STMSO is an OWL 2 ontology for symptomatic treatment for multiple sclrosis patients. The ontology is based on BFO and OGMS. Misagh Zahiri Esfahani 2021 used for EDSS evaluation BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 Entity BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 continuant BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region occurrent b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) independent continuant process p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) ont:Atonic_bladder_dysfunction ont:Dietitian ont:Endurance_training ont:Expanded_Disability_Status_Scale ont:Fatigue_assessment_instrument ont:Fatigue_due_to_anemia ont:Fatigue_due_to_hypothyroidism ont:Fatigue_due_to_underlying_disease ont:Fatigue_due_to_vitamin_D_deficiency ont:Hippotherapy Hippotherapy is a form of physical, occupational and speech therapy in which a therapist uses the characteristic movements of a horse to provide carefully graded motor and sensory input. ont:Mini-mental_state_examination ont:Mixed_pains ont:Montreal_Cognitive_Assessment ont:Neurogenic_bladder_dysfunction ont:Neuropathic_pains ont:Nociceptive_pains ont:Physical_therapist ont:Primary ont:Reality_therapy ont:Recommendation_for_weakness ont:Reflexology ont:Rest_between_distances ont:Speech_therapist ont:Tertiary ont:Timing_exercises ont:occupational_therapist ont:psychologist_or_psychiatrist ont:secondary STMSO1:Abdominal_discomfort STMSO1:Abducens_Nerve_Palsy STMSO1:Abnormal_oculomotor_function STMSO1:Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy STMSO1:Acetaminophen STMSO1:Acetazolamide STMSO1:Acquired_pendular_nystagmus Acquired_pendular_nystagmus STMSO1:Actionable_Bladder_Symptom_and_Screening_Tool ABSST: Actionable Bladder Symptom and Screening Tool STMSO1:Activities_of_daily_living STMSO1:Acupuncture needling STMSO1:Adjust_your_activity_levels Save energy for what matters most to you. Set priorities, then focus on them. Cut out low-priority tasks STMSO1:Aerobic STMSO1:Afferent_Pupil_lar_Defect STMSO1:Age STMSO1:Alprazolam STMSO1:Alprostadil STMSO1:Amantadine STMSO1:Amifampridine STMSO1:Amitriptyline STMSO1:Amoxicillin STMSO1:Amphetamine STMSO1:Ankle-foot_orthosis AFO: Ankle-foot orthosis STMSO1:Anorexia STMSO1:Anxiety STMSO1:Anxiety_side_effect STMSO1:Aquatic_exercise STMSO1:Aspirin STMSO1:Assistive_devices STMSO1:Atropine_and_diphenoxylate STMSO1:Back_pain_side_effect STMSO1:Balance_and_coordination STMSO1:Barrow_Neurological_Institute Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) STMSO1:Behavioral_modifications STMSO1:Behavioral_self-management STMSO1:Betahistine_Hydrochloride STMSO1:Biofeedback STMSO1:Bladder_and_Bowel_Symptoms STMSO1:Bladder_retraining STMSO1:Bowel_disturbance Bowel disturbance STMSO1:Braces STMSO1:Bradycardia STMSO1:Brain_stimulation STMSO1:Breathing_Problems breathing problems Respiration breathing is primarily under the control of the autonomic or “automatic” nervous system — the part of the central nervous system that controls vital functions such as heartbeat and respiration without conscious thought. It is unusual for MS to affect the autonomic nervous system, and therefore uncommon for breathing problems to occur in MS as a direct result of loss of autonomic control. STMSO1:Brief_International_Cognitive_Assessment_for_Multiple_Sclerosis Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis STMSO1:Brief_Neuropsychological_Battery BNB: Brief Neuropsychological Battery STMSO1:Brief_Repeatable_Neuropsychological_Battery Brief Repeatable Neuropsychological Battery (BRNB) STMSO1:Brush_your_teeth_and_tongue_thoroughly_twice_a_day found to be the single most important factor for reducing aspiration pneumonia because it reduces bacteria in the mouth STMSO1:Burning STMSO1:CCTV Closed Circuit Television STMSO1:Cane STMSO1:Capsaicin_topical STMSO1:Carisoprodol STMSO1:Cephalexin STMSO1:Changing_positions e.g., lying on one side with the partner approaching from behind STMSO1:Checklists_for_complex_tasks