‘any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions.’ (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888) Prescribing medication can include advising and authorising to stop using a medicine. prescribing medication Published Prescribing behaviour that involves advising and authorising the performance of a behaviour or a series of behaviours. prescribing behavioural regime Published Prescribing behaviour that involves advising and authorising the participation in services targeting social, economic or environmental factors that affect health or wellbeing. social prescribing Published Providing healthcare that involves assessing a person's health or wellbeing after a period of taking a prescribed medication and assessing whether the medication continues to be appropriate. reviewing prescribed medication Published Providing healthcare that involves administering a vaccination to prevent or lower the risk of a disease. Vaccination is defined as “a medical intervention that involves adding a vaccine into a host (e.g., human, mouse) in vivo with the intent to invoke an adaptive immune response.” (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/VO_0000002) administering vaccine Published Providing healthcare that involves communicating guidance or recommendations to improve or maintain another person’s health or wellbeing. providing healthcare advice Published Providing healthcare that involves directing a person to another healthcare professional or organisation to assess, monitor, improve or maintain an aspect of this person’s health or wellbeing. making a referral to another health care service Published Providing healthcare that involves interacting with a person to improve or maintain aspects of this person’s health or wellbeing. providing healthcare treatment Published Providing healthcare treatment that involves advising, encouraging or physically supporting, a person to perform movements that remediate this person’s bodily impairments or promote mobility, function or quality of life. providing physical therapy Published Providing healthcare treatment that uses communication or recommended tasks to assess and improve a person’s adaptive mental or behavioural functioning. providing psychological treatment Published Providing psychological treatment that involves creative and expressive processes. providing creative arts therapy Published Providing healthcare treatment that aims to enable people to participate in the activities of everyday life. providing occupational therapy Published Providing healthcare treatment that aims to improve or restore communication, eating, drinking or swallowing. providing speech and language therapy Showering, bathing, makeup removing Published A personal bodily care behaviour that attends to hygiene by cleaning or washing oneself or parts of the body. bodily hygiene behaviour Published A bodily hygiene behaviour that involves cleaning or washing one's hands. handwashing Tooth-brushing, flossing, using mouthwash Published A bodily hygiene behaviour that attends to oral heath by cleaning one's teeth, gums or tongue. dental hygiene behaviour Published A personal bodily care behaviour that involves wearing clothes providing comfort and protecting oneself from ambient conditions. dressing behaviour Hair-arranging, Make-up applying Published A personal bodily care behaviour that attends to making changes to one's body to achieve a desired appearance. appearance-based bodily behaviour Published A non-linguistic communication behaviour using one's voice to produce sounds. non-linguistic communication behaviour using vocalisations Published An expressive behaviour showing elation, amusement or scorn by means of facial expressions and repeated sharp exhalations. An individual human behaviour showing an emotion such as mirth, joy, or scorn with a chuckle or explosive vocal sound. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/laugh Based on https://www.britannica.com/topic/humor#ref126128 laughing Published A non-linguistic communication behaviour using body language characterised by the meeting of eyes with another individual. non-linguistic communication behaviour using eye contact Published A substance use behaviour that involves drinking an alcohol-containing product. alcohol consumption Published Inhaling consumption that that involves using an e-cigarette. E-cigarettes do not necessarily have to include nicotine but can involve inhaling flavourings or other chemicals. e-cigarette use Published Inhaling consumption that involves the use of an electronic vaping device. electronic vaping device use Published Inhaling consumption that involves using a device to consume an aerosol. vaping device use Published A communication style characterised by aggression. aggressive communication style Published A communication style characterised by anger. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MFOEM_000009 angry communication style Published Asking questions in order to better understand an issue. asking clarifying questions Elicit concerns, problems and reactions Published An exploring communication focused on a person's affective responses to a matter. communication exploring a person's feelings about a topic Published A process involving the transmission of information between two or more participants. NCIT:C16452 The participants in the communication process can be of a variety of types, e.g. a human talking to an automated chatbot system, two computer systems exchanging information, a person talking to a pet animal etc. communication Published An exploring communication focused on a person's affective responses to an experience. An experience can be any situation or state a person encounters or undergoes communication exploring a person's feelings about an experience clarifying what someone has said Published An exploring communication focused on what a person thinks about a matter. communication exploring a person's thoughts about a topic Published An exploring communication focused on what a person thinks about an experience. An experience can be any situation or state a person encounters or undergoes communication exploring a person's thoughts about an experience Published A communication involving the expressed recognition of what another has expressed. communication showing acknowledgement Published A communication style characterised by the explicit presentation of information. Note that this class is different from directive communication style direct communication style Published A communication style intended to amuse. humorous communication style Published A communication style characterised by not adapting to the views and behaviours of the recipient. non-responsive communication style Published A communication style conveying information in a hurried way. rushed communication style Published Self-injecting consumption that involves administering liquids into one’s veins. intravenous self-injecting Published A consumption behaviour that involves breathing in a material through the nose or mouth. inhaling consumption Published Inhaling consumption that involves breathing in a material through the nose. sniffing consumption Nicotine patches, hormone patches, pain relief gels Published A consumption behaviour that involves applying a material to the skin and ingesting this material into the circulation through the skin. transdermal consumption Published An inter-personal behaviour that involves providing physical, psychological or social assistance to another. social support behaviour Mistreatment, Sexual assault, Engaging in domestic violence, Physical attack, Abuse behaviour Published A harmful behaviour that involves interacting with another animal and thereby causing harm to its health, wellbeing or social functioning. The term 'animal' in the definition includes humans and other animals. ‘Harmful behaviour to others’ will involve a direct interaction between the person performing the behaviour and the person or animal that is negatively affected. harmful behaviour to others Published A health-related behaviour that involves interacting with a healthcare provider in order to assess, monitor, improve or maintain an aspect of one's health. A ‘healthcare provider’ can be a person or organisation utilising healthcare Published Utilising healthcare that involves scheduling a time to interact with a person or organisation providing healthcare. arranging a healthcare service appointment Blood test to check for anaemia, psychological testing Published Utilising healthcare that involves participating in a healthcare procedure to assess or monitor an aspect of one’s health or wellbeing. Healthcare procedure is defined as ‘a healthcare intervention that refers to any series of pre-defined steps that should be followed to achieve a desired result.’ participating in healthcare testing Screen for breast cancer, screen for perinatal depression Published Participating in healthcare testing to detect the presence of a health condition while asymptomatic for that condition. participating in health screening Published Utilising healthcare that involves interacting with a healthcare provider to receive a vaccination to prevent or lower the risk of a disease. Vaccination is defined as “a medical intervention that involves in adding vaccine into a host (e.g., human, mouse) in vivo with the intent to invoke an adaptive immune response.” (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/VO_0000002) undergoing vaccination Undergoing surgery Published Utilising healthcare that involves interacting with a health professional to improve or maintain aspects of one's health or wellbeing. participating in healthcare treatment Published Participating in healthcare treatment that involves advice, encouragement, or physical support to perform movements that remediate one’s bodily impairments or promote mobility, function or quality of life. participating in physical therapy Published Participating in healthcare treatment that uses communication or recommended tasks to assess and improve adaptive mental or behavioural functioning. participating in psychological treatment Published Participating in psychological treatment that involves creative and expressive processes. participating in creative arts therapy Published Participating in healthcare treatment that aims to enable people to participate in the activities of everyday life. participating in occupational therapy Published Participating in healthcare treatment that aims to improve or restore communication, eating, drinking or swallowing. participating in speech and language therapy Published A health-related behaviour that uses a method to monitor and record an indicator of one’s health or wellbeing. self-monitoring an aspect of health Published A personal bodily care behaviour that involves protecting one's skin or eyes from the damaging effects of the sun. ‘Sun protective behaviour’ is defined in terms of its goal (to protect oneself from the damaging effects of the sun) and can include very different behaviours, e.g., applying sunscreen and staying in the shade. sun protective behaviour Published A consumption behaviour that involves ingesting a medicine to treat or relieve symptoms of a health condition or maintain an aspect of health or wellbeing. pharmacological consumption Medicine is defined as type of drug, i.e., ‘any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions.’ (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888) medication-taking Published A health-related behaviour that involves assessing, monitoring, improving or maintaining an aspect of another person’s health. providing healthcare Published Providing healthcare that involves assessing symptoms and signs in order to detect the nature of a health condition. Symptoms are experienced or felt by the individual (e.g., pain or a rash), while signs are observed or detected by the healthcare professional (e.g., low blood sugar). There can be overlap between symptoms and signs, as some symptoms can be observed or detected by a healthcare professional. diagnostic healthcare behaviour Published A consumption behaviour that involves administering a liquid into one’s body with a needle and a syringe. In the definition, ‘a needle and a springe’ include both a standard needle and syringe but also an autoinjector. self-injecting consumption A person has a behaviour disposition to realise consumption behaviour Published A bodily disposition that is realised as some behaviour. behavioural disposition Published A consumption behaviour that involves putting a material into one’s mouth and swallowing this material. oral consumption Watching a movie Published An object-using behaviour that involves deriving meaning from visual or audiovisual material. watching behaviour Published A criterion that is a characteristics of some population or setting that is used to include them in the BCI population. BCI selection criterion Published An object-using behaviour that involves interacting with programs, procedures, documentation or data on an electronic device. digital interaction behaviour Published An experience-related behaviour that involves avoiding, reducing or escaping anxiety, stress, sorrow, shame and unhappiness. distress minimization behaviour distress minimisation behaviour Published Oral consumption behaviour that involves swallowing a liquid material. drinking Published Oral consumption behaviour that involves chewing and swallowing some solid components eating Published A non-linguistic communication behaviour that involves expressing thoughts or feelings through bodily movement or posture. non-linguistic communication behaviour using body language Published Non-linguistic communication behaviour using body language that involves movements of facial muscles to express thoughts or feelings. non-linguistic communication behaviour using facial expression Touching Published A material-entity related behaviour that makes physical contact with something. physical contact behaviour Published An object-using behaviour that involves attending to audiomaterial. audio presentation listening behaviour walking three times a week Published A data item that is about the number of times a behaviour occurs in a time period. behavioural frequency harassment behaviour occurred three times Published A data item that is about the number of times a behaviour has occurred. number of behavioural occurrences linguistic communication behaviour has_behavioural_attribute tip up tongue placement Published A behavioural attribute that is the physical way in which a behaviour is enacted. behavioural form writing has high mental exertion expended on a behaviour Published A behavioural attribute that is the level of mental effort expended on the behaviour to be enacted. mental exertion expended on a behaviour physical performance behaviour has high physical exertion expended on a behaviour Published A behavioural attribute that is the level of musculoskeletal work expended on the behaviour to be enacted. physical exertion expended on a behaviour Doing mathematics homework has high cognitive exertion expended on a behaviour Published Mental exertion expended on a behaviour where the exertion involves cognitive processes. cognitive exertion expended on a behaviour Greeting customers cheerily when tired has high emotional management exertion expended on a behaviour Published Mental exertion expended on a behaviour where the exertion involves control over emotions or their expression. emotional management exertion expended on a behaviour physical performance behaviour has_behavioural_attribute behavioural attribute Published A process attribute of an individual human behaviour. behavioural attribute Published An individual human behaviour that relates to health. health-related behaviour Published An individual human behaviour related to vital bodily functions. life function-related behaviour Published An individual human behaviour that relates to a material entity. material entity-related behaviour Published An individual human behaviour that relates to the enactor's posture or location. position-related behaviour Published An individual human behaviour that relates to the social environment. socially-related behaviour Published An expressive behaviour involving vibration of the vocal chords. vocalisation behaviour Published An individual human behaviour that relates to some subjective experience of the behaving person. experience-related behaviour Published A behavioural attribute that is to what extent the behaviour is a response to reflective motivation or thinking. This class is a dimension and involves any conscious thought processes that lead to a behaviour in some way, even if those processes are themselves influenced by emotional processes and biases. reflectiveness Proposed A goal directed BCT that changes an existing goal for the behaviour to be achieved. A goal is a cognitive representation of an end state towards which one is striving. change behaviour goal BCT Proposed A goal directed BCT that changes an existing goal for the outcome to be achieved. A goal is a cognitive representation of an end state towards which one is striving. change outcome goal BCT Published A behavioural attribute that is the extent to which the behaviour is caused by a behavioural intention. This class is a dimension and is differentiated from reflectiveness because a behaviour may be fully intentional but involve little reflective thought, e.g., when driving carelessly. In this class the intention relates to the behaviour itself. If a person intends to do one thing but accidentally does something else it does not count as intentional in this class, e.g., if someone intends to injure someone else and ends up killing them, that would not count as intentionally killing them. intentionality Published A uniform process aggregate whose members are individual behaviour patterns of a population. population behaviour pattern Published A temporal interval during which a person is abstinent from a behaviour. abstinence duration Published A time point that is the end of an abstinence period. We often refer to timepoints when we mean a specific time or some extended period (e.g., Monday). This class allows for the natural usage of a term while maintaining ontological coherence. abstinence end point Published A personal attribute in which a person does not engage in a behaviour during a time period. abstinence from a behaviour Published A time point that is the start of an abstinence period. We often refer to timepoints when we mean a specific time or some extended period (e.g., Monday). This class allows for the natural usage of a term while maintaining ontological coherence. abstinence start point Published A time point that is the end of an individual human behaviour. We often refer to timepoints when we mean a specific time or some extended period (e.g., Monday). This class allows for the natural usage of a term while maintaining ontological coherence. behaviour end point Published A time point that is the start of an individual human behaviour. We often refer to timepoints when we mean a specific time or some extended period (e.g., Monday). This class allows for the natural usage of a term while maintaining ontological coherence. behaviour starting point Published A temporal interval within which an individual human behaviour occurs. behavioural duration Published An expressive behaviour that involves tears, and facial expressions of distress. crying Proposed Published An individual human behaviour that conveys a thought or feeling. expressive behaviour Published An expressive behaviour that involves the muscles of the face. If facial expression behaviour is enacted when communicating with someone, please refer to the class labelled ‘non-linguistic communication behaviour using facial expression’ (BCIO:050425). facial expression behaviour Published An expressive behaviour involving a movement of the limbs, head or torso. If the gesticulatory behaviour is enacted when communicating with someone, please refer to the class labelled ‘non-linguistic communication behaviour using gesture’ (BCIO:036002). gesticulatory expressive behaviour Published A posture behaviour that is expressive. If postural behaviour is enacted when communicating with someone, please refer to the class labelled ‘non-linguistic communication behaviour using body language’ (BCIO:050424) postural expressive behaviour Published A vocalisation behaviour that expresses something using words. If talking is enacted when communicating with someone, please refer to the class labelled ‘linguistic communication behaviour’ (BCIO:050237) talking Published Cognitive exertion expended on a behaviour that is high. High cognitive exertion will mean different things depending on how this concept is operationalised. Therefore, when using this class, you would need to operationalise it for the relevant context (e.g., specify what high exertion means based on the measurement you use). high cognitive exertion expended on a behaviour Published Emotional management exertion expended on a behaviour that is high. High emotional management exertion will mean different things depending on how this concept is operationalised. Therefore, when using this class, you would need to operationalise it for the relevant context (e.g., specify what high exertion means based on the measurement you use). high emotional management exertion expended on a behaviour Published Mental exertion expended on a behaviour that is high. High mental exertion will mean different things depending on how this concept is operationalised. Therefore, when using this class, you would need to operationalise it for the relevant context (e.g., specify what high exertion means based on the measurement you use). high mental exertion expended on a behaviour Published Physical exertion expended on a behaviour that is high High physical exertion will mean different things depending on how this concept is operationalised. Therefore, when using this class, you would need to operationalise it for the relevant context (e.g., specify what high exertion means based on the measurement you use). high physical exertion expended on behaviour Published Cognitive exertion expended on a behaviour that is low. Low cognitive exertion will mean different things depending on how this concept is operationalised. Therefore, when using this class, you would need to operationalise it for the relevant context (e.g., specify what low exertion means based on the measurement you use). low cognitive exertion expended on a behaviour Published Emotional management exertion expended on a behaviour that is low. Low emotional management exertion will mean different things depending on how this concept is operationalised. Therefore, when using this class, you would need to operationalise it for the relevant context (e.g., specify what low exertion means based on the measurement you use). low emotional management exertion expended on a behaviour Published Mental exertion expended on a behaviour that is low. Low mental exertion will mean different things depending on how this concept is operationalised. Therefore, when using this class, you would need to operationalise it for the relevant context (e.g., specify