STMSO1:Chlordiazepoxide STMSO1:Cholostomy STMSO1:Choosing_sexual_activities_and_positions_that_are_less_physically_demanding_or_weight-bearing STMSO1:Ciprofloxacin STMSO1:Clear_your_throat_and_swallow_again STMSO1:Climbing STMSO1:Cognitive_Behavioral_Therapy STMSO1:Cognitive_Problems Cognitive Problems rdfs:isDefinedBy "Problems with concentration/attention, memory impairment, poor word-finding ability, decreased information-processing speed, motor slowing and mental exhaustion. " 2 STMSO1:Complementary_treatment Complementary_treatment Complementary medicine is a term used to describe types of treatments you may receive along with traditional Western medicine. STMSO1:Computerized_Speed_Cognitive_Test CSCT: Computerized Speed Cognitive Test STMSO1:Conducting_selfcatheterization_or_voiding_just_before_sexual_activity STMSO1:Constipation_side_effect STMSO1:Continuous_Positive_Airway_Pressure CPAP STMSO1:Cooling_devices STMSO1:Cooling_strategies STMSO1:Counseling STMSO1:Creating_a_romantic_mood_and_setting STMSO1:Cryostimulation STMSO1:Cycling STMSO1:Cyclobenzaprine STMSO1:Cystoscopy STMSO1:Dantrolene STMSO1:Darifenacin STMSO1:Decreased_Libido STMSO1:Decreased_Vaginal_Lubrication STMSO1:Deep_brain_stimulation STMSO1:Deep_transcranial_magnetic_stimulation STMSO1:Desipramine STMSO1:Desvenlafaxine STMSO1:Detrusor_sphincter_dyssynergia STMSO1:Dextromethorphan STMSO1:Dextromethorphan_and_quinidine STMSO1:Diabet STMSO1:Diarrhea_side_effect STMSO1:Dietary_changes_to_increase_acidifying_urine STMSO1:Dietary_recommendation STMSO1:Dietary_supplements STMSO1:Dietary_supplementss STMSO1:Digital_stimulation STMSO1:Dimenhydrinate STMSO1:Diphenhydramine STMSO1:Diplopia Double vision A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS, STRABISMUS, OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES, TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES, ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES, and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE. STMSO1:Diplopia_surgery STMSO1:Disease_Modifying STMSO1:Distractibility STMSO1:Divalproex_sodium STMSO1:Docusate STMSO1:Dosage STMSO1:Double_swallows_may_be_recommended Swallow once to send the liquid or food down, followed by a dry swallow to clear any residual or particles. STMSO1:Downbeating_Nystagmus STMSO1:Doxazosin STMSO1:Drink_cool_liquids Chilled drinks, ices, and popsicles help keep your body’s temperature in the comfort zone. Make sure you get plenty of water during the day, no matter what else you drink. STMSO1:Drinking_adequate_amounts_of_fluids STMSO1:Drowsiness STMSO1:Due_to_Balance STMSO1:Due_to_MS STMSO1:Due_to_Numbness STMSO1:Due_to_RLS STMSO1:Due_to_Spasticity STMSO1:Due_to_Weakness STMSO1:Due_to_fatigue STMSO1:Due_to_spasm STMSO1:DurationDescription STMSO1:Dysarthria_problems Dysphonia Dysarthria problems STMSO1:Dysphagia swallowing disorders Dysphagia is defined as any difficulty in swallowing function. The dysphagia is estimated in one-third of the patients with MS STMSO1:EDSS STMSO1:EMG_biofeedback Electromyographic biofeedback STMSO1:ERT Estrogen replacement therapy STMSO1:Eat_a_healthy_diet Eating a well-balanced, low-fat diet, with plenty protein and adequate fluids, energizes your body. Try eating breakfast soon after you get up. Consult with a professional about an appropriate diet. STMSO1:Eating_more_fiber STMSO1:Economic_status STMSO1:Education STMSO1:Electronic_ergometer STMSO1:Elevated_blood_pressures STMSO1:Emotional_Challenges STMSO1:Emotional_Disorders mood change MS can cause significant anxiety, distress, anger, and frustration from the moment of its very first symptoms. STMSO1:Emptying_dysfunction Failure to empty STMSO1:Energy__Conservation_Course STMSO1:Engaging_in_erotic_touching STMSO1:Epworth_Sleepiness_Scale ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale STMSO1:Erectile_and_Ejaculation_Problems STMSO1:Establish_a_sleep_schedule STMSO1:Exercise STMSO1:External_Urine_Collection_Devices EUCD STMSO1:Eye_muscle_exercises STMSO1:Family_Therapy