what low exertion means based on the measurement you use). low mental exertion expended on a behaviour Published Physical exertion expended on a behaviour that is low. Low physical exertion will mean different things depending on how this concept is operationalised. Therefore, when using this class, you would need to operationalise it for the relevant context (e.g., specify what low exertion means low physical exertion expended on behaviour Published Cognitive exertion expended on a behaviour that is medium. Moderate cognitive exertion will mean different things depending on how this concept is operationalised. Therefore, when using this class, you would need to operationalise it for the relevant context (e.g., specify what moderate exertion means based on the measurement you use). moderate cognitive exertion expended on a behaviour Published Emotional management exertion expended on a behaviour that is medium. Moderate emotional management exertion will mean different things depending on how this concept is operationalised. Therefore, when using this class, you would need to operationalise it for the relevant context (e.g., specify what moderate exertion means based on the measurement you use). moderate emotional management exertion expended on a behaviour Published Mental exertion expended on a behaviour that is medium. Moderate mental exertion will mean different things depending on how this concept is operationalised. Therefore, when using this class, you would need to operationalise it for the relevant context (e.g., specify what moderate exertion means based on the measurement you use). moderate mental exertion expended on a behaviour Published Physical exertion expended on a behaviour that is medium. Moderate physical exertion will mean different things depending on how this concept is operationalised. Therefore, when using this class, you would need to operationalise it for the relevant context (e.g., specify what moderate exertion means based on the measurement you use). moderate physical exertion expended on behaviour BFO:0000001 entity Entity entity Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35120 entity entities entitātem Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf per discussion with Barry Smith An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) BFO:0000002 continuant Continuant continuant An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] continuant Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] BFO:0000003 occurrent Occurrent An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players. Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] occurrent Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. per discussion with Barry Smith Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] BFO:0000004 ic IndependentContinuant a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) anatomical entity (BFO) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. independent continuant b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] BFO:0000006 s-region SpatialRegion BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes. Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] spatial region Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. per discussion with Barry Smith A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] BFO:0000008 t-region TemporalRegion Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001]) All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001]) Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002]) (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] temporal region Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional per discussion with Barry Smith A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001]) All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001]) Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002]) (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] BFO:0000015 process Process a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart a process of meiosis a process of sleeping the course of a disease the flight of a bird the life of an organism your process of aging. An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] process p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] BFO:0000016 disposition Disposition an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] disposition b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] BFO:0000017 realizable RealizableEntity the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] realizable entity To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] BFO:0000019 quality Quality the ambient temperature of this portion of air the color of a tomato the length of the circumference of your waist the mass of this piece of gold. the shape of your nose the shape of your nostril External A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities. a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] quality quality a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] BFO:0000020 sdc SpecificallyDependentContinuant specifically dependent continuant Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004] (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] specifically dependent continuant b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. per discussion with Barry Smith (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004] (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] BFO:0000023 role Role John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] role b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] BFO:0000024 fiat object fiat object part BFO:0000027 object-aggregate ObjectAggregate a collection of cells in a blood biobank. a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds a symphony orchestra an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team) defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint the aggregate of blood cells in your body the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere the restaurants in Palo Alto your collection of Meissen ceramic plates. An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee). ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004]) (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] object aggregate ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004]) (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects BFO:0000029 site Site Manhattan Canyon) a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese a rabbit hole an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport the Grand Canyon the Piazza San Marco the cockpit of an aircraft the hold of a ship the interior of a kangaroo pouch the interior of the trunk of your car the interior of your bedroom the interior of your office the interior of your refrigerator the lumen of your gut your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity) External A three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. Basic Formal Ontology b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002]) (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] site site b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002]) (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] BFO:0000030 object Object atom cell cells and organisms engineered artifacts grain of sand molecule organelle organism planet solid portions of matter star BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting. BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below). BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47 BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74 b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001]) object b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001]) BFO:0000031 gdc GenericallyDependentContinuant The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] generically dependent continuant b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] BFO:0000034 function Function the function of a hammer to drive in nails the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar External A disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc. A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] function function A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] BFO:0000038 1d-t-region OneDimensionalTemporalRegion the temporal region during which a process occurs. BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks). A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001] one-dimensional temporal region A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001] BFO:0000040 material MaterialEntity material entity a flame a forest fire a human being a hurricane a photon a puff of smoke a sea wave a tornado an aggregate of human beings. an energy wave an epidemic the undetached arm of a human being External An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60 BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity. BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here. A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] material entity material entity A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] BFO:0000141 immaterial ImmaterialEntity BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10 immaterial entity BFO:0000144 process-profile ProcessProfile On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance. The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on. b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002]) b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005]) (forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005] (iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002] process profile b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002]) b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005]) (forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005] (iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002] COB:0000082 A process that is initiated by an agent who intends to carry out a plan to achieve an objective through one or more actions as described in a plan specification. planned process ENVO:00000000 An astrononmical body part which delimited by physical discontinuities with its surroundings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_feature macroscopic spatial feature envoPolar This class is being depopulated and will be filled only with inferred subclasses. Please do not use this for direct annotation, favouring instead a more descriptive subclass. geographic feature ENVO:00000002 An anthropogenic geographic feature is a geographic feature resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. FTT:78 TGN:50001 man-made feature manmade feature anthropogenic geographic feature An anthropogenic geographic feature is a geographic feature resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 ENVO:00000010 A construction which enables the movement of humans, their animals or their vehicles. FTT:83 transport feature A construction which enables the movement of humans, their animals or their vehicles. MA:ma ENVO:00000064 External An open way for the passage of vehicles, persons, or animals on land An open way for the passage of vehicles, persons, or animals on land. Environment Ontology EcoLexicon:road FTT:1058 FTT:1183 FTT:1185 FTT:1187 FTT:431 FTT:443 FTT:646 FTT:798 FTT:884 Geonames:R Geonames:R.RD Geonames:R.ST LTER:475 SWEETRealm:Highway TGN:53151 TGN:53153 TGN:53154 TGN:53157 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road board walk caravan route causeway drive highway intersection parkway road bend road junction traffic circle accessway alley avenue boulevard cart track drove farm lane freeway lane roadway street thorofare thoroughfare thruway turnpike road An open way for the passage of vehicles, persons, or animals on land. USGS:SDTS board walk USGS:SDTS caravan route ADL:FTT causeway ADL:FTT drive ADL:FTT highway ADL:FTT highway Getty:TGN highway USGS:SDTS intersection ADL:FTT parkway ADL:FTT parkway Getty:TGN road bend ADL:FTT road junction ADL:FTT traffic circle ADL:FTT accessway USGS:SDTS alley USGS:SDTS avenue USGS:SDTS boulevard USGS:SDTS cart track USGS:SDTS drove ADL:FTT farm lane USGS:SDTS freeway USGS:SDTS roadway ADL:FTT street ADL:FTT street Geonames:feature street Getty:TGN street USGS:SDTS thorofare USGS:SDTS thoroughfare USGS:SDTS thruway USGS:SDTS turnpike USGS:SDTS ENVO:00000070 A construction that has been assembled by deliberate human effort. "constructed" should probably be made something like a quality and this class obsoleted or filled only by inference constructed feature human construction A construction that has been assembled by deliberate human effort. MA:ma ENVO:00000091 External A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a body of wate A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a body of water. Environment Ontology EcoLexicon:beach EcoLexicon:to_beach FTT:237 FTT:239 Geonames:T.BCH Geonames:T.BCHS SWEETRealm:Beach TGN:21482 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach Beach beach berm lagoon beach beach beaches foreshore flats rivage strand beach A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a body of water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach Beach NASA:earthrealm beach berm USGS:SDTS lagoon beach USGS:SDTS beach Geonames:feature beaches Geonames:feature foreshore flats USGS:SDTS rivage USGS:SDTS strand ADL:FTT strand USGS:SDTS ENVO:00000106 External An area in which grasses (Graminae) are a significant component of the vegetation An area in which grasses (Graminae) are a significant component of the vegetation. Environment Ontology grazing area herbaceous area grassland grassland area An area in which grasses (Graminae) are a significant component of the vegetation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland grazing area Getty:TGN herbaceous area USGS:SDTS ENVO:00000109 Land having a cover of trees, shrubs, or both. FTT:1083 FTT:505 FTT:506 FTT:719 FTT:774 Geonames:V.GRVPN LTER:503 SWEETRealm:Break SWEETRealm:Scrub TGN:21631 TGN:21632 TGN:21641 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland brigalow pine grove caatinga chanaral coniferous forest copse deciduous forest equatorial forest equatorial rain forest garique grove jungle mallee scrub monsoon forest moor mott motte mulga mulga scrub rain forest reforested area sagebrush scrub shrub silva stand taiga thicket thorn forest wood wooded area woodland area Land having a cover of trees, shrubs, or both. USGS:SDTS brigalow USGS:SDTS pine grove Geonames:feature caatinga USGS:SDTS chanaral USGS:SDTS coniferous forest USGS:SDTS copse USGS:SDTS deciduous forest USGS:SDTS equatorial forest USGS:SDTS equatorial rain forest USGS:SDTS garique USGS:SDTS grove ADL:FTT grove USGS:SDTS jungle Getty:TGN jungle USGS:SDTS mallee scrub USGS:SDTS monsoon forest USGS:SDTS moor USGS:SDTS motte USGS:SDTS mulga USGS:SDTS mulga scrub USGS:SDTS rain forest ADL:FTT rain forest Getty:TGN reforested area USGS:SDTS sagebrush USGS:SDTS scrub USGS:SDTS shrub USGS:SDTS silva USGS:SDTS stand USGS:SDTS taiga USGS:SDTS thicket USGS:SDTS thorn forest USGS:SDTS wood Getty:TGN wooded area USGS:SDTS ENVO:00000111 External An area with a high density of trees. A small forest may be called a wood An area with a high density of trees. A small forest may be called a wood. Environment Ontology EcoLexicon:forest FTT:258 FTT:506 FTT:715 FTT:717 Geonames:V.FRST LTER:2 SWEETRealm:Forest TGN:21641 TGN:21642 TGN:21645 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest forest wood The definitions of forest can vary greatly, and different classes will be needed to support the major categories. Tree cover alone is not enough to distinguish between forests and plantations. The international definition proposed by the 2010 FAO Forestry Resource Assessment: "land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 metres and canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ . It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use." - FAO. 2010. Global forest resources assessment 2010, Main report, FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome. forest forested area An area with a high density of trees. A small forest may be called a wood. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest forest Geonames:feature wood Getty:TGN ENVO:00000191 A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of solid material. EcoLexicon:landform EcoLexicon:landforms FTT:754 FTT:96 SWEETRealm:Landform TGN:21400 TGN:21401 geological feature landform physiographic feature solid astronomical body part A part of an astronomical body which is primarily composed of solid material. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landform geological feature ADL:FTT ENVO:00000469 research lab External A facility, permanent or temporary, on land, in air, space or water, where scientific research or measurements can be undertaken A facility, permanent or temporary, on land, in air, space or water, where scientific research or measurements can be undertaken. Environment Ontology research facility A facility, permanent or temporary, on land, in air, space or water, where scientific research or measurements can be undertaken. MA:ma ENVO:00000562 External A bounded area of land, or water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped) state and set aside for some purpose, usually to do with recreation or conservation A bounded area of land, or water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped) state and set aside for some purpose, usually to do with recreation or conservation. Environment Ontology park A bounded area of land, or water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped) state and set aside for some purpose, usually to do with recreation or conservation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park Incorporated populated place. urban area EcoLexicon:city FTT:430 FTT:483 FTT:484 FTT:485 SWEETRealm:City TGN:83020 TGN:83040 TGN:83043 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City ENVO:00000856 city ENVO:00000856 Incorporated populated place. ADL:FTT urban area ADL:FTT ENVO:01000254 External A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities. A system which has the disposition to surround and interact with one or more material entities. 2013-09-23T16:04:08Z EcoLexicon:environment environment 'The term 'disposition' is used to describe that an environmental system can surround and interact with one or more material entities. This conditionality is important, as an entity does not necessarily have to be in an specific environment system at all times. The class 'environmental system' relates to what is found in the physical and social environment (e.g., how many streets are there for you to walk on), while the class 'opportunity' is about the features of the environment and how they interact with the person (e.g., whether an environment enables a person to take walks). 'environmental system' includes physical and social aspects of the environment. As all subclasses of 'environmental system' will have physical aspects, a separate subclass for 'physical environmental system' would not capture a unique aspect of its parent class. In ENVO's alignment with the Basic Formal Ontology, this class is being considered as a subclass of a proposed BFO class "system". The relation "environed_by" is also under development. Roughly, a system which includes a material entity (at least partially) within its site and causally influences that entity may be considered to environ it. Following the completion of this alignment, this class' definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised. environmental system A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities. DOI:10.1186/2041-1480-4-43 ENVO:01000313 An anthropogenic environment is an environmental system which is the product of human activity. Unsatisfactory definition here. Must consider the threshold that makes an environmental system anthropogenic. anthropogenic environment ENVO:01000408 A site which has its extent determined by the presence or influence of one or more components of an environmental system or the processes occurring therein. environmental area envoPolar Formerly, this class was an experimental class and a subclass of "environmental feature". It is now aligned to BFO. The class was not obsoleted as the core semantics maintained their stability through its transition. environmental zone ENVO:01000452 External A disposition which is realised by an environmental system or system parts thereof. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 'Mental disposition' is a subclass of 'bodily disposition', as mental dispositions occur in the body. This class and its subclasses are experimental and are being developed with NCEAS use cases in mind. environmental disposition ENVO:01000658 A settlement with a high density of buildings and inhabitants. See also: http://www.ecotope.org/anthromes/v1/guide/urban/12_dense_settlements/default.aspx The thresholds for what makes a settlment "dense" can be determined as needed. If there is a specific threshold that should be added to ENVO, please make a new class request. dense settlement ENVO:01000772 External An area which is outside of a town, city, or urban area. Rural areas are primarily used for agriculture or pastoralism and may contain rural settlements An area which is outside of a town, city, or urban area. Rural areas are primarily used for agriculture or pastoralism and may contain rural settlements. Environment Ontology A class created fro SDGIO. The definition of rural is highly varied, dealing with areas, settlements, and populations interchangeably. The 'rural' classes in ENVO aim to clarify these differing definitions. See issue #272. rural area rural area An area which is outside of a town, city, or urban area. Rural areas are primarily used for agriculture or pastoralism and may contain rural settlements. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/am085e/am085e.pdf ENVO:01000813 A material part of an astronomical body. Also note that some astronomical body parts (ABPs) may have fiat boundaries: if there's strong debate about where an ABP begins or ends (over and above fuzzy boundaries), with different official classifications setting different thresholds or limits, axiomatise the class with fiat boundaries of the appropriate dimension. Note that material entities may have immaterial entities (e.g. sites) as parts. This class includes material parts of astronomical bodies. Immaterial parts, such as magnetospheres, are represented as sites under the influence of magnetic fields.Please post countercases in the ENVO tracker for revision of this hierarchy if needed. envoAstro envoPolar Material parts of astronomical bodies generally have boundaries formed by discontinuities in qualities, composition, or other physical characterisitcs. These boundaries are sometimes sharp, and sometimes diffuse, with different classification systems and communities declaring varying thresholds (e.g. for where a shoreline, forest, or other entity begins and ends). However, some boundaries are declared by fiat - that is, by arbitrary human convention or decree - particularly by regulatory or other authorities and communities of practice. The classes in this hierarchy attempt to offer generalisable definitions that allow multiple classfiication systems to map to and interoperate through. If desired, we can create classes that declare thresholds used by a given authority or community under the more generic ones, annotated with source information. astronomical body part ENVO:01000856 External Incorporated populated place Environment Ontology urban area ENVO:01001000 An environmental system which is determined by a living organism. host-associated environment envoEmpo envoOmics environmental system determined by an organism ENVO:01001002 An environmental system determined by an animal. Animal animal environment Metazoan-associated environment envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics animal-associated environment Animal http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ ENVO:01001055 An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead animal, or a whole small animal. Animal corpus envoEmpo envoMeo envoOmics environment associated with an animal part or small animal Animal corpus http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ ENVO:01001110 External An environmental system which includes both living and non-living components. LTER:173 This class will be primarily filled by inference, any environmental system which necessarily includes living parts should be autoclassified here. ecosystem ecosystem An environmental system which includes both living and non-living components. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem LTER:173 https://vocab.lternet.edu/vocab/vocab/index.php?tema=173&/ecosystems ENVO:01001199 An environmental zone which is bounded by material parts of a land mass or the atmosphere or space adjacent to it. terrestrial environmental zone ENVO:01001200 A terrestrial zone which is bounded by constructed, manufactured, or other anthropogenic material entities. anthropised terrestrial environmental zone ENVO:01001272 A construction which comprises a durable surface layer overlying a solid surface intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic. constructed pavement A construction which comprises a durable surface layer overlying a solid surface intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface ENVO:01001305 A vegetated area is a geographic feature which has ground cover dominated by plant communities. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar vegetated area ENVO:01001784 A part of an astronomical body which is composed of a continuous medium bearing liquid, gaseous, and solid material in variable quantities. 2019-10-17T08:36:00Z compound astronomical body part A part of an astronomical body which is composed of a continuous medium bearing liquid, gaseous, and solid material in variable quantities. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landform ENVO:01001813 A material entity which has been assembled through the intentional, instinctual, or deliberately programmed efforts of an organism or machine. 2019-10-29T14:50:34Z construction ENVO:01001828 An ecosystem which is formed as a result of human activity or impact. 2023-09-07T16:56:05Z anthropised ecosystem ENVO:01001829 An anthropised ecosystem which is determined by the presence of humans and their constructions. 2023-09-07T16:58:25Z human settlement ENVO:01001884 A landform which occurs on the surface of an astronomical body. 2021-05-15T09:16:23Z geographic feature The usage of "surface" here aligns with that of planetary surface: in contact with the atmosphere or space. The extent of the "surface" can vary. For rocky planets like Earth, astrogeologists consider the crust as the surface. surface landform ENVO:01001886 A solid astronomical body part which has been formed from and is composed primarily of the matter of that astronomical body. 2021-05-15T09:40:37Z Landforms may be natural or anthropogenic. This term has often has loose usage when referencing entities which are either subterranean or submerged below water bodies. In some cases, oceans themselves are considered landforms. Here, we have provided subclasses to resolve this ambiguity, but place oceans and other water bodies elsewhere.In later revisions, this hiearchy is likely to be reordered based on the formation processes of the entities within it. landform A solid astronomical body part which has been formed from and is composed primarily of the matter of that astronomical body. External A reference to a place on the Earth, by its name or by its geographical location A reference to a place on the Earth, by its name or by its geographical location. Gazeteer Ontology GAZ:00000467 geographic region {alternative name} GAZ GAZ:00000448 geographic location GAZ:00000448 GO:0046958 External A simple form of learning whereby the repeated presence of a stimulus leads to a change in the probability or strength of the response to that stimulus. There is no association of one type of stimulus with another, rather it is a generalized response to the environment. non-associative learning GO:0046959 External A decrease in a behavioural response to a repeated stimulus. habituation GO:0046960 External An increase in a behavioural response to a repeated stimulus. sensitization GO:0098596 External Observational learning in which new behaviours are acquired through imitation. imitative learning GO:0098597 External Learning that occurs through observing the behaviour of others. observational learning IAO:0000027 data item Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries. An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers. 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum. 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym. 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/ JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Chris Stoeckert PERSON: Jonathan Rees data data item IAO:0000030 information content entity Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs. A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing. 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000142 information content entity IAO:0000033 An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it. 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters directive information entity IAO:0000078 curation status specification The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting) PERSON:Bill Bug GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> OBI_0000266 curation status specification IAO:0000088 report Examples of reports are gene lists and investigation reports. These are not published (journal) articles but may be included in a journal article. A document assembled by an author for the purpose of providing information for the audience. A report is the output of a documenting process and has the objective to be consumed by a specific audience. Topic of the report is on something that has completed. A report is not a single figure. Examples of reports are journal article, patent application, grant progress report, case report (not patient record). 2009-03-16: comment from Darren Natale: I am slightly uneasy with the sentence "Topic of the report is on something that has completed." Should it be restricted to those things that are completed? For example, a progress report is (usually) about something that definitely has *not* been completed, or may include (only) projections. I think the definition would not suffer if the whole sentence is deleted. 2009-03-16: this was report of results with definition: A report is a narrative object that is a formal statement of the results of an investigation, or of any matter on which definite information is required, made by some person or body instructed or required to do so. 2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI. 2009-08-10 Alan Ruttenberg: Larry Hunter suggests that this be obsoleted and replaced by 'document'. Alan restored as there are OBI dependencies and this merits further discussion disagreement about where reports go. alan: only some gene lists are reports. Is a report all the content of some document? The example of usage suggests that a report may be part of some article. Term needs clarification PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Chris Stoeckert PERSON: Melanie Courtot GROUP: OBI OBI_0000099 report IAO:0000102 data about an ontology part Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term Person:Alan Ruttenberg data about an ontology part IAO:0000104 plan specification PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice. A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications. 2022-01-16 Updated definition to that proposed by Clint Dowloand, IAO Issue 231. Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved Alan Ruttenberg Clint Dowland OBI Plan and Planned Process branch OBI_0000344 2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them plan specification https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/231#issuecomment-1010455131 IAO:0000310 document A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole PERSON: Lawrence Hunter document MFOEM:000001 External An affective process that is a synchronized aggregate of constituent mental processes including an appraisal process, which is valenced, has an object, and gives rise to an action tendency. An affective process that is a synchronized aggregate of constituent mental processes, including an appraisal process, which is valenced, has an object, and gives rise to an action tendency. occurrent emotion short-term emotion Emotion processes are distinguished from other affective processes (e.g., mood) by having an object. Even if an emotion is experienced due to physiological reasons, they would be felt as being about something or someone. For instance, a person might be angry at a situation that they would normally not be angry at, because they are hungry. However, that person would still be angry at a specific situation. There is no intended sequence of the entities that are part of the emotion process (e.g., an appraisal process does not necessarily precede a physiological process part of the emotion process). Emotion processes are distinguished from other affective processes (e.g., mood) by having an object. Even if an emotion is experienced due to physiological reasons, they would be felt as being about something or someone. For instance, a person might be angry at a situation that they would normally not be angry at, because they are hungry. However, that person would still be angry at a specific situation. Valence refers to the 'the subjective value of an event, object, person, or other entity in the life space of the individual' (https://dictionary.apa.org/valence). Valence ranges from negative to positive. There is no rigid sequence of the entities that are part of the emotion process (e.g., an appraisal process does not necessarily precede a physiological process part of the emotion process). Valence refers to the 'the subjective value of an event, object, person, or other entity in the life space of the individual' (https://dictionary.apa.org/valence). Valence ranges from negative to positive. emotion process MFOEM:000002 External A mental process that gives rise to an appraisal. appraising appraisal process MFOEM:000003 External A bodily process that encompasses all the neurophysiological changes accompanying an emotion, which take place in the central nervous system (CNS), neuro-endocrine system (NES) and autonomous nervous system (ANS). physiological process involved in an emotion MFOEM:000005 External A cognitive representation of the emotional relevance of an object or event to the organism. Appraisals are a part of emotion processes, representing how a