STMSO1:Fatigue_Severity_Scale The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) STMSO1:Fatigue_due_to_depression_and_anxiety STMSO1:Fatigue_due_to_sleep_disorders STMSO1:Fatigue_side_effect STMSO1:Fecal_Incontinence_side_effect STMSO1:Fesoterodine STMSO1:Filing_systems STMSO1:First_line STMSO1:Fluoxetine STMSO1:Fluvoxamine STMSO1:Focused_ultrasound STMSO1:Fresnel STMSO1:Functional_Ambulatory_Profile A Functional Ambulatory Profile (FAP) score can be obtained from the GAITRite system The GAITRite Functional Ambulation System consisting of a GAITRite walkway and clinical stride analyzer, is a simple and convenient way allowing a valid and reliable qualitative spatiotemporal gait analysis STMSO1:Functional_dysphagia_therapy (muscular function, swallowing techniques, adaptation of food consistency) Functional dysphagia therapy STMSO1:Functional_electrical_stimulation STMSO1:GAITRite_Functional_Ambulation_System The GAITRite Functional Ambulation System consisting of a GAITRite walkway and clinical stride analyzer, is a simple and convenient way allowing a valid and reliable qualitative spatiotemporal gait analysis STMSO1:GTCS Generalized Tonic-Clonic STMSO1:Game_therapy STMSO1:Gamma_Knife STMSO1:Ginkgo STMSO1:Ginseng STMSO1:Glatiramer_acetate STMSO1:Glaucoma STMSO1:Green_tea STMSO1:Group_therapy STMSO1:Hallucinations STMSO1:Having_enemas STMSO1:Health-Related_Quality_of_Life STMSO1:Hearing_loss Hearing loss Hearing loss is an uncommon symptom of MS. About 6 percent of people who have MS complain of impaired hearing. The cause of hearing loss can be due to non-MS related issues but in MS, can be associated with damage to the hearing nerve pathways in the brain and the brainstem. STMSO1:Heart STMSO1:Heat_intolerance STMSO1:Hepatic_dysfunction STMSO1:Hepatotoxic STMSO1:Home-based STMSO1:Hormone_replacement_therapy Hormone replacement therapy STMSO1:Hydrotherapy STMSO1:Hydroxyzine STMSO1:Hypertension_side_effect STMSO1:Hypnosis STMSO1:Ibuprofen STMSO1:Infections STMSO1:Inflatable STMSO1:Insomnia STMSO1:Inspiratory_Muscle_Training STMSO1:Intention_tremor This is a type of tremor seen in MS. It is generally greatest during physical movement; there is no shaking when a person is at rest. STMSO1:Interferon_beta_1a STMSO1:Intermittent_Theta_Burst_Stimulation iTBS STMSO1:International_Consultation_on_Incontinence-Urinary_Incontinence ICIQ-UI: International Consultation on Incontinence-Urinary Incontinence STMSO1:International_Cooperative_Ataxia_Rating_Scale ICARS: International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale STMSO1:Intravenous_immunoglobulin STMSO1:Intravenous_pyelogram IVP: Intravenous pyelogram STMSO1:Invasive STMSO1:Invasive_ventilator STMSO1:Irritability STMSO1:Keep_the_chin_parallel_with_the_table STMSO1:Kegel STMSO1:Kinect-based_virtual_rehabilitation RemoviEM STMSO1:Kings_Health_Questionnaire KHQ: Kings Health Questionnaire STMSO1:Lab_monitoring Lab_monitoring STMSO1:Lacosamide STMSO1:Laxatives STMSO1:Levocarnitine STMSO1:Levomilnacipran STMSO1:Lifestyle_modifications STMSO1:Limited_evening_fluid_intake STMSO1:Line_of_therapy STMSO1:Lipoic_acid STMSO1:Lisdexamfetamine STMSO1:Liver STMSO1:Liver_function_tests STMSO1:Low-Level_Laser_Therapy STMSO1:Low_motor_impairments STMSO1:Lower_Urinary_Tract_Dysfunction Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction STMSO1:Magnesium_hydroxide STMSO1:Magnifier STMSO1:Major_Depressive_Disorder_side_effect STMSO1:Manual_stimulation STMSO1:Massage_therapy STMSO1:Mazindol STMSO1:Meaning_therapy STMSO1:Measurement_index Measurement index Tools and questioners that are used to better understanding of MS symptoms. STMSO1:Meditation STMSO1:Memory recall A disorder characterized by systematic and extensive loss of memory. STMSO1:Memory_aids STMSO1:Mental_QOL STMSO1:Mental_health_professional STMSO1:Metaxalone STMSO1:Methylphenidate STMSO1:Methylprednisolone STMSO1:Microscopic_eyewear STMSO1:Migraine STMSO1:Mind_game_with_puzzles STMSO1:Mindfulness STMSO1:Minimal_Assessment_of_Cognitive_Function_in_MS