triggering stimulus is relevant to oneself. Appraisal captures the ‘aboutness’ of an emotion process. For instance, a stimulus (the image of a tiger) can produce different emotion processes depending on how the relevance of this stimulus is evaluated. The image of a tiger on TV would not be evaluated as dangerous. However, the image of a tiger two meters away from a person would be relevant to a person in terms of its dangerousness. Therefore, the appraisal of the dangerousness of the tiger would be part of the emotion process 'fear'. There is no intended sequence of the entities that are part of the emotion process (e.g., an appraisal does not necessarily precede a physiological process part of the emotion process). Appraisals are a part of emotion processes, representing how a triggering stimulus is relevant to the self. Appraisal captures the ‘aboutness’ of an emotion process. For example, a stimulus such as an image of a tiger can produce different emotion processes depending on how the relevance of this stimulus is evaluated. If the image of a tiger was on TV, this would likely not be evaluated as dangerous. However, an image of a tiger two meters away from a person would be relevant to a person in terms of its dangerousness. Therefore, an appraisal of the dangerouness of the tiger would be part of the emotion process 'fear'. There is no rigid sequence of the entities that are part of the emotion process -- an appraisal does not necessarily precede a physiological process part of the emotion process. appraisal MFOEM:000006 External An affective process that involves the experience of internal or external sensory stimuli. pain 'Subjective affective feeling can have greater or weaker physiological or mental components. The bodily process that are experienced will usually involve some mental process. Bodily sensation and the experiences of emotions (e.g., feeling calm) would both qualify as examples of 'subjective affective feeling'. As a subclass of 'affective process', subjective affective feelings have valence. Valence refers to the 'the subjective value of an event, object, person, or other entity in the life space of the individual' (https://dictionary.apa.org/valence). Valence ranges from negative to positive. subjective affective feeling MFOEM:000007 Flight and fight action tendencies External A bodily disposition to behaviour that inheres in an organism by virtue of the physical changes brought about by an emotion process. Emotional action tendency involves dispositions that proceed a behavior relating to emotions. For example, fight or flight action tendencies influence a person's behaviour in reponse to a threat. Emotional action tendency involves dispositions that proceed a behaviour relating to emotions. For instance, fight or flight action tendencies influence a person's behaviour in response to a threat. emotional action tendency MFOEM:000009 External A negative emotion, characterised by feelings of unpleasantness and high arousal, in the form of antagonistic feelings and action tendencies. Anger is a negative emotion, characterised by feelings of unpleasantness and high arousal, in the form of antagonistic feelings and action tendencies. [Source: OCEAS] colère ira wut angry anger anger MFOEM:000019 External A negative emotion that is characterised by a need to get rid of, or distance oneself from, a stimulus that is appraised as repulsing. asco dégoût ekel disgusted Disgust is thought to have evolved to guard the body against dangerous foods and microbial infections. This basic physiological disgust has also culturally evolved to incorporate both moral and interpersonal disgust which protect the self from social threats. disgust MFOEM:000020 External Disgust elicited by "contaminated" food substances: rotten food, culturally variable "bad" food, certain animals associated with rotten food (maggots, rats), and every body product except tears. Disgust elicited by "contaminated" food substances: rotten food, culturally variable "bad" food, certain animals associated with rotten food (maggots, rats), and every body product except tears. [Source: OCEAS] core disgust MFOEM:000021 External Disgust elicited by poor hygiene, inappropriate sex, gore or violations of bodily boundaries, and death or the odor of decay. Disgust elicited by poor hygiene, inappropriate sex, gore or violations of bodily boundaries, and death or the odor of decay. [Source: OCEAS] animal-nature disgust MFOEM:000022 External Disgust elicited by contact with others, especially contact with strangers or other individuals or groups we are averse to. interpersonal disgust MFOEM:000023 External Disgust elicited by some kinds of especially egregious moral violations. moral disgust MFOEM:000026 External A negative emotion that is aversive and characterised by feelings of threat and impending doom, and by an urge to get out of the situation. Distinguished from anxiety since it usually has sudden onset and offset. Anxiety is often gradual and long-lasting and is triggered by a distal threat. fear MFOEM:000028 External A negative emotion that is aversive and provoked by the prospect of distal threat. ansiedad anxiété besorgnis anxious Distinguished from fear since it is triggered by a distal threat whereas fear is triggered by an immediate threat. Often gradual and long-lasting, whereas fear usually has sudden onset and offset. [Source: OCEAS] Experiencing 'anxious mood' can give rise to 'anxiety'. An 'anxious mood' does not have an object but involves generalised feeling of anxiety that a person experiences. In contrast, 'anxiety' will be about something, even if this object is not well-specified. The term 'distal' can refer to future threats or geographically distant threats. Distinguished from fear since it is triggered by a distal threat whereas fear is triggered by an immediate threat. Often gradual and long-lasting, whereas fear usually has sudden onset and offset. Experiencing 'anxious mood' can give rise to 'anxiety'. An 'anxious mood' does not have an object, but involves generalised feeling of anxiety that a person experiences. In contrast, 'anxiety' will be about something, even if this object is not well-specified. The term 'distal' can refer to future threats or geographically distant threats. anxiety MFOEM:000032 External An emotion caused by encountering unexpected events. surprise MFOEM:000035 External A positive emotion which is sought out and is associated with happiness and satisfaction. enjoyment pleasure MFOEM:000040 External Pleasure that is experienced as a result of sexual activities. sexual pleasure MFOEM:000042 External A positive emotion which is experienced in reaction to a positive experience or event. happiness MFOEM:000053 External A negative self-evaluative emotion that occurs when a person brings about a negative outcome by acts of commission or omission that violate internal or external moral standards. guilt MFOEM:000055 External A negative emotion that is distressing and occurs when one appraises one's behaviour or circumstance as wrong, dishonourable, immodest or indecorous. shame MFOEM:000056 External A negative emotion felt when an event is appraised as unpleasant and resulting in loss or failure. sadness MFOEM:000060 External An appraisal that represents an evaluation of whether an event was expected to occur. An appraisal that represents an evaluation of whether an event was expected to occur. appraisal of expectedness MFOEM:000061 External An appraisal that represents an evaluation of the pleasantness of an object or event. An appraisal that represents an evaluation of the pleasantness of an object or event. GRID questionnaire distinguishes between appraisal of pleasantness FOR SELF and appraisal of pleasantness FOR SOME OTHER. So far we have defined appraisal as evaluation of relevance FOR SELF, thus, we only include one appraisal of pleasantness (for the time being), although we may expand this later -- although I suspect that all or most of the appraisal types would have to be so qualified. appraisal of pleasantness MFOEM:000072 External An appraisal that represents an evaluation of whether an event or object is important to the person's goals or needs. An appraisal that represents an evaluation of whether an event or object is important to the person's goals or needs. Like pleasantness, the GRID questionnaire distinguishes between evaluations of goal importance/relevance for SELF and for an OTHER. appraisal of goal importance MFOEM:000075 External An appraisal that represents an evaluation of who or what caused an event. An appraisal that represents an evaluation of who or what caused an event. appraisal of causal agency MFOEM:000076 External An appraisal that represents an evaluation that an event was caused by oneself. this is being caused by me appraisal as caused by self MFOEM:000078 External An appraisal that represents an evaluation that an event was caused by another person. this is being caused by someone else appraisal as caused by an other MFOEM:000080 External A subjective affective feeling of tiredness, needing sleep. feeling tired MFOEM:000085 External An appraisal that represents an evaluation of the desirability of the expected consequences of an event. An appraisal that represents an evaluation of the desirability of the expected consequences of an event. Distinguished in GRID questionnaire between FOR SELF and FOR OTHER. appraisal of desirability of consequences MFOEM:000091 External An appraisal which represents a judgement about how avoidable the expected consequences of an event will be. An appraisal which represents a judgement about how avoidable the expected consequences of an event will be. appraisal of avoidability of consequences MFOEM:000103 External An appraisal which represents an evaluation of how threatening an object or situation is. Dangerousness or level of threat may refer to physical, emotional or social dangers or threats. Dangerousness or level of threat may refer to physical, emotional or social dangers or threats. appraisal of dangerousness MFOEM:000107 External A subjective affective feeling of being at ease, comfortable, relaxed. feeling at ease MFOEM:000109 External A subjective affective feeling of having lots of energy, being energetic. feeling energetic MFOEM:000112 External Feeling tired to an extremely strong degree. feeling exhausted MFOEM:000124 External A subjective affective feeling of being not at ease or agitated. Note that 'feeling nervous' is related to 'anxiety' but is not identical with it. Feeling nervous is the subjective experience of nervousness, while anxiety is a complete emotion process. Subjective affective feelings are process parts of emotion processes. feeling nervous MFOEM:000169 External An emotion that is experienced when one's wishes, expectations or needs are fulfilled. satisfaction MFOEM:000195 External A mental process that has positive or negative valence. Valence refers to the 'the subjective value of an event, object, person, or other entity in the life space of the individual' (https://dictionary.apa.org/valence). Valence ranges from negative to positive. affective process affective process MFOEM:000203 External A subjective affective feeling in an organism S, involving two integrated levels: (a) activation of the nociceptive system and associated emotion generating brain components of S, and (b) a simultaneous aversive sensory and emotional experience on the part of S, where (b) is phenomenologically similar to the sort of aversive experience involved in pain with concordant tissue damage. pain MFOEM:000205 External A subjective affective feeling that involves discomfort and is associated with a need to