MACFIMS: Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS STMSO1:Minimize_Distractibility STMSO1:Minimize_caffeine_and_tobacco STMSO1:Minimize_fatigue STMSO1:Minimize_spasticity STMSO1:Minimize_urinary_problems STMSO1:Minimize_weakness STMSO1:Mirabegron STMSO1:Modafinil STMSO1:Moderate_motor_impairments STMSO1:Modified_Ashworth_Scale MAS: Modified Ashworth Scale STMSO1:Motor_impairments STMSO1:Motorized_scooters STMSO1:Multidisciplinary_rehabilitation STMSO1:Multiple_Sclerosis_Neuropsychological_Screening_Questionnaire Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire (MSNQ) STMSO1:Muscle_spasms Muscle stiffness and spasms are common MS symptoms, and are often described as 'spasticity'. Muscle spasms or stiffness can affect between 40% and 80% of people with MS at some time. For most people, these are occasional symptoms. spasticity STMSO1:Muscular_weakness STMSO1:Music_therapy Music therapy is the clinical use of music to accomplish individualized goals such as reducing stress, improving mood and self-expression. It is an evidence-based therapy well-established in the health community. Music therapy experiences may include listening, singing, playing instruments, or composing music. STMSO1:Nabilone STMSO1:Nabiximols STMSO1:Naproxen STMSO1:Nefazodone STMSO1:Neurectomy STMSO1:Neurogenic_Bladder_Symptom_Score NBSS: Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score STMSO1:Neuromalignant STMSO1:Neuromuscular_electrical_stimulation NEMS: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation STMSO1:Nitrofurantoin STMSO1:Nociceptive_and_neuropathic_pain STMSO1:Nocturia STMSO1:Non-invasive_ventilator 2 STMSO1:Non_pharmacological_treatment Non_pharmacological_treatment STMSO1:None_invasive STMSO1:Nortriptyline STMSO1:Nystagmus Nystagmus is uncontrolled horizontal and vertical involuntary abnormal eye movement, which persists especially when a person looks to the side. STMSO1:Obsessive_Compulsive_Disorder STMSO1:Occupational_therapy STMSO1:Omega-3 STMSO1:Ondansetron STMSO1:Ongoing_extremity_pain STMSO1:Optic_neuritis STMSO1:Optical_device such as microscopic or telescopic eyewear, a magnifier, a filter or a closed circuit television (CCTV) system. STMSO1:Oral_sex Oral sex requires less movement than intercourse STMSO1:Orgasmic_Dysfunction STMSO1:Orthostatic_hypotension STMSO1:Orthotic_devices STMSO1:Overactive_Bladder_Questionnaire OAB-Q; Overactive Bladder Questionnaire STMSO1:Overactive_bladder STMSO1:Pain Pain Pain can be associated with stiffness or spasms in muscles, or symptoms like Lhermitte's sign, trigeminal neuralgia or optic neuritis. It may also include symptoms affecting the senses that are not always thought of as ‘pain’, like numbness or pins and needles, or a tightness in the chest known as the 'MS hug' or 'MS girdle'. Pain can be one of the most difficult 'invisible’ symptoms to describe and manage. Only the person experiencing it knows how it feels. It has an emotional element – it can cause distress, fear, anger and frustration, which in turn affect how you deal with it. STMSO1:Painful_tonic_spasms STMSO1:Palpitations STMSO1:Paroxetine STMSO1:Patient STMSO1:Pelvic_floor STMSO1:Pelvic_floor_rehabilitation STMSO1:Pemoline STMSO1:Penile_prosthesis STMSO1:Percutaneous_Electrical_Nerve_Stimulation PENS: Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation STMSO1:Percutaneous_Endoscopic_Gastrostomy PEG: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy STMSO1:Percutaneous_Tibial_Nerve_Stimulation PTNS STMSO1:Peripheral_Edema STMSO1:Persian_Medicine STMSO1:Pessary 1 STMSO1:Pharmacological_treatment STMSO1:Phenol STMSO1:Phentolamine STMSO1:Physical_QOL STMSO1:Physical_therapy STMSO1:Physician STMSO1:Pilates STMSO1:Pittsburgh_Sleep_Quality_Index PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index STMSO1:Plan_your_day_around_your_natural_body_rhythms Schedule your must-do activities for your most energetic times. To help you sleep, drink warm milk 30 minutes before bedtime. Keep exercise equipment and TVs out of the bedroom. If you’ve been trying to fall asleep for more than 30 minutes, get out of the bed and do a quiet activity until you feel tired. STMSO1:Plates_and_cups_with_lips plates and cups with lips minimize food spills STMSO1:Polyethylene_glycol_3350 STMSO1:Poor_vision STMSO1:Post-Void_Residual PVR: Post-Void Residual STMSO1:Posting_notes_on_the_refrigerator STMSO1:Postural_tremor This type of tremor is generally the greatest when a limb or the whole body is being supported against gravity. For example, a person who has a postural tremor will shake while sitting or standing, but not while lying down. STMSO1:Prayer_therapy prayer therapy is a type of treatment for medical or psychological conditions that is focused on using prayer as the main method. STMSO1:Prazosin STMSO1:Pregnancy_status STMSO1:Primary_MS_fatigue STMSO1:Primidone STMSO1:Procedure STMSO1:Processing_Speed_Test Processing Speed Test (PST) STMSO1:Progressive__Resistance_Training STMSO1:Propantheline STMSO1:Propiverine STMSO1:Propranolol STMSO1:Prosthetic_device STMSO1:Pseudobulbar_affect Affect disorders Euphoria STMSO1:Psychotherapy STMSO1:Pulmonary STMSO1:QOL STMSO1:Queen_Square_Stimulator STMSO1:Quetiapine STMSO1:Quinidine STMSO1:Radioisotope_renal_scan STMSO1:Reading_comprehension_strategies STMSO1:Recommendation_for_Bowel_disturbance STMSO1:Recommendation_for_Urinary_problems STMSO1:Recommendation_for_Vision_problems STMSO1:Recommendation_for_cognitive_problems STMSO1:Recommendation_for_dysarthria STMSO1:Recommendation_for_dysphagia STMSO1:Recommendation_for_fatigue_problems STMSO1:Recommendation_for_sexual_dysfunctions STMSO1:Recommendation_for_spasticity STMSO1:Recommendation_for_swallowing_problems STMSO1:Recommendations Recommendations STMSO1:Refer_to STMSO1:Rehabilitation STMSO1:Renal_function STMSO1:Repetitive_Transcranial_Magnetic_Stimulation rTMS STMSO1:Repetitive_magnetic_stimulation STMSO1:Resistance_training STMSO1:Response_to_treatment STMSO1:Resting_or_cooling_down_the_eye STMSO1:Resting_tremor generally is greatest when the body part is at rest and is diminished with movement. This type of tremor is more typical of Parkinson's disease than MS. STMSO1:Restricting_fluid_intake_for_an_hour_or_two_before_sex STMSO1:Rhizotomy STMSO1:Rituximab STMSO1:SF-12_score STMSO1:SF-36 SF-36 is a set of generic, coherent, and easily administered quality-of-life measures. These measures rely upon patient self-reporting and are now widely utilized by managed care organizations and by Medicare for routine monitoring and assessment of care outcomes in adult patients. STMSO1:Sacral_Neuromodulation STMSO1:Scooter STMSO1:Second_line STMSO1:Seizure STMSO1:Self-Catheterization CIC (Clean Intermittent Catheterization) or intermittent self -catheterization (ISC) STMSO1:Self-management STMSO1:Self_managment STMSO1:Semi-rigid STMSO1:Sensory_Changes STMSO1:Setting_aside_some_time_in_the_morning_for_sexual_activity STMSO1:Sex STMSO1:Sex_therapist couples counselor STMSO1:Sexual_dysfunction Sexual activities of humans. Sexual dysfunction is common in people with MS and is important to assess because patients may be reluctant to self-report. Both men and women with MS may experience difficulty achieving orgasm or loss of libido. STMSO1:Short-term_patching_of_one_eye STMSO1:Silodosin STMSO1:Sit_upright_when_eating_or_drinking STMSO1:Skin_disorders STMSO1:Sleep_Disorders Sleep Disorders Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68012893 ) STMSO1:Sleep_disturbance STMSO1:Sleepness STMSO1:Somnolence STMSO1:Spasticity_pain STMSO1:Special-purpose_diaries_mental_tricks STMSO1:Speed_of_information_processing STMSO1:Splints STMSO1:Stay_cool Lowering your body temperature helps you feel refreshed. Cool showers, air conditioning, swimming or pool therapy in cool water, lightweight clothes, and cooling equipment can help you beat the heat STMSO1:Stimulation STMSO1:Stomachache STMSO1:Stop_smoking Smoking puts a strain on your lungs, making fatigue worse and compounding the effects of MS. Quit the habit , and breathing and simple activities may not tire you out so much. STMSO1:Storage_dysfunction Failure to store STMSO1:Strengthening STMSO1:Stress_management STMSO1:Stretching 3 STMSO1:Surgery Surgery STMSO1:Symbol_Digit_Modalities_Test SDMT: Symbol Digit Modalities Test STMSO1:Symptom rdfs:isDefinedBy "\"A perceived change in function, sensation or appearance reported by a patient indicative of a disease\"."