consume food. hunger MFOEM:000209 External Surprise with a positive valence. astonishment positive surprise MFOEM:000210 External Surprise with a negative valence. negative surprise MF:0000006 External A mental process during which information is evaluated, the outcome of which is a belief or opinion. judging MF:0000008 External A mental process that creates, modifies or has as participant some cognitive representation. cognitive process GO:0050890, cognition, defined as `The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.' MF:0000012 External A mental process that involves heightened responding to an internal or external stimulus. A mental process that is the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli. arousal arousal MFOMD_0000146 MF:0000013 External A cognitive process that involves the manipulation of mental language and/or mental images. thinking MF:0000016 External A member of the species Homo Sapiens. An extended organism that is a member of the species Homo sapiens. person human being person MF:0000017 External and intends the object or event that the mental process is about, should such exist it confers intentionality on the mental process. Consciousness is an inseparable part of all mental processes. It is that part of the mental process that: a) confers a subjective perspective, a phenomenology, an experience of the mental process of which it is a part; and b) intends the object or event that the mental process is about, should such exist; i.e., it confers intentionality on the mental process. That part of the mental process that confers a subjective perspective, a phenomenology, an experience of the mental process of which it is a part Note that while there are different modes of consciousness corresponding to the different senses, the whole of conscious experience at any one time is largely experienced as a unity, that is, as a fused whole. Mental processes which are simultaneously ongoing are separable only in fiat, not in essence. consciousness consciousness MF:0000018 External A mental process whereby relevant aspects of one's mental experience are focused on specific targets. the process whereby relevant aspects of our mental experience are focused on specific targets attending attending MF:0000019 External A mental process which is a) produced by a causal process involving a part of the environment of the organism, and b) is experienced by the organism as being so caused, and c) in which the relevant part of the environment is thereby represented to the organism. Examples for 'causal processes involving a part of the environment of an organism' that can be perceived are light rays and air vibrations. 'Perception' is about perceiving stimuli in one's environment in the MoA Ontology. However, the term 'perception' is sometimes used to refer to things defined as 'belief' in the MoA Ontology. perception MF:0000020 External A bodily process that occurs in the brain, and that can of itself be conscious, or can give rise to a process that can of itself be conscious or can give rise to behaviour. A 'mental process' is a subclass of 'bodily process', as mental processes occur within the body, specifically involving the brain. A bodily process which brings into being, sustains or modifies a cognitive representation or a behavior inducing state. Examples include thinking, feeling pain, remembering and emotion as occurrent experiences. Mental processes can vary in the degree to which they involve consciousness. A 'mental process' is a subclass of 'bodily process', as mental processes occur within the body, specifically involving the brain. Mental processes can varying in the degree to which they involve consciousness. mental process GO:0050890, cognition, defined as `The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.' MF:0000027 External A mental process that involves mentally manipulating representations of steps in an imagined process which has some goal. The outcome of this mental process is a mental plan which has the potential to be followed to bring about the desired outcome. planning MF:0000030 External A dependent continuant which is about a portion of reality. http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/1/1/10 representation MF:0000031 External A representation which specifically depends on an anatomical structure in the cognitive system of an organism. http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/1/1/10 The use of the phrase ‘an anatomical structure in the cognitive system’ in the formal definition means that a specific cognitive representation will depend on parts of the brain, rather than involving the whole brain. When a belief is activated, the content of that belief is a cognitive representation. When a belief is activated, the content of that belief is a cognitive representation. The use of the phrase ‘an anatomical structure in the cognitive system’ in the formal definition means that a specific cognitive representation will depend on parts of the brain, rather than involving the whole brain. cognitive representation MF:0000032 External A bodily disposition is a disposition that inheres in some extended organism. Examples are: my disposition to catch a cold when exposed to a virus, my ability to speak the English language. A disposition that inheres in some extended organism. personal disposition Bodily disposition includes features that can be used in a specific context, such as a person's strength, but not a person's weight. A person has a specific weight independent of the circumstances they are in. Extended organism refers to an organism and its microbiome (e.g., the bacteria that live in one's digestive system) Bodily disposition would include features, such as a person's strength (which can be used in a specific context), but not weight. A person would have a certain weight independent of most circumstances they are in. Extended organism refers to an organism and its microbiome (e.g., the bacteria that live in one's digestive system). bodily disposition bodily disposition MF:0000033 External A bodily disposition that is realized in a mental process. A mental disposition is a bodily disposition that is realized in a mental process. 'Mental disposition' is a subclass of 'bodily disposition', as mental dispositions occur in the body. Mental disposition' is a subclass of 'bodily disposition', as mental dispositions occur in the body. mental disposition mental disposition MF:0000041 External A mental disposition to represent a proposition to be true. Judging is a mental process that brings a belief into existence. Judging differently may also bring that belief out of existence. An act of believing is just thinking about a belief. Beliefs typically cause us to behave in ways that are characteristic with the content of that belief. However, this is not a necessary feature for the existence of the belief. belief belief MF:0000043 External A bodily disposition whose realization ordinarily brings benefits to an organism or group of organisms, where "ordinarily" means within a typical range or context. The phrase 'ordinarily brings benefits to an organism or group of organism' is used to explain that capabilities normally provide a benefit. For instance, having a musical ability is ordinarily an ability that is positive for a person (e.g., they receive positive feedback about their ability). However, in certain exceptional cases (e.g., a neighbour becoming annoyed with a person playing the piano and expressing this annoyance), the ability might not bring benefits. personal capability MF:0000045 External A mental process that involves thinking about a state of affairs that is not yet the case together with a desire for that state of affairs to come about. wanting MF:0000048 External A personal capability that includes mental processes in its realisation. Mental capabilities that are necessary to realise a behaviour are captured by the class ‘psychological behavioural capability’, which is a subclass of both ‘mental capability’ and ‘behavioural capability’. mental capability MF:0000074 A bodily quality is a quality that inheres in some extended organism. bodily quality MF:0000083 External A mental process that evokes the representation of the sensory characteristics of objects or events when these are not immediately present to the senses. mental imagery MF:0000088 External A mental process that involves neuronal activity in response to a sensory stimulus but which is not the subject of consciousness. subliminal process OBI:0000011 planned process planned process Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. 'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.) We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process. Bjoern Peters branch derived 6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call) completely executed planned process planned process OBI:0000245 organization PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods. External An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members. An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members. BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra PERSON: Susanna Sansone GROUP: OBI organisation organization OBI:0000260 plan The plan of researcher X to perform an experiment according to a protocol. A plan is a realizable entity that is the inheres in a bearer who is committed to realizing it as a planned process. This class is included to make clear how the plan specification, the plan, and the planned process relate. OBI will however only subclass and work under the 'plan specification', and 'planned process' class, as we want to avoid to get deep into discussions of 'intend' etc. AR, BP, JM, MC, PRS branch derived plan OGMS:0000060 External A process in which at least one bodily component of an organism participates. A process in which at least one bodily component of an organsim participates. Albert Goldfain http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/1/1/10 creation date: 2009-06-23T11:53:49Z From OGMS: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000060 The phrase 'bodily component of an organism’ in the definition refers to ‘a part of the body’. bodily process OGMS:0000087 An object aggregate consisting of an organism and all material entities located within the organism, overlapping the organism, or occupying sites formed in part by the organism. Albert Goldfain http://code.google.com/p/ogms/issues/detail?id=3 creation date: 2010-01-25T04:51:11Z From OGMS: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000087 extended organism OMRSE:00000061 A material entity that is a human made strcuture with firm connection between its foundation and the ground. Mathias Brochhausen http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauwerk "Building" is a subclass of this. This type of entity is referred to as "Bauwerk" or "Bauliche Anlage". architectural structure OMRSE:00000062 External An architectural structure that bears some function. An architectural structure that bears some function. Mathias Brochhausen Ontology of Medically Related Social Entities facility facility OMRSE:00000063 External A facility that is run by a hospital organization, such as emergency departments, outpatient clinics and rehabilitation and is the bearer of a hospital function A health care facility that bears the function to provide acute and intensive healthcare services and that is run by a hospital organization and is the bearer of a hospital function. Mathias Brochhausen William Hogan Ontology of Medically Related Social Entities hospital facility hospital facility OMRSE:00000064 External A facility that is run by a school