^^xsd:string Symptom https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html STMSO1:Tachycardia STMSO1:Tadalafil STMSO1:Tai_chi STMSO1:Take_naps Naps give tired muscles a break and pump energy back into your system. A nap for 10–30 minutes can help. STMSO1:Take_one_small_bite_or_sip_at_a_time STMSO1:Taking_stool_softeners_or_laxatives STMSO1:Talking_in_sexy_ways STMSO1:Tamsulosin STMSO1:Telescopic_eyewear STMSO1:Tenotomy STMSO1:Tension-type_headache STMSO1:Terazosin STMSO1:Thalamotomy STMSO1:Thermal_modalities STMSO1:Tibolone STMSO1:Time-management_strategies STMSO1:Timed_voiding STMSO1:Tingling STMSO1:Tolerability STMSO1:Topical_emollients STMSO1:Traditional_medicine It is the sum total of the knowledge, skill, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness. STMSO1:Transcutaneous_Electrical_Nerve_Stimulation TENS STMSO1:Treadmill_walking STMSO1:Tremor_Rating_Scale Tremor Rating Scale (TRS) STMSO1:Tremor_and_Coordination_Scale TACS: Tremor and Coordination Scale STMSO1:Tremor_side_effect STMSO1:Trigeminal_Neuralgia STMSO1:Trospium STMSO1:Trouble_chewing STMSO1:Trouble_swallowing STMSO1:Turmeric STMSO1:Uhthoff_phenomenon Uhthoff phenomenon Uhthoff phenomenon, also known as Uhthoff sign or Uhthoff syndrome, is a transient worsening of neurological function lasting less than 24 hours that can occur in multiple sclerosis patients due to increases in core body temperature. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470244/) STMSO1:Underlying_disease STMSO1:Upper_Urinary_Tract Upper Urinary Tract STMSO1:Urinary_disordesr Bladder disturbance Urinary disordesr STMSO1:Urinary_tract_dysfunction STMSO1:Urinary_tract_infection_side_effect STMSO1:Urodynamic_studies UDS: Urodynamic studies STMSO1:Urologiest STMSO1:Use_mental_pictures STMSO1:Using_incontinence_pads STMSO1:Using_pillows_to_improve_positioning_and_reduce_muscle_strain STMSO1:Using_sensual_music_and_lighting STMSO1:Velum_prosthesis STMSO1:Ventilator STMSO1:Verbal_fluency STMSO1:Vertigo Dizziness vetigo is a common symptom of MS. People with MS may feel off balance or lightheaded. Much less often, they have the sensation that they or their surroundings are spinning — a condition known as vertigo. These symptoms are due to lesions — damaged areas — in the complex pathways that coordinate visual, spatial and other input to the brain needed to produce and maintain equilibrium (balance). STMSO1:Vestibular_rehabilitation STMSO1:Video_games STMSO1:Vision_Problems Vision Problems Visual Impairment rdfs:isDefinedBy "The absence of vision where it existed before. (Source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/vision+loss )" STMSO1:Visual-spatial_abilities STMSO1:Vitamin_B1 Cobalt-containing water soluble vitamin that is a coenzyme in the metabolism of fatty acids of odd-chain length and in methyl transfer. (DRI) STMSO1:Vitamin_B12 Cobalt-containing water soluble vitamin that is a coenzyme in the metabolism of fatty acids of odd-chain length and in methyl transfer. (DRI) STMSO1:Vitamin_D STMSO1:Walker STMSO1:Walking_difficulties Walking difficulties Ambulation Problems or Gait difficulties Impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal ambulation (walking) which may result from impairments of motor function or sensory feedback. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=gait%20ataxia ) STMSO1:Weakness weakness Weakness is a common symptom in multiple sclerosis. You may feel that you do not have enough strength or energy to move some or all of your limbs, or your whole body. Weakness and fatigue are closely linked and having one often makes the other symptoms worse. STMSO1:Weakness_in_arm STMSO1:Weakness_in_leg STMSO1:Wearing_a_condom STMSO1:Weight_gain STMSO1:Weighted_boots STMSO1:Weighted_spoons_or_forks STMSO1:Weights_fastened Weights fastened to the wrists or ankles with Velcro strips can stabilize an affected limb. STMSO1:Wheelchair STMSO1:Whole_Body_Vibration STMSO1:Wrist_rests Adaptive equipment, such as wrist rests that facilitate writing or typing STMSO1:Writing_things_down_in_notebooks STMSO1:Yoga STMSO1:ataxia_side_effect STMSO1:audiologist STMSO1:chinese_medicine STMSO1:conflict_treatment STMSO1:deep-breathing_exercises STMSO1:depression_side_effect STMSO1:difficulty_swallowing_side_effect STMSO1:distal_artery_vasospasm STMSO1:dizziness_side_effect STMSO1:drug STMSO1:dry_mouth STMSO1:flatulence STMSO1:headache_side_effect STMSO1:hypotension_side_effect STMSO1:increased_appetite STMSO1:itching STMSO1:kidney STMSO1:laugh_therapy STMSO1:lidocaine Intranasal lidocaine STMSO1:liver_problems STMSO1:lubricating_jelly STMSO1:maximum_dose STMSO1:memory_impairment STMSO1:mood_disorder_side_effect STMSO1:muscle_weakness_side_effect STMSO1:nausea STMSO1:neurologists STMSO1:postural_instability STMSO1:pregnancy_forbidden_treatment STMSO1:relaxation_techniques STMSO1:schema_therapy STMSO1:sedation STMSO1:seizures_side_effect STMSO1:sensations STMSO1:slurred_speech STMSO1:starting_dose STMSO1:story_therapy STMSO1:syncope_side_effect STMSO1:time_of_monitoring STMSO1:tingling STMSO1:treatment_plan treatment plan STMSO1:undefined_primitive_term STMSO1:vomiting STMSO1:weight_loss STMSO1:ٰVestibular_rehabilitation 25FWT: The 25 Feet Walk Test involves using ones’ hands to produce downward suprapubic bladder pressure to effectively empty a neurogenic bladder. Is fatigue present? If possible, eliminate/reduce medications Is depression evident? Treat depression with psychotherapy and/or antidepressants(s) Consider nonpharmacological interventions Education (patient and caregiver) Life style modification (exercise and diet) Energy conservation and pacing strategies Work simplification strategies Environmental modification (adaptive aids e.g., cooling vests) Anticholinergics (must monitor bladder function) Medications causing or contributing? Adjust medications Urinary Symptoms Controlled? Treat bladder symptoms Early Interventions • 2 L fluid intake daily • Diet-fiber/bulk formers/sugar preparations • High fiber balanced diet • Physical activity • Regular time of evacuation Constipation relieved? Sequential Trials • Stool softeners • Mild oral laxatives • Suppositories/digital stiumation • Enemas Constipation relieved?" Refer to gastroenterologist Is patient experiencing emotional symptoms? Do the symptoms suggest normal grieving? Start treatment Pharmacotherapy: monitor for side effects, increase dose to therapeutic level Psychotherapy: build therapeutic alliance, discuss modality, frequency, goals Continue treatment Monitor for response Monitor for suicide Terminate treatment If in remission at least 12 months If low risk of recurrence Terminate treatment If in remission at least 12 months If low risk of recurrence Do the symptoms meet criteria for an emotional disorder? Is the patient suicidal or homicidal? Continued observation. Education as needed Hospitalize Consult with a mental health profesional Diet: Caffeine? Alcohol? Eliminate dietary irritants IB relieved? Antispasticity Medication? Adjust medications IB relieved? Bulking agents IB relieved? Anticholinergics (must monitor bladder function) IB relieved? Refer to gastroenterologist Surgery measure of the PVR Significant degree of voiding dysfunction PVR> 100 ml intermittent catheterization LUT dysfunction relieved? PVR<100 ml Antimuscarinic agent Trospium chloride Tolterodine Oxybutynin LUT dysfunction relieved? Emerging treatment Mirabegron Neuromodulation LUT dysfunction relieved? intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA injection LUT dysfunction relieved? 