organization and is the bearer of a school function A facility that is run by a school organization and is the bearer of a school function. Mathias Brochhausen Ontology of Medically Related Social Entities school facility school facility OMRSE:00000102 External A facility that’s administered by a health care organisation for the purpose of providing health care to a patient population A facility bearing the function to provide healthcare and that is administered by a health care organization for the purpose of providing health care to a patient or patient population. William Hogan Ontology of Medically Related Social Entities health care facility healthcare facility OMRSE:00000104 External A health care facility that bears a function to provide healthcare to the sick or terminally ill A health care facility that bears a function to provide healthcare to the sick or terminally ill Amanda Hicks Emma Norris William Hogan contacted ontology authors to add definition Human Behaviour Change Project Ontology of Medically Related Social Entities hospice facility hospice facility OMRSE:00000106 External A facility to assist in physical or addiction recovery A facility to assist in physical or addiction recovery Amanda Hicks Emma Norris William Hogan contacted ontology authors to add definition Human Behaviour Change Project Ontology of Medically Related Social Entities rehabilitation facility rehabilitation facility OMRSE:00000114 External A health care facility that bears a function to provide emergency healthcare services and the acute care of patients who present without prior appointment, having arrived either by their own means or by ambulance A health care facility that bears a function to provide emergency healthcare services and the acute care of patients who present without prior appointment, having arrived either by their own means or by ambulance Amanda Hicks Emma Norris William Hogan Adapted from Human Behaviour Change Project OMRSE_00000114 emergency department facility emergency department facility OMRSE:00000150 a health care facility that also bears a residence function and thus one in which the patients are also residents of the facility community living health care facility OMRSE:00000191 residential facility External A facility that has at least one housing unit as part in which a person or persons live A facility that has at least one housing unit as part in which a person or persons live Emma Norris William Hogan contacted ontology authors to add definition Modified version of definition provided by Human Behaviour Change Project Ontology of Medically Related Social Entities residential facility residential facility A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the number of the bearer's repetitive actions in a particular time. quality PATO:0000044 frequency PATO:0000044 A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the number of the bearer's repetitive actions in a particular time. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/frequency PDRO:0000074 External A health care facility whose function is to store, prepare, dispense, and monitor the usage of pharmaceutical drugs among patients in a given area or encountered in a given health care provider organization A health care facility whose function is to store, prepare, dispense, and monitor the usage of pharmaceutical drugs among patients in a given area or encountered in a given health care provider organization. Un établissement de santé qui a pour fonction d'entreposer, préparer, distribuer et surveiller l'utilisation des médicaments parmi les patients d'une zone géographique donnée ou suivis dans une organisation de soin donnée. The Prescription of Drugs Ontology pharmacy facility pharmacy facility établissement de pharmacologie RO:0002577 External A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated. May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 Chris Mungall http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 system SEPIO:0000004 A planned process executed in the performance of scientific research wherein systematic investigations are performed to establish facts and reach new conclusions about phenomena in the world. Data generation process are typically experimental studies or observations, but can include any process generating information used to evaluate a claim. This is an organizational class that groups more specific types of such processes that are most commonly used in generating data used as evidence to support claims. These processes produce informational artifacts such as measured data values, derived statistical calculations and confidence measures, or statements representing summaries or conclusions drawn from such data. research activity SEPIO:0000125 A planned process that executes some study design or protocol to generate scientific data that is interpreted to test or generate a hypothesis. Explore the classification of study types here as a possibility to implement in SEPIO. https://mcw.libguides.com/evidencebased/studies Useful because these map to the strength of the evidence each might provide. A research study is considered broadly to be any scientific activity aimed at answering a research question. Studies can be simple or complex, depending on the scope of the question being explored and the extent of resources deployed in doing so. They may include a full research investigation, a set of experiments, or a single experiment or assay. Regardless, that act of summarizing any results as a finding statement is considered part of the study. A research study is considered broadly to be any scientific activity aimed at answering a research question. Studies can be simple or complex, depending on the scope of the question being explored and the extent of resources deployed in doing so. They may include a full research investigation, a set of related experiments, or a single experiment or assay. Regardless, that act of summarizing any results as a finding statement is considered part of the study. 'Study' here is broadly considered to include any defined activity performed to address a scientific question or generate a scientific hypothesis. It covers scientific inquiry at different scales of complexity, from a single assay, experiment or observation, to a complex research investigation addressing a broader scientific question. Studies can be based on a broad range of methods, including in silico algorithms, in vitro or in vivo experimentation on model systems, clinical studies on human subjects, or curation and analysis of existing knowledge, e.g. from publications, datasets, or knowledegbases, to derive novel insight. research study The structure of the stomach and intestines External A material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. AAO:0010825 AEO:0000003 BILA:0000003 CARO:0000003 EHDAA2:0003003 EMAPA:0 FBbt:00007001 FMA:305751 FMA:67135 GAID:781 HAO:0000003 MA:0003000 MESH:D000825 SCTID:362889002 TAO:0000037 TGMA:0001823 VHOG:0001759 XAO:0003000 ZFA:0000037 http://dbpedia.org/ontology/AnatomicalStructure biological structure connected biological structure uberon UBERON:0000061 The formal definition for this definition does not include the influence of the environment on anatomical structure, as the class was reused from the Uber-anatomy ontology. This ontology defines anatomical structure for all organisms, including those whose anatomical structure might not be directly influenced by an interaction between genes and the environment. An example for this class serving as a mechanism of action would be in an intervention that targets change in anatomical structure. For instance, a gastric bypass surgery can change the structure of the stomach and intestines, and thereby change eating behaviours. anatomical structure UBERON:0000061 Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. CARO:0000003 FBbt:00007001 connected biological structure CARO:0000003 External Anatomical entity that has mass. AAO:0010264 AEO:0000006 BILA:0000006 CARO:0000006 EHDAA2:0003006 FBbt:00007016 FMA:67165 HAO:0000006 TAO:0001836 TGMA:0001826 VHOG:0001721 uberon UBERON:0000465 material anatomical entity UBERON:0000465 Anatomical entity that has mass. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 FBbt:00007016 Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. AAO:0010841 AEO:0000000 BFO:0000004 BILA:0000000 BIRNLEX:6 CARO:0000000 EHDAA2:0002229 FBbt:10000000 FMA:62955 HAO:0000000 MA:0000001 NCIT:C12219 TAO:0100000 TGMA:0001822 UMLS:C1515976 WBbt:0000100 XAO:0000000 ZFA:0100000 uberon UBERON:0001062 anatomical entity UBERON:0001062 Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. FMA:62955 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 FBbt:10000000 UMLS:C1515976 ncithesaurus:Anatomic_Structure_System_or_Substance owl:Thing An activity is something that occurs over a period of time and acts upon or with entities; it may include consuming, processing, transforming, modifying, relocating, using, or generating entities. Activity sato:assessment_result 9 63 sato:fatigue_assessment_result 9 36 sato:fatigue_person_state_of_no_clinically_significant_fatigue sato:fatigue_state sato:fatigue_symptom sato:pathologic_process sato:performing_fatigue-related_interventions sato:person_state sato:symptom Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology The Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology (BCIO) is an ontology for all aspects of human behaviour change interventions and their evaluation. It is being developed as a part of the Human Behaviour Change Project (http://www.humanbehaviourchange.org). The BCIO is developed across several modules. This ontology file contains the merged version of the BCIO, encompassing the upper level and the modules for Setting, Mode of Delivery, Style of Delivery, Source, Mechanisms of Action, Behaviour and Behaviour Change Techniques. Additional modules will be added soon. o-has-part hasOccurrentPart [copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] Mary’s 5th birthday occurrent_part_of Mary’s life [copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] The process of a footballer’s heart beating once is an occurrent part but not a temporal_part of a game of football. [copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] the first set of the tennis match occurrent_part_of the tennis match. Inverse of occurrent_part_of which is defined as: b occurrent_part_of c =Def. b is a part of c and b and c are occurrents. b has_occurrent_part c = Def. c occurrent_part_of b. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [007-001]) [copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] BFO 2 Reference: a (continuant or occurrent) part of itself. We appreciate that this is counterintuitive for some users, since it implies for example that President Obama is a part of himself. However it brings benefits in simplifying the logical formalism, and it captures an important feature of identity, namely that it is the limit case of mereological inclusion. [copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] BFO2 Reference: occurrent [copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] b occurrent_part_of c =Def. b is a part of c & b and c are occurrents. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [003-002]) (iff (hasOccurrentPart a b) (occurrentPartOf b a)) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [007-001] has occurrent part has process part b has_occurrent_part c = Def. c occurrent_part_of b. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [007-001]) (iff (hasOccurrentPart a b) (occurrentPartOf b a)) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [007-001]