1 Removal of triggers, appropriate positioning, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, orthosis Requires drug treatment 1.2 Combined treatment baclofen + tizanidine Non-responder Other possible combinations or intrathecal baclofen Botox + physiotherapy adjuvant Bad Responder to treatment Plaster mass-produced orthosis Bad Responder to treatment Assess orthopedic surgery No treatment Type of spasticity Focal/regional spasticity Generalised spasticity Fixed contracture Dynamic contracture Baclofen or tizanidine Non-responder Add-on Sativex Non-responder true true true true true true true true true true true true STMSO is an OWL 2 ontology for symptomatic treatment for multiple sclrosis patients. The ontology is based on BFO and OGMS. Misagh Zahiri Esfahani 2021 STMSO1:Alfuzosin STMSO1:Apomorphine STMSO1:Atenolol STMSO1:Attention_and_concentration The decrease in amount of time that a person can concentrate on a task without becoming distracted. STMSO1:Awareness_of_the_body_posture STMSO1:Back_pain STMSO1:Baclofen STMSO1:Biperiden STMSO1:Cannabis_sativa_L STMSO1:Carbamazepine STMSO1:Citalopram STMSO1:Clonazepam STMSO1:Cognitive_rehabilitation STMSO1:Dalfampridine STMSO1:Desmopressin STMSO1:Diarrhea STMSO1:Diazepam STMSO1:Dimethyl_fumarate STMSO1:Donepezil STMSO1:Duloxetine STMSO1:Escitalopram STMSO1:Facial_myokymia Myokymia Facial myokymia is a clinical sign that can occur as a manifestation of demyelinating lesions. STMSO1:Facing_the_partner_while_communicating STMSO1:Fampridine STMSO1:Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. (MeSH definition ) Fatigue STMSO1:Fecal_Incontinence Involuntary Bowel STMSO1:Fiberoptic_Endoscopic_Evaluation_of_Swallowing FEES: Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing STMSO1:Fingolimod STMSO1:Gabapentin STMSO1:Getting_enough_sleep STMSO1:Hyoscyamine STMSO1:Imipramine STMSO1:Isoniazid STMSO1:Lamotrigine STMSO1:Levetiracetam STMSO1:Levofloxacin STMSO1:Levothyroxine STMSO1:Lorazepam STMSO1:Major_Depressive_Disorder STMSO1:Meclizine STMSO1:Memantine STMSO1:Mianserin STMSO1:Mirtazapine STMSO1:Modified_Barium_Swallow MBS: Modified Barium Swallow STMSO1:Ocrelizumab STMSO1:OnabotulinumtoxinA STMSO1:Oxybutynin STMSO1:Partial STMSO1:Phenytoin STMSO1:Practice_focusing_on_one_thing_at_a_time STMSO1:Pramipexole STMSO1:Pregabalin STMSO1:Reduction_of_background_noise STMSO1:Rivastigmine STMSO1:Seizures Seizures Seizures, which are the result of abnormal electrical discharges in an injured or scarred area of the brain, are fairly uncommon in MS. STMSO1:Sertraline STMSO1:Sildenafil STMSO1:Solifenacin STMSO1:Speaking_half_words_on_each_breath STMSO1:Speech_therapy_rehabilitation STMSO1:Tizanidine STMSO1:Tolterodine STMSO1:Topiramate STMSO1:Trazodone STMSO1:Tremor tremor A tremor can be described as a rhythmic trembling or shaking movement that you cannot control voluntarily. (https://www.mssociety.org.uk/about-ms/signs-and-symptoms/tremor) STMSO1:Trihexyphenidyl STMSO1:Urinary_tract_infection STMSO1:Valproic_acid STMSO1:Vardenafil STMSO1:Velopharyngeal_surgery STMSO1:Venlafaxine STMSO1:Zolpidem STMSO1:constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=constipation ) true S19 true S27 true S31 true S30 true S29 true S28 true S15 true S26 true S25 true S24 true S23 true S22 true S16 true S21 true S20 true S13 true S84 true S85 true S86 true S87 true S36 true S37 true S40 true S38 true S32 true S43 true S46 true S45 true S42 true S41 true S44 true S34 true S39 true S35 true S33 true S93 true S95 true S94 true S92 true S102 true S101 true S99 true S103 S4 60 S5 60 S6 60 S12 60 S9 60 S11 60 S3 18 true S91 5 true S90 7 true S89 7 S1 S2 true S51 true S48 true S52 true S54 true S53 true S55 true S49 true S47 true S50 true S79 true S75 true S82 true S81 true S80 true S83 true S78 true S77 true S76 true S74 true S56 true S58 true S59 S8 true S57 true S62 true S61 true S60 true S66 S7 true S64 true S69 true S71 true S65 true S68 true S67 true S72 true S73 true S63 true S70 true S17 true S18 true S14