The Stroke Ontology (STO) is a disease-specific ontology to representation of the Stroke knowledge domain. CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Stroke Ontology (STO) by Mahdi Habibi-koolaee is licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Stroke Ontology (STO) STO You are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially. You must give appropriate credit (by using the original ontology IRI for the whole ontology or original term IRIs for individual terms), provide a link to the license, and indicate if any changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. 2017-11-01 synonyms references result_from preceded_by part_of result_in describes derives_from contained_in is_a causes associated_with participated_in has_participant Only horizontal eye movements will be tested. Voluntary or reflexive (oculocephalic) eye movements will be scored, but caloric testing is not done. If the patient has a conjugate deviation of the eyes that can be overcome by voluntary or reflexive activity, the score will be 1. If a patient has an isolated peripheral nerve paresis (CN III, IV or VI), score a 1. Gaze is testable in all aphasic patients. Patients with ocular trauma, bandages, pre-existing blindness, or other disorder of visual acuity or fields should be tested with reflexive movements, and a choice made by the investigator. Establishing eye contact and then moving about the patient from side to side will occasionally clarify the presence of a partial gaze palsy. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#BestGaze http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 2 - Best Gaze A great deal of information about comprehension will be obtained during the preceding sections of the examination. For this scale item, the patient is asked to describe what is happening in the attached picture, to name the items on the attached naming sheet and to read from the attached list of sentences. Comprehension is judged from responses here, as well as to all of the commands in the preceding general neurological exam. If visual loss interferes with the tests, ask the patient to identify objects placed in the hand, repeat, and produce speech. The intubated patient should be asked to write. The patient in a coma (item 1a=3) will automatically score 3 on this item. The examiner must choose a score for the patient with stupor or limited cooperation, but a score of 3 should be used only if the patient is mute and follows no one-step commands. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#BestLanguage http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 9 - Best Language The patient is asked to open and close the eyes and then to grip and release the non-paretic hand. Substitute another one step command if the hands cannot be used. Credit is given if an unequivocal attempt is made but not completed due to weakness. If the patient does not respond to command, the task should be demonstrated to him or her (pantomime), and the result scored (i.e., follows none, one or two commands). Patients with trauma, amputation, or other physical impediments should be given suitable one-step commands. Only the first attempt is scored. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#Commands http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 1c - Level of Consciousness Commands The investigator must choose a response if a full evaluation is prevented by such obstacles as an endotracheal tube, language barrier, orotracheal trauma/bandages. A 3 is scored only if the patient makes no movement (other than reflexive posturing) in response to noxious stimulation. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#Consciousness http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 1a - Level of Consciousness If patient is thought to be normal, an adequate sample of speech must be obtained by asking patient to read or repeat words from the attached list. If the patient has severe aphasia, the clarity of articulation of spontaneous speech can be rated. Only if the patient is intubated or has other physical barriers to producing speech, the examiner should record the score as untestable (UN), and clearly write an explanation for this choice. Do not tell the patient why he or she is being tested. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#Dysarthria http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 10 - Dysarthria Sufficient information to identify neglect may be obtained during the prior testing. If the patient has a severe visual loss preventing visual double simultaneous stimulation, and the cutaneous stimuli are normal, the score is normal. If the patient has aphasia but does appear to attend to both sides, the score is normal. The presence of visual spatial neglect or anosagnosia may also be taken as evidence of abnormality. Since the abnormality is scored only if present, the item is never untestable. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#ExtinctionAndInattention Formerly Neglect. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 11 - Extinction and Inattention Ask – or use pantomime to encourage – the patient to show teeth or raise eyebrows and close eyes. Score symmetry of grimace in response to noxious stimuli in the poorly responsive or non-comprehending patient. If facial trauma/bandages, orotracheal tube, tape or other physical barriers obscure the face, these should be removed to the extent possible. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#FacialPalsy http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 4 - Facial Palsy http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#Instruction http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl NIHSS Instruction This item is aimed at finding evidence of a unilateral cerebellar lesion. Test with eyes open. In case of visual defect, ensure testing is done in intact visual field. The finger-nose-finger and heel-shin tests are performed on both sides, and ataxia is scored only if present out of proportion to weakness. Ataxia is absent in the patient who cannot understand or is paralyzed. Only in the case of amputation or joint fusion, the examiner should record the score as untestable (UN), and clearly write the explanation for this choice. In case of blindness, test by having the patient touch nose from extended arm position. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#LimbAtaxia http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 7 - Limb Ataxia The limb is placed in the appropriate position: extend the arms (palms down) 90 degrees (if sitting) or 45 degrees (if supine). Drift is scored if the arm falls before 10 seconds. The aphasic patient is encouraged using urgency in the voice and pantomime, but not noxious stimulation. Each limb is tested in turn, beginning with the non-paretic arm. Only in the case of amputation or joint fusion at the shoulder, the examiner should record the score as untestable (UN), and clearly write the explanation for this choice. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#MotorArmLeft http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 5b - Motor Arm - left The limb is placed in the appropriate position: extend the arms (palms down) 90 degrees (if sitting) or 45 degrees (if supine). Drift is scored if the arm falls before 10 seconds. The aphasic patient is encouraged using urgency in the voice and pantomime, but not noxious stimulation. Each limb is tested in turn, beginning with the non-paretic arm. Only in the case of amputation or joint fusion at the shoulder, the examiner should record the score as untestable (UN), and clearly write the explanation for this choice. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#MotorArmRight http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 5a - Motor Arm - right The limb is placed in the appropriate position: hold the leg at 30 degrees (always tested supine). Drift is scored if the leg falls before 5 seconds. The aphasic patient is encouraged using urgency in the voice and pantomime, but not noxious stimulation. Each limb is tested in turn, beginning with the non-paretic leg. Only in the case of amputation or joint fusion at the hip, the examiner should record the score as untestable (UN), and clearly write the explanation for this choice. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#MotorLegLeft http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 6b - Motor Leg - left The limb is placed in the appropriate position: hold the leg at 30 degrees (always tested supine). Drift is scored if the leg falls before 5 seconds. The aphasic patient is encouraged using urgency in the voice and pantomime, but not noxious stimulation. Each limb is tested in turn, beginning with the non-paretic leg. Only in the case of amputation or joint fusion at the hip, the examiner should record the score as untestable (UN), and clearly write the explanation for this choice. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#MotorLegRight http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 6a - Motor Leg - right http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#NIHStrokeScale http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl NIHSS Report The patient is asked the month and his/her age. The answer must be correct - there is no partial credit for being close. Aphasic and stuporous patients who do not comprehend the questions will score 2. Patients unable to speak because of endotracheal intubation, orotracheal trauma, severe dysarthria from any cause, language barrier, or any other problem not secondary to aphasia are given a 1. It is important that only the initial answer be graded and that the examiner not "help" the patient with verbal or non-verbal cues. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#Questions http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 1b - Level of Consciousness Questions Sensation or grimace to pinprick when tested, or withdrawal from noxious stimulus in the obtunded or aphasic patient. Only sensory loss attributed to stroke is scored as abnormal and the examiner should test as many body areas (arms [not hands], legs, trunk, face) as needed to accurately check for hemisensory loss. A score of 2, “severe or total sensory loss,” should only be given when a severe or total loss of sensation can be clearly demonstrated. Stuporous and aphasic patients will, therefore, probably score 1 or 0. The patient with brainstem stroke who has bilateral loss of sensation is scored 2. If the patient does not respond and is quadriplegic, score 2. Patients in a coma (item 1a=3) are automatically given a 2 on this item. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#Sensory http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 8 - Sensory Visual fields (upper and lower quadrants) are tested by confrontation, using finger counting or visual threat, as appropriate. Patients may be encouraged, but if they look at the side of the moving fingers appropriately, this can be scored as normal. If there is unilateral blindness or enucleation, visual fields in the remaining eye are scored. Score 1 only if a clear-cut asymmetry, including quadrantanopia, is found. If patient is blind from any cause, score 3. Double simultaneous stimulation is performed at this point. If there is extinction, patient receives a 1, and the results are used to respond to item 11. http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#Visual http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl 3 - Visual http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl#Interval http://mre.zcu.cz/ontology/nihss.owl Interval OWLClass_0015376d_c3a4_4a8c_9943_deeefca48876 Fibrinolytic therapy Thrombolysis Thrombolytic drug Thrombolytic drugs Thrombolytic therapy OWLClass_0026fa53_b312_438a_94f6_d9c8fadbddb8 Post myocardial infarction mural thrombosis OWLClass_00783903_fc3a_43a0_8415_d3bd424b8f56 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 609065 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/56453003 Dutch type amyloidosis HCHWAD Hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Dutch type Cerebral hemorrhage with amyloid hereditary Dutch type OWLClass_00e59d80_1dde_4ef3_9b84_c05dc48ae791 Basilar artery aneurysm OWLClass_011165e5_29dc_4124_a8b2_718f1cbc34b2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D017216 Delivery of health services via remote telecommunications. This includes interactive consultative and diagnostic services. Health services supported by remote or mobile devices. Telemedicine OWLClass_01218d33_f59c_4678_8994_89a984e71715 Genomic biomarkers of hemorrhagic stroke OWLClass_012300c3_601a_4084_9f26_9ee3e7eef9bb http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/36070007 Eczema, thrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency syndrome Wiskott Aldrich syndrome OWLClass_0130ea7b_02e3_4221_ab5b_af8c3474ce25 http://purl.obolibrary.org/NCRO_MIPF0000086 Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-210 OWLClass_01500fed_e2aa_472c_84c5_c11aaf0e8087 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/89458003 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Stupor correspond to more advanced stages of impaired arousal. In stupor patients usually appear to be asleep and awaken only when stimulated with a loud voice or vigorous shaking. They may be agitated or combative at such times but they do not communicate in a meaningful way apart from monosyllabic sounds, groans, and simple behaviors. They return to a sleep-like state as soon as stimulation ceases. Stupor OWLClass_015e394c_8769_4de2_acc1_b0da4849523b Dietary pattern OWLClass_01a40b76_217e_4e2c_9392_94eb44f0cfa5 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 301500 Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Fabry disease OWLClass_01f4204e_ce36_474a_bb19_6fce1a072875 calcium channel blockers OWLClass_020df237_f804_4a5d_a643_a96f675fbe15 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 176860 Protein C deficiency Deficiency of protein C OWLClass_022141cd_45b9_4feb_a73c_4e38dfa984b9 Pentobarbital OWLClass_02276072_6f20_4823_8546_4d99c230fbad http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/102766008 NSE Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Biomarkers of Hypoxic Brain Damage Neuron-specific enolase is one of three recognized forms of enolase, an enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. Neurone specific enolase OWLClass_022cbdcd_3fff_4455_b270_46d6036d44f8 http://www.uptodate.com/contents/ischemic-stroke-prognosis-in-adults Low hemoglobin level OWLClass_0236b0a0_3c44_49f5_b0d1_dabd283b5041 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/373766008 Bardutzky, J., & Schwab, S. (2007). Antiedema therapy in ischemic stroke. Stroke, 38(11), 3084-3094. Over the past few years, hypertonic saline solutions have increasingly been used as an alternative to mannitol to control brain edema of various types. As is the case with mannitol, several mechanisms may be responsible for the reduction of brain edema achieved with hypertonic saline. Because sodium chloride is completely excluded from an intact BBB, it has been proposed that hypertonic saline may be a more favorable osmotic agent compared with mannitol. Furthermore, hypertonic saline has the effect of expanding the intravascular volume with increasing mean arterial blood pressure leading to improved CPP, whereas mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that secondary leads to volume depletion. Other proposed mechanisms of action include modulation of inflammatory response and neuron excitation, and improved oxygenation. Hypertonic Saline OWLClass_02390f3e_6929_4bdb_ae8a_6feac35effaf http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D050556 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/CSP/2446-5100 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D050556 FABP FABPs Fatty acid binding proteins Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are a class of intracellular molecules involved in buffering and transporting long-chain fatty acids. Fatty acid binding protein OWLClass_0287c23c_078a_452a_b829_9468a8cafcd9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014786 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014786 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/397540003 Visual impairments Karatepe, A. G., Gunaydin, R., Kaya, T., & Turkmen, G. (2008). Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 831-835. Limitation in visual functions. Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132). Visual impairment OWLClass_02a5f679_7da3_4ece_a6cd_4761f88ef253 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D018810 http://www.owl-ontologies.com/Ontology1447432460.owl#RID10319 MR angiography MRA Vu, D., González, R. G., & Schaefer, P. W. (2006). Conventional MRI and MR angiography of stroke. In Acute Ischemic Stroke (pp. 115-137). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a set of vascular imaging techniques capable of depicting the extracranial and intracranial circulation. Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures. A diagnostic technique for measuring the rate at which blood is delivered to tissue. In perfusion MRI, an exogenous contrast agent is usually injected to provide superior tissue contrast and easy delineation of perfusion abnormalities. Endogenous markers can also be used. Magnetic resonance angiography OWLClass_02c0762e_08c9_41ac_a16e_4a5fe5a5d30a Green, A. R., Odergren, T., & Ashwood, T. (2003). Animal models of stroke: do they have value for discovering neuroprotective agents?. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 24(8), 402-408. Primarily in gerbils model Bilateral carotid occlusion model OWLClass_030aa9bb_7af8_4999_bceb_96eab72c83a7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/38023001 LIS LiS Smith E, Delargy M. Locked-in syndrome. BMJ. 2005;330 (7488): 406-9. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7488.406 Locked in syndrome (LIS) is a condition that can occur as a result of a stroke involving the brainstem; the stroke damages the ventral brainstem, corresponding to the pyramidal bundles. Locked in syndrome OWLClass_0329a272_4a4f_47c1_9837_e7257dde0b42 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 236250 Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Homocystinuria OWLClass_0333d106_ad39_418f_824f_9f1d2d952bb0 Brain surgery OWLClass_033f9ab3_543e_4833_ba81_0e88b5814369 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/75038005 Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2014). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Cerebellar hemorrhages usually originate in the area of the dentate nucleus from rupture of distal branches of the superior cerebellar artery and extend into the hemispheric white matter and into the fourth ventricle. Cerebellar hemorrhage OWLClass_03c79397_48fd_4283_84c2_6148b9ce4763 Immortalized rodent cell lines OWLClass_0414c0e9_7337_4f98_ac03_ae06a2ea703a Internal carotid artery infarction symptom Internal carotid artery infarction syndromes syndrome of internal carotid artery infarction syndromes of internal carotid artery infarction Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Embolic occlusion of the ICA, either proximally or distally, usually leads to severe stroke, showing concomitant signs of all anterior circulation arteries. A progressive atherosclerotic occlusion is usually less severe, with a classic subacute two-phase presentation or even asymptomatic. Retinal ischemia from carotid emboli may be transient (amaurosis fugax) or persistent. Internal carotid artery infarction syndrome OWLClass_04789c9d_cc8d_4bdb_a01c_21a0f06ff595 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000003091 HIF1A Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha subunit OWLClass_0487c4fc_17f5_40ef_adf1_59b179573b63 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/18358003 Agnosia for faces Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Prosopagnosia denotes the inability to recognize previously known faces, whereas voice recognition remains normal and allows the patients to compensate their deficit in everyday life. Prosopagnosia OWLClass_048f34e7_2f4c_42d9_9ac2_09e326cc761b Intraluminal suture MCAO model middle cerebral artery occlusion intraluminal filament model Mergenthaler, P., & Meisel, A. (2012). Do stroke models model stroke?. Disease Models and Mechanisms, 5(6), 718-725. MCAO intraluminal filament model OWLClass_04d5136f_1406_4063_8fe0_9425638074a1 Decompressive Craniotomy OWLClass_04fc570c_e324_4ec2_b5ca_4fe81954492e DCG DCGs Diagnosis cost groups Berlowitz, D. R., Hoenig, H., Cowper, D. C., Duncan, P. W., & Vogel, W. B. (2008). Impact of comorbidities on stroke rehabilitation outcomes: does the method matter?. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 89(10), 1903-1906. DCGs were originally developed to predict future costs for Medicare beneficiaries. Each ICD-9-CM code is first grouped into diagnostic clusters of clinically related disorders. Clusters are subsequently grouped into hierarchical condition categories that consider the severity and expected costliness of related disorders. Examples of hierarchies are congestive heart failure and diabetes mellitus with chronic complications. Hierarchies may be further clustered into aggregated condition categories. Diagnosis cost group OWLClass_053dd1f9_14cb_44ad_9557_e5245124da54 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000016801 Prealbumin TTR Chen, R., Vendrell, I., Chen, C. P., Cash, D., O'Toole, K. G., Williams, S. A., ... & Wheeler, J. X. (2011). Proteomic analysis of rat plasma following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Biomarkers in medicine, 5(6), 837-846. Decreased level TTR, also known as prealbumin, is synthesized in the liver, in the choroid plexus and retina, and in the cytoplasm of ependymal cells of brain ventricles. It is a major plasma and CSF carrier of the thyroid hormone and retinol. Transthyretin OWLClass_056aa1ab_fde6_4289_862e_4de2694c4e30 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000005004 Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein ORM1 a-1 acid glycoprotein α-1 acid glycoprotein Barr, T. L., Conley, Y., Ding, J., Dillman, A., Warach, S., Singleton, A., & Matarin, M. (2010). Genomic biomarkers and cellular pathways of ischemic stroke by RNA gene expression profiling. Neurology, 75(11), 1009–1014. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f2b37f upregulated gene ORM1, also known as α-1 acid glycoprotein, is an acute phase protein that suppresses lymphocyte response to lipopolysaccharides (thereby preventing ongoing tissue damage by neutrophil proteases), decreases platelet aggregation (and further platelet recruitment), and enhances cytokine secretion. orosomucoid 1 OWLClass_05a8d032_621b_4105_9a5e_3deb83f7ee9d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/442031002 Paikin, J. S., Manolakos, J. J., & Eikelboom, J. W. (2012). Rivaroxaban for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a critical review of the ROCKET AF trial. Expert review of cardiovascular therapy, 10(8), 965-972. Rivaroxaban is an orally active, direct-acting Factor Xa inhibitor with bioavailability of more than 80%. Rivaroxaban OWLClass_05be66b9_5bf4_4e08_a5c4_96d8917633b1 Silent transient hemiparesis OWLClass_060af1c3_0815_4817_b5c2_122792e7ce3f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/84757009 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. The risk of epilepsy following stroke for the individualis low,about3%,yet still higher than the age-matched population. Epilepsy OWLClass_06244030_9b15_4997_9974_04566dc05bba Hankey, G. J. (2012). Nutrition and the risk of stroke. The Lancet Neurology, 11(1), 66-81. Consumption of processed meat is associated with an increased risk of stroke. Processed meat OWLClass_064c7369_dfac_446a_90fd_627b387314c9 Papillary fibroelastoma OWLClass_0677d2ba_1a45_4e21_818e_ba014016d1a0 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. in right lesion infarction An inability to execute or copy simple drawings (cube, clock, house), or to arrange elements (blocks or sticks) in an appropriate spatial relationship, is a very sensitive sign of brain damage but relatively non-specific. It implicates a number of basic skills, including visual and spatial perception, visuomotor integration and coordination, motor manual skills, and monitoring responses. Therefore, it can result from a variety of lesions, and often indicates coexistent general intellectual deterioration. Constractional apraxia OWLClass_06c10d8f_e002_419b_a8a8_8a7600779d42 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D054400 CCR7 Barr, T. L., Conley, Y., Ding, J., Dillman, A., Warach, S., Singleton, A., & Matarin, M. (2010). Genomic biomarkers and cellular pathways of ischemic stroke by RNA gene expression profiling. Neurology, 75(11), 1009–1014. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f2b37f downregulated gene CCR7 is a G-coupled chemokine receptor and the data on CCR7 function in humans are rather sparse. CC chemokine receptor 7 OWLClass_06c21584_15e1_42e2_b97b_da20b21d5027 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/12731000 Cervical sympathetic dystrophy Horner's syndrome Oculosympathetic palsy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002277 Ptosis, miosis, and occasionally apparent enophthalmos and anhidrosis on one side of the face, loss of ciliospinal reflex and blood shot conjunctiva. An abnormality resulting from a lesion of the sympathetic nervous system characterized by a combination of unilateral ptosis, miosis, and often ipsilateral hypohidrosis and conjunctival injection. Horner syndrome OWLClass_071a0dc6_a1c9_4e73_b10e_fe4602b67c3d PARP PARP activation Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. PADP is a mediators facilitate apoptotic cell death pathways. Poly ADP ribose polymerase activation OWLClass_077d0d5e_3e0f_47c5_86b9_bdac80fd30e7 Dejerine Roussy syndrome Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Contralateral loss of or diminished somatosensory sensation, particularly proprioception or position sense following a thalamic lesion. The syndrome most commonly results from a vascular lesion affecting the ventral posterior nucleus. Most notable in this syndrome is the concomitant presence of diffuse, lingering pain which may be produced by relatively minor and even noncutaneous stimuli, while the response to actual painful-type stimuli may be diminished. Thalamic pain syndrom OWLClass_07b01d2a_75ac_42b8_b8d4_b19732f038c6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005510 Dietary habits Food Habit Dietary habit OWLClass_07b783c6_a8fa_41a9_850b_6d2ff15443ec http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/95455008 CVT Cerebral vein thrombosis Intracranial venous thrombosis Thrombosis of cerebral vein Crassard, I., & Bousser, M. G. (2004). Cerebral venous thrombosis. Journal of neuro-ophthalmology, 24(2), 156-163. Cerebral venous thrombosis is an infrequent condition characterized by extreme variability in its clinical presentation and mode of onset. Cerebral venous thrombosis OWLClass_07ce4343_ce55_4628_81e0_1e8050a095c7 Ipsilateral facial hypalgesia Ipsilateral facial hypesthesia OWLClass_0815975f_c4dc_49d1_9e25_418b9f4a07cd http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014801 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/82622003 Vitamin A Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products. Retinol OWLClass_09237306_05a4_4255_9f00_0e8d10dbbad2 Herndon, R. M. (1997). Handbook of neurologic rating scales. Demos medical publishing. The Toronto Stroke Scale was developed to assess neurologic deficit in acute stroke patients as part of a steroid therapy efficacy trial. Toronto Stroke Scale OWLClass_09310d81_6341_4658_a0c9_cc22cbe7a23f ANELT Blomert, L. (1992). The Amsterdam—Nijmegen Everyday Language Test (ANELT). In Neuropsychological rehabilitation (pp. 121-127). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. he ANELT is designed to assess the level of verbal communicative abilities of individuals with aphasia. Amsterdam Nijmegen Everyday Language Test OWLClass_0933b06f_65e3_4439_9335_56f94cde990a Adams, H. P., del Zoppo, G., Alberts, M. J., Bhatt, D. L., Brass, L., Furlan, A., ... & Lyden, P. D. (2007). Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation, 115(20), e478-e534. Devices have been used to extract thrombi from occluded intracranial arteries. Mechanical Clot Extraction OWLClass_0958d0a9_2e76_4f6f_92b9_3101af0dffd4 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/63483002 Gitter cell Microgliocyte Microglia cell OWLClass_09b44518_5e01_4600_92ff_779419794417 Brainstem infarct symptom Brainstem infarct symptoms Brainstem infarct syndromes syndrome of brainstem infarct syndromes of brainstem infarct Ortiz de Mendivil A, Alcalá-Galiano A, Ochoa M et-al. Brainstem stroke: anatomy, clinical and radiological findings. Semin. Ultrasound CT MR. 2013;34 (2): 131-41 Brainstem stroke syndromes refer to a group of syndromes that occur secondary to occlusion of small perforating arteries of the posterior circulation. The resulted infarction has characteristic clinical picture according to the involved area however, generally there is ipsilateral cranial nerve palsy and contralateral hemiplegia/hemiparesis and sensory loss. Brainstem infarct syndrome OWLClass_09d92cce_1203_4e53_b097_184b04c7397d TICI Fugate JE, Klunder AM, Kallmes DF. What is meant by "TICI"?. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34 (9): 1792-7 The thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) grading system was described in 2003 by Higashida et al as a tool for determining the response of thrombolytic therapy for ischaemic stroke. In neurointerventional radiology it is usually used for patients post endovascular revascularisation. Like most therapy response grading systems, it predicts prognosis. Thrombolysis in cerebral infarction OWLClass_0a46264d_3af3_4c65_886c_84c528ad6008 Modifiable risk factor Modifiable risk factors OWLClass_0a5733fd_64c0_4634_a625_fec7acca0f77 B-type neurotrophic growth factor B type neurotrophic growth factor OWLClass_0a6a5045_c8ec_4bcd_9375_fea9eb611ae9 Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Pure sensory stroke is usually related to a lesion in the ventroposterior nucleus of the thalamus, and less frequently the corona radiata. Pure sensory stroke OWLClass_0a88afc1_3fc4_4a03_867f_de9d63ae2207 Misjudgment OWLClass_0a96ae78_10eb_47db_b5da_958ec016e953 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/82999001 Epidural hemorrhage Chamberlin, S. L., & Narins, B. (2005). The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders. Bleeding between the skull and the dura, the thick, outermost layer covering the brain. Epidural bleeding OWLClass_0ab5cb2c_ee2d_4599_841b_b8fc2c305002 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. http://neurosurgery.ucla.edu/cavernous-angioma http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/MTHU011348 CCM Cavernous hemangioma Cavernous venous malformation Cerebral cavernous malformation Cerebral cavernous venous malformations cavernoma cavernous haemangioma A cavernous angioma is a blood vessel abnormality characterized by large, adjacent capillaries with little or no intervening brain. The blood flow through these vessels is slow. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/416824008 Cavernous angioma OWLClass_0abc2a7e_c0f9_4536_8f36_3a0ec746e235 Alexia with agraphia OWLClass_0acaae83_6d88_40ef_aa48_ccf3fa1379d3 Classification systems Grading Scale Scoring grading test and classification systems Scoring systems Stroke scale Asplund K. Clinimetrics in stroke research. Stroke 1987; 18:528. Stroke scales are useful for clinical and research purposes as aids to improve diagnostic accuracy, determine the suitability of specific treatments, monitor change in neurologic impairments, and predict and measure outcomes. Scales OWLClass_0ae50773_68ef_45b0_b5d2_13501d6f9425 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D051547 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/141250 HEMOXYGENASE 1 HMOX1 HO1 HSP32 Heme oxygenase (decyclizing) 1 Heme Oxygenase 1 OWLClass_0b044070_3ca8_41b5_bec0_c49cd3247dbc http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/21964009 Malignant lymphoma Lymphoma OWLClass_0b09f586_31bf_45f0_8b6b_a8f4b6d4bd8c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014325 Bardutzky, J., & Schwab, S. (2007). Antiedema therapy in ischemic stroke. Stroke, 38(11), 3084-3094. THAM is supposed to act by entering the cerebrospinal fluid compartment and neutralizing the acidosis-induced vasodilation, thereby reducing ICP. ICP-lowering properties as well as beneficial effects on edema formation and cerebral energy disturbance of THAM have been demonstrated in animal models of head injury. In animal models of focal cerebral ischemia, THAM infusion was associated with a significant reduction of infarct size, brain edema and lactate concentration. THAM OWLClass_0b26a238_f136_49f4_85f6_95830df5149f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1458140 Bleeding disorders Normally, if you get hurt, your body forms a blood clot to stop the bleeding. For blood to clot, your body needs cells called platelets and proteins known as clotting factors. If you have a bleeding disorder, you either do not have enough platelets or clotting factors or they don't work the way they should. Bleeding disorders can be the result of other diseases, such as severe liver disease. They can also be inherited. Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder. Bleeding disorders can also be a side effect of medicines. Bleeding disorder http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1458140 OWLClass_0b3659ef_454a_486e_9e09_027d32c904fe Subthalamus nucleus infarction symptom OWLClass_0b669f72_b981_4a69_89f2_b6d6d9a7633a PAI_1 Plasminogen activator deficiency Plasminogen activators deficiency Elevated level of plasminogen activator inhibitor OWLClass_0b66e5a3_1d5c_41da_9df2_4e899bd9b7a3 Low rice consumption Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. Rice consumption has been associated with an increased risk of stroke. Rice intake OWLClass_0b87cd0f_a953_403f_a146_3876bb8b817c Treatment of warfarin-related ICH Treatment of warfarin associated ICH OWLClass_0b8aac8d_0e05_45ba_b84c_459d1454978c IMS Study Investigators. (2004). Combined intravenous and intra-arterial recanalization for acute ischemic stroke: the Interventional Management of Stroke Study. Stroke, 35(4), 904-911. Combined IV/IA Thrombolysis Combined intravenous-intraarterial thrombolysis OWLClass_0bb25f44_3ae7_4761_be82_25eb4e65e84e Rat brain endothelial cell line OWLClass_0c1c38d1_4905_452d_b4aa_71be1b147d4b Sensory loss OWLClass_0c860974_bc38_457f_a616_3dc7d0886c5c Immortalized human cell lines OWLClass_0cada118_c58d_4210_ad10_ad5c796146db BA infarction symptom Basilar artery infarction symptom Basilar artery infarction symptoms Basilar artery infarction syndromes syndrome of basilar artery infarction syndromes of basilar artery infarction Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The BA lies on the ventral surface of the brainstem and vascularizes the pons, the mesencephalon and the middle and upper cerebellum through the AICA and SCA. Its territory can be subdivided into three parts on a ventro-dorsal level Basilar artery infarction syndrome OWLClass_0ce96e9f_1962_432f_a7a2_a5e852d26fc0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/608313 ARG1 Barr, T. L., Conley, Y., Ding, J., Dillman, A., Warach, S., Singleton, A., & Matarin, M. (2010). Genomic biomarkers and cellular pathways of ischemic stroke by RNA gene expression profiling. Neurology, 75(11), 1009–1014. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f2b37f upregulated gene Arginase 1 OWLClass_0cfca88e_7338_4243_8e49_440f82d63714 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/19265001 Deer fly fever Deerfly fever Francis' disease Infection by Francisella tularensis Ohara's disease Pahvant Valley plague Rabbit fever Tularemia OWLClass_0d0f741f_f093_4868_9847_57b860dc1231 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Visual disturbances are also common, and may be described as difficulty in focusing, blurred vision, diplopia (vertical, horizontal, or oblique), or oscillopsia (a sense of moving objects). Visual disturbances OWLClass_0d22d5a6_359c_42c5_be32_ace563976a2e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019485 Harvey, B. K., Hoffer, B. J., & Wang, Y. (2005). Stroke and TGF-β proteins: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and bone morphogenetic protein. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 105(2), 113-125. BMPs are members of the TGF-β superfamily of secreted signaling molecules. BMPs were originally identified using assays of bone growth. Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins. Bone maorphogenetic protein OWLClass_0d44f040_a37f_4d7a_b422_d53d224801e2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/193462001 Sleeplessness Bassetti, C. L., & Hermann, D. M. (2011). Sleep and stroke. Sleep Disorders, 99, 1052-1069. Wallace, D. M., Ramos, A. R., & Rundek, T. (2012). Sleep disorders and stroke. International Journal of Stroke, 7(3), 231-242. Difficulty with sleep initiation or maintenance or unintended early awakenings. Insomnia is defined by difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, early awakenings, insufficient sleep quality, and corresponding poor daytime functioning (lack of energy, fatigue, concentration problems, mood swings, irritability). Particularly in patients with subcortical, thalamic, thalamomesencephalic, and large tegmental pontine stroke, insomnia may be accompanied by an inversion of the sleep-wake cycle with insomnia and agitation during the night and hypersomnia during the day. Insomnia OWLClass_0d50adb1_f974_4af5_908d_5619a1bb07ae Radiation vasculopathy OWLClass_0d583760_3347_4d78_b472_5e69d8e52bf5 Cholesterol Serum cholesterol Serum total cholesterol Serum total cholesterol measurement Total cholesterol OWLClass_0d71a41f_cd07_4874_a4d1_d18ff3041ee6 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000022778 Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. glycogen phosphorylase OWLClass_0dad1480_1583_4065_9d2d_f6d7e402e313 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/301939004 Constricted pupil Miotic pupil myosis. (n.d.) Millodot: Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition. (2009). Retrieved April 7 2016 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myosis Contraction of the pupil or condition in which the pupil is very small (2 mm or less in diameter). It can be brought about by a spasm of the sphincter muscle or by the effect of a miotic drug (e.g. eserine, neostigmine, pilocarpine), or in certain spinal diseases or any stimulation of the parasympathetic supply to the eye. Miosis occurs naturally when doing close work or when stimulated by light. Miosis OWLClass_0de865a3_47d8_4f5f_a540_8eb398b74588 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000005743 PTGS2 cyclooxygenase-2 Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 OWLClass_0def0949_406f_4d8a_a9e9_65b7dc1e4d92 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/392521001 historical information History OWLClass_0e2aadde_d90f_4e8e_9974_bac74eb64887 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/24675006 GFAP Glial fibrillary-associated protein Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Biomarkers of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Glial fibrillary-associated protein (GFAP) is a monomeric intermediate filament protein present in astrocytes and, to a lesser degree, in ependymal cells of the brain, where it functions as a part of the cytoskeleton. GFAP is a brain-specific intermediate filament protein found in astrocytes. It was identified as a candidate biomarker ICH in the acute phase. Glial fibrillary associated protein OWLClass_0e3dbf75_f0c3_4486_bee6_ffb0d26c850f Cognitive and behavioral disturbance OWLClass_0e8685bd_31c0_4ddf_a62d_01c1f9e74ef2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/311401005 Patient education OWLClass_0e8ae81b_3860_4a62_b93e_3723a44f70b4 Karatepe, A. G., Gunaydin, R., Kaya, T., & Turkmen, G. (2008). Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 831-835. The Liu Index was constructed specifically for use in stroke outcome research. Liu Index OWLClass_0ed5d708_563e_454a_a805_0dc11e224a60 Treatment of AVM Treatment of arteriovenous malformation OWLClass_0f221804_c4dc_425c_b2e0_d8a956bc4ec2 Ventricle clot OWLClass_0f2b4cd7_395b_4d61_9715_2f0ba87820a1 Cessation of cigarette smoking Lambert, M. (2011). AHA/ASA guidelines on prevention of recurrent stroke. American family physician, 83(8). Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke, and growing evidence has shown that exposure to environmental smoke increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, including stroke. Smoking cessation is recommended in persons who have experienced a stroke or TIA. Smoking cessation OWLClass_0f2e4381_df07_4e56_a207_bcc545b7d237 Nonspecific marker of stroke Nonspecific markers of stroke OWLClass_0f426dc5_f142_4ce5_beaf_f237708b542c Ipsilateral deafness Katz, D. I. (2011). Lateral Gaze Palsy. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 774-776). Springer New York. Medical definitions of deafness refer to impairment in the physical structures necessary for hearing and understanding language. The term ‘‘deaf’’ refers to a degree of hearing loss that significantly impacts access to auditory language; ‘‘hard of hearing’’ typically refers to hearing loss that still allows for some access to auditory information. Ipsilateral hearing loss OWLClass_0f50b072_7c72_44e9_9557_174aca750c21 Caplan LR. Caplan's stroke: a clinical approach: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009 Brain anatomy OWLClass_0f6f74ef_5df8_4d85_8bb6_35183b89eb59 Systemic lupus erythematosus arthritis OWLClass_0f70cb88_daff_4f36_b57c_c871c60a600c EVT Endovascular therapy Endovascular treatment Adams, H. P., del Zoppo, G., Alberts, M. J., Bhatt, D. L., Brass, L., Furlan, A., ... & Lyden, P. D. (2007). Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation, 115(20), e478-e534. Several endovascular interventions are being evaluated for the treatment of intracranial or extracranial arterial occlusions leading to acute ischemic stroke. Options include emergency angioplasty and stenting, mechanical disruption of the clot, and extraction of the thrombus. In most cases, the mechanical intervention has been combined with either intravenous or intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy. Endovascular Interventions OWLClass_0fa569cd_cf80_41e4_83b7_b1ff3acc9099 Biochemical mediators of brain injury OWLClass_0fb15f5e_f639_4039_9772_1d2b28ec05c0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/414858002 N-methyl D-aspartate autoantibodies NMDA receptor antagonist NMDA receptor autoantibodies NR2A/2B Abs NR2A/2B antibodies Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Biomarkers of Excitotoxicity in ischemic Stroke The NMDA glutamine receptor is implicated in mediating the excitotoxic response in cerebral ischemia. Autoantibodies (aAbs) to the NR2 subtype of the NMDA receptor have been demonstrated to be associated with neurotoxicity. NMDA autoantibodies OWLClass_0fd3ca7f_0776_49de_a854_2a78433b25f0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/250047004 Thalamic astasia Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Astasia means inability to maintain standing and abasia refers to impaired coordination of gait. The term is usually applied to unusual, often bizarre patterns of gait and stance that appear to have no neuropathophysiologic basis. Astasia OWLClass_0ff5971c_afd9_45e2_b850_14fece78e3d2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/76612001 Blood cloting disorder Hypercoagulability Hypercoagulability state Hypercoagulable states Thrombophilia prothrombotic state Edlow, J. A. (2008). Stroke: Greenwood Press. Hypercoagulable states are another unusual cause of stroke. There is a constant interplay in the body between factors that cause the blood to clot, or coagulate, and factors that cause the blood to remain liquid. Hypercoagulable state OWLClass_101d72b4_74e0_4215_9d75_7c99afd8a407 immunomodulation immunomodulatory therapy Immunomodulatory therapeutic OWLClass_10c76d32_1b5f_4880_9b91_26ec8ae316d4 Stroke center OWLClass_10f20d76_f1a0_4757_9a55_4cb3bde0f279 Non human primate model of stroke Cook, D. J., & Tymianski, M. (2012). Nonhuman primate models of stroke for translational neuroprotection research. Neurotherapeutics, 9(2), 371-379. stroke studies in nonhuman primates (NHPs) will enable the translation of a promising therapy to humans is theoretically sound, but unproven in the absence of a positive human study. The obvious goal of a primate stroke model is to make the model match the human condition as closely as possible. Larger animal model of stroke OWLClass_1101f139_4fad_4a8a_af92_d5553dea03f3 Vu, D., González, R. G., & Schaefer, P. W. (2006). Conventional MRI and MR angiography of stroke. In Acute Ischemic Stroke (pp. 115-137). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. MRA is broadly divided into noncontrast and contrast-enhanced techniques.Noncontrast MRA can be acquired with phase contrast (PC) or TOF techniques, and both can be acquired as 2D slabs or 3D volumes. Noncontrast MRA OWLClass_1104398b_2f63_4206_a024_d3a81cccf778 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Aphasia can also follow thalamic hemorrhages or infarcts of the dominant hemisphere. The first reports of thalamic hemorrhages causing aphasia stressed the decreased voice volume, anomia, perseveration, and semantic paraphasia. Thalamic aphasia OWLClass_11112273_69a9_49f8_a5ce_3295eef85235 Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. These methods include direct surgical occlusion of MCA and models combining MCA and other vessel occlusions. Models requiring craniectomy OWLClass_112566ec_01cb_4b4f_8346_a4f934d29e46 convergent downward gaze OWLClass_114e6e98_f6e7_47d8_9af2_056f514711a4 Jacobs DA, Galetta SL. Neuro-ophthalmology for neuroradiologists. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28 (1): 3-8. Facial colliculus syndrome refers to a constellation of neurological signs due to a lesion at the facial colliculus, involving: abducens nerve (CN VI) nucleus, facial nerve (CN VII) fibres at the genu and medial longitudinal fasciculus. Facial colliculus syndrome OWLClass_1185b6a4_451b_4c18_86ef_43634161a7c3 Telestroke OWLClass_1198f12d_0f72_4d8b_8928_c2b321716f39 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/233854003 Atrial myxoma OWLClass_11b3ab60_5e6f_48ae_9881_8f3ba49e9cf0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/427020007 CNS vasculitis Cerebral angitis central nervous system vasculitis Cerebral vasculitis OWLClass_1261b236_647b_4511_a82f_1e93dfce2b86 Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/387168006 Mannitol decreases blood viscosity, which results in reflex vasoconstriction and decreased cerebrovascular volume. The major problems associated with mannitol administration are hypovolemia and the induction of a hyperosmotic state. Mannitol OWLClass_12c3903d_fd2a_40c6_b4e3_2f67d3a70b11 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D015914 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D015914 ERT Estrogen replacement therapies Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. Estrogen replacement therapy OWLClass_12c6f3c8_a61a_497e_99bd_70f32902cbbb http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/95660002 Schwedt TJ, Matharu MS, Dodick DW (July 2006). "Thunderclap headache". Lancet Neurol 5 (7): 621–31 A thunderclap headache is a headache that is severe and sudden-onset. It is defined as a severe headache that takes seconds to minutes to reach maximum intensity. It can be indicative of a number of medical problems, most importantly subarachnoid hemorrhage, which can be life-threatening. Usually, further investigations are performed to identify the underlying cause. Thunderclap headache OWLClass_12f5a265_d2b1_4ed2_bf55_7fde45a0f091 http://purl.obolibrary.org/NCRO_MIPF0000079 Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-145 OWLClass_133eda05_503d_4cd7_920e_92a1ab76e586 Good outcomes Good outcome OWLClass_13e11390_e5b0_4606_a215_baedd6339969 hypersensitivity vasculitis Hypersensitivity vasculitides OWLClass_1403b132_6069_4352_b80e_f4c83cab5190 Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Postmortem (by immunohistochemical staining techniques) and in vivo (by microdialysis) evaluation of neurochemical changes following stroke in animal models showed that while aspartate, glutamate, inosine, hypoxanthine, adenosine and γ-aminobutyrate increases in the acute ischemic period, glycine seems to increase with prolonged ischemia and some neuroactive substances increase in peri-infarct region (such as tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y), and some (neuropeptide Y, leuleuenkephalin, neurotensin, and dynorphin) in nuclei of amygdala which are not infarcted. Neurochemical changes OWLClass_1415f0bb_e1a7_4f99_9a03_a23b44df62e1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/297176007 Vertebral artery aneurysm OWLClass_14307b04_e3e7_44e1_8b4e_a95f317dbdde Bone marrow stromal cell therapy OWLClass_14431b89_093f_45b6_a4d7_9b77667c8af2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/95844003 dysplasminogenemia OWLClass_14882cfb_aa7c_4a5d_a9cb_73097a851204 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/60208008 F5 Factor V Sharp, F. R., Xu, H., Lit, L., Walker, W., Pinter, J., Apperson, M., & Verro, P. (2007). Genomic profiles of stroke in blood. Stroke, 38(2), 691-693. coagulation factor V OWLClass_148cfc82_cce1_4577_a571_0f8146b49682 Savitz, S. I., Dinsmore, J. H., Wechsler, L. R., Rosenbaum, D. M., & Caplan, L. R. (2004). Cell Therapy for Stroke. NeuroRx, 1(4), 406–414. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/418460001 BMSC BMSCs Bone marrow stromal cells Bone marrow stromal stem cell Bone marrow stromal cell OWLClass_14a2ae1a_d381_4597_9a27_c2fa3a611056 Desmoteplase OWLClass_1502bdf5_e34c_416f_87c5_2f358a2fab9b Schmahmann, J. D. (2003). Vascular syndromes of the thalamus. Stroke, 34(9), 2264-2278. a state of parallel expression of mental activities. Palipsychism OWLClass_151448ff_f906_4f9f_8880_75c200b35afa Brain imaging OWLClass_1563f6dc_18e7_4a26_8be3_c9e5344fba30 simultagnosia Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Simultagnosia typically occurs in the absence of visual field deficits. Although the ability to perceive and name individual objects regardless of their location within the visual field remains intact, patients with simultagnosia exhibit an inability to perceive and interpret the overall gestalt of the scene. Simultagnosia usually results from bilateral lesions to the parietal-occipital regions, though some cases have been reported following damage to the superior occipital or inferior parietal lobes. Simultanagnosia OWLClass_15918d30_29b2_4892_a4ce_6c22e59d3d3a Increase of aspartate aspartate OWLClass_15d07471_c18e_4627_90d8_ecacb051d705 Superior cerebellar artery embolism OWLClass_1657389d_53b8_4815_b5be_5d8d2c090344 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/72986009 Acute haemorrhagic leucoencephalitis Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis Hurst disease Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalitis OWLClass_17242467_90d6_43e0_a53c_bfb359f0f344 PAR-1 PAR1 Mracsko, E., & Veltkamp, R. (2014). Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 8. Proteinase activated receptor 1 OWLClass_17530089_7b29_462e_aa2d_98df32a46cc6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C474712 Enlimomab OWLClass_1786eff1_90bc_4d45_85cf_fb5708793591 Narcotic receptor antagonist OWLClass_1787fb85_547f_40d6_9b60_c3f5eb5d8003 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D043203 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D043203 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/601690 LDL-PLA2 LDL-associated phospholipase A2 Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 Lp-PLA2 PAF acetylhydrolase PLA2G7 Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase Biomarkers of ischemic stroke A lipoprotein-associated PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 which modulates the action of PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR by hydrolyzing the SN-2 ester bond to yield the biologically inactive lyso-platelet-activating factor. It has specificity for phospholipid substrates with short-chain residues at the SN-2 position, but inactive against long-chain phospholipids. Deficiency in this enzyme is associated with many diseases including ASTHMA, and HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 OWLClass_178f2357_383b_43d6_8c47_aa097c3599f8 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/88052002 Akinetic mutism Muteness Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. The term akinetic mutism was coined by Cairns to describe a patient with an epidermoid cyst of the third ventricle, who was mute and immobile, but followed with her eyes the observer as well as moving objects and who could be brought by repetitive stimulation to ‘whisper few onosyllables’ and ‘slow feeble voluntary movements’, in the absence of ‘gross alterations of sensory–motor mechanisms operating at a more peripheral level’. Akinetic mutism (a.m.) represents an extreme form of abulia (abulia major) due to disruption of reticulothalamofrontal and extrathalamic reticulo-frontal afferents. Two forms of a.m. have been identified. The first variety of a.m. has been described in patients with bilateral occlusion of the anterior cerebral arteries and hemorrhages (with vasospasm) from anterior communicating aneurysms. Mutism OWLClass_17a0ba2c_d0e0_4912_b8c5_f2c8ee1adc26 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020069 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020069 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/45326000 Pain of shoulder Karatepe, A. G., Gunaydin, R., Kaya, T., & Turkmen, G. (2008). Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 831-835. Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin. Shoulder pain OWLClass_17a94133_f6ef_4d01_b459_f3dea4a2a00f Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Chemical vasculitis OWLClass_17f0bc31_73d5_4474_8db9_f54031df2bd4 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/65958008 Hiccough Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Hiccup may be regarded as a failure of the usual alternative excitation–inhibition between glottis closure and inspiration. The coordinating centre is located in the brainstem reticular formation. Hiccup is one of the typical transient symptoms appearing at the onset of a lateral medullary stroke; it may become chronic. Hiccups OWLClass_17f5f338_7b03_4e41_a62a_a26ae9b61717 Carotid atherosclerosis Kasper, D., Fauci, A., Hauser, S., Longo, D., Jameson, J., & Loscalzo, J. (2015). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19/E (Vol. 1 & Vol. 2). McGraw Hill Professional. Therosclerosis within the carotid artery occures most frequently whithin the common carotid bifurcation and proximal internal carotid artery. Carotid artery atherosclerosis OWLClass_17fd409e_f6c4_4368_a011_3eec648a19bf http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D051100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000007928 GDNF GDNF Growth Factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor Kobayashi, T., Ahlenius, H., Thored, P., Kobayashi, R., Kokaia, Z., & Lindvall, O. (2006). Intracerebral infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes striatal neurogenesis after stroke in adult rats. Stroke, 37(9), 2361-2367. GDNF infusion increased cell proliferation in the ipsilateral SVZ and the recruitment of new neuroblasts into the striatum after MCAO and improved survival of new mature neurons. The GDNF receptor GFRalpha1 was upregulated in the SVZ 1 week after MCAO and was coexpressed with markers of dividing progenitor cells. glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor OWLClass_181e30a5_7bc0_47d3_8d93_5b1a99889f92 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/40108008 Hereditary leptocytosis Cohen AR, Galanello R, Pennell DJ, et al. (2004). Thalassemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 14–34 Robert Bühler, Heinrich P. Mattle, Chapter 45 Hematological diseases and stroke, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Elsevier, 2008, Volume 93, Pages 887-934 Thalassemia is a congenital hemolytic disorder primarily found in individuals of Mediterranean descent. It is caused by a partial or complete deficiency in the synthesis of hemoglobin subunits. Thalassemia OWLClass_1839a3a3_cb0e_4e04_a254_061b25cc4001 Giant lambl excrescences OWLClass_183cb484_9573_41f4_b639_f7f67d18b22d Increase of inosine inosine OWLClass_183e44ac_6984_4b3e_b90d_8c993572dd6c Lateral pontine syndrome Kumral E, Bayülkem G, Evyapan D. Clinical spectrum of pontine infarction. Clinical-MRI correlations. J. Neurol. 2002;249 (12): 1659-70. doi:10.1007/s00415-002-0879-x Lateral pontine syndrome, also known as Marie-Foix syndrome, refers to one of the brainstem stroke syndromes which occurs due to occlusion of perforating branches of the basilar and anterior inferior cerebellar (AICA) arteries. This results in infarction of the lateral aspect of the pons which produces characteristic clinical picture from involvement of the following pontine structures: -corticospinal tract leads to contralateral hemiplegia/hemiparesis. -spinothalamic tract causes contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation. -cerebellar tracts causes ipsilteral limb ataxia. -CN VII nucleus leads to ipsilateral facial paralysis. -CN VIII vestibular and cochlear nuclei leads to ipsilateral hearing loss, vertigo and nystagmus. Marie Foix syndrome OWLClass_18405366_1723_435f_9038_e81ed476234e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D008279 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/113091000 MRI Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. Magnetic resonance imaging OWLClass_1875ce54_14ed_42c9_bf0a_8028b7b381e3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D013129 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/277762005 LP Rachicentesis Spinal Puncture Spinal tap Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. Lumbar puncture OWLClass_187a01f5_14fe_476e_839e_92516237bc5a http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BTO_0003339 hCMEC/D3 Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line OWLClass_18a55040_477a_42a2_a2de_7b004236a052 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D045304 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000025635 CYC Cytochrome c OWLClass_18c8e174_41bb_4b22_884a_efc07f1f718f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D054390 Receptors, CCR2 CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL2 and several other CCL2-related chemokines. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; BASOPHILS; and NK CELLS. CC chemokine receptor 2 OWLClass_191313c3_2364_431a_abf7_91d74f5f634c IMA Ischaemic modified albumin Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Albumin is the most abundant protein found in plasma, functioning as a nonspecific carrier molecule and maintaining oncotic pressure. In the context of ischemia, structural changes occur at the N-terminus of the protein, possibly as a result of exposure to ROS. This change in the albumin protein is detected by a cobalt-binding test. Over the last decade, increased ischemia-modified albumin concentration has been linked to acute myocardial ischemia, limb ischemia, mesenteric ischemia and deep venous thrombosis . Serum levels of ischemia-modified albumin are increased in subjects with both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke compared with controls at baseline. Ischemic modified albumin OWLClass_19442ad9_1811_49cd_8409_26cf39d1799b Unilateral deafness Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Sudden unilateral hearing loss with vertigo frequently occurs with anterior inferior cerebellar artery occlusion proximal to the internal auditory artery. Unilateral hearing loss OWLClass_19488abd_39bd_4337_b674_8526e312c4db Maeshima, S., Toshiro, H., Sekiguchi, E., Okita, R., Yamaga, H., Ozaki, F., ... & Roger, P. (2002). Transcortical mixed aphasia due to cerebral infarction in left inferior frontal lobe and temporo-parietal lobe. Neuroradiology, 44(2), 133-137. Transcortical aphasia is characterized by a relative preservation of sentence repetition in the context of severe disturbances in the comprehension and/or production of oral language. It is divided into three types: transcortical motor, sensory and mixed aphasia. transcortical aphasia OWLClass_198c624f_7541_40d1_9bf1_9c1487a3d3d5 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/54097007 WBC diseases WBC disorder White blood cell disorder OWLClass_19a9f81f_75b6_4f41_aca5_7b3341294b01 Proteomics biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_19b10fed_6bfd_4207_8fa3_d5acaee52ea7 http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/sym/palatal_weakness.htm weakness of the muscles of the hard and soft palate Palatal weakness OWLClass_19d7433e_4328_4d43_8aa1_24f5ecbd6ac6 Unmasking an old stroke OWLClass_19f0e4e4_97b1_4622_896d_3b2c3339e761 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10068788 Sticky platelet syndrome OWLClass_19f5fc65_84c3_45f2_8290_4b590caa3677 SIM Stroke imaging marker Stroke imaging markers Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Neuroimaging is widely used to aid in the diagnosis of stroke, to assist in determining a likely etiology for the event, to estimate severity, and to predict functional outcome and risk of recurrence. Neuroimaging biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_1a1db1d5_f18f_465b_b36b_d2345ca1ae78 Cerebellar infarction symptom Cerebellar infarction symptoms Cerebellar infarction syndromes syndrome of cerebellar infarction syndromes of cerebellar infarction Cerebellar infarction is a relatively uncommon subtype of ischaemic stroke. It may involve any of the three arteries supplying the cerebellum: -superior cerebellar artery (SCA): superior cerebellar arterial infarct -anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA): anterior inferior cerebellar arterial infarct -posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA): posterior inferior cerebellar arterial infarct Cerebellar infarction syndrome OWLClass_1a2b95ff_b319_4433_8c32_c1843615106c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D066244 H-MRS image Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (H-MRS) and diffusion weighted imaging have been used to measure the cerebral lactate and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels in acute cerebral ischemia Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy image OWLClass_1a323ce8_7960_470f_814f_a3c0e5ba3969 Stroke etiology Etiology of hemorrhagic stroke OWLClass_1ac7b0ee_1163_4f11_ad81_cb5da045c27c http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161422-overview#a3 Anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody R6.5 murine ICAM-1 antibody murine intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antibody Clark WM, Madden KP, Rothlein R, Zivin JA. Reduction of central nervous system ischemic injury by monoclonal antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule. J Neurosurg. 1991 Oct. 75(4):623-7 Monoclonal antibodies can block an intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) on the endothelium to prevent adhesion of white blood cells to the vessel wall. Because anti-ICAM antibodies appear to block an early step in reperfusion-related injury, they present a hopeful mechanism for preserving neuronal function. Monoclonal antibodies OWLClass_1b22ca6b_2083_4bbd_bac8_a924fa010065 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/37910008 Aronowski, J., & Zhao, X. (2011). Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral hemorrhage secondary brain injury. Stroke, 42(6), 1781-1786. Hypermetabolism OWLClass_1b3a4453_279c_4877_8f48_105993b5a5ae Blood pressure medication Blood pressure medications vasopressor drugs therapy Antihypertensive drugs therapy OWLClass_1b853899_f944_4b5f_ac24_e2cf7b1642f6 http://purl.obolibrary.org/NCRO_MIPF0000070 Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-33 OWLClass_1bb3c8d7_f291_42b0_a35e_0b6bd0a8d64b Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Disorientation is an alteration of mental status characterized by lack of awareness of personal identity, place, time, and/or situation. Typically, disorientation occurs first in time, then in place, and finally in person. It is assessed by asking the person specific questions in these spheres. Disorientation is a relatively nonspecific symptom occurring in diffuse disorders (i.e., dementia), focal brain lesions (i.e., stroke), and infectious and metabolic processes; secondary to medications and drug interactions; and in psychological disorders (i.e., schizophrenia). Temporospatial disorientation OWLClass_1bdc30b4_2fd8_4444_adaf_6694ca765008 Oculosympathetic palsy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002277 Ptosis, miosis, and occasionally apparent enophthalmos and anhidrosis on one side of the face, loss of ciliospinal reflex and blood shot conjunctiva. An abnormality resulting from a lesion of the sympathetic nervous system characterized by a combination of unilateral ptosis, miosis, and often ipsilateral hypohidrosis and conjunctival injection. Ipsilateral Horner syndrome OWLClass_1bdf490d_d63a_4976_a1b5_9ad54080a5c6 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Hereditary cardiomyopathy OWLClass_1be53f1b_c4c9_4cd1_a5d8_19ed300101a5 http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-evaluation-of-stroke http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/129265001 Diagnostic evaluation of stroke Stroke evaluation An overview of the evaluation of patients who present with neurologic symptoms that may be consistent with stroke includes the following: understanding the classification of stroke, An initial quick evaluation to stabilize vital signs, determine if intracranial hemorrhage is present, and, in patients with ischemic stroke, decide if reperfusion therapy is warranted, Forming a hypothesis of the stroke etiology based upon the history, physical examination, and initial brain imaging study (usually a noncontrast head CT scan) and Confirming the precise pathophysiologic process with more directed diagnostic testing. Evaluation of stroke OWLClass_1c11f053_4dfb_487d_8899_4fe8146c9258 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Cortical deafness is a rare condition occurring with bilateral temporal lobe lesions or with bilateral subcortical lesions interrupting the ascending auditory pathways. In cortical deafness, patients appear deaf, though some reflex responses such as turning toward a sudden loud sound may be preserved. With time, some auditory capacities may re-emerge. Cortical deafness OWLClass_1c64766e_286a_49c4_92ea_c71391d93868 Right-left disorientation OWLClass_1c999ff7_11e0_40af_bf76_234be510cb9d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C115464 This agent did not appear to produce the immune response seen with enlimomab. However, no clinical benefit was seen with Hu23F2G on any of the planned measures. Hu23F2G OWLClass_1d4546d0_7f15_4b3f_9b12_7746badecc30 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNMI/D6-11100 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/414916001 Adiposis Adiposity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY). Obesity OWLClass_1d5587f0_ba91_4963_a8ce_de8c90453ac9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/226380009 Drink intake OWLClass_1d5ee5c9_4626_4144_bd24_b004c2585dcf http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/128609009 Aneurysm Aneurysms Brain aneurysm Cerebral aneurysm Intracerebral aneurysm Edlow, J. A. (2008). Stroke: Greenwood Press. Gasparotti, R., & Liserre, R. (2005). Intracranial aneurysms. European radiology, 15(3), 441-447. An aneurysm is a weak spot in an artery, sort of like a weak spot in a tire that balloons out. An aneurysm is an abnormal dilatation of an artery, and in the brain commonly arises at a branch site on a parent artery. Aneurysms are usually discovered after they rupture, producing subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Intracranial aneurysm OWLClass_1d74f094_fc94_4617_8826_12285e7c3dc0 CSC CSCU Comprehensive Stroke Care Unit Adams, H. P., del Zoppo, G., Alberts, M. J., Bhatt, D. L., Brass, L., Furlan, A., ... & Lyden, P. D. (2007). Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation, 115(20), e478-e534. The CSC is designed to care for patients with complicated types of strokes, patients with intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage, and those requiring specific interventions (eg, surgery or endovascular procedures) or an intensive care unit type of setting. Comprehensive stroke center OWLClass_1e2b854a_050b_496f_b803_6e6aaa9c040c http://www.uptodate.com/contents/ischemic-stroke-prognosis-in-adults http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/52448006 Yew, K. S., & Cheng, E. (2009). Acute Stroke Diagnosis. American Family Physician, 80(1), 33–40. Dementia OWLClass_1e6752ca_03cc_42f4_ae70_debfe823de78 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/56819008 Ashley EA, Niebauer J. Cardiology Explained. London: Remedica; 2004. Chapter 8, Arrhythmia. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2219/ Endocarditis was first described by William Osler in 1885. It is an inflammatory process that affects the endocardium and may have an infective or noninfective (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus) origin. It is uncommon in the western world (22 cases per million), but more prevalent in developing countries. Endocarditis OWLClass_1e6bca17_0438_4007_b439_a09dc860cffa SSS-TOAST Ay H, Furie KL, Singhal A, Smith WS, Sorensen AG, Koroshetz WJ. An evidence-based causative classification system for acute ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2005; 58(5):688–97. The SSS-TOAST is composed of the same five major stroke subtypes in the TOAST classification system. In the SSS-TOAST system, each causative category is subdivided based on the weight of evidence as “evident,” “probable,” or “possible”. Stop Stroke Study TOAST OWLClass_1ea932ca_038f_4da0_b097_21d0de348a79 IA r-tPA IA tPA Intraarterial Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator OWLClass_1ebf6411_09b1_4177_b72f_1e8c1d5ed0e5 CT angiography CTA Computerized tomography angiography OWLClass_1f6b145d_1b8a_4c05_aa2f_226e8f4d7654 Thiopental OWLClass_1f910f8c_b1ad_4dfa_be84_a76f5b17826a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/42134006 Distortion of visual image Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. General term for a range of visual perceptual disorders in which the apparent shape, size, outline, color, number, movement, or other physical characteristics of visual objects are distorted. Metamorphopsia OWLClass_1f9737ce_5392_406e_9580_cf29c9a08a85 Diuretic therapy Hyperosmolar Therapy OWLClass_1fa91787_c5ba_4560_be8e_aee13c71ae35 Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Because the intracranial compartments are generally noncompressible and the intracranial volume is essentially constant, any additional pressure-producing solid or liquid mass within the intracranial cavity will result in displacement of healthy tissues. Supratentorial expanding mass lesions, such as tumors, abscesses, ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes, or traumatic hematomas, can produce herniation by displacing adjacent and remote brain tissue, especially diencephalon. Such displacement may occur across the midline (e.g., subfalcian herniation) or via the rostro-caudal direction by compressing the deep diencephalic and midbrain structures (e.g., uncal and central herniation). Subsequent herniation OWLClass_200b7ae8_1d05_48c1_88e4_cc36b0d85807 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. takayasu disease Takayasu arteritis OWLClass_20b9e59a_2737_4203_bffb_b4d8d040db90 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/55394004 Neuromuscular block Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. Muscle activity may further raise ICP by increasing intrathoracic pressure and obstructing cerebral venous outflow. If the patient is not responsive to analgesia and sedation alone, neuromuscular blockade is considered. However, the prophylactic use of neuromuscular blockade in patients without proven intracranial hypertension has not been shown to improve outcome. It is associated with an increased risk of complications such as pneumonia and sepsis and can obscure seizure activity. Neuromuscular Blockade OWLClass_20bcec5b_aeb0_47d9_b7f4_4d4ebd50921a Heart transplantation OWLClass_20d778ca_45f2_4ef6_b055_63813e4b8459 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/91335003 Mural thrombus of heart Mural thrombosis OWLClass_20e55cb1_7719_4277_946c_dea22e21e5e3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000006280 S100A9 Sharp, F. R., Xu, H., Lit, L., Walker, W., Pinter, J., Apperson, M., & Verro, P. (2007). Genomic profiles of stroke in blood. Stroke, 38(2), 691-693. S100 calcium binding proteins A9 OWLClass_211857f5_9733_4793_a48d_3e3dc0ec8e97 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/187300 HHT1 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 OWLClass_213558ac_7c19_441c_824d_03f43f60d856 Elevated cardiac enzymes Elevated cardiac enzyme OWLClass_214bfdfc_5887_40f6_87fb_a70450787387 Semantic models of stroke Silvaa, L., Coutoa, F., Mansob, H., & Vicenteb, A. Development of a semantic model for Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Patients. 2014 a semantic model for cerebrovascular accidents allows the integration of clinical and genetic data and the automated interconnection with outside resources (like SNOMED CT) in order to evaluate their individual and combined weight in the patient recovery score. Semantic model of stroke OWLClass_21530c5a_f1f8_460f_9453_90f65930a611 Creamed products OWLClass_215c106e_2115_4305_a0c0_a7b05d6d268f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/14760008 Harari, D., Norton, C., Lockwood, L., & Swift, C. (2004). Treatment of constipation and fecal incontinence in stroke patients randomized controlled trial. Stroke, 35(11), 2549-2555. Karatepe, A. G., Gunaydin, R., Kaya, T., & Turkmen, G. (2008). Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 831-835. Constipation is recognized as a serious problem in clinical practice, affecting 60% of those in stroke rehabilitation wards. Constipation OWLClass_2178e5f1_a394_42e0_9877_87b2dc0e263e Fisher scale Computed tomography scan classification of subarachnoid hemorrhage OWLClass_217fc50f_5d11_41e3_a77c_eb4932329434 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C022653 Staphylokinase OWLClass_21ca540e_7a9d_4ffc_a279_ce34337f1397 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D000511 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000024845 a-2-macroglobulin alpha-2-macroglobulin Chen, R., Vendrell, I., Chen, C. P., Cash, D., O'Toole, K. G., Williams, S. A., ... & Wheeler, J. X. (2011). Proteomic analysis of rat plasma following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Biomarkers in medicine, 5(6), 837-846. a2-macroglobulin plays a role as a carrier protein for IL‑6, protecting the cytokine from degradative proteases in the plasma. alpha 2 macroglobulin OWLClass_220dff5a_5c18_4899_b5ee_5475684bda4d Blood biomarker of stroke Blood biomarkers of stroke Cellular biomarker of stroke Cellular biomarkers of stroke Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of stroke Molecular biomarker of stroke Plasma biomarkers of stroke Serum biomarker of stroke Serum biomarkers of stroke Molecular biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_2260162f_2b3d_42f3_86ff_c17a0e44e5c3 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/45639009 HCHWA Hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Icelandic type Icelandic type amyloidosis Cerebral hemorrhage with amyloid hereditary Icelandic type OWLClass_226452f9_cce5_4917_8aec_58b952927c21 Pyribenzamine OWLClass_22913111_939f_4d34_8c6d_77b897da982b Models of stroke care Chambers, M. G., Koch, P., & Hutton, J. (2002). Development of a Decision‐Analytic Model of Stroke Care in the United States and Europe. Value in Health, 5(2), 82-97. Models of stroke care are necessary to estimate the long-term cost impact and consequences of interventions as well as the impact on the economic results of varying assumptions about risks of events, effectiveness of therapy, the cost of the intervention itself, and patient care. Model of stroke care OWLClass_22ae2c21_c7d4_459d_b8c2_1616aefa9f48 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D002543 Cerebral Brain Hemorrhage Cerebral Brain Hemorrhages Cerebral Parenchymal Hemorrhage Cerebral Parenchymal Hemorrhages Cerebrum Hemorrhage ICH Intracerebral haemorrhage Intracerebral haemorrhages Intracerebral hemorrhages cerebrum hemorrhages Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2014). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurs as a result of bleeding from an arterial source directly into the brain parenchyma, predominantly in the deep portions of the cerebral hemispheres (typical ICH). Intracerebral hemorrhage OWLClass_22eb1411_9fe7_404e_a63d_867a1bce2e2f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/25762009 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Visual agnosia denotes impaired recognition of visually presented material in a patient with normal or almost normal visual acuity; auditory and tactile recognition is normally spared. The term visual agnosia was introduced in 1891 by Sigmund Freud and it stresses the role of internally represented knowledge in visual perception. Visual agnosia OWLClass_22f84399_f451_4100_a571_c4e53ec6125e Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Hemihypokinesia is found in right hemispheric strokes as part of motor hemineglect, but can be found in basal ganglia strokes, including the thalamus, and catatonia in biparietal infarcts. Hemihypokinesia OWLClass_2301564a_1047_41ef_b420_b2d1c27ffc5f RNS generation Reactive nitrogen species generation OWLClass_2306452c_342d_42ab_a2a3_ec3c6a217d8a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/11851006 Mitral valve disorder OWLClass_2322731f_d9a5_4dfb_a9b0_5afd8b3bee95 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/162520006 Dietary fibre intake Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. fibre intake has been shown to have an inverse association with the risk of both haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke. Fiber intake OWLClass_232f911a_56f0_4fa4_88cd_34f3b18f9932 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/286604002 Vitamin A supplements Vitamin A intake OWLClass_2377fb66_ebd5_484c_a4d9_ba3162d7e312 Endoscopic Aspiration OWLClass_238c5c2f_4f69_451e_ad51_72150920eece http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/226382001 consumption of coffee Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. the consumption of coffee (3–4 cups) has been associated with a reduction in the risk of stroke. Coffee intake OWLClass_23e71a33_674f_4315_a558_53eb2597b5d2 Edlow, J. A. (2008). Stroke: Greenwood Press. The pathophysiology of any disease is how the normal physiology is altered by a disease, or pathologic, process. Pathophysiology of ischemic stroke OWLClass_2410ff6d_e964_455a_bf42_e520707cf331 Elevation of intracellular Ca 2+ level Increased intracellular calcium level Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Elevation of intracellular Ca 2 pluse level OWLClass_2422525c_310d_460a_8df6_f7c80683f654 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/34063005 Homonymous hemianopia Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Homonymous hemianopia is a visual field defect involving either the two right or the two left halves of the visual fields of both eyes. Homonymous hemianopia is usually congruent and complete, sometimes sparing part of the upper quadrant. Homonymous hemianopsia OWLClass_243c856b_d987_4911_8e98_144b5542394b Ataxic hemiparesis syndrome Crural paresis Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Gorman, M. J., Dafer, R., & Levine, S. R. (1998). Ataxic Hemiparesis Critical Appraisal of a Lacunar Syndrome. Stroke, 29(12), 2549-2555. Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Ataxic hemiparesis is a well-recognized lacunar syndrome involving homolateral ataxia with accompanying corticospinal tract impairment. Hemiparesis is associated with homolateral ataxia. Pure motor hemiparesis and ataxic hemiparesis are most frequently due to an infarct in the internal capsule, corona radiata or basis pontis. The deficit is usually proportional, involving face, arm and leg to the same extent. Ataxic hemiparesis OWLClass_24530d4a_6215_4e90_ab88_2d858b53ae0d Aneurysm recurrence OWLClass_24de17ed_4fae_4f9f_b906_c1049e414923 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Allergic angitis and granulomatosis Churg-strauss syndrome OWLClass_256cf9e1_cd74_4915_a595_5c5051fd4af5 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/297160003 LVA left ventricular aneurysm OWLClass_25b10bfc_9b42_4106_a294_ce6e34eb1a9c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C002449 Liu, H., Yang, L., & Bai, Y. LIPIDOMICS STUDY OF STROKE INDUCED BY SMALL VESSEL DISEASE BY 2D (NP/RP) LC-MS/MS. glycerophosphoethanolamine OWLClass_25b3560d_fc5d_4d54_bb81_ddafe4f4364b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D015850 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/30965005 IL 6 IL-6 IL6 A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS. Interleukin 6 OWLClass_25c2c5ee_ed5d_47b7_aa30_6a0cb1856781 Artificial hearts Artificial heart OWLClass_25e9091d_53fa_41d8_b73c_b38336bcf857 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 603903 SCD Robert Bühler, Heinrich P. Mattle, Chapter 45 Hematological diseases and stroke, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Elsevier, 2008, Volume 93, Pages 887-934 Serjeant, G. R. (1997). Sickle-cell disease. The Lancet, 350(9079), 725-730. Sickle-cell disease is one of the most important hemoglobinopathies and the most prevalent form of congenital hemolytic anemia. Sickle cell disease OWLClass_260075c7_2b00_4492_8a93_67c969917236 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/373513008 Bardutzky, J., & Schwab, S. (2007). Antiedema therapy in ischemic stroke. Stroke, 38(11), 3084-3094. Indomethacin is a potent cerebral vasoconstrictor that also may exhibit antiedema and anti-inflammatory effects. ICP-lowering capacity of indomethacin has been described in few case reports on head trauma. Indomethacin OWLClass_2611e22e_14f2_4177_87e0_e0370218832f Mesencephalic stroke Ortiz de Mendivil A, Alcalá-Galiano A, Ochoa M et-al. Brainstem stroke: anatomy, clinical and radiological findings. Semin. Ultrasound CT MR. 2013;34 (2): 131-41 The arterial blood supply to the midbrain is complex. Infarcts limited to the midbrain are uncommon and usually are accompanied by involvement of other structures such as the cerebellum, thalamus,andpons. Midbrain infarction symptom OWLClass_2641ead8_a8e7_4328_a898_98a71428bac6 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Cranial arteritis cranial arteritides temporal arteritides Temporal arteritis OWLClass_265feac0_2227_4f58_b3af_db6aa1ef2d0d Cerebrovascular imaging Vascular imaging OWLClass_269752e5_34a3_41cd_b452_34be219d44ea http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D003324 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/53741008 CAD Coronary arteriosclerosis IHD Ischemic heart disease ischemic heart diseases Ostwald, S. K., Wasserman, J., & Davis, S. (2006). Medications, comorbidities, and medical complications in stroke survivors: the CAReS study. Rehabilitation Nursing, 31(1), 10-14. Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause. Thickening and loss of elasticity of the CORONARY ARTERIES, leading to progressive arterial insufficiency (CORONARY DISEASE). Coronary artery disease OWLClass_279626c9_dd78_45f6_9ca6_6195471ff169 Among non-clot embolus models, microsphere-induced microembolization is the most extensively studied model in many aspects. The lesion development in the microsphere-induced stroke model is slow, increasing in size up to 24 h postinjection. Microsphere-induced embolic model may provide larger therapeutic window for drug testing in stroke. non-clot embolic models OWLClass_27cf392c_3718_428f_97e8_ad9b74d413b1 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-medication#1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/387106007 Ativan Lorazepam is a short-acting benzodiazepine with a moderately long half-life. It has become the drug of choice in many centers for treating active seizures. Lorazepam OWLClass_28269171_d221_4456_9246_6ded6009bc05 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D043303 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/168820 Aryldialkylphosphatase Paraoxonase-1 An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an aryl-dialkyl phosphate to form dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. It can hydrolyze a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. It may also mediate an enzymatic protection of LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to ATHEROMA formation. The enzyme was previously regarded to be identical with Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2). Paraoxonase 1 OWLClass_2881e788_ed40_412a_b2b7_ad1df51fb63c http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000007097 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001153 TLR2 Barr, T. L., VanGilder, R., Rellick, S., Brooks, S. D., Doll, D. N., Lucke-Wold, A. N., ... & Matarin, M. (2015). A genomic profile of the immune response to stroke with implications for stroke recovery. Biological research for nursing, 17(3), 248-256. Toll like receptor 2 OWLClass_2895da09_a458_4718_a1ed_9f384f2ef17a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/90935002 Hemophilia OWLClass_28a8b829_fb85_473a_8c9c_1230b2ac7dac Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Experimental data about cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) are scarce. First report of CVTwas induced in a rabbit model by tying both jugular veins in 1836, since then various attempts have been made to develop a reproducible and clinically relevant animal model of CVT. Cats, pigs, dogs, and rabbits have been used in the models of CVT. The rat model, however, is more suitable for CVT because the anatomy of its venous system is more consistent. Cerebral venous thrombosis models OWLClass_28d8f0c3_ff84_4335_b065_183b0123cb1d Adynamic aphasia OWLClass_28e45512_b7de_40f1_964c_69c2f34a5e2c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005227 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/102719009 Fatty acid Fatty acids Saturated fat Saturated fat diet Saturated fat intake Saturated fats Saturated fatty acids Saturated fatty acids intake Saturated fatty acid OWLClass_28e6c432_8267_4c38_9e9c_c94c72320a82 DAS Brashear, A., Zafonte, R., Corcoran, M., Galvez-Jimenez, N., Gracies, J. M., Gordon, M. F., ... & Lee, C. H. (2002). Inter-and intrarater reliability of the Ashworth Scale and the Disability Assessment Scale in patients with upper-limb poststroke spasticity. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 83(10), 1349-1354. Disability Assessment Scale (DAS) was developed to assess functional impairment commonly seen in patients with poststroke upper-limb spasticity (ie, dressing, hygiene, limb position, pain). Disability Assessment Scale OWLClass_28f5fdb5_0d8d_4fd1_9959_d41b2c754028 Increase of glycine glycine OWLClass_2955330e_4ac8_4dee_9e31_c5f08a75af2f Primary brain injury Aronowski, J., & Zhao, X. (2011). Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral hemorrhage secondary brain injury. Stroke, 42(6), 1781-1786. the primary damage occurs within minutes to hours from the onset of bleeding and is primarily the result of mechanical damage associated with the mass effect. Primary brain damage OWLClass_295e1d86_007d_4eef_9232_48d6b2c7491d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/102675000 SPARC Xu, H., Tang, Y., Liu, D. Z., Ran, R., Ander, B. P., Apperson, M., ... & Jauch, E. C. (2008). Gene expression in peripheral blood differs after cardioembolic compared with large-vessel atherosclerotic stroke: biomarkers for the etiology of ischemic stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 28(7), 1320-1328. osteonectin OWLClass_2987dcb6_7f9a_4daa_88cf_bd1baa4231c4 OMICS biomarker of stroke OMICS biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_29d0402d_04f4_46ad_b156_3c6c372a481c Pearson, T. A., Blair, S. N., Daniels, S. R., Eckel, R. H., Fair, J. M., Fortmann, S. P., ... & Hong, Y. (2002). AHA guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke: 2002 update consensus panel guide to comprehensive risk reduction for adult patients without coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Circulation, 106(3), 388-391. Risk-reduction measures in primary stroke prevention may include the use of antihypertensive medications; warfarin; platelet antiaggregants; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins); smoking cessation; dietary intervention; weight loss; and exercise. Modifiable risk factors include the following: Hypertension, Cigarette smoking, Diabetes, Dyslipidemiam, Atrial fibrillation, Sickle cell disease, Postmenopausal HRT, Depression, Diet and activity, Weight and body fat. Risk factor reduction OWLClass_2a156413_5f52_40e4_8537_b37ad5a126e8 Finger agnosia OWLClass_2a19a667_0bc1_4cb3_9b1c_34aef45c0a75 Cerebral arteritis in Giant cell arteritis OWLClass_2a366f3f_e20c_4e26_9204_4ce2aa8eb0e6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/127062003 Polycythemia polycythemia vera Robert Bühler, Heinrich P. Mattle, Chapter 45 Hematological diseases and stroke, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Elsevier, 2008, Volume 93, Pages 887-934 Erythrocytosis OWLClass_2a764071_81b2_4ba2_b420_a2ae36d493ae Medication that thin the blood OWLClass_2a7e91d6_5f86_456b_824f_51e5e3595de1 AMPS Fisher, A. G., & Jones, K. B. (1999). Assessment of motor and process skills (Vol. 375). Fort Collins, CO: Three Star Press. The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) is an observational assessment widely used by occupational therapists used to measure ADL motor and ADL process skill performance within activities of daily living (ADL). Assessment of Motor and Process Skills OWLClass_2b08a8ec_54bb_49a1_b04a_32ba9f3520c9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/35562000 Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia OWLClass_2b0df6c4_b98a_452a_b4cd_449b7c06a51b Contralateral visual field neglect OWLClass_2b5c73a2_aeb4_4a35_a404_179d01df6188 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/58986001 Macrophage activation Macrophage OWLClass_2b5dd2ea_c370_4a56_bf1a_87dfb755ea57 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000000762 CA4 Barr, T. L., Conley, Y., Ding, J., Dillman, A., Warach, S., Singleton, A., & Matarin, M. (2010). Genomic biomarkers and cellular pathways of ischemic stroke by RNA gene expression profiling. Neurology, 75(11), 1009–1014. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f2b37f Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. upregulated gene carbonic anhydrase IV OWLClass_2b8e7fde_1ec3_47a1_809a_4728f1e059b4 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Aortic arch atheroma Aortic arch plaque Aortic arch plaques Aortic-arch atheromatosis Aortic arch atheromatosis OWLClass_2ba43c90_338b_4b29_a3cc_89b61f6acb90 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000003717 JAK2 Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. Janus kinase 2 OWLClass_2bb3d7e1_e74b_41d1_84bf_3699ed16e238 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D028441 F2IP F2IPs Kelly, P. J., Morrow, J. D., Ning, M., Koroshetz, W., Lo, E. H., Terry, E., ... & Lederer, M. (2008). Oxidative Stress and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Acute Ischemic Stroke The Biomarker Evaluation for Antioxidant Therapies in Stroke (BEAT-Stroke) Study. Stroke, 39(1), 100-104. F2-isoprostanes (F2IPs) are prostaglandin-like products of noncyclooxygenase free radical–induced peroxidation of arachidonic acid. F2 isoprostanes OWLClass_2bb53748_3e58_47cd_8dc5_1e315c65b24e thermanalgesia thermanesthesia thermoanalgesia Thermoanesthesia OWLClass_2c13ebe1_32f9_4e17_9f9e_fb5d2d527824 Dural venous sinus thrombosis OWLClass_2c312023_8b7e_43a5_8b1e_2bb748ae73f2 miR-200a OWLClass_2c8c0f6c_968e_4541_8255_bf34fdd02115 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/398995000 Cardiac valve prolapse OWLClass_2c9a125f_cbb9_41e4_af0f_b7643d9e1d2f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C029733 Prothrombin fragment-1 Prothrombin fragment 1 OWLClass_2c9bc7ba_dae7_419d_9fcb_6bc631d580a5 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/54687002 arterial embolism. (n.d.) Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. (2008). Retrieved December 20 2015 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arterial+embolism An embolus is a blood clot, bit of tissue or tumor, gas bubble, or other foreign body that circulates in the blood stream until it becomes stuck in a blood vessel. Arterial embolism OWLClass_2cdd2f06_ae5a_4821_a8a3_11817fd3364d Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Neglect is an inability to attend to, orient or explore the hemispace contralateral to a brain lesion. Neglect OWLClass_2cffb1ce_f008_48ab_acc8_57f52097affc http://www.owl-ontologies.com/Ontology1447432460.owl#RID10795 T2-weighted images T2 weighted images OWLClass_2d791e07_8afd_481d_9e39_d70e89c0f12f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/20262006 Clumsiness Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Ataxia describes a lack of coordination while performing voluntary movements. It is associated with damage to the cerebellum or its afferent or efferent pathways. It may appear as clumsiness, inaccuracy, or instability. It may affect any part of the body. Ataxia OWLClass_2dd54c14_331b_4196_b05b_095eea34f5ee Department of Health, Western Australia. Model of Stroke Care 2012. Perth: Health Networks Branch, Department of Health, Western Australia; 2012. The symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke caused by an embolism usually appear suddenly and are most intense right after the stroke occurs. Symptom of hemorrhagic stroke OWLClass_2de47de9_7205_4cd8_83ac_e94e7300e8ec Aggregated brain cells OWLClass_2e1cfd1e_af6f_4c89_8bb4_a8a7bd5ab1f6 Eales disease OWLClass_2e279dc0_c58d_4bad_a5cc_cb72d18ccb4a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/57181007 Marantic endocarditis Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis OWLClass_2e648f97_109b_40ec_b3d0_0e1ef01e289f http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002070 A kind of ataxia that affects movements of the extremities. Limb ataxia is generally caused by lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres and associated pathways. Ipsilateral limb ataxia OWLClass_2e82324d_e74d_44ac_994c_cd7711c39113 legumes OWLClass_2ea0765a_86c7_4260_8836_fb00ec969aac http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C1393 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D018932 Chemokine CCL2 MCP1 Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 Recombinant Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by LEUKOCYTES of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by FIBROBLASTS during tissue injury. It has specificity for CCR2 RECEPTORS. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 OWLClass_2ed61981_bb6b_4ef4_bf86_da1b4d7fac20 BBB disruption Blood brain barrier Blood brain barrier disruption Blood brain barriers Blood-brain barrier Blood-brain barriers Brain blood barrier breakdown Brain blood barriers Loss of BBB Loss of BBB integrity Loss of blood brain barrier Loss of blood brain barrier integrity breakdown of Brain blood barrier disruption of Brain blood barrier Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Latour, L. L., Kang, D. W., Ezzeddine, M. A., Chalela, J. A., & Warach, S. (2004). Early blood–brain barrier disruption in human focal brain ischemia. Annals of neurology, 56(4), 468-477. Loss of integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) resulting from ischemia. Brain blood barrier disruption OWLClass_2f0a3867_aba2_4867_9dd8_cb2061fb1432 http://www.uptodate.com/contents/ischemic-stroke-prognosis-in-adults Poor nutritional status OWLClass_2f556314_8bb7_4d07_b30f_af9d1d542032 Phenylpropanolamine OWLClass_2f85d230_9c67_4a18_9eb0_25e85448eb10 http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C117099 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000004152 Apo C3 Apo CIII ApoC-I and ApoC-III as potential biomarkers for differentiating ICH from IS Biomarkers of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Apolipoprotein C-III (99 aa, ~11 kDa) is encoded by the human APOC3 gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of cellular uptake and metabolism of very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons. Apolipoprotein C3 OWLClass_2fef8869_da0c_4dfd_b20b_e13d567e3c50 Increase of hydroxylase hydroxylase OWLClass_2ffc0d6b_dc17_4579_9cec_c65c7471b153 Choreiform dyskinesias OWLClass_302a969b_946f_4770_8ddc_b864c3c02607 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/228043003 Glycemic index Glycemic index of the diet Low glycaemic index food Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. Food with a high glycaemic index has been shown to increase the risk of mortality from stroke (ischaemic and haemorrhagic) in Japanese women and a higher dietary glycaemic load (GL) was associated with a greater risk of haemorrhagic stroke in Swedish middle-aged and older men, as well as an increased risk of total stroke, but not haemorrhagic stroke, in over-weight women. Low glycaemic index diet intake OWLClass_30311464_0e18_438b_834c_10d81155d4d7 Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage Primary intracerebral hemorrhage Hypertensive bleeding OWLClass_3052d24a_c23f_401a_afd5_8c7ef18517d6 Mice model of stroke OWLClass_3055219e_c95d_40c6_b4ca_da1d0401ab8d TOAST Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ et-al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993;24 (1): 35-41 The TOAST (trial of ORG 10172 in acute stroke treatment) classification denotes five sub types of ischaemic stroke. large-artery atherosclerosis (embolus / thrombosis) cardioembolism (high-risk / medium-risk) small-vessel occlusion (lacune) stroke of other determined aetiology stroke of undetermined aetiology Trial of ORG 10172 in acute stroke treatment OWLClass_306d09aa_8bda_41dd_ab00_b7ed7947e50d Oxygen saturation OWLClass_30ba5816_31fc_400a_a5a9_64281068f7ba contralateral hemiplegia. (n.d.) Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary. (2012). Retrieved April 4 2016 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/contralateral+hemiplegia characteristic presentation of a lesion of the descending motor pathways proximal to the decussation, in which the resulting limb weakness is on the side opposite to the brain lesion. Contralateral hemiplegia OWLClass_313e46ad_52f8_493c_8bcf_b0c46ecaa829 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/563001 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000639 Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms. Nystagmus OWLClass_31548b8a_ff57_4252_9d87_fe4e2ab97b84 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D054388 CCR Receptors, CCR Chemokine receptors that are specific for CC CHEMOKINES. CC chemokine receptors OWLClass_31773abe_3c7e_4b85_b5b1_9b7d9f3bb1e5 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020246 Phlebothrombosis Rosendaal, F. R. (1999). Venous thrombosis: a multicausal disease. The Lancet, 353(9159), 1167-1173. http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C99107 The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the lumen of a vein. It has many genetic and acquired risk factors. Venous thrombosis OWLClass_31918625_64f3_47cc_9339_93c4b04cc23f Hypersomnia Bassetti, C. L., & Valko, P. (2006). Poststroke hypersomnia. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 1(1), 139-155. Poststroke hypersomnia can be defined on clinical grounds as an exaggerated sleep propensity with excessive daytime sleepiness, increased daytime napping, or prolonged nighttime sleep following cerebrovascular event. As a consequence, patients may be difficult to arouse or keep awake once awakened. Hypersomnolence OWLClass_31a0a44b_f822_4b5f_8ba6_47f64ef8afb1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/22716005 Thrombocytopathy Platelet disorder OWLClass_31a6651e_92db_48fb_b84b_ab588d3be445 Early Clot Evacuation OWLClass_321ce95e_efab_49cb_a9fe_9a67b031f3cd Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2002 Aug;20(3):583-95. Stroke mimics and chameleons. Type of stroke stroke types types of stroke Intraparenchymal intracranial hemorrhage from a variety of causes - the spontaneous or hypertensive hemorrhages, vascular malformations, or aneurysmal origin -are frequently encountered clinically and figure prominently in the initial stroke differential diagnosis. These different processes may be considered stroke subtypes for classification purposes. Stroke type OWLClass_3223f153_9169_4e60_9002_cbfbcc6dd318 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D063425 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/15167005 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/228326007 Alcohol abuse Alcohol binge Binge drinking Drinking binge Ethanol Ethanol abuse Heavy alcohol consumption Drinking an excessive amount of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES in a short period of time. Binge alcohol drinking OWLClass_3297d441_1edc_4b08_b121_71a8fcf0e8ab Sphincter incontinence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi_dysfunction the sphincter muscle does not open when it should. Sphincter dysfunction OWLClass_32a4f0d8_80d7_422f_b4fb_170a02b94081 http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C17314 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000011281 NDKA Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Biomarkers of ischemic Stroke NDKA is a kinase that catalyzes the transfer of the terminal phosphate from ATP to nucleotides. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (152 aa, ~17 kDa) is encoded by the human NME1 gene. This protein plays a role in nucleoside triphosphate synthesis, lipid and protein phosphorylation, apoptosis and the regulation of cell proliferation. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A OWLClass_337cdcf2_8d83_4730_9026_a8813d962f06 Osmotherapy OWLClass_33ebe1c6_6cff_4cde_9036_dd98ab661b6c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/63437008 Anosodiaphoria, Wikipedia, available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosodiaphoria in right lesion infarction Anosodiaphoria is a condition in which a person who suffers disability due to brain injury seems indifferent to the existence of their handicap. Anosodiaphoria is specifically used in association with indifference to paralysis. It is a somatosensory agnosia, or a sign of neglect syndrome. Anosodiaphoria OWLClass_343b79ba_eb5f_48f6_9429_1dd27e96eb72 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/38292009 Erythrocyte disorders Robert Bühler, Heinrich P. Mattle, Chapter 45 Hematological diseases and stroke, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Elsevier, 2008, Volume 93, Pages 887-934 Red blood cell disorder OWLClass_34916cb4_1d91_4f55_9517_43c81ba47005 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 125310 CADASIL Eastvold, A., & Suchy, Y. (2011). Cadasil. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 469-470). Springer New York. Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a rare autosomal dominant, adult-onset inherited cerebral vascular disease, characterized by migraines, recurrent transient ischemic attacks, and strokes leading to cognitive decline and dementia. cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is due to mutations in the NOTCH3 gene. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy OWLClass_34990ba1_9b59_4116_a5be_c14b5b989e0a Thiazide diuretics OWLClass_34bcf1fc_3bb1_40fc_8d63_6c07b6583795 Pre stroke comorbidities Pre stroke comorbidity Pre-stroke comorbidities Pre-stroke comorbidity Prestroke comorbidities Prestroke comorbidity OWLClass_35218ac3_316f_4ce1_ba48_6992634b1ffc Elevated plasma fibrinogen Increased fibrinogen Hyperfibrinogenemia OWLClass_35315685_90dd_4ab0_95c6_233f55006d55 http://purl.obolibrary.org/NCRO_MIPF0000231 Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-497 OWLClass_3563a35b_1987_49ce_9563_6b68599a4dd5 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/266257000 Minor stroke Minor ischemic stroke TIA TIAs Transient cerebral ischemia Transient ischemic attacks Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is an episode in which neurological symptoms occur as a result of cerebrovascular disease, but resolve completely within 24 h. Transient ischemic attack OWLClass_358d625f_b7ec_44fb_a378_91bbaef05007 CBS Azouvi, P., Olivier, S., De Montety, G., Samuel, C., Louis-Dreyfus, A., & Tesio, L. (2003). Behavioral assessment of unilateral neglect: study of the psychometric properties of the Catherine Bergego Scale. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 84(1), 51-57. The Catherine Bergego Scale (CBS) is based on a direct observation of the patient’s functioning in 10 real-life situations, such as grooming, dressing, or wheelchair driving. Catherine Bergego Scale OWLClass_35c6694f_6444_4028_a46c_5d106e7a0e3b http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C18744 Diet Diets http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C18744 http://scai.fraunhofer.de/MSOntology#Dietary_factor Diet factors Dietary factors Nutritional factor Nutritional factors The consideration of dietary factors as a variable in disease incident, transmission, and control. Dietary factor OWLClass_361b9c65_000d_4f0f_b244_cf29a40bbf27 MAS Sisto, S. A. (2011). Motor Assessment Scale. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1665-1666. The Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) is a performance based scale that assesses everyday motor function in patients with stroke (Carr et al., 1985) and other neurological impairments. It is a task-oriented approach to evaluation that assesses performance of functional tasks rather than isolated patterns of movement (Malouin et al., 1994). It evaluates a patient’s ability to move with low muscle tone or in a synergistic or stereotypical upper motor neuron pattern and to move actively out of that pattern into normal movement. Motor Assessment Scale OWLClass_3640cafe_5612_4db0_8fec_4e109ba0db7a miR-429 OWLClass_366dbbbd_8e10_42a8_a706_3512cb329e2c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/37796009 Migrainous infarction Migrainous stroke Welch, K. M. A. (2003). Stroke and migraine-the spectrum of cause and effect. Functional neurology, 18(3), 121-126. Migraine is a neurological disease associated with an increased stroke risk. Migraine OWLClass_36900d1b_f1b1_4329_bdcb_e853df940501 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/27562008 Superoxide dysmutases OWLClass_3748c935_95a6_4b94_9d87_0608162dbdcd MESUPES MESUPES-arm test MESUPES-hand test Van de Winckel, A., Feys, H., van der Knaap, S., Messerli, R., Baronti, F., Lehmann, R., ... & De Weerdt, W. (2006). Can quality of movement be measured? Rasch analysis and inter-rater reliability of the Motor Evaluation Scale for Upper Extremity in Stroke Patients (MESUPES). Clinical rehabilitation, 20(10), 871-884. The MESUPES arm and hand tests are the first scales that take quality of movement into account when documenting upper limb function in stroke patients. Both scales cover a range of items focusing on tone adaptation, selective movement and complicated functional tasks. Motor Evaluation Scale for Upper Extremity in Stroke Patients OWLClass_3766e931_015e_490d_9b08_6fa582056959 Ion gradient loss OWLClass_379f34d7_609e_4b6d_89de_b24a9068ff71 Wong, J. S., Jasani, H., Poon, V., Inness, E. L., McIlroy, W. E., & Mansfield, A. (2014). Inter-and intra-rater reliability of the GAITRite system among individuals with sub-acute stroke. Gait & posture, 40(1), 259-261. GAITRite is a reliable assessment tool for most gait measures among individuals with sub-acute stroke. GAITRite OWLClass_37dccb50_0a91_421b_abe7_39a144e171f8 Glasgow Coma Scale OWLClass_37ea6ffe_4f4c_4749_bb9d_82f6a608d60f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020787 Central Nervous System Venous Angioma Cerebral Venous Angioma Intracranial Venous Angioma Venous angioma OWLClass_3811c703_b1b8_4188_8e13_cb4ff1cd68b8 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/439127006 Local occlusion Furie, B., & Furie, B. C. (2008). Mechanisms of thrombus formation. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(9), 938-949. Thrombosis is a critical event in the arterial diseases associated with myocardial infarction and stroke, and venous thromboembolic disorders account for considerable morbidity and mortality. Thrombosis OWLClass_38229bd0_f498_488a_9b41_fec1c4181e3b Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Lee, Y.-S., & Park, J. (2013). Anterior Choroidal Artery Aneurysm Surgery: Ischemic Complications and Clinical Outcomes Revisited. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society, 54(2), 86–92. http://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2013.54.2.86 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cerebral_artery_syndrome Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss of the face, upper and lower extremities is the most common presentation of MCA syndrome. AChA insufficiency as an ischemic complication of aneurysm clipping develops into transient or permanent AChA syndrome, which is typified by contralateral hemiplegia/hemiparesis with less consistent contralateral hemianesthesia or hemianopsia. A rarer but typical presentation of AChA infarcts is the triad of contralateral severe hemiparesis, hemihypesthesia and upper quadrantanopsia or contralateral versus ipsilateral hemianopsia (in the case of lateral geniculate body or optic tract, respectively) without cognitive disturbances, in contrast with MCA infarction. Contralateral hemiparesis without cognitive disturbance OWLClass_38431417_2184_4572_9cb8_312440b8897f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/MTHU001654 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011675 Arrhythmias Ostwald, S. K., Wasserman, J., & Davis, S. (2006). Medications, comorbidities, and medical complications in stroke survivors: the CAReS study. Rehabilitation Nursing, 31(1), 10-14. Any cardiac rhythm other than the normal sinus rhythm. Such a rhythm may be either of sinus or ectopic origin and either regular or irregular. An arrhythmia may be due to a disturbance in impulse formation or conduction or both. Arrhythmia OWLClass_38448509_1693_492b_9440_10f7c42b4170 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000006036 RNASE2 ribonuclease-2 Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. ribonuclease 2 OWLClass_385fdd8c_eb40_43d7_b028_b8d9ad89c38a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D015228 Elevated triglycerides Hypertriglyceridemias A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood. Hypertriglyceridemia OWLClass_3875bd72_7cb9_4f2d_99b5_30ec948011a7 Herndon, R. M. (1997). Handbook of neurologic rating scales. Demos medical publishing. The Mathew Stroke Scale was originally designed to test neurologic deficit as part of an acute stroke study testing the therapeutic efficacy of glycerol. Mathew stroke scale OWLClass_38b5d62c_0446_45a5_92df_c7110d88ce95 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/70142008 ASD Interatrial septal defect Atrial septal defect OWLClass_38f9c53a_8ba3_4c7e_a14a_9dc0f8f41c04 Thalamic infarction symptom Thalamic infarction syndromes syndrome of thalamic infarction syndromes of thalamic infarction Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The thalamus is a centrally situated structure with extensive reciprocal connections with the cortex, basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei. Therefore it can mimic cortical and subcortical strokes in the anterior or posterior circulation and is also called “the great imitator”. Its vascularization is subdivided into four territories correlated with the organization of the thalamic nuclei: - the tuberothalamic (or polar) artery -the thalamogeniculate (or inferolateral) artery -the paramedian arteries -the posterior choroidal artery (PChA). Thalamic infarction syndrome OWLClass_39742e36_3975_4f08_a7f4_11a1cb5fcef0 Infected aneurysm Microbial arteritis Mycotic aneurysm OWLClass_39a2d169_c076_41fb_9d5e_8593a8c97129 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/422400008 Emesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002013 Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth by means of a series of involuntary spasmic contractions. Vomiting OWLClass_39b7571e_caad_431d_8939_7e28910f8fbd https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roth's_spot http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/95688008 Roth's spots are retinal hemorrhages with white or pale centers. roth spots OWLClass_39ce171c_d3a7_4481_9990_953b2db788b0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/412631008 TP Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Tau protein (TP) is a structural microtubule-associated protein that is well known for its association with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. Tau protein OWLClass_3a0a7fc3_6322_438e_9146_73bf2237e8c6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D004617 Embolic occlusion Edlow, J. A. (2008). Stroke: Greenwood Press. An ‘‘embolism’’ is a blood clot that forms in one part of the body and then travels (or embolizes) to another area in the body, and an embolic stroke is one in which a blood clot travels from one place in the body to another. Embolism OWLClass_3a11274f_7f8e_47a9_ae57_6ba23bae7105 Cryptogenic strokes Zhang, C., & Kasner, S. (2016). Diagnosis, prognosis, and management of cryptogenic stroke. F1000Research, 5, F1000 Faculty Rev–168. http://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7384.1 Cryptogenic stroke refers to stroke of unknown etiology and accounts for approximately 15–40% of all ischemic strokes. Cryptogenic stroke OWLClass_3a207eeb_6ed4_4855_9581_ed3adeabdf76 Vasogenic edema OWLClass_3a30b6f5_af1a_49f7_a43b_556813267c72 Modified Rankin Scale mRS Fish, J. (2011). Rankin Scale. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 2110-2112). Springer New York. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) consists of six levels of classification that describe the degree of disability in stroke survivors. Rankin Scale OWLClass_3a5aa8ca_3fe4_4638_a4ca_66db3fb85393 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/66951008 CEA Biller, J., Feinberg, W. M., Castaldo, J. E., Whittemore, A. D., Harbaugh, R. E., Dempsey, R. J., ... & Easton, J. D. (1998). Guidelines for Carotid Endarterectomy A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke, 29(2), 554-562. Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to unblock a carotid artery. Carotid endarterectomy is the most frequently performed noncardiac vascular procedure. Recent randomized prospective clinical trials have clearly showed that carotid endarterectomy is a highly beneficial treatment modality compared with the best medical treatment for patients with hemispheric and retinal TIAs or nondisabling strokes and ipsilateral high-grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery. Carotid endarterectomy OWLClass_3ac5204b_b171_4ff6_baa2_d037643571d6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D003920 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/73211009 DM Diabetes Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE. Diabetes mellitus OWLClass_3addf892_4c3a_4801_8f06_eff4371f89cb http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020097 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020097 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/407059007 B-type natriuretic peptide BNP Biomarker of Cardioembolic Stroke A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS. Brain natriuretic peptide OWLClass_3b15300f_49fc_452f_89aa_577a9f4d6767 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/226383006 consumption of tea Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. the consumption of tea (>3 cups) has been associated with a reduction in the risk of stroke. Tea intake OWLClass_3b261403_5ca7_4403_b2d6_54760a5f931f TUG Timed Up & Go Test Timed Up and Go test Ng, S. S., & Hui-Chan, C. W. (2005). The timed up & go test: its reliability and association with lower-limb impairments and locomotor capacities in people with chronic stroke. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 86(8), 1641-1647. The Timed Up & Go (TUG) test is a simple and quick functional mobility test that requires a subject to stand up, walk 3m, turn, walk back, and sit down. Timed Up and Go OWLClass_3b32735b_f426_41cf_ae15_4199c96dca8d http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-medication#1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/387264003 Valium Diazepam acts on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor complex in the limbic system and thalamus, producing a calming effect. The drug is useful in controlling active seizures and should be augmented by longer-acting anticonvulsants, such as phenytoin or phenobarbital. Diazepam OWLClass_3b642b9c_91f1_460f_80f7_dd4ad3a9b69c Carotid artery dissections Carotid dissection Carotid dissections Selim, M., & Caplan, L. R. (2004). Carotid artery dissection. Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine, 6(3), 249-253. Dissection of the carotid artery in the neck is a relatively common condition. Most dissections are spontaneous, likely related to activities that cause sudden stretch of the pharyngeal portion of the carotid artery. Carotid artery dissection is a separation of the layers of the artery wall supplying oxygen-bearing blood to the head and brain and is the most common cause of stroke in young adults. Carotid artery dissection OWLClass_3b6fdff7_4e46_4341_8628_8d8a332efbbb BDAE Roth, C. (2011). Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 428-430). Springer New York. The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) is a comprehensive, multiple subtests instrument for investigating a broad range of language impairments that are common consequences of brain damage. It is designed as a comprehensive measure of aphasia. The examination provides materials and procedures to evaluate five language-related sections and an additional section on praxis. The five language domains include conversational and expository speech, auditory comprehension, oral expression, reading, and writing. In addition to individual subtest scores, the test yields three broader measures: the Severity Rating Scale (a rating of the severity of observed language/speech disturbance), the Rating Scale Profile of Speech Characteristics (a rating of observed speech characteristics and of scores in two main language domains), and the Language Competency Index (a composite score of language performance on BDAE-3 subtests). Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination OWLClass_3b95fa65_849e_4785_b5c5_c584b022893b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C109794 https://www.phenxtoolkit.org/index.php?pageLink=browse.protocols&id=810000 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C109794 N-BNP peptide N-terminal pro-BNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide NBNP peptide NT-proBNP A bioassay to determine an individual’s level of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). N terminal proBNP OWLClass_3b9b76bf_edd9_451c_ae49_681d473a9b39 Sneddon syndrome OWLClass_3bfd1b90_2989_4235_a118_cbe9d0b09cad Aronowski, J., & Zhao, X. (2011). Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral hemorrhage secondary brain injury. Stroke, 42(6), 1781-1786. Cytotoxicity of blood OWLClass_3bffd90a_ba17_457a_9dde_6666edaec702 CCS Marnane, M., Duggan, C. A., Sheehan, O. C., Merwick, A., Hannon, N., Curtin, D., ... & McCormack, P. M. (2010). Stroke Subtype Classification to Mechanism-Specific and Undetermined Categories by TOAST, ASCO, and Causative Classification System Direct Comparison in the North Dublin Population Stroke Study. Stroke, 41(8), 1579-1586. The CCS scheme also assigns patients into 5 mechanism-based categories: cardio-aortic, large artery atherosclerosis, small artery occlusion, other cause, and undetermined. However, unlike TOAST, the CCS system assigns the most likely subtype based on updated estimates of stroke risks associated with specific cardiac and vascular pathologies or clinical or imaging parameters known to be more commonly associated with particular stroke mechanisms. Causative Classification System OWLClass_3c6fd754_ca0c_48a8_bdb9_b04c5ed29641 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/1332008 Conjugated visual deviation Conjugate eye deviation OWLClass_3cbf34f0_6895_4487_a442_e8b18e7bb464 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/319661002 Adams, H. P., del Zoppo, G., Alberts, M. J., Bhatt, D. L., Brass, L., Furlan, A., ... & Lyden, P. D. (2007). Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation, 115(20), e478-e534. Ancrod, an enzyme derived from snake venom that degrades fibrinogen, was tested in a series of clinical studies. Ancrod OWLClass_3cc689b6_1d9f_478d_867f_8ab088fd24d4 Fibromuscular dysplasia of renal artery OWLClass_3d7172f0_b398_4eca_9986_9a034c1e2ddb Contralateral thermalgesia Impaired thermal sensitivity thermalgesia. (n.d.) Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary. (2012). Retrieved April 5 2016 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/thermalgesia High sensibility to heat; pain caused by a slight degree of heat. Contralateral thermoalgesic deficit OWLClass_3d982b43_0ade_4e47_a610_66c78ae4c8c1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/601922 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000000285 ANGPT2 Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. angiopoietin 2 OWLClass_3dff3717_dd7b_4064_a9e4_b0b237315581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/NCRO_MIPF0000157 Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-155 OWLClass_3e0ef519_121d_4b74_bc47_37e01e525d8e Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-34a OWLClass_3e240bb1_ade0_4c24_9b72_5cc909a44f4f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C121182 Tenecteplase OWLClass_3ed4764b_2bc0_46df_9d2d_88cf53c4d050 RMI Williams, G. (2011). Rivermead Mobility Index. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 2185-2186). Springer New York. The Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) is a hierarchical mobility scale used in neurological rehabilitation. It includes 15 items related to bed mobility, transfers, walking, stair use, and running. The RMI is presented in a questionnaire format with the examiner required to make one observation (standing unsupported >10 s). All items are rated in a yes/no format with positive responses scoring a 1 for a maximal RMI score of 15. Rivermead Mobility Index OWLClass_3f2b3fe4_838c_4d5f_beab_7ec5ae6678ea Siekierka-Kleiser, E. M., Kleiser, R., Wohlschläger, A. M., Freund, H. J., & Seitz, R. J. (2006). Quantitative assessment of recovery from motor hemineglect in acute stroke patients. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 21(5-6), 307-314. Motor hemineglect is characterized by an underutilization of one side of the body. It is a higher-order motor disorder that resembles hemiplegia although being substantially different from it due to a preserved motor output system. Motor hemineglect OWLClass_3f542783_2218_45cf_b210_4e724105875e Weakness of the proximal limbs OWLClass_3f71b3ee_b438_4748_813b_573dff7f7997 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000006286 S100P Sharp, F. R., Xu, H., Lit, L., Walker, W., Pinter, J., Apperson, M., & Verro, P. (2007). Genomic profiles of stroke in blood. Stroke, 38(2), 691-693. S100 calcium binding proteins P OWLClass_3f77ccec_2ff5_4c9f_9918_cb042e15b415 Minimally Invasive Surgery OWLClass_3fdb7d42_6b8e_4542_ae3d_81e345c0baf2 Contralateral hemihypesthesia with mild hemiparesis Contralateral hemisensory loss with mild hemiparesis OWLClass_3fec2aed_93b7_473d_a641_5f565090ccd6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/226104009 High alpha-linolenic acid diet intake Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. low intakes of alpha-linolenic acid may be a risk factor for stroke. High alpha linolenic acid intake OWLClass_401dd7c9_f6c9_420b_97af_d2524195ad05 Diagnostic evaluations Diagnostic evaluation OWLClass_40442992_268c_4a98_8bda_dad4d2f85932 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/258437005 Vegetation from heart valve OWLClass_40633c68_2a93_41c2_a537_ffe4980b10f1 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 173900 Adult polycystic kidney disease OWLClass_4072d28d_a620_4241_9e83_df42e8760192 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005982 A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite. a molecule involved in detoxifying ROS. Glutathione S transferase P OWLClass_409fce0d_bc25_4df4_b93f_ab1e833def5e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/386950000 Ticlopidine OWLClass_40a725e6_2c62_45e6_84f0_2851a7ab1126 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Familial atrial myxomas OWLClass_41346f8d_4445_431a_82b5_ec56b4e58042 ASCO atherosclerosis, small vessel disease, cardiac source, and other cause Marnane, M., Duggan, C. A., Sheehan, O. C., Merwick, A., Hannon, N., Curtin, D., ... & McCormack, P. M. (2010). Stroke Subtype Classification to Mechanism-Specific and Undetermined Categories by TOAST, ASCO, and Causative Classification System Direct Comparison in the North Dublin Population Stroke Study. Stroke, 41(8), 1579-1586. The A-S-C-O (phenotypic) classification assigns a graded level of certainty (range 1 to 3) for the presence of each of 4 stroke mechanism categories: atherothrombosis (A), small vessel disease (S), cardio-embolism (C), and other causes (O). This combines etiologic information for individual patients in a single code, which can be grouped according to most likely mechanism (eg, high-risk [C1] cardioembolic source) or any occurrence of a shared phenotype (eg, all cases with evidence for atherosclerosis [A1+A2+A3]). ASCO also includes information on extent of diagnostic evaluation (eg, A0 denotes that no evidence of atherosclerosis was found despite appropriate investigation, whereas A9 signifies that appropriate investigations were not undertaken). ASCO Phenotypic System OWLClass_41527fab_6469_40db_bbf2_434797aa8869 Disorders of vertical gaze Caplan, L. R. (1980). “Top of the basilar” syndrome. Neurology, 30(1), 72-72. Voluntary or reflex vertical gaze (tested by oculocephalic and caloric maneuvers and Bell phenomenon) is often abolished. One or both eyes may rest in a downward position. Isolated paralysis of upward or downward gaze occurs less frequently. In human patients with vertical gaze paralysis due to vascular disease, bilateral lesions are found in the midbrain tegmentum. Vertical gaze paresis OWLClass_415fe5ee_4a32_44a3_9e76_2dbd4ec965f3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/115391007 N-acetyl-L-aspartate N-acetylaspartate NAA Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels in acute cerebral ischemia is significantly decreased. N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is a free amino acid representing approximately 1% of the dry weight of the brain. N acetylaspartate OWLClass_41816393_381c_4d1c_840f_e9c08cf2f01f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/226103003 Fish oils drived omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Omega 3 fatty acids Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Plant-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids High n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet OWLClass_4185037d_11f9_46d3_a16c_8695517de44f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/230296006 cerebral vascular disease and parkinsonism vascular ischemic parkinsonism Anthony Schapira. Parkinson's Disease. Oxford University Press, 2010 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Acute ischemic infarction of the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, or brain stem can result in parkinsonism. Parkinsonism of vascular origin is a controversial entity. Only 2% of patients with cerebral infarcts may have a parkinsonian syndrome. Vascular parkinsonism OWLClass_41db7a2f_f1d4_414a_a412_378593429c5d Koshel, C. (2015). Detekce a analýza zornice lidského oka. available from: https://dspace.cvut.cz/handle/10467/62186 The optokinetic reflex is a combination of a saccade and smooth pursuit eye movements. It is seen when an individual follows a moving object with their eyes, which then moves out of the field of vision at which point their eye moves back to the position it was in when it first saw the object. The reflex develops at about 6 months of age. Optokinetic nystagmus OWLClass_41fe63c1_0f4d_4df6_838a_2a5849ed3909 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/286606000 Vitamin E supplements Hankey, G. J. (2012). Nutrition and the risk of stroke. The Lancet Neurology, 11(1), 66-81. Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that increases the resistance of LDL cholesterol to oxidation, reduces proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and reduces adhesiveness of platelets to collagen. This vitamin inhibits lipid peroxidation by scavenging reactive oxygen species and preserving cell membranes. Vitamin E intake OWLClass_422e171a_c254_4683_81ec_8e9e73c9a571 Glutamate release Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Glutamate excitotoxicity OWLClass_425f6fe1_e01b_44b3_a201_30cf3c015e60 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/6574001 Cellular necrosis Tissue devitalisation Necrosis OWLClass_426118ec_71c7_488c_9e45_39c223efee4d Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Impulsivity is defined as a personality trait characterized by the inclination of an individual to initiate behavior without adequate forethought as to the consequences of his or her actions (impulse action), thus acting on the spur of the moment. Impulsivity OWLClass_4277b3e9_be1d_4367_a265_5d99ebeb1ccb Dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Dysarthria–clumsy hand syndrome is due most of the time to a lacunar infarct in the basis pontis, less frequently to a lesion in the internal capsule or cerebral peduncle. Dysarthria clumsy hand syndrome OWLClass_42a9d2dc_e465_401c_85f9_583c421da298 PC MRA Vu, D., González, R. G., & Schaefer, P. W. (2006). Conventional MRI and MR angiography of stroke. In Acute Ischemic Stroke (pp. 115-137). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Phase-contrast MRA (PC MRA) is a gradient echo sequence that depicts blood flow by quantifying differences in the transverse magnetization between stationary and moving tissue. Phase Contrast MRA OWLClass_42f8459f_105b_44ad_b460_8d3f4c4fcc4a Oculomotor apraxia Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. faulty visual scanning with an inability to project gaze voluntarily into the peripheral field and scan it despite full eye movements. Ocular apraxia OWLClass_4393137c_2cd6_49c5_a182_f055866f2562 MVPT Colarusso, R. P., & Hammill, D. D. (1972). Motor-free visual perception test. Academic Therapy Pub.. Designed to assess an individual’s “visual perceptual ability without any motor involvement needed to make a response.” Motor-Free Visual Perception Test OWLClass_43d0af89_0582_4b7f_ad83_245c831b0ab0 Macronutrient Macronutrients Macronutrient intake OWLClass_4460f66a_4113_4094_8350_6ec8d693b6db Life style modification OWLClass_448b29dd_c2bc_49a6_84b5_2c68f650627c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/228065003 High protein diet High protein food High protein intake OWLClass_44aad90b_c741_4634_abd9_28afa9b665e9 Mitochondrial toxicity OWLClass_44bc93a1_44da_46af_b8f5_cc9c2b5c9912 Anterior thalamic infarction symptom Polar artery infarction symptom Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The tuberothalamic (or polar) artery arises from the PCoA and irrigates the anterior nuclei, the ventral anterior nucleus, amygdalofugal pathway, mamillothalamic tract, rostral part of the ventrolateral nucleus, ventral pole of the medial dorsal nucleus and ventral part of the internal medullary lamina. Tuberothalamic artery infarction symptom OWLClass_4521c605_aaf6_44b6_a60d_8613b7a5d5ff History of Bleeding OWLClass_454c7a79_515c_4bb3_8831_42c555b5878b http://www.epainassist.com/brain/hemorrhagic-stroke Treatment for hemorrhagic stroke needs emergency medicines in order to prevent worsening of the situation or else it can be fatal. The aim of treatment for hemorrhagic stroke is to control bleeding and reduce the pressure caused by bleeding in the surrounding tissue. Treatment of hemorrhagic stroke OWLClass_45948e5d_e234_42cd_bf54_c1db3f4a16f7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/57199004 PAI 1 PAI-1 PAI1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 OWLClass_4599a58d_21ce_4d1c_8fcf_6c98f054d5c9 Kedar, S., Ghate, D., & Corbett, J. J. (2011). Visual fields in neuro-ophthalmology. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 59(2), 103–109. http://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.77013 Visual field defects indicate involvement of the visual pathways and the pattern of visual field defects help in localizing site of the lesion. Visual field defects in the affected eye at presentation included diffuse visual field loss (48%), altitudinal defects (15%), central or cecocentral scotoma (8.3%), arcuate or double arcuate (4.5%), hemianopic defects (4.2%), and others. Visual field defect OWLClass_45e06a48_d765_490f_9990_66abe32e7402 LACS Lacunar stroke syndromes syndrome of lacunar stroke syndromes of lacunar stroke Davis SM, Donnan GA. Why lacunar syndromes are different and important. Stroke. 2004;35 (7): 1780-1 Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Lacunar stroke syndrome (LACS) is a description of the clinical syndrome that results from a lacunar infarct. Lacunar stroke syndrome OWLClass_45e0cd04_39c9_4bfc_8ff1_7303e6d2b987 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/227222008 Broccoli OWLClass_4613aad0_92f2_4133_a32c_afe714de93ee Bogousslavsky J, Caplan LR. Stroke Syndromes. Cambridge University Press. (2001) ISBN:0521771420. Pontine infarcts are one form of brainstem infarction involving the posterior circulation. Infarcts in the pons are typically focal in nature. Pontine infarct symptom OWLClass_4636c36d_a283_4ab0_ad1e_1b664c699808 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D038524 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/440408002 DWI Diffusion weighted MRI Diffusion weighted imaging Van Everdingen, K. J., Van der Grond, J., Kappelle, L. J., Ramos, L. M. P., & Mali, W. P. T. M. (1998). Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in acute stroke. Stroke, 29(9), 1783-1790. Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) is highly sensitive in detecting early cerebral ischemic changes in acute stroke patients. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging OWLClass_466556d4_f0f6_408a_80cf_ab8636ec89f1 INR International normalized ratio OWLClass_46c47ae5_8eb3_4802_94cb_8e88ccb84bc9 Hypesthesia OWLClass_46d4ad72_9658_4c6d_a06c_b982d8cad8b7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/364395008 Dietary intake OWLClass_46e5d80d_2226_4f5f_b308_2b83a8798d1f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/87233003 LMWH Pereira, A. C., & Brown, M. M. (2000). Aspirin or heparin in acute stroke. British medical bulletin, 56(2), 413-421. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) have been shown to have advantages over standard unfractionated heparins in the prevention of pulmonary embolism and, in this context, appear to have a better safety profile. There was, therefore, considerable hope that they would prove more efficacious in the treatment of acute stroke. Low molecular weight heparins OWLClass_46fe55e1_4435_4cb9_b9cc_996e8a890c28 Intrinsic pathway OWLClass_46ff3328_915f_42f3_9ea9_e55ab4b05db9 Antonio Damasio and Kaspar Meyer, CHAPTER 1 - Consciousness: An Overview of the Phenomenon and of Its Possible Neural Basis1, In The Neurology of Consciousness, edited by Steven Laureys and Giulio Tononi, Academic Press, San Diego, 2009, Pages 3-14 The commonplace dictionary definitions of consciousness tend to fare better since they often state that consciousness is the ability to be aware of self and surroundings. These definitions are circular – given that awareness is often seen as a synonym of consciousness itself, or at least as a significant part of it – but in spite of the circularity, such definitions capture something essential: consciousness does allow us to know of our own existence and of the existence of objects and events, inside and outside our organism. Consciousness OWLClass_474b8450_aa7c_4035_bcff_8ffc14d957c4 Physical biomarker of stroke Physical marker of stroke Physical markers of stroke Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. A physical marker associated with stroke may be as simple as the discovery of hypertension. Physical biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_478d1abe_76f1_4282_b8d1_f23d2e9edbac http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82820 GlcCer Liu, H., Yang, L., & Bai, Y. LIPIDOMICS STUDY OF STROKE INDUCED BY SMALL VESSEL DISEASE BY 2D (NP/RP) LC-MS/MS. glucosylceramide OWLClass_48113a3e_5246_4f1a_b254_1c61955a9b6d Nipride OWLClass_48324487_44ff_47bd_a028_ceff9a0f26c8 Hemifacial anhidrosis Lack of sweating Sudomotor dysfunction Sweating dysfunction Inability to sweat. Hemifacial anhydrosis OWLClass_487273e0_c3c8_40a4_b3d2_0a478d8f211c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/30326004 ANF Hassan, A., & Markus, H. S. (2000). Genetics and ischaemic stroke. Brain, 123(9), 1784-1812. The identification of the gene for ANF as a putative candidate gene is consistent with the known circulatory effects of the factor and the finding of elevated levels of ANF in acute ischaemic stroke. Atrial natriuretic factor OWLClass_48bd869a_d084_414d_83fd_691fbb326c96 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/204317008 PFO Edlow, J. A. (2008). Stroke: Greenwood Press. is a remnant of a normal structure in the growing fetus that simply never disappeared in some people. Patent foramen ovale OWLClass_4986b3d4_e35d_4f2e_ac8c_26e2b2a12271 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000003672 ITGA1 Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. integrin subunit alpha 1 OWLClass_499ac629_2c74_4de5_a93d_62a4ab381a5b Ipsilateral oculomotor paresis OWLClass_4a54ac46_c5aa_4937_afae_4103e8fc9f79 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D024502 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/259666007 Alpha-tocopherol a-tocopherol A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. It has four methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus. The natural d form of alpha-tocopherol is more active than its synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol racemic mixture. Alpha tocopherol OWLClass_4af916d9_0749_43cd_b0ad_3f26da0c30c0 Harvey, B. K., Hoffer, B. J., & Wang, Y. (2005). Stroke and TGF-β proteins: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and bone morphogenetic protein. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 105(2), 113-125. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D055419 BMP7 Osteogenic Protein 1 A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis. bone morphogenetic protein 7 OWLClass_4b39110a_7b1c_471d_906b_d2b753a02c86 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/17366009 Atrial arrhythmia OWLClass_4b8ef1b3_ee79_4b60_a0bf_63a891181653 Lower extremity weakness Lower limb weakness Muscle weakness in lower limbs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0007340 Weakness of the muscles of the legs. Inability to perform rapid, alternating movements. Leg weakness OWLClass_4bbaf6c4_ade0_45ed_8c91_0cdc88db7b98 Contralateral Thermoalgesic sensory deficit OWLClass_4c340efe_3787_4c3c_8ed7_68dfaa153cca Vertebral artery embolism OWLClass_4c41b6ff_a34e_4685_98c0_7e4f258c2fe7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/286594003 Folate intake Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. There is a positive correlation between homocysteine levels and stroke. For this reason, guidelines on the primary prevention of stroke recommend the use of folic acid in patients with known elevated homocysteine levels. Folic acid intake OWLClass_4c5e1a0b_c13c_42bc_885f_f0bd97e4c0c4 Healthy body weight Healthy weight Weight loss OWLClass_4c9a4f74_14e7_4895_8ff0_f7d1052da34f Rats model of stroke OWLClass_4ca41ab5_9984_4683_8311_bf5de1804349 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/25064002 Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. A headache is a pain or discomfort that is perceived to be in the head, although sometimes the pain may actually be referred from other structures such as the neck. Lifethreatening causes of headache, although rare, must be considered as more expedient treatment can be life saving. Headache OWLClass_4ca6f104_c210_406e_bc02_447eb626f9a0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/385494008 Mracsko, E., & Veltkamp, R. (2014). Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 8. Secondary hematoma enlargement occurs in about 1/3 of patients during the first day after ICH and is an important predictor of poor neurological outcome. Hematoma OWLClass_4d456ba5_8b53_4886_9da4_2a92f160ba82 Tissue damage Tissue disruption OWLClass_4d87eb0e_1c44_4dcd_8bd4_cc274672da44 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/22298006 Heart attach Infarction of heart MI Myocardial infarction OWLClass_4da93a53_f1e9_412f_8b5c_e1df021185dd http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C002744 3-nitrotyrosine 3 nitrotyrosine OWLClass_4debb7b9_1ea1_4f4b_b6f7_965283ce8ddd http://www.owl-ontologies.com/Ontology1447432460.owl#RID10794 T1-weighted images T1 weighted images OWLClass_4e11fbc9_67cb_434d_ae9a_4bf4847e9b39 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D011379 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D011379 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/20481000 Prognoses A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations. Prognosis OWLClass_4e44fd92_f429_4362_9089_03f74d1a6cbc agnosic alexia letter-by-letter dyslexia pure alexia pure word blindness M Behrmann, S.S Shomstein, S.E Black, J.J.S Barton, The eye movements of pure alexic patients during reading and nonreading tasks, Neuropsychologia, Volume 39, Issue 9, 2001, Pages 983-1002 When the reading deficit occurs in the absence of other reading, writing or spelling deficits, it is referred to as ‘pure alexia’ or, as originally defined by Déjerine, ‘pure word blindness’. Alexia without agraphia syndrome OWLClass_4e5fb6ae_4cb8_48bd_847b_d8a4e1e8ba98 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20117296 surgical bypass of intracranial blood vessels may be an option to treat poor blood flow to a region of the brain or complex vascular lesions, such as aneurysm repair. Intracranial bypass OWLClass_4eb4d70c_efb7_4d10_aecf_b3852ab33125 Treatment of venous sinus thrombosis OWLClass_4ee07760_347b_472d_aa6e_54238364b733 Septic intracranial venous thrombosis OWLClass_4f2b7fb3_649d_4c9f_92a3_067236b86198 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum AR form Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum autosomal recessive form OWLClass_4f5d8e50_f8b9_4841_8e7e_5ebd2752e5b1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/257556004 Surgery OWLClass_4f7e0874_2bc1_4d9b_b026_85b27132a55a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/70631003 Potassium potassium intake Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. higher level of potassium intake has been associated with a reduced risk of stroke in prospective studies. The recommended potassium intake >4.7 g/d (120 mmol/d). High potassium intake OWLClass_4f85057c_4bff_4d6b_97f3_2a6d4ee7acb5 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020803 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020803 Herpetic Meningoencephalitides An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4) Herpes simplex encephalitis OWLClass_4f893492_e182_40ab_9197_eb50077e3c2f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/8011004 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Dysarthria is a pure motor disorder of speech, occurring in 24–29% of patients with cerebral ischemia. It is characterized by dysfunction of the structures implicated in the control, initiation and coordination of speech output: lips, tongue, jaw, and palate, which are innervated by the facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal, and hypoglossal nerves. Dysarthria OWLClass_4fbaab7a_515d_44eb_b08f_3d365e63100d http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C114397 There are two distinct forms of vascular thrombosis, venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis. The formation of a blood clot in the lumen of a vessel; causes include coagulation disorders, and vascular endothelial injury. Vascular thrombosis OWLClass_4fc31bc0_c3f4_4f8b_acb9_08a674cd831b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/418285008 Angioplasty and stenting Balloon angioplasty Endovascular angioplasty and stenting Cohen, J. E., Itshayek, E., Moskovici, S., Gomori, J. M., Fraifeld, S., Eichel, R., & Leker, R. R. (2011). State-of-the-art reperfusion strategies for acute ischemic stroke. Journal of clinical neuroscience, 18(3), 319-323. Balloon angioplasty with or without stent placement represents a different approach to the recanalization of arterial occlusion. This strategy, which is similar to the approach commonly taken in patients with acute myocardial infarction, was hampered for a long time by the absence of dedicated catheters for the cerebral vasculature. Angioplasty OWLClass_4fc61b79_aec8_4238_9a03_b5d4fad6c767 Blood glucose control Blood sugar control OWLClass_4ff37061_b6fb_45ae_ba3e_857f9088550c Susac syndrome OWLClass_503b7acf_fa74_4a7f_baa7_932043ca7b4e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/601011 HHT3 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 3 OWLClass_50595e35_8e5e_4a56_87df_35c921d4c5cd http://www.bioassayontology.org/bao#BAO_0000322 MicroRNA MicroRNAs miRNAs or microRNAs are short RNAs (~22 nucleotides long) that bind to complementary sequences in the three prime untranslated regions (3' UTRs) of target messenger RNA transcripts (mRNAs), usually resulting in gene silencing. MiRNAs OWLClass_5069c5fe_04db_4773_a97c_79580661d14e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/418272005 CTA Computed tomography angiography Computerized tomography angiography CT angiography OWLClass_50d63b48_6702_418a_9560_cf1ea383c8c5 Treatment of ICH Related to Fibrinolysis Treatment of fibrinolize OWLClass_50ddf3ee_73ca_46a5_a59b_56f7305f2c8c Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/315233008 Primary stroke prevention prevent first stroke Primary prevention of stroke OWLClass_50ea11a2_f311_476d_9879_fc3008acc3ae Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Paratonia OWLClass_5142c68f_a827_4c13_ab31_b0f906531a4e Satake, M., Kira, J., Yamada, T., & Kobayashi, T. (1995). Raymond syndrome (alternating abducent hemiplegia) caused by a small haematoma at the medial pontomedullary junction. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 58(2), 261. Raymond syndrome is characterised by ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy and contralateral hemiplegia. Raymond syndrome OWLClass_51561da2_c10c_40e3_9771_3123512138d2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/698872000 Matías-Guiu, J., Ferro, J. M., Alvarez-Sabín, J., Torres, F., Jiménez, M. D., Lago, A., ... & TACIP Investigators. (2003). Comparison of triflusal and aspirin for prevention of vascular events in patients after cerebral infarction The TACIP Study: A randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial. Stroke, 34(4), 840-848. Triflusal is an antiplatelet agent structurally related to aspirin that exerts its antithrombotic effect by acting on different targets involved in platelet aggregation and vascular inflammatory processes. In addition, triflusal increases nitric oxide synthesis in neutrophils, resulting in increased vasodilatory potential.8 Triflusal has already shown its efficacy in several thrombotic diseases. Triflusal OWLClass_51880ff0_bbd7_4bde_b5a8_cfe87b91cf7d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/17788007 AML ANLL Acute myeloid leukemia Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia OWLClass_51971051_0373_42bb_bd24_cbe0bfc13f66 ICH score Hemphill, J. C., Bonovich, D. C., Besmertis, L., Manley, G. T., & Johnston, S. C. (2001). The ICH score a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke, 32(4), 891-897. The ICH Score is a simple clinical grading scale that allows risk stratification on presentation with ICH. Intracerebral Hemorrhage Score OWLClass_51dbbb6e_eb16_46cd_a09d_630938e799e6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/9406001 Dissecting aneurysm of artery Arterial dissection OWLClass_51e8cf9b_efe1_4a1e_b088_9ca4933efdbb MMRT Cohen, J. E., Itshayek, E., Moskovici, S., Gomori, J. M., Fraifeld, S., Eichel, R., & Leker, R. R. (2011). State-of-the-art reperfusion strategies for acute ischemic stroke. Journal of clinical neuroscience, 18(3), 319-323. The MMRT approach is particularly promising for patients with anterior circulation infarcts. MMRT, including mechanical thrombolysis, IA lytic drugs, clot retrievers and angioplasty with stenting, increases the chances of reperfusion in these patients. Multimodal reperfusion therapy OWLClass_51e9d67a_a230_4cf5_91b2_d5e1bd7cb791 Green, A. R., Odergren, T., & Ashwood, T. (2003). Animal models of stroke: do they have value for discovering neuroprotective agents?. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 24(8), 402-408. Models not requiring craniectomy OWLClass_5206f24a_e29a_4a19_b357_c08a5bb27219 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/276270005 Unruptured aneurysm of middle cerebral artery OWLClass_521b99c0_192d_4b0d_adb3_10d6ffb51aaf http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/32942005 Glanzmann's syndrome Hereditary hemorrhagic thrombasthenia Glanzmanns thrombasthenia OWLClass_526e08d1_f798_4681_973b_f7ef31f1dbbf Pseudoxanthoma elasticum AD form Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum autosomal dominant form OWLClass_52ba7732_543b_494e_a527_a177dcf8218a Ipsilateral lateropulsion OWLClass_52c283f5_f4c0_484a_9016_05f6fc120c47 http://www.uptodate.com/contents/healthy-diet-in-adults?source=see_link&sectionName=Mediterranean+diet&anchor=H24#H24 DASH diet DASH-style diets Hankey, G. J. (2012). Nutrition and the risk of stroke. The Lancet Neurology, 11(1), 66-81. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet contains a high intake of plant foods, fruits and vegetables, fi sh, poultry, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, and nuts, while minimising intake of red meat, sodium, sweets, and sugar-sweetened beverages. The DASH diet is comprised of four to five servings of fruit, four to five servings of vegetables, two to three servings of low-fat dairy per day, and <25 percent dietary intake from fat. The DASH diet has been studied in both normotensive and hypertensive populations and found to lower systolic and diastolic pressure more than a diet rich in fruits and vegetables alone. The combination of low-sodium and DASH diet resulted in further decreases in blood pressure, comparable with those observed with antihypertensive agents. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet OWLClass_52feb97f_0323_41db_a6cd_e19c4f43c032 PCA infarction symptom Posterior cerebral artery infarction symptom syndrome of posterior cerebral artery infarction syndromes of posterior cerebral artery infarction Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The PCA is subdivided into four segments with associated clinical presentation. An occlusion of the proximal segment (P1 or precommunal) usually causes a total PCA infarction, including upper midbrain, variable parts of the thalamus and posterior hemispheric territory. Occlusions of the P2 (or postcommunal) segment before the branching of the thalamogeniculate arteries provoke ischemic lesions in the lateral thalamus and the hemispheric PCA territory. Lastly, cortical PCA branch occlusion causes diverse cortical lesions in the superficial PCA territory, including the occipital, postero-inferior temporal and variable part of the posterior parietal lobes. Posterior cerebral artery infarction syndrome OWLClass_530a2bbc_82c7_46d5_a8f9_4c6c9f213e9e Ipsilateral facial hemiplegia OWLClass_532043aa_cd6a_4de0_b3e2_d6112d06a8ca A-ONE Gardarsdóttir, S., & Kaplan, S. (2002). Validity of the Árnadóttir OT-ADL Neurobehavioral Evaluation (A-ONE): performance in activities of daily living and neurobehavioral impairments of persons with left and right hemisphere damage. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56(5), 499-508. The Árnadóttir OT-ADL Neurobehavioral Evaluation (A-ONE) is a standardized assessment that links performance in activities of daily living (ADL) to neurobehavioral impairments. Arnadottir OT ADL Neurobehavioral Evaluation OWLClass_537f336c_87c5_4abb_a32d_9a759108076a Memory loss OWLClass_5391f9f2_b0d7_44e7_a7f7_c56b12b399d1 Cilostazol OWLClass_5398c6f5_f878_4748_9c04_7a477b387b66 Microembolism OWLClass_53c54450_d7eb_47a1_a9a2_0505a124a252 Higgins, J., Finch, L. E., Kopec, J., & Mayo, N. E. (2011). Development and initial psychometric evaluation of the Stroke Arm Ladder-a measure of upper extremity function post stroke. Clinical rehabilitation, 0269215510389496. The goal of this measure is to parsimoniously quantify upper extremity function after stroke through a tailored ‘test’ made up of items suited to their level of upper extremity function. Stroke Arm Ladder OWLClass_53c8e814_403e_483c_a979_a618a2db2ecf http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/68978004 Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. Hyperventilation is one of the most effective methods available for the rapid reduction of ICP. The CO2 reactivity of intracerebral vessels is one of the normal mechanisms involved in the regulation of CBF. Hyperventilation OWLClass_53cc9840_1d71_4c30_a663_dc75f4e539b1 Neuronal biomarker of stroke Neuronal biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_53dc41e4_fd0c_4669_9bd8_380a1590fd94 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. The most complex hyperkinesia associated with stroke is found in association with posterio-lateral thalamic strokes, mostly posterior choroidal or thalamogeniculate. A mixture of rubral tremor, chorea, pseudoathetosis, myoclonus, dystonia and ataxia is regularly found, which has been called the ‘jerky dystonic unsteady hand syndrome’ by our group. When associated with a painful syndrome, this is well known as the Dejerine–Roussy syndrome. Very complex dyskinesia with dystonia, avoidance and withdrawal behaviors, hypertonia (poikilotonia), persistence of awkward postures (hemicatalepsy, levitation), akinesia, multiple apraxias, ataxia, and sensorimotor deficits is found in the parietal lobe motor syndrome, but also in temporo-parietal, basal ganglia and fronto-cingulate strokes (also see maniform agitation, compulsive motor behaviours and athymormic states above). Complex hyperkinesias OWLClass_53e0669d_dbdb_4591_9989_a67cb3bc8415 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/173430 PDGFA platelet-derived growth factor-a platelet-derived growth factor-alpha Xu, H., Tang, Y., Liu, D. Z., Ran, R., Ander, B. P., Apperson, M., ... & Jauch, E. C. (2008). Gene expression in peripheral blood differs after cardioembolic compared with large-vessel atherosclerotic stroke: biomarkers for the etiology of ischemic stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 28(7), 1320-1328. platelet derived growth factor a OWLClass_53f0c34d_7ae0_4b0d_8078_903aa418251c Aiyagari, V., & Gorelick, P. B. (2009). Management of blood pressure for acute and recurrent stroke. Stroke, 40(6), 2251-2256. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/372847006 Esmolol OWLClass_5484d37f_0105_4c49_9d33_e81eaeb31f10 ASPECTS Barber PA, Demchuk AM, Zhang J et-al. Validity and reliability of a quantitative computed tomography score in predicting outcome of hyperacute stroke before thrombolytic therapy. ASPECTS Study Group. Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score. Lancet. 2000;355 (9216): 1670-4 The Alberta stroke programe early CT score (ASPECTS) 1 is a 10-point quantitative topographic CT scan score used in patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke. Segmental assessment of the MCA vascular territory is made and 1 point is deducted from the initial score of 10 for every region involved: caudate putamen internal capsule insular cortex M1: "anterior MCA cortex," corresponding to frontal operculum M2: "MCA cortex lateral to insular ribbon" corresponding to anterior temporal lobe M3: "posterior MCA cortex" corresponding to posterior temporal lobe M4: "anterior MCA territory immediately superior to M1" M5: "lateral MCA territory immediately superior to M2" M6: "posterior MCA territory immediately superior to M3" Alberta stroke program early CT score OWLClass_54d41da0_8422_49e5_bbe2_39fa8d4301df Contralateral appendicular ataxia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002070 A kind of ataxia that affects movements of the extremities. Limb ataxia is generally caused by lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres and associated pathways. Contralateral limb ataxia OWLClass_550741a9_df25_46a1_8314_68487099818e BMI measurement BMI measurements measurement of BMI Measurement of body mass index OWLClass_55144628_0906_47f5_9a9a_2d68d078a8b9 Hunt and hess scale OWLClass_5515ef3b_e7f9_4f53_b7d4_30bed4227171 Abnormal blood vessel Vascular malformations Vessel malformation Vessel malformations Vascular malformation OWLClass_553d5fb9_9700_427e_8825_e9b6421efffa Emotional disturbances Emotional disturbance OWLClass_5597b302_3d55_4fc6_919d_9dfc89568da0 Posterior inferior cerebellar artery embolism OWLClass_55a5f390_b52a_4590_b47a_331a36e8a98f http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000003569 IL-6 Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. interleukin 6 OWLClass_55a90ed0_2c75_485a_a8ca_fbb787cfc1ab PMH Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Pure motor hemiparesis (PMH) was reported by Fisher and Curry (1965) as an acute pure motor stroke involving face, arm, and leg on one side, in the absence of sensory deficit, homonymous hemianopia, aphasia, agnosia, or apraxia. Pure motor hemiparesis OWLClass_5608d6d7_1cad_4d4d_8402_9ef40fed6e88 AcPAO Acetyl polyamine oxidase OWLClass_5628e12d_d9f5_473c_bc2d_4268f0524892 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D003866 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/35489007 Depressive Disorder Depressive Disorders Karatepe, A. G., Gunaydin, R., Kaya, T., & Turkmen, G. (2008). Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 831-835. An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. Depression OWLClass_563a2b9b_1b4f_4ac6_b705_a6bd00a5ed14 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020301 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/73173006 vasoconstriction Pool, J. L. (1958). Cerebral vasospasm. New England Journal of Medicine, 259(26), 1259-1264. Cerebral vasospasm may lead to permanent neurologic deficits of fatal cerebral edema. It appears to be mediated principally by the vascular musculature, but intrinsic neurogenic reflex activity may also play a part, as may control by an extrinsic innervation of the cerebral arteries. Cerebral vasospasm OWLClass_5651231e_a069_4e60_96e6_7de3d026fb68 Phencyclidine OWLClass_56604fe3_dca9_4db3_8ea7_f3f8843409f0 Platelet-derived hemostasis regulated genes in atherosclerotic stroke Xu, H., Tang, Y., Liu, D. Z., Ran, R., Ander, B. P., Apperson, M., ... & Jauch, E. C. (2008). Gene expression in peripheral blood differs after cardioembolic compared with large-vessel atherosclerotic stroke: biomarkers for the etiology of ischemic stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 28(7), 1320-1328. Platelet derived hemostasis regulated genes OWLClass_567e91b4_9e46_493d_a04c_9704006dedbd http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000639 Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms. Ipsilateral nystagmus OWLClass_56c32d94_4dea_49fe_9e29_c73927294261 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014715 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/64009001 Dolichoectasia VBD Vertebrobasilar insufficiency Harrigan, M. R., Ardelt, A., & Deveikis, J. P. (2009). Handbook of cerebrovascular disease and neurointerventional technique. Springer Science & Business Media. Xu, Y., Song, B., Zhao, L., Gao, Y., Fang, H., & Xu, Y. (2014). A Review of Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia. Life Science Journal, 11(6). Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBD) is an arteriopathy characterized by distinct dilatation, elongation and tortuosity of the basilar artery (BA) and the vertebral artery (VA). It is an uncommon vasculopathy of unclear aetiology affecting the arterial wall of vertebral and/or basilar arteries, which is easily misdiagnosed. Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia OWLClass_57275712_6228_4c6f_84cd_f56ea7ee217a Treatment of high blood pressure Antihypertensive Treatment OWLClass_5749fa6b_3b10_4909_9275_651595f593e1 OT-APST Cooke, D. M., McKenna, K., Fleming, J., & Darnell, R. (2006). Criterion validity of the occupational therapy adult perceptual screening test (OT-APST). Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 13(1), 38-48. The OT-APST was designed to comprehensively screen for the most commonly occurring changes in visual perception following stroke and other acquired brain injuries affecting adults. It is recommended for use in combination with skilled occupational analysis of daily life tasks and can assist the occupational therapist to determine the separate contributions of visual perceptual impairments and apraxia to functional task performance. Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test OWLClass_576ba1d7_2c49_434c_8a8d_51ce1c0364c3 ACA infarction symptom Anterior cerebral artery infarction symptom Anterior cerebral artery infarction symptoms Anterior cerebral artery infarction syndromes syndrome of anterior cerebral artery infarction syndromes of anterior cerebral artery infarction Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The ACA is subdivided into the A1 segment (before the anterior communicating artery (ACoA)), followed by the A2 segment (after the ACoA), then A3 segments. The A1 segment has deep perforating arteries, named the medial lenticulostriate arteries, and gives rise to the recurrent artery of Heubner (raH), which supplies the caudate head, the genu and anterior arm of the internal capsule and the supero-anterior putamen. Both the lenticulostriate arteries and the raH are particularly vulnerable during aneurysm surgery of the ACoA. Anterior cerebral artery infarction syndrome OWLClass_579ddb30_99f4_4d70_b318_0517f5f878b0 Blood cell disorder OWLClass_57d65b8c_081b_4601_a04d_b751e1fcb8bb Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Microscopic polyangitis OWLClass_57df6f51_1dee_4f80_bac6_1022f9a0fbbc http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/277319006 Ruptured aneurysm of posterior cerebral artery OWLClass_58490a5e_065a_47f0_b6dc_ecdc92bde4f2 Caspase independed cell death OWLClass_5865d619_29f5_4841_b49b_35f4a82bb567 OPS Lai, S. M., Duncan, P. W., & Keighley, J. (1998). Prediction of functional outcome after stroke comparison of the Orpington Prognostic Scale and the NIH Stroke Scale. Stroke, 29(9), 1838-1842. The Orpington Prognostic Scale and the NIH Stroke Scale were used to measure stroke severity at baseline. The Orpington Prognostic Scale includes measures of motor deficit in arm, proprioception, balance, and cognition. Orpington Prognostic Scale OWLClass_58abb861_6ab4_42f2_9738_d42e664a4400 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 227400.0001 activated protein c resistance Active protein C resistance Leiden type OWLClass_58b4258a_2a57_416d_a501_aae8cbe606e7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/27550009 Vascular disease "What is Vascular Disease?". available from: http://www.vascularcures.org/about-vascular-disease. Retrieved 2016-01-09. Vascular disease is an abnormal condition of the blood vessels. Blood vessels (arteries and veins) are the tubes through which blood is pumped throughout the body. Vascular disorder OWLClass_58b8075d_8931_4759_8a72_ab1dad59923c Trunk ataxia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002078 Truncal ataxia is generally caused by midline damage to the cerebellar vermis and associated pathways. Patients with truncal ataxia may not be able to sit or stand without support. Truncal ataxia is a sign of ataxia characterized by instability of the trunk. It usually occurs during sitting. Truncular ataxia OWLClass_58bb172a_5a08_49c0_a068_e76f26a55d9e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/162280 NFL Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Nurofilament is a triplet protein that forms part of the structural scaffold of neurons. Neurofilament light protein (NFL) is the subunit that forms the core of the filament. Increased levels of NFL have been observed in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Increased CSF concentration of NFL has also been shown in a small series of patients following ischemic stroke. Neurofilament light protein OWLClass_58e380a3_1094_4624_a8b5_62757965cc4b Poor outcomes Worse outcome Worse outcomes Poor outcome OWLClass_59094da9_3173_4438_9908_0d25f7744d14 Increase of tyrosine Tyrosine OWLClass_59600246_aafb_4f5d_a14d_3c8b8ba8292b http://identifiers.org/ncbigene/604 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/109565 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000000604 Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. Other designations: B-cell lymphoma 5 protein|B-cell lymphoma 6 protein|B-cell lymphoma 6 protein transcript|BCL-5|BCL-6|cys-his2 zinc finger transcription factor|lymphoma-associated zinc finger gene on chromosome 3|protein LAZ-3|zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 27|zinc finger protein 51|zinc finger transcription factor BCL6S BCL6 OWLClass_597a88fe_cc44_4662_aa07_f4ff667d503a Hemorrhagic infarction OWLClass_59f6e49a_b9bf_4bcf_b2e0_e11a47ad344f Asynergia OWLClass_5aa25f24_a9b0_4eef_a8fe_6045a00fdcfb Gerbils model of stroke OWLClass_5ac93234_d606_4728_b1a5_485971e0da1b Rivermead Motor Assessment Rivermead Mobility Index OWLClass_5b12e71a_0b9e_4858_83fa_3ce1b1ea9f8d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/80606009 Carotid artery embolism OWLClass_5b36bc9a_e0ab_412f_8f16_2d7e7ad49bcf http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/32838008 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Unilateral asterixis has been reported with contralateral lesions involving any possible structure involved in motion (fronto-parietal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, brainstem, but not yet in the spinal cord), and exceptionally in ipsilateral brainstem lesion. Asterixis OWLClass_5b6c1ec5_1180_4e9b_a125_e6f6e890eaa0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/703842006 Amphetamine. Wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine Amphetamine (contracted from alpha‑methylphenethylamine) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine OWLClass_5b717fc8_a7dd_43b2_9cb3_177f456a7eb8 ARA test ARAT McDonnell, M. (2008). Action research arm test. Australian journal of physiotherapy, 54(3), 220. Van der Lee, J. H., de Groot, V., Beckerman, H., Wagenaar, R. C., Lankhorst, G. J., & Bouter, L. M. (2001). The intra-and interrater reliability of the action research arm test: a practical test of upper extremity function in patients with stroke. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 82(1), 14-19. The ARA test material consists of a wooden box, which is placed on a table in front of the patient, containing blocks and objects of different sizes. In 3 subtests (grasp, grip, pinch), the ability to grasp, move, and release objects differing in size, weight, and shape is tested. Objects must be picked up and moved vertically (subtests of grasp and pinch) or horizontally (subtest of grip) to a standardized location. Two items in the subtest of grip not only consist of horizontal movement, but also involve a certain degree of vertical movement and pronation (pouring water from 1 glass into another) or supination (turning a washer). In the 6 items in the subtest of pinch, the patient is asked to pick up marbles of 2 different sizes with 2 fingers only (thumb and index finger, thumb and middle finger, thumb and ring finger, respectively) and move them to a holder on top of the box. The fourth subtest consists of 3 gross movements (move hand to mouth, place hand on top of head, place hand behind head). The quality of the movements per item is rated on a 4-point scale: 0 = no movement possible; 1 = movement partially performed; 2 = movement performed, but abnormally; 3 = movement performed normally. The Action Research Arm Test (ARA or ARAT) is an observational test used to determine upper limb function. It was first described in 1981 as a modification of an earlier test, the Upper Extremity Function Test (UEFT) (Carroll, 1965) and was designed to assess recovery in the upper limb following cortical damage. Action Research Arm Test OWLClass_5c01f63d_d674_4fa8_9087_ca4c025f4c20 Aiyagari, V., & Gorelick, P. B. (2009). Management of blood pressure for acute and recurrent stroke. Stroke, 40(6), 2251-2256. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/372658000 Enalapril OWLClass_5c3355bf_5a2c_48dc_a50b_861a900a0fed http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/40593004 Fibrillation OWLClass_5ca5d1ea_bf93_4c52_840a_9b2be0b9ad35 CNS Cote, R., Battista, R. N., Wolfson, C., Boucher, J., Adam, J., & Hachinski, V. (1989). The Canadian neurological scale validation and reliability assessment. Neurology, 39(5), 638-638. The Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS) was designed to monitor mentation and motor functions in stroke patients. Canadian neurological scale OWLClass_5d16dd17_74bf_4821_a949_468ded6d8a2e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/698090000 Yates, S. W. (2011). Apixaban for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a review of the clinical trial evidence. Hospital Practice, 39(4), 7-16. Apixaban is a small molecule that acts as a selective inhibitor of factor Xa, which is a key coagulation factor located at the junction of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade. Apixaban OWLClass_5d3910ea_fa72_418b_8367_9081ec3a02c1 Genomics biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_5d4840bc_6b7e_4fa8_8183_cc66cfd6839a http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C124353 Symptom Onset Adams, H. P., del Zoppo, G., Alberts, M. J., Bhatt, D. L., Brass, L., Furlan, A., ... & Lyden, P. D. (2007). Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation, 115(20), e478-e534. The single most important piece of historical information is the time of symptom onset. The current definition of the time of stroke onset is when patients were at their previous baseline or symptom-free state. Onset of symptom OWLClass_5efb90ec_3d16_4c2c_9ba2_2d95f016f8a1 vocal cord and pharyngeal weakness Feit, H., Silbergleit, A., Schneider, L. B., Gutierrez, J. A., Fitoussi, R. P., Réyes, C., ... & Seboun, E. (1998). Vocal cord and pharyngeal weakness with autosomal dominant distal myopathy: clinical description and gene localization to 5q31. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 63(6), 1732-1742. The vocal cord and pharyngeal weakness can be present at the onset of the distal-extremity weakness. At first, the voice has a hypophonic, breathy quality, but this may slowly progress to a wet, gurgling, hoarse voice with hypernasal resonance and difficulty with swallowing and aspiration. Activities such as gargling become impossible. Pharynx and vocal cord weakness OWLClass_5f04f9cf_1c2e_445d_a7b5_f9641db816d1 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0002959 NT2 NTera2 A human embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cell line used as a model system for the study of neuronal differentiation Immortalized cell line NT2 OWLClass_5f38b333_2771_4827_8bf5_c4fb9f4be066 Treatment of Heparin related ICH Treatment of Heparin associated ICH OWLClass_5fb4fbc8_79a7_4d9d_9f28_4d36a1675d3d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/226422000 Butter ‌Butter intake OWLClass_6003a365_2c74_422e_bb8d_08c54e2c1537 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/372877000 Pereira, A. C., & Brown, M. M. (2000). Aspirin or heparin in acute stroke. British medical bulletin, 56(2), 413-421. heparin has been used to treat thrombosis and stroke. Its anticoagulant action may retard the advance of cerebral thromboembolism while arterial recanalisation occurs and, by preventing deep venous thrombosis, it may decrease the incidence of pulmonary embolism - one of the causes of death following stroke. Heparin OWLClass_60060b96_6df0_4ac8_9573_922db45a0d9c Green, A. R., Odergren, T., & Ashwood, T. (2003). Animal models of stroke: do they have value for discovering neuroprotective agents?. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 24(8), 402-408. Normally in rats model Two vessel occlusion plus hypotension model OWLClass_602348b7_a490_45e7_8463_bbace88122fe Acute hypertension OWLClass_60323408_05db_41cd_9e04_d9cb974ab77a Ipsilateral Ataxia of gait Ipsilateral ataxic gait http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002066 A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal walking. Gait ataxia is characteirzed by a wide-based staggering gait with a tendency to fall. Ipsilateral gait ataxia OWLClass_60a51ebf_fbbb_40bd_a87a_48f0092d33c5 H-FABP HFABP H-FABP is present in multiple tissue types and has found application as a biomarker for acute myocardial infarction. Heart type fatty acid binding protein OWLClass_60f85153_5af2_4b13_bfb9_0328198e336b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/372798009 Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. Barbiturates in high doses are effective in lowering refractory intracranial hypertension but ineffective or potentially harmful as a first-line or prophylactic treatment in patients with brain injuries. High-dose barbiturate treatment acts by depressing cerebral metabolic activity. This results in a reduction in CBF, which is coupled to metabolism, and a fall in ICP. Barbiturate OWLClass_6133e682_9b4f_42cc_9f36_ed0333b72a19 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D007375 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/50762005 IL 1 IL-1 IL1 A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. Interleukin 1 OWLClass_61829879_2068_44cc_a176_6f3bb52bad1d Contralateral weakness of lower extremity Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Motor deficits are among the most common manifestations in patients with ACA-territory infarctions. In classic descriptions, cortical branch occlusion usually results in motor deficits of the foot and leg and, to a lesser degree, paresis of the arm, with the face and tongue largely spared. Leg weakness is most severe distally. Weakness of distal lower limb OWLClass_61fdfe71_e9ea_421d_8d35_a90914401b85 http://www.uptodate.com/contents/ischemic-stroke-prognosis-in-adults http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/89743005 Leuko-araiosis Periventricular white matter disease Leukoaraiosis OWLClass_621cd72f_5aa7_4745_a792_42567f306060 Mitochondrial disease Schmiedel, J., Jackson, S., Schäfer, J., & Reichmann, H. (2003). Mitochondrial cytopathies. Journal of neurology, 250(3), 267-277. Mitochondrial cytopathies represent a heterogeneous group of multisystem disorders which preferentially affect the muscle and nervous systems. They are caused either by mutations in the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome, or by nuclear DNA-mutations. Mitochondrial cytopathy OWLClass_622ee45c_05c0_441f_a064_8f6fb884c44d MAPK Mracsko, E., & Veltkamp, R. (2014). Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 8. Mitogen activated protein kinase OWLClass_62724222_e198_44eb_930f_ebcf134edb72 CMB CMBs Cerebral microbleed Cerebral microbleeds Microbleed Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2014). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Microbleeds have a hypointense appearance on MRI and are usually smaller than 5–10 mm. Cerebral microbleeds can be visualized on MRI, and have been suggested as markers of a bleeding-prone angiopathy. Microbleeds OWLClass_6273d26e_a580_437a_8d21_784eb4f26c75 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/40631009 Caplan, L. R. (1980). “Top of the basilar” syndrome. Neurology, 30(1), 72-72. ocular divergence in the vertical plane Skew deviation OWLClass_62949be8_6588_4554_b386_b20bc101c850 Orofacial apraxia Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. This is an impairment in skilled purposive execution of bucco-lingual and facial movements. As for limb apraxia, testing should assess meaningful, transitive and nontransitive, and meaningless movements involving the lips, tongue, face, or eyelids. Buccofacial apraxia OWLClass_6298a45e_d1ff_4b92_9fbf_f48d3c356890 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/399153001 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Vertigo is an unpleasant distortion of static gravitational orientation or an erroneous perception of motion of either the sufferer or the environment. It is not a well-defined disease entity, but rather the outcome of many pathological processes causing a mismatch between the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems, all of which subserve both static and dynamic spatial orientation. Physiological and clinical vestibular vertigo syndromes are commonly characterized by a combination of phenomena involving perceptual, ocular motor, postural and vegetative manifestations: vertigo, nystagmus, ataxia and nausea. The vertigo itself results from a disturbance of cortical spatial orientation, while nystagmus and ocular deviations are secondary to a direction-specific imbalance in the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Postural imbalance and vestibular ataxia are caused by inappropriate or abnormal inactivation of vestibulospinal pathways. Unpleasant vegetative effects, such as nausea and vomiting, are related to clinical activation of the medullary vomiting centre Vertigo OWLClass_62ec273f_adb3_4f00_8a4d_c5f214beccd9 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Acute agitated delirium is probably a result of damage to the right middle temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule. Acute agitated delirium OWLClass_63225457_ebff_447f_9d7f_8c88bed1f636 Decreased blink reflex Decreased corneal reflex Reduced corneal reflex http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0008000 An abnormally reduced response to stimulation of the cornea (by touch, foreign body, blowing air). The corneal reflex (also known as the blink reflex, normally results in an involuntary blinking of the eyelids. Loss of corneal reflex OWLClass_63253b48_3b2a_4ff5_9a7b_a053a782e05f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D012307 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/80943009 Risk factor of stroke Risk factors Risk factors of stroke Risk of hemorrhagic stroke Risk of ischemic stroke Risk of stroke Stroke risk factor Stroke risk factors An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent. Risk factor OWLClass_633752ed_4182_4f79_9759_f978f6ed4dc3 Thromboembolic stroke models mimic human stroke more closely than other models of cerebral ischemia since most of the human strokes are caused by thromboembolism. thromboembolic models OWLClass_6347f171_fa05_4bf4_ac5d_18d8028f859c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/54569005 Bernard Soulier syndrome OWLClass_6348191c_5c8a_4250_b394_655e59be6b09 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000007422 VEGFA Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. vascular endothelial growth factor A OWLClass_6362f240_fdd0_4c0d_ae39_eb6a330d525f http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000001462 CSPG2 VCAN Barr, T. L., Conley, Y., Ding, J., Dillman, A., Warach, S., Singleton, A., & Matarin, M. (2010). Genomic biomarkers and cellular pathways of ischemic stroke by RNA gene expression profiling. Neurology, 75(11), 1009–1014. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f2b37f upregulated gene chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 2 OWLClass_63b2b09a_5f02_4c0b_92f4_b35a9eb8aeab http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/28366008 Cerebral arteritis OWLClass_63d3fa7c_69c3_4094_b6af_07753e409f8a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/703166003 DAVF Cognard C, Gobin YP, Pierot L et-al. Cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical and angiographic correlation with a revised classification of venous drainage. Radiology. 1995;194 (3): 671-80. Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) are a heterogeneous collection of conditions that share arteriovenous shunts from dural vessels. Dural arteriovenous fistula OWLClass_640bc414_7115_413f_bc6b_dd503253cb83 Network models of stroke Network model of stroke OWLClass_641ac276_2885_4b3a_afa8_eaf7a308559a Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. If a severe hemiplegia alternates repeatedly with normal function, the phenomenon is called “capsular warning syndrome”, resulting usually from a lacune in the internal capsule. Capsular warning syndrome OWLClass_64551865_2700_4255_9823_a36242834a2d http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161422-overview#a2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/72717003 Mg Muir KW, Lees KR. Dose optimization of intravenous magnesium sulfate after acute stroke. Stroke. 1998 May. 29(5):918-23 Magnesium is another agent with actions on the NMDA receptor and a low incidence of adverse effects. It may reduce ischemic injury by increasing regional blood flow, antagonizing voltage-sensitive calcium channels, and blocking the NMDA receptor. Magnesium OWLClass_64599171_5fff_45c6_b111_bf447c351abc http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/1963002 Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome Nocturnal paroxysmal hemoglobinuria PNH Hillmen, P., Lewis, S. M., Bessler, M., Luzzatto, L., & Dacie, J. V. (1995). Natural history of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. New England Journal of Medicine, 333(19), 1253-1259. Robert Bühler, Heinrich P. Mattle, Chapter 45 Hematological diseases and stroke, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Elsevier, 2008, Volume 93, Pages 887-934 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a rare genetic disorder of the bone marrow characterized by intravascular hemolysis, venous thrombosis and aplastic anemia. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria OWLClass_64fd9c8e_bc26_448e_af2c_7b5cdff03658 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/6950007 Alien Hand Syndrome Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Alien hand syndrome (AHS) is a relatively rare manifestation of damage to specific brain regions involved in voluntary movement. Dyspraxia OWLClass_6500860d_b63c_4151_a307_0cceaec3881b Temperature control OWLClass_6547d46f_dd18_44ad_a3ba_e1210bcf9fad http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001096 A protein with a core domain composition consisting of a signal peptide, an extracellular domain with multiple Leucine rich repeat (Pfam:PF13855) domain (LRR), a cysteine-rich region, a single-pass transmembrane domain and a C-terminal cytoplasmic tail containing a TIR domain (Pfam:PF01582). Toll like receptors OWLClass_655bc451_3c51_4c4e_aa65_a68f06a95c2c Interenal carotid artery atherosclerosis OWLClass_65b303f2_ede8_4bab_a327_645b93ad779e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/230711001 Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2014). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Thalamic hemorrhages can involve most of the nucleus and extend into the third ventricle medially and the posterior limb of the internal capsule laterally. Thalamic hemorrhage OWLClass_65b48693_2502_4295_9c1d_50999bc46f2e Anton’s syndrome Blindsight Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Cortical blindness refers to severe visual loss produced by bilateral damage to the geniculostriate visual pathways. The underlying pathophysiological mechanism involves direct destruction and/or de-afferentation of primary visual cortex. The term Anton’s syndrome is applied to patients with cortical blindness who demonstrate explicit denial or unawareness (anosognosia) of their visual impairment. Cortical blindness syndrome OWLClass_65ffc8d9_16f0_4f25_af95_627056641932 Unilateral weakness OWLClass_6641ff98_8314_45f8_bd33_482ae4aa08cd IA thrombolysis Intra-arterial thrombolysis Abou-Chebl, A. (2011). Intra-arterial Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Neurotherapeutics, 8(3), 400–413. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-011-0059-8 Intra-arterial therapy (IAT) for acute ischemic stroke refers to endovascular catheter-based approaches to achieve recanalization using mechanical clot disruption, locally injected thrombolytic agents or both. IAT may be used in addition to intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) or in patients who do not qualify for tPA, usually because they are outside the approved 3-h timeframe window or have contraindications, such as elevated international normalized ratio or partial thromboplastin time. Intraarterial thrombolysis OWLClass_664ed218_b68b_4f68_a9e0_ada8fd7f6bfe Task directed therapy OWLClass_66795d37_0203_4b5e_90ee_6877beaff4af https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-complications-of-stroke?source=see_link#H51491951 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/40739000 Swallowing difficult Singh, S., & Hamdy, S. (2006). Dysphagia in stroke patients. Postgraduate medical journal, 82(968), 383-391. In the context of stroke, oropharyngeal dysphagia is probably best defined as a disruption of bolus flow through the mouth and pharynx. ysphagia is a common complication of stroke and is a major risk factor for developing aspiration pneumonia. Dysphagia OWLClass_66c8c416_3afa_44ae_8492_45df34587b6e Aiyagari, V., & Gorelick, P. B. (2009). Management of blood pressure for acute and recurrent stroke. Stroke, 40(6), 2251-2256. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/387404004 Nitroglycerin OWLClass_66cd55fd_db17_4183_b8d7_eba6d4abd198 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/66264000 Todd's paresis Todd’s paralysis Chamberlin, S. L., & Narins, B. (2005). The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders. Todd’s paralysis is a brief period of paralysis that occurs in the aftermath of a seizure. Todds paralysis OWLClass_66d13f21_1cf0_4344_8725_61cb375db920 Coexist risk factor medications OWLClass_66db90e0_ac7b_4d56_8823_2333713e4e92 ICAD Yang-Ki Kim, Sam Schulman, Cervical artery dissection: Pathology, epidemiology and management, Thrombosis Research, Volume 123, Issue 6, April 2009, Pages 810-821, ISSN 0049-3848, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2009.01.013. Internal carotid artery dissection is kind of cervical artery dissection. Internal carotid artery dissection OWLClass_67092557_87e4_4329_adec_bdc459972e38 Jeste, S. S., Frohlich, J., & Loo, S. K. (2015). Electrophysiological biomarkers of diagnosis and outcome in neurodevelopmental disorders. Current opinion in neurology, 28(2), 110-116. Electrophysiology holds both practical and theoretical advantages as a clinical biomarker in neurodevelopmental disorders. Electrophysiological biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_67542910_d7c9_4b94_af2e_a0395cdde651 Isolated ataxia OWLClass_676a9636_2a0b_426a_adef_b66372d34f31 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/31996006 Angiitis Vasculitides inflammation of blood vessels Vasulitis OWLClass_6777e0dd_031c_4222_88c6_2b2c3ebf2e8d Caspase 3 OWLClass_677887ef_a095_4f50_aafe_4c14b7e6368c Anterior inferior cerebellar artery embolism OWLClass_67b5cac9_4668_46e6_8f11_ab4377f4b52c http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161422-overview#a3 human antileukocytic antibody Antileukocytic antibody OWLClass_68a4bf31_aa40_4740_bae0_083e27d7723c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C096406 AR-R15896AR alpha phenyl 2 pyridineethanamine dihydrochloride OWLClass_68baf607_7acc_4026_84aa_766716b5b3c3 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161422-overview#a3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D003566 Cytidine Diphosphate Choline Clark WM, Warach SJ, Pettigrew LC, Gammans RE, Sabounjian LA. A randomized dose-response trial of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients. Citicoline Stroke Study Group. Neurology. 1997 Sep. 49(3):671-8 Citicoline is an exogenous form of cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) used in membrane biosynthesis. Citicoline may reduce ischemic injury by stabilizing membranes and decreasing free radical formation. Citicoline OWLClass_68cad210_f583_4629_9bda_b52837289ae1 Personality changes OWLClass_68e0b260_dbb9_4df5_81b7_c8c2e49c52cf Tissue destruction marker of stroke Tissue destruction markers of stroke OWLClass_69167056_4b3c_4120_b46c_56acd9d36389 Zhang, C., Li, Y., Chen, J., Gao, Q., Zacharek, A., Kapke, A., & Chopp, M. (2006). Bone marrow stromal cells upregulate expression of bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4, gap junction protein connexin-43 and synaptophysin after stroke in rats. Neuroscience, 141(2), 687-695. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D055396 BMP2 A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS. bone morphogenetic protein 2 OWLClass_697ab3b0_0e86_4f61_b83e_b09485c2d134 Rodent model Rodent models Rodent stroke model Rodent stroke models Casals, J. B., Pieri, N. C., Feitosa, M. L., Ercolin, A. C., Roballo, K. C., Barreto, R. S., … Ambrósio, C. E. (2011). The Use of Animal Models for Stroke Research: A Review. Comparative Medicine, 61(4), 305–313. The most applicable animal models for research related to stroke are rodents and lagomorphs. These models satisfy all of the basic requirements needed to induce, manipulate, and treat diseases that affect humans. Rodent model of stroke OWLClass_69b61918_cd63_4ea3_874e_fe2be98c3a3f Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Essential cryoglobulinemic vasculitis Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia OWLClass_69e94842_ebfc_4c58_b08a_f2e50144d914 http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C102271 Factor V Leiden Measurement The determination of the amount of Factor V Leiden present in a sample. Factor V Leiden mutation testing OWLClass_6a3f318d_18bf_46fe_adde_6e4aa411ff57 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D003933 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D003933 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/439401001 Diagnosed Diagnostic Dx Diagnosis of a disease or condition made before DEATH. The determination of the nature of a disease or condition, or the distinguishing of one disease or condition from another. Assessment may be made through physical examination, laboratory tests, or the likes. Computerized programs may be used to enhance the decision-making process. Diagnosis of a disease or condition made after DEATH. Diagnosis OWLClass_6a3f8a96_fd90_44a8_b721_9e3eff090d08 Sleepiness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnolence omnolence (alternatively "sleepiness" or "drowsiness") is a state of strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (compare hypersomnia). Somnolence OWLClass_6a53587b_e5ae_4350_baa8_b4899290b1f9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/24700007 Disseminated sclerosis MS Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting the brain and spinal cord. Multiple sclerosis OWLClass_6a655329_6ced_48c5_98ef_3bbcc15f78de CAD CeAD Michael T. Haneline, Anthony L. Rosner, The etiology of cervical artery dissection, Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2007, Pages 110-120, ISSN 1556-3707, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcme.2007.04.007. Arterial dissection is an uncommon vascular wall condition that typically involves a tear at some point in the artery's lining and the formation of an intimal flap, which allows blood to penetrate into the muscular portion of the vessel wall. Cervical artery dissection OWLClass_6a6c6c86_824e_4f68_bd14_dd2462688fb1 Heroin OWLClass_6a7ce0b8_9ede_4509_a96e_964d474778a3 Hemostatic biomarker of stroke Hemostatic biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_6ac825d6_20e0_4cc1_854b_2ce3dd4d4e23 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/413758000 CES Cardioembolic stroke Cardioembolic strokes Cardiogenic embolism Arboix, A., & Alió, J. (2010). Cardioembolic Stroke: Clinical Features, Specific Cardiac Disorders and Prognosis. Current Cardiology Reviews, 6(3), 150–161. http://doi.org/10.2174/157340310791658730 Cardioembolic stroke is the subtype of ischemic infarcts that accounts for 14-30% of ischemic strokes and, in general, is a severe condition; patients with cardioembolic infarction are prone to early and long-term stroke recurrence, although recurrences may be preventable by appropriate treatment during the acute phase and strict control at follow-up. Certain clinical features are suggestive of cardioembolic infarction, including sudden onset to maximal deficit, decreased level of consciousness at onset, Wernicke’s aphasia or global aphasia without hemiparesis, a Valsalva manoeuvre at the time of stroke onset, and co-occurrence of cerebral and systemic emboli. Cardioembolism OWLClass_6b058807_67b4_43c2_8b61_4fd826aba94a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/230706003 Brain haemorrhage Brain hemorrhage Cerebral haemorrhage Cerebral hemorrhage Hemorrhagic stroke Hemorrhagic strokes Intracranial haemorrhage Intracranial haemorrhages Edlow, J. A. (2008). Stroke: Greenwood Press. A hemorrhagic stroke is one in which a blood vessel bursts and the blood creates pressure on the brain. Intracranial hemorrhage OWLClass_6b5c9d82_107d_40bc_b127_5c3a2e86e008 Acquired platelet disorders OWLClass_6b60bb96_6023_4949_a9d4_dee456e13517 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/66637005 Hemiballism Hemichorea hemiballismus Hawley, J. S., & Weiner, W. J. (2012). Hemiballismus: current concepts and review. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 18(2), 125-129. Lee, H. S., Kim, S. W., Yoo, I. S., & Chung, S. P. (2005). Common causes of hemiballism. The American journal of emergency medicine, 23(4), 576-578. Hemiballism is a rare hyperkinetic movement disorder, characterized by irregular, wide amplitude and vigorous involuntary movements of the unilateral limbs. The term ballismus is derived from the Greek word meaning "to throw" because the abnormal movements resemble the motions of throwing. The movements are usually continuous but may be intermittent and can be voluntarily restrained by the patient, although only for a few minutes. They are most prominent during periods of rest but are absent during sleep. It may occur with other types of involuntary movements, such as dystonia, myoclonus, or orofacial gestures. Hemiballism is often used interchangeably but distinguished from hemichorea by the fact that hemichoreic movements are slower, more randomly distributed, less violent, and primarily involve distal musculature. Some patients with hemiballism also have choreiform movements; therefore, the bhemiballism-hemichoreaQ is often used to describe this clinical spectrum. Hemiballismus OWLClass_6c194b69_354c_4d7f_9087_20cf75eae20f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/161511000 History of TIA History of TIAs Previous TIA Previous transient ischemic attack History of Transient ischemic attack OWLClass_6c55219b_8884_4a3c_a1a4_2a1af79c3611 Arboix, A., Massons, J., Oliveres, M., & Titus, F. (1991). Isolated dysarthria. Stroke, 22(4), 531. Isolated dysarthria is an atypical lacunar syndrome and may represent a clinical manifestation of "dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome." Isolated dysarthria OWLClass_6c7538f2_8ae1_4f37_a762_1242d4037e0b Talwin Pentazocine OWLClass_6c93ec52_89b1_468d_b504_2819d68634f1 http://scai.fraunhofer.de/HuPSON#SCAIVPH_00000774 http://scai.fraunhofer.de/HuPSON#SCAIVPH_00000774 Model that mathematically describes features of coculturing. "The culturing of normal cells or tissues with infected or latently infected cells or tissues of the same kind (From Dorland, 28th ed, entry for cocultivation). It also includes culturing of normal cells or tissues with other normal cells or tissues. " source: http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/coculture?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=coculture&sa=Search#922 Coculture model OWLClass_6ca1fb42_d01f_43b1_9a48_a8eeb6b4d19b http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000001604 CD55 Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. CD55 molecule OWLClass_6d1ff070_2411_4ddd_b380_4192907e7462 Symptoms of ischemic stroke Syndrome of ischemic stroke Syndromes of ischemic stroke symptom symptoms Department of Health, Western Australia. Model of Stroke Care 2012. Perth: Health Networks Branch, Department of Health, Western Australia; 2012. The symptoms of a ischemic stroke caused by an embolism usually appear suddenly and are most intense right after the stroke occurs. Symptom of ischemic stroke OWLClass_6d634232_880c_4821_9c52_ae3111d8dfdb http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/86100009 Vegetative endocarditis OWLClass_6d7cce17_44aa_40f1_95cb_3ed41d066b86 Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Surgical MCA occlusion procedures have been performed in a variety of animals including non-human primates, pigs, cats, dogs, and rabbits. Surgical MCA occlusion model OWLClass_6da4134c_1257_481f_8bea_8f3f63de9679 Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-222 OWLClass_6db49c59_4d23_468f_90c3_d97de938ffc0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/230499002 Ondine`s curse Sleep-related respiratory failure (disorder) Pedroso, J. L., Baiense, R. F., Scalzaretto, A. P., Neto, P. B., de Gois, A. F. T., & Ferraz, M. E. (2009). Ondine's curse after brainstem infarction. Neurology India, 57(2), 206. Ondine`s curse is a rare and severe condition and is characterized by loss of automatic respiration during sleep and preserved voluntary breathing. Ondine syndrome OWLClass_6ddd5e74_1f39_4983_8b3a_4e3cccfd6503 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C105131 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000012286 DJ-1 DJ1 protein, human PARK7 protein, human parkinson disease protein 7 protein DJ-1 Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Biomarkers of ischemic Stroke A protein that is a translation product of the human PARK7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PARK7 is a redox-sensitive molecular chaperone activated in the context of oxidative stress. PARK 7 OWLClass_6df26c86_e06e_4817_88b2_c631c9f34154 Abnormal plasminogen OWLClass_6e11a25e_c888_474f_98db_38865e6df5ce http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D016923 Cell damage Lipton, P. (1999). Ischemic cell death in brain neurons. Physiological reviews, 79(4), 1431-1568. Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as "apoptotic bodies"); and/or (3) its corpse (or its fragments) have been engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo. The most satisfactory definition of cell death, and the one that would be the most valuable to know therapeutically, is the point at which the cell becomes unable to recover its normal morphology and function even if all processes leading to dissoution are stopped pharmacologically (the point of no return). Cell death OWLClass_6e484778_5f88_4de0_85b9_30da385f6c1a Lacunar infarction Lacunar stroke Penetrating artery disease Small vessel disease Small vessel disorder OWLClass_6f4be810_dbbc_47ae_afd0_0d27d1f050b5 NVAF Nonvalvular atrial fibrilation OWLClass_6f7500f0_b1b6_4d66_870e_9b337af950e5 Multimodal facial hypaethesia OWLClass_6fa705db_1014_4bbe_9e37_32983237e8d4 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/14537002 Hodgkin’s Hodgkin lymphoma OWLClass_6ff7f659_65cb_49e7_8ec4_d2b4a33203fa Endovascular revascularization Revascularization Carotid revascularization OWLClass_70097290_a2aa_46d8_9163_e16916d289f8 Paradoxical embolization crossed embolism Rakhit, R. D. (2003). Case 2: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) and paradoxical embolism. Heart, 89(11), 1362. doi: 10.1136/heart.89.11.1362 A paradoxical embolism, also called a crossed embolism, is a kind of stroke or other form of arterial thrombosis caused by embolism of a thrombus (blood clot) of venous origin through a lateral opening in the heart, such as a patent foramen ovale. Paradoximal embolism OWLClass_702c814e_fdef_4123_97a9_e163d9f7eed6 Increase of neurotensin neurotensin OWLClass_70512043_9cfd_4cd2_9dd2_282a11ff2c83 alpha blockers OWLClass_70653ff1_b1b8_4981_94eb_78ba3ce510ca FAC Williams, G. (2011). Functional Ambulation Classification. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 1105-1106). Springer New York. The Functional Ambulation Classification (FAC) was an early method for classifying mobility. The primary aim in the development of the FAC was to establish a clinically meaningful outcome measure of mobility. Secondary aims were to devise an inexpensive measure that required little time for therapist training and administration, yet was reliable and valid. Functional Ambulation Classification OWLClass_70657582_3832_4ef8_866b_f01d72ac097f ATP depletion OWLClass_70a019bd_dfdc_4962_93cf_5266039e2201 Savitz, S. I., Dinsmore, J. H., Wechsler, L. R., Rosenbaum, D. M., & Caplan, L. R. (2004). Cell Therapy for Stroke. NeuroRx, 1(4), 406–414. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0036934 Adipose stromal cell Human adipose stromal cell OWLClass_70bbe294_4357_4ce1_9a7e_2a14156fae7d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/CSP/2116-5156 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/22836000 Vegetables consumption of vegetable consumption of vegetables dietary vegetable Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. cruciferous and green leafy vegetables (e.g. cabbages, turnips, broccoli), together with citrus fruit and juice, protected against stroke. dietary practice of completely avoiding meat products in the diet. Vegetable OWLClass_70de94a0_b906_43bf_bef1_66a6a1fefb5e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/109989006 Multiple myeloma Myeloma OWLClass_70f9ba96_2d26_4bf1_b107_83bd1027fb25 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. This is characterized by poor spontaneous speech but good repetition and comprehension. There is a variable naming deficit and the writing output is also poor. The localization of lesions is characteristically in the mesial frontal region or the supplementary speech area in the dominant hemisphere. These are often caused by an anterior cerebral artery stroke. Transcortical motor aphasia OWLClass_712b8a0b_1d3d_4093_81c8_61b1e49d29c6 Green, A. R., Odergren, T., & Ashwood, T. (2003). Animal models of stroke: do they have value for discovering neuroprotective agents?. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 24(8), 402-408. Normally in rats model Four vessel occlusion model OWLClass_7163c43a_03e1_4ca2_a7f9_52ba9d255e96 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006403 Blood test Hematologic Tests Tests used in the analysis of the hemic system. Blood tests OWLClass_716ec125_73f2_419b_92d9_ca520bb06972 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/108972005 Antiplatelet agent Robert Bühler, Heinrich P. Mattle, Chapter 45 Hematological diseases and stroke, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Elsevier, 2008, Volume 93, Pages 887-934 Antiplatelet drug OWLClass_71b80b10_54be_454f_94eb_aa7d3a3d6220 Hereditary cardiac conduction disorders Hereditary cardiac conduction disorder OWLClass_720a359e_2e74_4547_94ce_cf717a0f695b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/24982008 Double vision http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000651 Diplopia is a condition in which a single object is perceived as two images, it is also known as double vision. Diplopia OWLClass_722063e2_e8d8_4199_9a54_5356df5af719 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/20485009 Cortical paralysis of fixation syndrome Mendez MF. Corticobasal ganglionic degeneration with Balint's syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;12 (2): 273-5 The Balint syndrome is characterised by : simultanagnosia (inability to perceive more than one object at a time) optic ataxia oculomotor apraxia It typically results from damage to the parieto-occipital regions, and has been associated with : corticobasal degeneration posterior cortical atrophy bilateral parietal ischaemic stroke Balint syndrome OWLClass_727680d1_6e5d_42a3_b30c_557d3ce35d35 LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol OWLClass_72ba68f6_3737_48df_8675_c5ff9fb33e1d Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Necrotizing vasculitis OWLClass_72c1e1fe_df6d_4f5e_bc97_5f956943262b Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Tamura's method produces infarction, similar to the infarction induced by intraluminal suture MCAO model, that involves both cortex and striatum in the MCA territory. Tamura's model OWLClass_72ec0843_fb44_4b22_acd4_b73b0dd0232d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/234500001 Secondary thrombocytosis Reactive thrombocytosis OWLClass_72ec9aea_440e_4c4f_8b91_f700d71c0d2c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/234512002 Post splenectomy thrombocytosis OWLClass_733ed922_d28f_45ef_8855_252e1efd7fca Large vessel disease Large vessel disorder OWLClass_737735cf_55ac_4ddc_bd97_d3338dca5ad0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/23852006 Cardiac Monitoring OWLClass_73899531_a9d1_451e_a594_e5ef46d66b5f PACNS Primary angiitis of central nervous system Granulomatous angitis of central nervous system OWLClass_73ee4b19_03b3_4c87_99e6_a39ae8ee4e89 IV r-tPA IV tPA Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator Adams, H. P., del Zoppo, G., Alberts, M. J., Bhatt, D. L., Brass, L., Furlan, A., ... & Lyden, P. D. (2007). Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation, 115(20), e478-e534. Intravenous administration of rtPA is the only FDA-approved medical therapy for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator OWLClass_7407b998_5f22_4619_a7b8_9d91111a0dbb Paresthesias http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003401 Abnormal sensations such as tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin with no apparent physical cause. Paresthesia OWLClass_7429488c_6c13_4d37_8968_ae126625ca6b Increased blood viscocity OWLClass_743049bf_6260_44ae_9453_d655f8ce62cc http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/26843008 APAS APS Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome G. Ruiz-Irastorza and M. A. Khamashta.Stroke and antiphospholipid syndrome: the treatment debate Rheumatology (August 2005) 44 (8): 971-974 first published online April 19, 2005 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh666 Panichpisal, K., Rozner, E., & Levine, S. R. (2012). The management of stroke in antiphospholipid syndrome. Current rheumatology reports, 14(1), 99-106. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined by the development of thrombosis and/or adverse obstetric events in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Antiphospholipid syndrome OWLClass_746710d4_8c18_4b9c_940e_c64d4ad3f37f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005638 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/72511004 Consumption of fruit Consumption of fruits Fruits The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds. Fruit OWLClass_7490c6af_44c5_4aee_8c8e_378664b964e2 Ipsilateral hemiparalysis of tongue Ipsilateral tongue paresis Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Ipsilateral tongue paralysis is the least common but most topographically localizing sign of medial medullary infarction. Tongue weakness is probably most often related to involvement of the intraparenchymal XIIth nerve fibres as they pass ventrally to exit at the medullary base rather than to infarction of the hypoglossal nucleus in the tegmentum. Tongue paresis causes slurring of speech especially of lingual consonants Ipsilateral tongue paralysis OWLClass_74cf6ef6_64b8_4ab5_83ad_218dcd7e93c1 chronic blood transfusions Kernan, W. N., Ovbiagele, B., Black, H. R., Bravata, D. M., Chimowitz, M. I., Ezekowitz, M. D., ... & Johnston, S. C. C. (2014). Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 45(7), 2160-2236. For patients with sickle cell disease and prior ischemic stroke or TIA, chronic blood transfusions to reduce hemoglobin S to <30% of total hemoglobin are recommended. Chronic blood transfusion OWLClass_75521f1b_5231_4c2f_b403_9ed15ed4777d Hyperphosphorylated tau protein OWLClass_75aa9394_b999_4485_87a0_fe22b18b45a8 Inherited metabolic disorders brain metabolic disorder Inherited metabolic disorder OWLClass_75c79960_1c24_4737_8240_3060d674c67f Mitral annular calcification OWLClass_75f16a76_83e5_4163_bebb_a6dd64fdb892 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/64779008 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/64779008 Blood coagulation disorder Inherited hematological abnormalities Inherited hematological abnormality Disorders involving the elements of blood coagulation, including platelets, coagulation factors and inhibitors, and the fibrinolytic system Coagulation disorder OWLClass_761dc0a2_f963_457f_8c76_dec2d9013ad7 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Cerebral hemorrhage with amyloid hereditary British type OWLClass_76688a40_320a_4676_92b8_15feda5d39fd Impaired memory OWLClass_76833d16_95c2_4990_9147_cd9bfc7718e1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/261510003 conventional catheter-based angiography Oliveira-Filho, J., & Koroshetz, W. J. (2010). Neuroimaging of acute ischemic stroke. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate. Retrieved January. Digital subtraction angiography, the most widely used method of conventional catheter-based angiography, remains the gold standard for evaluating the cerebral vessels with regard to determining the degree of arterial stenosis and the presence of dissection, vasculopathy, vasculitis, or occult lesions such as vascular malformations. Conventional angiography OWLClass_768c11a7_e46e_4c1d_9efa_edb691d73b0c http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000008725 HP Chen, R., Vendrell, I., Chen, C. P., Cash, D., O'Toole, K. G., Williams, S. A., ... & Wheeler, J. X. (2011). Proteomic analysis of rat plasma following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Biomarkers in medicine, 5(6), 837-846. Haptoglobin is a major acute-phase proteins (APP) in numerous species whose synthesis is increased several-fold by inflammation or injury, and has proven useful in the diagnosis of tissue injury and infectious disease. Haptoglobin OWLClass_769bffa9_ff20_4c75_8529_a189a67bb33e Hemianesthesia Hemihypaesthesia Hemihypesthesia with cognitive disturbance Hemihypoesthesia hemihypesthesia. (n.d.) Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. (2003). Retrieved April 4 2016 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hemihypesthesia Diminished sensibility in one side of the body. Hemihypesthesia OWLClass_769e0393_5867_49e0_b45d_359b994a02c6 VLP-1 Visinin-like protein-1 Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Biomarkers of ischemic Stroke Visinin-like protein (VLP)-1 is the human homolog of a protein that was identified by screening mice with gene-array analyses for biomarkers that are preferentially and abundantly produced in brain. Visinin like protein 1 OWLClass_76aa5c99_2ba0_49b2_b724_68108d5fb965 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/95840007 hypoplasminogenemia OWLClass_76be6d5e_d9dd_46ee_a03e_ca999a435c5b VVI pacing Ventricular inhibited (VVI) pacing Ventricular inhibited pacing OWLClass_76c155fe_931d_4b84_b5fd_291890c23abd http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/116566001 Anti inflammatory drugs Anti-inflammatory drug Anti-inflammatory drugs Antiinflammatory drug Antiinflammatory drugs Anti inflammatory drug OWLClass_771722cf_9b98_4fc5_8330_6287b370bbb0 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000004846 ECNOS NOS3 eNOS Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. nitric oxide synthase 3 OWLClass_7742295c_255d_4076_a558_7eebd24f869e WAB WAB-R The Western Aphasia Battery is a comprehensive test of language function for individuals with aphasia and aged 18–89 years. Test administration time is 30–60 min, depending on the severity of the patient’s aphasia and coexisting deficits (e.g., apraxia, dysarthria). As stated in the test manual, the aim of the WAB is to ‘‘evaluate the main clinical aspects of language function, content, fluency, auditory comprehension, repetition, naming, reading, writing, and calculations.’’ TheWAB is designed to test all language modalities: reading, writing, listening, speaking, and gestural communication. The WAB-R has the same overall structure as the original WAB and also includes supplementary tests of reading and writing of irregular words and nonwords, and a bedside screening test that takes approximately 15 min to administer. Western Aphasia Battery OWLClass_777617e8_3fa9_48c1_9216_a75864fd5289 Small penetrating vessel OWLClass_77ad9a32_8072_461c_849b_dfabc3cfc22e Tests of visual inattention Meyers, J. E. (2011). Line Bisection. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1467-1467. A simple task wherein the examinee is asked to draw a line that bisects lines of varying length. Diller, Ben-Yishay, and Gerstman (1974) presented a technique in which the examiner draws the line for the patient or instructs the patient to copy an already drawn horizontal line. The patient is then asked to divide the line in half by placing an “X” on the center point. Schenkenberg, Bradford and Ajax (1980) developed a multiple trial line bisection test that uses a set of 20 lines of varying sizes arranged so that six are centered to the left of the midline on a 8 ½ × 11 sheet of paper, six to the midline, and six in the center along with a top and bottom line to be used for instructions are centered on the page. The examiner then asks the patient to “Cut each line in half by placing a small pencil mark through each line as close to its center as possible.” Line Bisection test OWLClass_77c844a1_370c_41f1_9c4e_795346cd719e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D002338 The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone. Carotenoids OWLClass_77d4d49a_e39e_477a_8e0b_7c392608c82e PT Prothrombin time OWLClass_78074bd4_7b58_4abd_a1c2_2fadf00364b6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/128608001 Intracranial arterial aneurysm Cerebral arterial aneurysm OWLClass_7869af13_2c00_4474_880e_deea36751649 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 540000 MELAS Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes mitochondrial encephalomyopathy Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes OWLClass_7875f576_c548_4d5d_b40d_bc0188025177 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014409 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014409 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/39525005 TNF TNF a TNF alpha TNF-alpha TNFa cachectin cachexin Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS. Tumor necrosis factor alpha OWLClass_788e2377_b003_490d_b83c_37b7dea5292b In vitro models of stroke Yang, L., Shah, K. K., & Abbruscato, T. J. (2012). An in vitro model of ischemic stroke. Astrocytes: Methods and Protocols, 451-466. Many in vitro brain endothelial cell culture models have been developed and studied over the past several decades to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms and role of the BBB in stroke. In vitro model of stroke OWLClass_78b76aec_d374_41e2_a284_85c6842e761a http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161422-overview#a3 Clark WM, Lessov N, Lauten JD, Hazel K. Doxycycline treatment reduces ischemic brain damage in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. J Mol Neurosci. 1997 Oct. 9(2):103-8. The tetracycline family of antibiotics has also been shown to reduce leukocyte infiltration and improve experimental stroke outcome. Tetracycline antibiotics OWLClass_78d1b4a6_98cf_4ec9_994e_45c4bf5bd5dc http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/74273006 Cocaine http://www.medicinenet.com/cocaine_hydrochloride-topical/article.htm Cocaine is a naturally occurring chemical found in the leaves of Erythroxylum coca or coca plant, which is native to South America. Coca leaves have been used and abused for hundreds of years. Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant drug that directly affects the nervous system, including the brain. Cocaine hydrochloride OWLClass_792b7389_aade_4858_82c0_203d54c7f799 Infection Infections https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation#Inflammatory_disorders Inflammatory abnormalities are a large group of disorders that underlie a vast variety of human diseases. The immune system is often involved with inflammatory disorders, demonstrated in both allergic reactions and some myopathies, with many immune system disorders resulting in abnormal inflammation. Non-immune diseases with etiological origins in inflammatory processes include cancer, atherosclerosis, and ischaemic heart disease. Inflammatory disorder OWLClass_797fe22f_ad66_4f67_9fe8_c20d3d796e36 Inflammation indicator Inflammation indicators Inflammation marker Inflammation markers Inflammatory biomarker of stroke Inflammatory indicator Inflammatory indicators Inflammatory markers Inflammatory biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_79a8c9d1_8c42_40e9_a337_57eb6d0ee3f9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/26079004 Shaking Trembling Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Tremor is exceptionally reported as an acute event in strokes. An acute resting tremor is reported in a patient with a lacunar infarction at the border between the thalamus and the internal capsule or lateral or posterior thalamus. Subthalamic infarcts can also be accompanied by an acute resting and action tremor. Tremor OWLClass_79e3de45_74d3_4d31_b70a_b040f8b0eb87 Oliveira-Filho, J., & Koroshetz, W. J. (2010). Neuroimaging of acute ischemic stroke. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate. Retrieved January. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D059906 Non-invasive methods of visualizing the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities. Neuroimaging OWLClass_79ffe20a_5796_4f35_bbd7_5159aad633a8 Factor VIII Elevated levels of factor VIII OWLClass_7a00e662_e3e1_46dc_b731_9d37783c7081 Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Embolic models of focal cerebral ischemia fall into two broad categories: thromboembolic models and non-clot embolic models. Embolic models of focal cerebral ischemia OWLClass_7a7731d2_c379_427f_96a2_4a3e178c4b8c http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20117296 A surgeon places a tiny clamp at the base of the aneurysm, to stop blood flow to it. This clamp can keep the aneurysm from bursting, or it can prevent re-bleeding of an aneurysm that has recently hemorrhaged. Surgical clipping OWLClass_7adc50fa_85c8_4e0a_b1a4_a8b176e1edb8 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/11538006 Paralysis of all four limbs Quadriplegia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002445 Paralysis of all four limbs, and trunk of the body below the level of an associated injury to the spinal cord. The etiology of quadriplegia is similar to that of paraplegia except that the lesion is in the cervical spinal cord rather than in the thoracic or lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Tetraplegia OWLClass_7af7fd35_a8d0_4fbf_9b43_ebb99b846139 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/38341003 HTN High blood pressure Giles, T. D., Materson, B. J., Cohn, J. N., & Kostis, J. B. (2009). Definition and Classification of Hypertension: An Update. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 11(11), 611-614. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00179.x Hypertension is usually defined by the presence of a chronic elevation of systemic arterial pressure above a certain threshold value. Hypertension OWLClass_7b943141_081f_4b62_90c3_176d84298c2b Brain Supportive Therapy OWLClass_7ba7248d_fee5_4de8_a7bc_e81649bc0003 Conjugate gaze palsies Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Conjugate-gaze palsy is one of the most common eyemovement abnormalities in patients with acute stroke. The eyes may be deviated to one side, either to the side of a hemispheral lesion or to the opposite side of a pons lesion, with gaze paresis towards the opposite side. This gaze palsy is almost invariably accompanied by hemiparesis. Conjugate gaze paresis OWLClass_7c01d12a_e60d_448b_ba30_30637358e02f Arterial Hypertension OWLClass_7cac0ad4_6923_4f62_ad24_b214c70642a5 Karatepe, A. G., Gunaydin, R., Kaya, T., & Turkmen, G. (2008). Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 831-835. The Shwartz Index consists of 21 weighted conditions and evaluates the negative influence of comorbid conditions on the treatment of the primary condition, including stroke, lung disease, heart disease, prostate disease, low back disorders, and hip fracture. Shwartz Index OWLClass_7cf2e69c_7d0b_4b8d_8f39_546df8fe6f39 FAST Enderby, P., & Crow, E. (1996). Frenchay aphasia screening test: validity and comparability. Disability and Rehabilitation, 18(5), 238-240. The Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test is a reliable test which can be used by non-specialists to discriminate between aphasia and normal language. Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test OWLClass_7d0d1633_6f66_4bd5_838c_8f8fdaee428a http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000023643 LY96 Barr, T. L., Conley, Y., Ding, J., Dillman, A., Warach, S., Singleton, A., & Matarin, M. (2010). Genomic biomarkers and cellular pathways of ischemic stroke by RNA gene expression profiling. Neurology, 75(11), 1009–1014. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f2b37f Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. upregulated gene lymphocyte antigen 96 OWLClass_7d129013_77f0_48ce_ba3b_bb9afe21f34b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/32422007 Hemi-neglect Hemiagnosia Hemispatial Neglect Unilateral neglect Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. in right lesion infarction Hemispatial neglect is one element of the neglect syndrome. Neglect is operationally defined as the failure to report, respond or orient either to external sensory stimulation or mental representations of sensory events when the failure is not attributable to a primary sensory or motor deficit. Hemineglect OWLClass_7d16e123_8de5_4fec_b6f2_f67a6852b535 Cholesterol lowering therapies Cholesterol lowering therapy Hypolipidemic agents Lipid lowering therapies Lipid lowering therapy Lipid-lowering agent Lipid-lowering agents Lipid-modifying therapy Treating high blood lipid level lipid lowering drug lipid lowering drugs lipid-lowering drug lipid-lowering drugs Antihyperlipidemic agents OWLClass_7d678e75_4a34_464c_af93_c84660e6df9b Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Polyarteritis nodosa OWLClass_7d791f02_078a_4256_8253_6a0a2b825df6 miR-200b OWLClass_7d827901_d467_4467_9bd6_2bb523dff29a Modification of a primary serum lipid biomarker OWLClass_7d9faf4c_a47c_4332_8107_38f050df3d5f https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-complications-of-stroke?source=see_link#H14 GI bleeding GIB Gastrointestinal bleeding OWLClass_7dd2f808_2caa_47f3_92df_8525619ae648 Mouse cerebral endothelial cell line OWLClass_7e3e4970_37b2_47dc_8406_fb0b2500db04 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D004569 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/54550000 EEG EEGs Electroencephalogram Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. Electroencephalography OWLClass_7e9352f2_0ac7_42c0_b209_0a9d82297f36 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D064424 Tobacco Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Tobacco use OWLClass_7efb3a0e_903f_4394_b56a_f3b1983377ff http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D018955 CD-36 protein CD36 Antigens CD36 antigen-like 1 CD36 protein SR-BI SR-BI Protein SR-BI Receptor SRB1 Scavenger receptor class B member 1 OWLClass_7f10c436_27b9_4380_b156_a160f8a3f129 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/30911005 Cryoimmunoglobulinaemia Cryoglobulinemia OWLClass_7f1538ac_69d3_4e32_b9a6_ef1ab4d46621 Ipsilateral loss of taste OWLClass_7f744af7_3bd2_45e8_81a5_bf0ced6d0817 TMT McKinlay, A. (2011). Trail Making Test. In Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development (pp. 1499-1500). Springer US. The trail making test is a neuropsychological test that assesses motor speed, speed of mental processing and mental flexibility. This test is considered to be highly vulnerable to the effects of brain injury. Trail Making Test OWLClass_7f7d1610_de06_4c50_9282_4f82ac8d2c00 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000003099 HK2 Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. hexokinase 2 OWLClass_7ff93937_fe5a_4fdc_b5f1_b31218254983 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/159430 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/102743007 MBP Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a hydrophilic protein important for the correct structure of myelin sheaths. Myelin basic protein OWLClass_800b51c1_edf0_49c6_8b69_bd8676d10a32 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Infarction in the mesial frontal lobe can cause psychiatric symptoms, such as emotional lability, euphoria, paralogia, or witzelsucht. Restlessness, hyperactivity, anxiety, agitation, and talkativeness are also common among patients with unilateral caudate infarction. Patients with left-sided caudate lesions have shown a high frequency of severe depression. These behavioural and psychiatric disorders have suggested disturbances of frontocaudate circuits. Behavioral disturbance OWLClass_8072c05a_983b_43cd_bd16_d011475a8444 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D018384 Oxidative stress pathway Aronowski, J., & Zhao, X. (2011). Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral hemorrhage secondary brain injury. Stroke, 42(6), 1781-1786. Oxidative stress OWLClass_8131086f_957f_46d7_a165_83ee4a91bd4d Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Polyamines complex with RNA and facilitate translation. The polyamine spermine has been evaluated in acute stroke, together with spermine oxidase (SMO) and acetylpolyamine oxidase (AcPAO), enzymes that catalyze its degradation, and proteinconjugated acrolein, one of its metabolites. Polyamine metabolites OWLClass_817fa119_3297_4bee_85e9_ce2ff1db6997 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/271594007 Faint Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Syncope is defined as a short and transient loss of consciousness with loss of postural control. Syncope is rarely caused by TIA or stroke. Among a series of 551 patients with acute cerebrovascular disorders, syncope was observed in 6% of those who had suffered stroke and in less than 1% of those with TIAs, more often in the carotid than in the vertebrobasilar territory. About half of all cases were attributed to seizures, and the rest to brainstem ischemia (with impairment of the ARAS) or to bihemispheric dysfunction related to diaschisis. Syncope OWLClass_81cd2ebe_60db_4020_9ff5_153f85bca372 visuomotor apraxia Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Optic ataxia is a deficit of visually guided hand movements toward a normally perceived object in the peripheral visual field(s). Optic ataxia OWLClass_8201d0ba_f763_49e1_81b4_c7297373b988 Inability to produce voice sounds http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001618 An impairment in the ability to produce voice sounds. Dysphonia OWLClass_8205657c_f168_4739_af0b_8d4d4b924d16 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Haemostatic factor Haemostatic factors Hemostatic factors Hemostatic factor OWLClass_821e0095_ee32_4988_81e4_0d1976c8b2fc http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/24551003 AVM AVMs Arteriovenous malformations Ruptured arteriovenous malformation Arteriovenous malformation. wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriovenous_malformation Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system. This vascular anomaly is widely known because of its occurrence in the central nervous system, but can appear in any location. Although many AVMs are asymptomatic, they can cause intense pain or bleeding or lead to other serious medical problems. AVMs are usually congenital and belong to the RASopathies. The genetic transmission patterns of AVM, if any, are unknown. AVM is not generally thought to be an inherited disorder, unless in the context of a specific hereditary syndrome. Arteriovenous malformation OWLClass_8245be9a_9a53_4ab5_a19f_643e33f552c7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/266995000 Cardiovascular disease History of major cardiovascular disease History of cardiovascular disease OWLClass_82582e2b_b387_4c1b_b67f_fd944ee25027 Bamford classification OCSP Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project Asdaghi, N., Jeerakathil, T., Hameed, B., Saini, M., McCombe, J. A., Shuaib, A., ... & Butcher, K. (2011). Oxfordshire community stroke project classification poorly differentiates small cortical and subcortical infarcts. Stroke, 42(8), 2143-2148. The Bamford classification divides people with stroke into four different categories, according to the symptoms and signs with which they present. This classification is useful for understanding the likely underlying pathology, which in turn gives information on treatments likely to be useful and the prognosis. It is a relatively simple, robust, bedside classification using clinical information. This clinical tool categorizes stroke syndromes into 4 subtypes: total anterior circulation infarcts (TACI), partial anterior circulation infarcts (PACI), lacunar infarcts (LACI), and posterior circulation infarcts (POCI). Oxford Stroke Classification OWLClass_827f41ec_3361_443c_a4f4_cbdc5f40c85b Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. dyschromatopsia is a form of loss of color perception. Dyschromatopsia OWLClass_82ae73c3_2f39_4004_9b03_fefce5ddd16b https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-complications-of-stroke?source=see_link#H14 UTI Urinary tract infection OWLClass_835196ea_8d2a_45e5_ae98_b4146e27fcb6 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Auditory agnosia refers to impaired perception restricted to certain classes of sounds. For example, word (or verbal) deafness, the most striking type of auditory agnosia, is the incapacity to recognize speech sounds. Auditory agnosia OWLClass_837ab17e_82d0_4c81_8959_067fe1a1928f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/415715002 Thrombin OWLClass_838e7b42_89f6_4fc9_aced_74931ea99bd9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020782 MMP MMPs Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. MMPs are a family of 14 enzymes, a subset of which have been found to be active in brain tissue. The various MMPs function as stromelysines, gelatinases, colagenases, a membrane-type proteinase and a matrilysin. Matrix metalloproteinases OWLClass_839ed157_c0ae_49bf_8ef1_bfe439acdb9d AChA infarction symptom Anterior choroidal artery infarction symptom Anterior choroidal artery infarction symptoms Anterior choroidal artery infarction syndromes syndrome of anterior choroidal artery infarction syndromes of anterior choroidal artery infarction Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Lacunar syndrome within AChA territory causes most frequently pure motor or sensorimotor hemiparesis. A rarer but typical presentation of AChA infarcts is the triad of contralateral severe hemiparesis, hemihypesthesia and upper quadrantanopsia. Anterior choroidal artery infarction syndrome OWLClass_83d1f37b_1716_4c86_a18a_698b58c9ba85 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D013300 Avelizin Awelysin Celiase Distreptase Kabikinase Kabivitrum Streptase Streptodecase Streptokinase OWLClass_84679284_67d4_4b38_a9fd_8b50092e059e Cell culture models of stroke Honegger, P., & Pardo, B. (2007). Aggregating brain cell cultures: Investigation of stroke related brain damage. ALTEX, 24, 32-34. cell culture models have been developed to study mechanistic aspects of cerebral ischemia. These include monolayer cell cultures and three-dimensional cultures such as aggregated brain cells and brain tissue slices. Cell culture model of stroke OWLClass_8486ec60_956a_4cfc_be53_c532d1b33f08 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C105245 HO2 Heme Oxygenase 2 OWLClass_84bcf391_bd0d_49ce_93df_5feabd14133f Right carotid artery atherosclerosis OWLClass_84dd20c9_11c6_4624_85d5_754825bde706 Ischemic stroke in children Pediatric stroke Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Pediatric ischemic stroke OWLClass_85582007_15c7_4897_a02f_375398618735 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/91175000 Post stroke seizure Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Seizures following stroke are common and occur in about 9% of patients overall, especially in the first few weeks. Seizures aremorecommonafter cerebral hemorrhage than infarction. Seizure OWLClass_85640da6_2e03_4501_b163_64a173cfca2e http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000115 He, Y., Yao, Y., Tsirka, S. E., & Cao, Y. (2014). Cell-culture models of the blood–brain barrier. Stroke, 45(8), 2514-2526. A monolayer of endothelial cells grown in the Transwell insert is used as a simple in vitro BBB model. Endothelial cell OWLClass_85e1a40a_8ae6_49af_aab5_4815dfee3049 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/61425002 C-reactive protein CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein hsCRP Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Biomarkers of ischemic stroke C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein associated with inflammation. Produced in the liver in response to IL-6, CRP binds and aggregates a variety of soluble ligands and activates the classical complement pathway. C reactive protein OWLClass_85e4cb7d_f277_4d7d_8e2e_653563ccdb7d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/21454007 Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage SAH Subarachnoid haemorrhage Subarachnoid haemorrhages Subarachnoid hemorrhages Roth, E. J. (2011). Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 2423-2423). Springer New York. A subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding into the subarachnoid space that exists between the arachnoid and pia membranes that surround the brain. Subarachnoid hemorrhage OWLClass_860e1ce8_4f85_4d1d_b7f7_de935c12f3b3 Intracerebral injection of collagenase Green, A. R., Odergren, T., & Ashwood, T. (2003). Animal models of stroke: do they have value for discovering neuroprotective agents?. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 24(8), 402-408. in a rat model Infusion of collagenase into brain model OWLClass_861ec2ab_7ff0_4a85_a154_58aba1becbf8 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/84114007 Heart failure OWLClass_8640674a_07f3_4a89_91a3_f3a4540c1e72 Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The paramedian arteries arise from the P1 segment of the PCA. The inferior and middle rami irrigate parts of the midbrain and the pons, while the superior ramus irrigates a variable extent of thalamus but mostly the dorsomedial nucleus, the intralaminar nuclei and internal medullary lamina. Infarctions also tend to involve the medial midbrain. paramedian artery infarction symptom OWLClass_86870b92_f28b_4fbb_a469_c9f3175d1945 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/277196008 Intracranial berry aneurysm Saccular aneurysm Saccular cerebral aneurysms Stehbens, W. E. (1989). Etiology of intracranial berry aneurysms. Journal of neurosurgery, 70(6), 823-831. The most common form of cerebral aneurysm with a characteristic rounded shape. characteristically arise from the crotch and adjacent walls of bifurcations of large cerebral arteries which have high flow rates and, less frequently, from the bifurcations o f splanchnic arteries. Berry aneurysm OWLClass_86d804b8_c1ce_4599_8e7c_e65c2011519f Microatheromas OWLClass_8799e85c_d7fc_43ec_9e11_a6754698cb74 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/78129009 TTP Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura OWLClass_87ba7952_1030_4505_a8ec_d84676734c62 Energy depletion Energy failure Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Energy deficit OWLClass_87cea83d_76ad_4c2e_85e4_61faad5795c0 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Isolated monoparesis can be the clinical presentation in up to 4% of patients with lacunar infarcts. Isolated monoparesis OWLClass_87d0a6e5_74cb_4f63_9937_3aa0057616a9 Kasper, D., Fauci, A., Hauser, S., Longo, D., Jameson, J., & Loscalzo, J. (2015). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19/E (Vol. 1 & Vol. 2). McGraw Hill Professional. The carotic siphon (portion whithin the cavernous sinus) is vulnerable to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis within the carotid artery occures most frequently whithin the common carotid bifurcation and proximal internal carotid artery. Carotid siphon atherosclerosis OWLClass_87d5555c_2850_47a5_a761_81ca5dba651f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/610655 HHT4 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 4 OWLClass_882be6b4_70a2_4691_b591_a98a7a99988c GOS Glasgow Outcome Scale OWLClass_882cd804_962b_4991_aadf_47ce38fa80af Miyaishi, M., Hemmi, S., Hagiwara, H., Murakami, T., & Sunada, Y. (2006). [Collier's sign in Miller Fisher syndrome]. Rinsho shinkeigaku= Clinical neurology, 46(10), 712-714. Collier's sign is well known as unilateral or bilateral eyelid retraction due to midbrain lesions. This sign is usually caused by infarction, tumor, multiple sclerosis, neuro-degenerative disease, or encephalitis. Collier sign OWLClass_887c06a6_3b2d_4ed6_be79_8d4f0c67ad3c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/73397007 HIT Heparin induced thrombocytopenia OWLClass_88ab9914_aec6_4a4a_b20c_7df17b5ff7c5 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/20022000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001269 Loss of strength in the arm, leg, and sometimes face on one side of the body. Hemiplegia refers to a complete loss of strength, whereas hemiparesis refers to an incomplete loss of strength. Hemiparesis OWLClass_88ac4c78_1f95_444a_844b_c48531e063be Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 264800 PXE Pseudoxanthoma elasticum OWLClass_88b7708f_967d_4692_b6fb_971cbfbef5ef http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/277315000 Ruptured aneurysm of anterior cerebral artery OWLClass_88cd76e2_5340_46d3_9d5a_ddba6effc443 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/9748009 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Paroxysmal, episodic or transient dyskinesia can be symptoms of transient cerebral ischemia in the territory of the internal carotid artery (ICA) or the vertebrobasilar system. Repetitive stereotyped, often complex involuntary limb movements have been reported in the literature as carotid TIA. The movements are described as rhythmic or arrhythmic, uncontrollable, transient, lasting a few seconds to minutes, and are elicited by sitting, standing or stress, rarely kinesigenic or progressive. Dyskinesia OWLClass_88d63d85_0c54_4538_a197_50d591396730 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/173470 ITGB3 Platelet glycoprotein IIIa of IIb/IIIa complex Xu, H., Tang, Y., Liu, D. Z., Ran, R., Ander, B. P., Apperson, M., ... & Jauch, E. C. (2008). Gene expression in peripheral blood differs after cardioembolic compared with large-vessel atherosclerotic stroke: biomarkers for the etiology of ischemic stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 28(7), 1320-1328. Platelet glycoprotein IIIa of IIb IIIa complex OWLClass_88f474c2_6453_40cd_a183_13a345d88208 Thrombolytic Therapy and Aspiration of Clots OWLClass_88fd73b6_5860_4a41_afff_ced47de82c70 Mergenthaler, P., & Meisel, A. (2012). Do stroke models model stroke?. Disease Models and Mechanisms, 5(6), 718-725. White matter strokes model OWLClass_89322468_77e6_419b_b59b_1c5335524390 http://purl.obolibrary.org/NCRO_MIPF0000115 Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-126 OWLClass_8950e6e8_641d_4dcb_9024_384f972da6d3 Increase of Gamma aminobutyrate Gamma aminobutyrate OWLClass_895b8887_5ce2_45f8_8dd3_fb5b502847e9 Medical condition that thin the blood OWLClass_8977f799_bb76_4c65_a496_6801bc1f005d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/397669002 Age factor Age factors Older age Age factor OWLClass_897e4bff_4171_4c03_8833_28dc955cdd04 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/13172003 Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Werlhof's disease Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura OWLClass_898d75e8_ed7b_41c3_9600_3fce1f1c65d5 BI Shah, S., Vanclay, F., & Cooper, B. (1989). Improving the sensitivity of the Barthel Index for stroke rehabilitation. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 42(8), 703-709. The Barthel Index measures the individual’s performance on 10 ADL functions i.e. feeding, bathing, grooming, dressing, bowel control, bladder control, toileting, chair transfer, ambulation and stair climbing. The index was developed for use in rehabilitation patients with stroke and other neuromuscular or musculoskeletal disorders. Barthel Index OWLClass_89f6a4b8_67e7_43cd_a945_e3405b012beb Arterial Hypotension OWLClass_8a07c2ae_dbf8_4381_b274_2f12ab3cb702 Dejerine syndrome Infarction of medial medulla MMI Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The medial medullary stroke is a rare stroke syndrome and classically includes contralateral hemiparesis sparing the face (corticospinal tract), contralateral lemniscal sensory loss (medial lemniscus) and ipsilateral tongue paresis (nucleus of hypoglossal nerve and tract). Medial medullary infarction symptom OWLClass_8a14ce61_5b49_4a22_8c48_bf0a222a33d8 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/422504002 AIS Acute cerebral ischemia Acute ischemic infarct Acute ischemic stroke Cerebral infarction Cerebral ischemia Embolic stroke Focal ischemic stroke Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction Ischemic cerebral infarction Ischemic infarct Ischemic strokes Occlusive stroke Thrombotic stroke Edlow, J. A. (2008). Stroke: Greenwood Press. An ischemic stroke is one in which a solid blood clot blocks the flow of blood in an artery to the brain. This clot obstructs the flow of blood so that any brain tissue that normally is fed by this artery is deprived of the nutrients (oxygen and glucose) that are normally supplied. Ischemic stroke OWLClass_8a411acc_b5d4_439c_92be_3a2269b003da SAS Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. The Stroke Activity Scale (SAS) assesses activities of daily living beyond the limited self-care assessments previously available. The author’sgoal was to develop a brief scale of lifestyle to determine rehabilitation goals. The SAS is a five-item scale that was developed by physiotherapists as a measure of motor function at the level of disability in stroke patients for use in the clinical setting. It consists of five items (getting out of bed, sitting balance, sitting to standing, stepping and walking, and bringing a glass to the mouth) that take fewer than 10 min to administer. Stroke Activity Scale OWLClass_8a95204d_d082_406d_b7ff_facf0ac77ee6 OSOT Perceptual Evaluation Boys, M., Fisher, P., Holzberg, C., & Reid, D. W. (1988). The OSOT perceptual evaluation: A research perspective. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 42(2), 92-98. The OSOT Perceptual Evaluation consists of 28 tests organized under the following six functional areas: Sensory Function, Scanning and Spatial Neglect, Apraxia, Body Awareness, Spatial Relations, and Visual Agnosia. Ontario Society of Occupational Therapists Perceptual Evaluation OWLClass_8ab8953d_a8ee_4e47_9904_cc0e6f7738c2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/276271009 Unruptured aneurysm of posterior cerebral artery OWLClass_8aba2eaa_b788_46e9_9946_fd58a62d57ca http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/90099008 BD Binswanger’s disease Subcortical leukoencephalopathy Kraybill, M., & Suchy, Y. (2011). Binswanger’s Disease. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 407-408). Springer New York. Binswanger’s disease (BD) is a type of subcortical vascular dementia caused by widespread, microscopic damage to cerebral white matter. The damage is usually the result of atherosclerosis (i.e., narrowing of arterial blood vessels) that reduces the supply of blood to subcortical areas of the brain, causing tissue to die. Binswanger disease CADASIL CARASIL OWLClass_8ae5d7ab_2f3e_44f7_ad2a_9aff10ef5f81 Serum lipid profile Nigam, P. K. (2011). Serum Lipid Profile: Fasting or Non-fasting? Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 26(1), 96–97. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-010-0095-x Serum lipid profile is measured for cardiovascular risk prediction and has now become almost a routine test. The test includes four basic parameters: total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. serum lipid test OWLClass_8afa73f5_db48_4b5b_9dac_76a0a30ff835 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D001929 Brain Swelling Perihematomal edema Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Expansion of the size of the brain that occurs following head trauma and brain injury. Brain edema OWLClass_8afcaea8_fd61_4e8b_a587_8f53ca89fd60 Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-125b OWLClass_8b00cf60_cfe4_43e3_b9c2_bd6efb7427ee Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Cardiac imaging is used to investigate risk factors and to search for a cardioembolic mechanism. Cardiac imaging biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_8b094414_b198_4f11_a728_1a2d07a828fa Inflammation Inflammatory mechanism Inflammatory pathway Inflammatory reaction Inflammatory responces Neuroinflammation Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Ischemic injury triggers inflammatory cascades in the brain parenchyma that may further amplify tissue damage by many mechanisms. Within minutes of occlusion, there occurs upregulation of proinflammatory genes which produces mediators of inflammation such as platelet-activating factor, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 1 β. Inflammatory response OWLClass_8b3879c6_da65_40aa_948d_1edb33747ad7 CSI Calota, A., & Levin, M. F. (2009). Tonic stretch reflex threshold as a measure of spasticity: implications for clinical practice. Topics in stroke rehabilitation, 16(3), 177-188. The Composite Spasticity Index (CSI) s a measure of upper and lower extremity spasticity that is suitable for use with patients with hemiparesis following stroke. The CSI measures the phasic stretch reflex by assessing the tendon jerk and clonus, and the tonic stretch reflex with assessment of resistance to passive movement of the limb. Composite Spasticity Index OWLClass_8b4a133a_f946_4860_8bbc_bb5828471db3 Abnormality of temperature sensation Impaired temperature sensation Loss of temperature sensation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0010829 Temperature sensation can be tested by touching the skin several seconds with a water flask filled to the desired temperature. Persons with normal temperature sensation should at least be able to identify as warm a flask that is 35-36 degrees C and identify as cool a flask at 28-32 degrees C. A reduced ability to discriminate between different temperatures. Loss of temperature OWLClass_8bb9dc2c_c9d7_4387_ae83_30d56b9c5f7e Automatic voluntary dissociation with facial paresis OWLClass_8bc22209_b564_4f6f_b14b_4fbbb2731f82 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C085843 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/386951001 Abciximab in Ischemic Stroke Investigators. (2000). Abciximab in Acute Ischemic Stroke A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalation Study. Stroke, 31(3), 601-609. Abciximab (ReoPro) is the Fab fragment of a chimeric human/mouse monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) receptor, the final mediator of aggregation. Abciximab appears to be safe when administered up to 24 hours after stroke onset, and it might improve functional outcome. abciximab OWLClass_8bd4b0d4_2448_431c_8127_d812ba78dfb9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D013686 Transmission of the readings of instruments to a remote location by means of wires, radio waves, or other means. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Telemetry OWLClass_8be0c382_7bbd_49bf_a403_62acac3f02a7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D016482 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/27171005 UA Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. Urinalysis OWLClass_8bf5df2f_31e7_4bb7_ad4a_56c42fb35469 Aiyagari, V., & Gorelick, P. B. (2009). Management of blood pressure for acute and recurrent stroke. Stroke, 40(6), 2251-2256. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/698807007 Intravenous urapidil Urapidil OWLClass_8c24b732_8318_4f20_828b_2a329d8075c6 Homolateral ataxia OWLClass_8c318d02_ce34_48d1_944c_48362bbfc7d7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/2776000 Acute encephalopathy Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Delirium is characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention; disturbance of immediate memory; and disorganized, slowed, and impoverished thinking. Disorientation, altered shortterm and long-term memory, illusions, and hallucinations are frequently but not invariably present. Although delirium usually is accompanied by decreased arousal and psychomotor slowing, occasionally it may be characterized by hypervigilance and enhanced psychomotor activity. Occasionally, there is a ‘dreamy’ or ‘twilight’ state associated with partial loss of contact with the outer world. Delirium OWLClass_8c49b60d_d403_4cdb_9e8d_fe5e490eaaaf http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/129559002 consumption of juice Juice OWLClass_8c5144a5_0aa2_4be7_871a_ec6d9351b678 Savitz, S. I., Dinsmore, J. H., Wechsler, L. R., Rosenbaum, D. M., & Caplan, L. R. (2004). Cell Therapy for Stroke. NeuroRx, 1(4), 406–414. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D058953 Neural Stem Cells Self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA. Human neural stem cell OWLClass_8d3cc559_d99b_4f57_9c18_f4e90cf7d6e5 Ventricular support devices OWLClass_8d5be508_2a40_455d_a2bb_f2db43ee6f93 Contralateral limb weakness OWLClass_8d83257d_cb30_4fab_937f_fa80e9843ab2 Grasp reflex Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. The grasp reflex is a flexion–adduction response in one or more digits, provoked by a distally moving pressure contact on a particular area of the palmar aspect of the hand. Grasping reflex OWLClass_8dc8e3b7_3b87_43d7_a7ab_e2ee7ed6dddf http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0007011 Paralysis of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve manifested as weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes vertical diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly. The fourth cranial nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. Contralateral fourth cranial nerve palsy OWLClass_8dcbac3a_163c_4de7_a345_f7ed93e018e8 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C022411 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000015291 SMO A protein that is a translation product of the human SMOX gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Spermine oxidase OWLClass_8dd34bcd_2746_4018_aa8c_3eb9a4be467f Contralateral hemiparesis sparing the face OWLClass_8df84c1c_d5d4_497a_9b97_adc13019d250 Increase of adenosine adenosine OWLClass_8dfefc0f_38c6_47c1_9fa0_355f75155e40 Ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012246 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves Damage to the oculomotor nerve (III) can cause double vision (diplopia) and inability to coordinate the movements of both eyes (strabismus), also eyelid drooping (ptosis) and pupil dilation (mydriasis). Reduced ability to control the movement of the eye associated with damage to the third cranial nerve (the oculomotor nerve). Ipsilateral third cranial nerve palsy OWLClass_8e14adff_828c_401f_b2e4_83584a1521d1 BB test BBT Platz, T., Pinkowski, C., van Wijck, F., Kim, I. H., Di Bella, P., & Johnson, G. (2005). Reliability and validity of arm function assessment with standardized guidelines for the Fugl-Meyer Test, Action Research Arm Test and Box and Block Test: a multicentre study. Clinical Rehabilitation, 19(4), 404-411. The Box and Block Test is a simpler measure; it counts the number of blocks that can be transported from one compartment of a box to another compartment within 1 min and is a measure of gross manual dexterity. It can be used with a wide range of populations, including clients with stroke. Box and Block Test OWLClass_8e23e15d_fc4d_4cbe_995a_dc0286bc8f6b Gene Expressed in Blood following cerebral ischemia Biomarkers of ischemic stroke Transcriptomics biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_8e2a845c_b07d_4dc6_a8a4_4f4ab0f1997b Complement cascade OWLClass_8e2c75b5_6145_4c1d_b5bc_5c49e958032d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/111407006 Gasser's syndrome HUS Hemolytic uremic syndrome OWLClass_8e36398c_dbc9_4f77_97df_89b0457c80d3 Infection with helicobacter pylori OWLClass_8e3f521e_9760_4156_91bb_4249b96f828c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/192759008 CVST Central sinus thrombosis Dural sinus thrombosis Thrombosis of intracranial venous sinus Lemke, D. M., & Hacein-Bey, L. (2005). Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 37(5), 258-hyhen. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare and potentially deadly condition. Common etiologies include hypercoagulable diseases, low flow states, dehydration, adjacent infectious processes, oral contraceptives, hormonal replacement therapy, pregnancy, and puerperium. Symptoms include nausea, seizures, severe focal neurological deficits, coma, and headache (the most common presenting symptom). Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis OWLClass_8e71a5ea_a69b_4bd3_9391_5a3e850e9ba7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D053302 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000004150 Apo C1 Apo CI ApoC-I and ApoC-III as potential biomarkers for differentiating ICH from IS Biomarkers of Intracerebral Hemorrhage A 6.6-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Apo C-I displaces APO E from lipoproteins, modulate their binding to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL), and thereby decrease their clearance from plasma. Elevated Apo C-I levels are associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA and ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Apolipoprotein C1 OWLClass_8e839d79_7c1d_4f14_ad45_ef40c785730b http://www.uptodate.com/contents/ischemic-stroke-prognosis-in-adults Dialysis Renal dysfunction OWLClass_8e8d3fd2_281b_429f_b71a_c553c8770b8b Acute unilateral deafness OWLClass_8ed38d6b_1949_4543_866b_b2083a750bbf Immortalized human cerebral endothelial cells OWLClass_8eed3390_b9ec_492b_96d2_f23465b86179 hPSC human embryonic stem cell Human pluripotent stem cell OWLClass_8eeed569_6795_46dc_a945_6e995b29a80e Dorsal thalamic infarction PChA infarction symptom Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The PChA arising from the P2 segment of the PCA, and is subdivided into medial and lateral branches. They supply the pulvinar, part of the lateral and medial geniculate body, the posterior parts of the intralaminar nuclei, and lateral dorsal and lateral posterior nuclei. They also irrigate posterior portions of medial temporal structures, parts of midbrain and probably the subthalamic nucleus. Posterior Choroidal artery infarction symptom OWLClass_8ef4b546_b2d9_4b1f_97d5_9cd005431f38 http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2011/1/Ontology1296772722296.owl#Immortalized_cell_line They represent homogenous populations of continuously proliferating cells. Immortalized cell line OWLClass_8f1fd438_86ee_4d61_a713_245b365fa70a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D053509 MMP 13 MMP-13 MMP13 Matrix metalloproteinase-13 A secreted matrix metalloproteinase that plays a physiological role in the degradation of extracellular matrix found in skeletal tissues. It is synthesized as an inactive precursor that is activated by the proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminal propeptide. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 OWLClass_8f25ea36_e134_418d_9226_4872fff1d934 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/611412 C1ORF13 CHROMOSOME 1 OPEN READING FRAME 13 N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. N acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase OWLClass_8fa549c0_1855_431b_9a68_5a294eec1a71 TCD Oliveira-Filho, J., & Koroshetz, W. J. (2010). Neuroimaging of acute ischemic stroke. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate. Retrieved January. TCD ultrasound uses low frequency (2 MHz) pulsed sound to penetrate bony windows and visualize intracranial vessels of the circle of Willis. Its use has gained wide acceptance in stroke and neurologic intensive care units as a noninvasive means of assessing the patency of intracranial vessels. Transcranial Doppler OWLClass_8fd4f605_d310_495b_bf24_ab44cc05d982 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/302866003 Low blood sugar Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Hypoglycemia is characterized by extremely low blood glucose levels. Although 60–70 mg/dL (or milligrams per deciliter) is typically cited as the lower level for normal glucose, different values have also been proposed. Hypoglycemia is commonly associated with, among other symptoms, generalized discomfort, sweating, weakness, irritability, tremor, and poor motor coordination. Hypoglycemia OWLClass_8fe711c0_620a_4d9a_a457_926f8fa85b30 Thrombin-anti-thrombin complexes Thrombin-antithrombin complexes Thrombin anti thrombin complexes OWLClass_900d9223_afbe_4ace_b2ae_cc55d1ccbd50 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 130050 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Ehlers Danlos syndrome type IV OWLClass_901b7fda_765b_41eb_83ba_c61dab4de81d Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 252350 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/69116000 Familial moyamoya disease MMD Moyamoya syndrome Scott, R. M., & Smith, E. R. (2009). Moyamoya disease and moyamoya syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(12), 1226-1237. MOYAMOYA, a Japanese word meaning "something hazy like a puff of cigarette smoke drifting in the air,''is the descriptive term we apply to a peculiar angiographic picture consisting of abnormal net-like vessels at the base of the brain. In addition to this abnormality, angiography usually reveals stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery at the level of its terminal bifurcation together with abnormalities of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. These changes are usually bilateral. Moyamoya syndrome is a disease in which certain arteries in the brain are constricted. Blood flow is blocked by the constriction, and also by blood clots. Moyamoya disease Suzuki, J. I. R. O., & Kodama, N. A. M. I. O. (1983). Moyamoya disease--a review. Stroke, 14(1), 104-109. OWLClass_9039c794_ec76_4946_b2f5_3b107ed4bd2d https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-complications-of-stroke?source=see_link#H14 Pneumonia OWLClass_904700e8_3902_4ec7_9c1e_cebbe04a49b5 Good prognosis OWLClass_905085de_5ff8_4631_856c_f20efcc980ee http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000008826 IQ motif-containing GTPase activation protein 1 IQGAP1 Barr, T. L., Conley, Y., Ding, J., Dillman, A., Warach, S., Singleton, A., & Matarin, M. (2010). Genomic biomarkers and cellular pathways of ischemic stroke by RNA gene expression profiling. Neurology, 75(11), 1009–1014. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f2b37f upregulated gene IQGAP1 is an evolutionarily conserved scaffold protein that plays a fundamental role in cell polarity. IQ motif containing GTPase activation protein 1 OWLClass_9052178e_0048_4683_9eff_2ed1bfdedd86 Extrinsic pathway OWLClass_906b90c0_c8fe_491c_859b_f765609ba331 Bernstein, A. M., de Koning, L., Flint, A. J., Rexrode, K. M., & Willett, W. C. (2012). Soda consumption and the risk of stroke in men and women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, ajcn-030205. Greater consumption of sugar-sweetened and low-calorie sodas was associated with a significantly higher risk of stroke. Soda intake OWLClass_907b4d87_029f_4c2f_b4fe_be77180344aa Penta, M., Tesio, L., Arnould, C., Zancan, A., & Thonnard, J. L. (2001). The ABILHAND questionnaire as a measure of manual ability in chronic stroke patients Rasch-based validation and relationship to upper limb impairment. Stroke, 32(7), 1627-1634. ABILHAND is a measure of manual ability in chronic stroke patients. The original questionnaire included both unimanual and bimanual activities of daily life needing manual skills for successful completion. ABILHAND OWLClass_90d61fb3_9e7a_468f_aa7a_a48d0faf31dc Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. in left lesion infarction Patients with ideomotor apraxia fail to execute purposeful, skilled or learned movements without this being due to elementary sensorimotor, extrapyramidal, or other cognitive disturbances. The disorder affects both the limbs contralateral and ipsilateral to a unilateral lesion which practically always involves the left hemisphere (in right handed subjects). Ideomotor apraxia OWLClass_90dfb50c_8086_417b_9c17_23d29fc1be8d Thermanalgesia of the limbs and trunk OWLClass_90f854a5_e2a7_4bf1_ac78_dcd1f244e838 Ipsilateral facial paresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0007209 Facial paralysis can be caused by compression of the facial nerve.The main difference between facial paralysis and Palsy is cause for the paralysis can be identified, be it a tumor, infection, or nerve damage. Facial paralysis, in most cases, also appears more permanent than Bell's Palsy, with cases lasting for years to life if a patient doesn't seek treatment. Complete loss of ability to move facial muscles innervated by the facial nerve (i.e., the seventh cranial nerve). Ipsilateral facial paralysis OWLClass_91298beb_cce2_41a4_a6c1_06d49d6870d1 Anabolic steroids OWLClass_9155c160_87b3_4b49_8754_226acc39c09b lyzed Hb lyzed hemoglobin lyzed erythrocytes OWLClass_9207debf_5f4d_4bbe_bd68_c14e6746b075 Edlow, J. A. (2008). Stroke: Greenwood Press. This is another concept borrowed from trauma care. In larger hospitals, when a severely traumatized patient arrives in the ED, for example after a severe car crash, a team of physicians, nurses, and other healthcare providers collect and work collaboratively to rapidly assess and treat the patient. This same concept is now being applied to stroke victims. Stroke team OWLClass_92201621_355b_42b0_885b_d2dd7a91eb57 hyperhomocysteinemia Elevated levels of homocysteine OWLClass_9291c88b_ed60_4e51_8960_fcf49ae1743f http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000007099 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001155 TLR4 Wu, D., Lee, Y. C. G., Liu, H. C., Yuan, R. Y., Chiou, H. Y., Hung, C. H., & Hu, C. J. (2013). Identification of TLR downstream pathways in stroke patients. Clinical biochemistry, 46(12), 1058-1064. Toll like receptor 4 OWLClass_92bf1980_4bcf_4149_a4e6_a1702f6a6612 Superficial vein thrombosis Cortical vein thrombosis OWLClass_93acc44f_f7e5_4c47_aa40_5c4270282b7d Cardiac related comorbidities Ostwald, S. K., Wasserman, J., & Davis, S. (2006). Medications, comorbidities, and medical complications in stroke survivors: the CAReS study. Rehabilitation Nursing, 31(1), 10-14. Cardiac related comorbidities are the stroke comorbidities including arrhythmias, faulty heart valves, and coronary artery disease. Cardiac related comorbidity OWLClass_93c4c141_cd2e_4c39_b301_070e544f5968 Broca-type aphasia Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. This is defined as effortful speech output with hesitations, pauses, word-finding difficulty, phonemic errors (verbal apraxia) consisting of substitutions, deletions, transpositions and anticipations, occasional semantic errors, and agrammatism, but relatively preserved comprehension. Broca aphasia OWLClass_9412f4ba_37dd_43a7_84fa_b46b8b11fdac vertebral artery atherosclerosis OWLClass_944761cd_10b9_4295_8e93_6e74ceeeef47 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006419 HO A mixed function oxidase enzyme which during hemoglobin catabolism catalyzes the degradation of heme to ferrous iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin in the presence of molecular oxygen and reduced NADPH. The enzyme is induced by metals, particularly cobalt. EC 1.14.99.3. Heme Oxygenase OWLClass_948397ce_3064_4c81_b4e8_e11baedb9d0a Old CVA Old cerebrovascular accident Old stroke Jerntorp, P., & Berglund, G. (1992). Stroke registry in Malmö, Sweden. Stroke, 23(3), 357-361. Lin, C. Y., Chien, C. C., Chen, H. A., Su, F. M., Wang, J. J., Wang, C. C., ... & Lin, Y. J. (2014). The impact of comorbidity on survival after hemorrhagic stroke among dialysis patients: a nationwide population-based study. BMC nephrology, 15(1), 1. prior stroke is a strong predisposing risk factor for new stroke and is the most common disease with ICH. Prior stroke OWLClass_94a43750_305d_4d46_8de8_1065a3f8df0c ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate OWLClass_94b82dbb_a7b0_4f45_affe_172b8d32a601 FAC Functional Ambulation Categories Mehrholz, J., Wagner, K., Rutte, K., Meiβner, D., & Pohl, M. (2007). Predictive validity and responsiveness of the functional ambulation category in hemiparetic patients after stroke. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 88(10), 1314-1319. The FAC has excellent reliability, good concurrent and predictive validity, and good responsiveness in patients with hemiparesis after stroke. Functional Ambulation Category OWLClass_94c99a5b_13f5_4a68_8f6c_41e0ad924c49 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/409712001 MVP Ashley EA, Niebauer J. Cardiology Explained. London: Remedica; 2004. Chapter 8, Arrhythmia. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2219/ Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the single most common valvular abnormality. It affects 2%–6% of the population and is defined as a backward movement of one or both leaflets of the MV (usually the anterior) into the LA during (ventricular) systole. Mitral valve prolapse OWLClass_95097d1f_5b4c_428d_b044_cf79ab353699 Hemorrhagic stroke in children Pediatric stroke Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Stroke in children differ from those in adults in three important ways: predisposing factors, clinical evolution, and anatomic site of pathology. Pediatric hemorrhagic stroke OWLClass_95467be0_3b96_4377_be24_42a4860ec793 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019010 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019010 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/192225 VCAM-1 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 Cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. It is important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, p154) Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 OWLClass_954be612_1058_4b38_8338_aa607255df11 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D010978 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D010978 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/21289006 Chemokine CXCL4 Factor IV PF4 Platelet factor IV gamma-Thromboglobulin A CXC chemokine that is found in the alpha granules of PLATELETS. The protein has a molecular size of 7800 kDa and can occur as a monomer, a dimer or a tetramer depending upon its concentration in solution. Platelet factor 4 has a high affinity for HEPARIN and is often found complexed with GLYCOPROTEINS such as PROTEIN C. Platelet factor 4 OWLClass_9570b1f0_6714_438b_b56d_08420363d2c6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/271719001 High ICP Increased intracranial pressure Increased ICP Raised intracranial pressure Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. RICP Rised intracranial pressure Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure that is exerted on the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood within the skull. In an adult at rest, it is usually less than 10–15mm of Mercury. If ICP rises above normal due to trauma, hydrocephalus, hemorrhage, or tumor, patients can exhibit behavioral changes, headache, decreased consciousness, somnolence, lethargy, seizures, and/or vomiting. High intracranial pressure OWLClass_958ec094_dcf1_4687_add5_2f17f84c5cee miR-125a Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-125a-5p OWLClass_95a178ea_03a8_4a2a_8231_b6c73f036149 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/449191001 Press of speech Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Logorrhea means excessive verbal production; it is manifested as an unusual verbosity that may suggest the presence of neurological or psychiatric pathologies. Logorrhea OWLClass_95a8f5c3_cb26_45e8_8902_86e012c4f835 EC-IC Extracranial to intracranial bypass surgery OWLClass_96055677_b383_4fd3_a5f0_7d4dc4c8ee43 http://www.uptodate.com/contents/ischemic-stroke-treatment-beyond-the-basics The goal of treatment of ischemic stroke is to restore blood flow to the affected area of the brain as quickly as possible, which means within the first hours after the stroke begins. Treatment of ischemic stroke OWLClass_9629b274_84c1_44e6_a739_71d5600b2173 Contralateral motor deficit OWLClass_9680d194_98b3_408b_9225_1406529d13a3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/372664007 Benzodiazepine OWLClass_968559dd_2062_4d7b_a42d_a3c68addf3aa Zhang, C., Li, Y., Chen, J., Gao, Q., Zacharek, A., Kapke, A., & Chopp, M. (2006). Bone marrow stromal cells upregulate expression of bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4, gap junction protein connexin-43 and synaptophysin after stroke in rats. Neuroscience, 141(2), 687-695. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D055415 BMP4 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2B A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. bone morphogenetic protein 4 OWLClass_96e121b9_e629_4846_b12c_9e6ab78e5474 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/13045009 Asymmetric pupil sizes Asymmetry of the pupils Unequal pupil size http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0009916 Anisocoria, or unequal pupil size, may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria can reflect an abnormality of the musculature of the iris or of the sympathetic or prasympathetic innervation of the iris. Anisocoria OWLClass_96f4021a_651a_4ff0_b86c_976115fa4d32 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D003681 Water Stress The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism. Dehydration OWLClass_97354267_da44_4e0b_bfd7_daa7f02b4437 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/235856003 Disease of liver Hepatopathy Liver diseases OWLClass_97611d61_bc87_425c_b4ac_3d9f0f54236d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/271700006 Dance-like ballism Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Chorea is characterized by brief, irregular muscle contractions that are not repetitive or rhythmic, but appear to flow from one muscle to the next. They may appear as dance-like movements of the limbs, trunk, or head. Typical movements include facial grimacing, shoulder adduction, and finger extension and contractions. They can be associated with snakelike writhing movements of the hands or feet known as athetosis. Chorea OWLClass_9799ce8c_8ea1_498b_8c14_f5b6efdfe852 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/371632003 Comatose Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Coma refers to a sleep-like state of unarousability in which consciousness is completely absent. Comatose patients keep their eyes closed even after painful stimuli, are not capable of any comprehensible verbal response, do not obey commands, and do not localize painful stimuli, although they may make posturing and reflexive responses. The percentage of patients in coma ranges from 5–18% in ischemic stroke to 31–55% in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Coma OWLClass_97b271f5_9f39_47ca_acb1_c0953efaf4d6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D051116 Acetyl LDL Receptor Acetyl LDL Receptors Macrophage Scavenger Receptor Macrophage Scavenger Receptors Mracsko, E., & Veltkamp, R. (2014). Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 8. Scavenger receptor OWLClass_985d8037_7da5_436c_949d_08cc8863e24b Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Transcient focal cerebral ischemia induces a complex change in genomic profile, including expression of new genes, upregulation and downregulation of genes, occurring distinctly in a temporal manner. Detection of gene changes after ischemia is just the first step towards understanding different molecular pathways and proteomics and peptidomics studies provides supplemental insights. Gene response OWLClass_986d36d1_79c5_4a1b_a54b_3d769a0a8b4f specifically up-regulated after brain ischemia Up regulated gene after brain ischemia OWLClass_987d43d1_ce3e_474a_b3bd_f0c5ac8a41de Decompressive Surgery OWLClass_98ab5267_2fdc_4188_b63c_6112af862a2a Mergenthaler, P., & Meisel, A. (2012). Do stroke models model stroke?. Disease Models and Mechanisms, 5(6), 718-725. Pigs model of stroke OWLClass_997b2f11_b1c4_46f8_8430_3374f857d39c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/31653004 FMD Poloskey, S., Olin, J., Mace, P., & Gronik, H. (2012). "Fibromuscular dysplasia" 125. American Heart Association: 636–639. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.090449 Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory disease of the blood vessels that causes abnormal growth within the wall of an artery. FMD has been found in nearly every arterial bed in the body. However, the most common arteries affected are the renal and carotid arteries. Fibromuscular dysplasia OWLClass_99bda765_f984_4b8c_98ce_2fa7f63e490b WMFT Morris, D. M., Uswatte, G., Crago, J. E., Cook, E. W., & Taub, E. (2001). The reliability of the Wolf Motor Function Test for assessing upper extremity function after stroke. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 82(6), 750-755. he original version of the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) was developed by Wolf et al to examine the effects of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) for survivors of stroke and traumatic brain injury. The original form of the test consisted of 21 simple tasks sequenced according to joints involved (shoulder to fingers) and level of difficulty (gross to fine motor skill). Wolf Motor Function Test OWLClass_99cb0fa8_3032_4a52_8161_7d4834ffeb5b TOF MRA Vu, D., González, R. G., & Schaefer, P. W. (2006). Conventional MRI and MR angiography of stroke. In Acute Ischemic Stroke (pp. 115-137). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. TOF MRA is a gradient echo sequence that depicts vascular flow by repeatedly applying a radio frequency (RF) pulse to a volume of tissue, followed by dephasing and rephasing gradients. Time of flight MRA OWLClass_99d690e9_c22b_4de8_b7d9_8b69e9b519c3 Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. An ocular tilt reaction is characterized by the triad of skew deviation (downward displacement of the axis of the globe ipsilateral to the lesion), conjugate ocular torsion towards the side of the lesion and head tilt to the side of the lesion. Ocular tilt reaction OWLClass_99ed9d2c_4e4d_48c7_b121_6808fe8c4d49 Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Spreading depression OWLClass_9a541396_32fc_4b8b_9692_0bc095a9ec4b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/116722001 IL-1b IL-1β IL1b IL1β Interleukin 1 beta OWLClass_9a9277dd_b5b5_4884_8a29_0976efcb7e94 deposition of b-amyloid protein Testai, F. D., & Aiyagari, V. (2008). Acute hemorrhagic stroke pathophysiology and medical interventions: blood pressure control, management of anticoagulant-associated brain hemorrhage and general management principles. Neurologic clinics, 26(4), 963-985. Deposition of beta amyloid protein OWLClass_9ac2cb69_7bb7_45a8_b2c6_7056454c1e92 Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Animal modeling for vertebrobasilar stroke is challenging. Previously, there has not been a reproducible small animal model of hindbrain ischemia. Moreover, most of the available models are surgically demanding and are performed in large animals. Posterior cerebral circulation stroke models OWLClass_9ad10632_8cc0_4f22_81cf_0eabbfff9d72 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Cerebral hemorrhage with amyloid hereditary Iowa type OWLClass_9b10f4d6_9222_4432_a34f_0382c63021e3 Three dimensional cultures OWLClass_9b20d7f7_94e7_4c94_a3c8_2edd5124bb56 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019715 TIMP 1 TIMP-1 TIMP1 Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 A member of the family of TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASES. It is a N-glycosylated protein, molecular weight 28 kD, produced by a vast range of cell types and found in a variety of tissues and body fluids. It has been shown to suppress metastasis and inhibit tumor invasion in vitro. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 OWLClass_9b67bfea_da13_4754_b2c0_c6b500cc1bea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000000627 BDNF Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. brain derived neurotrophic factor OWLClass_9b90a984_bddf_4dc5_9086_a995a058ebda http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/45007003 Low blood pressure Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Occurs when blood pressure is reduced to <= 90/60 mmHg Hypotension OWLClass_9bde0434_6b76_438a_ac9a_f9bd1d6915b7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006408 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/35486000 SAH Subdural Hematoma Subdural bleeding Subdural haemorrhage Subdural haemorrhages Subdural hemorrhages Subdural intracranial hemorrhage Subdural intracranial hemorrhages ccumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status. Subdural hemorrhage OWLClass_9be7db93_5750_49a4_a1e7_d36101e4cb27 SIS SIS 2.0 SIS 3.0 SIS-16 Dunning, K. (2011). Stroke Impact Scale. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 2401-2402). Springer New York. The Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) is a quality of life measure designed specifically for patients with stroke. The instrument is a self-report questionnaire assessing eight domains: strength, hand function, activities of daily living (ADL)/instrumental ADL (IADL), mobility, communication, emotion, memory and thinking, and social participation. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 to 5 (indicating either high or low quality of life, depending on the specific question) and an additional item assesses the patient’s global perception of percent recovery. Stroke Impact Scale OWLClass_9c6a6ecc_86ad_4c65_866d_1c1c62e9303b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D001620 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/121010 PPBP b-thromboglobulin Xu, H., Tang, Y., Liu, D. Z., Ran, R., Ander, B. P., Apperson, M., ... & Jauch, E. C. (2008). Gene expression in peripheral blood differs after cardioembolic compared with large-vessel atherosclerotic stroke: biomarkers for the etiology of ischemic stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 28(7), 1320-1328. A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, pre-eclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. Beta thromboglobulin OWLClass_9caea995_c3f6_4ea0_8625_3b5b8ad62cc6 middle cerebral artery occlusion vasoconstrictor model Mergenthaler, P., & Meisel, A. (2012). Do stroke models model stroke?. Disease Models and Mechanisms, 5(6), 718-725. MCAO vasoconstrictor model OWLClass_9cfa147d_3e91_4ff0_bf88_b949f7f17770 Dorado, L., Millán, M., & Dávalos, A. (2014). Reperfusion Therapies for Acute Ischemic Stroke: An Update. Current Cardiology Reviews, 10(4), 327–335. http://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X10666140320144637 Reperfusion therapy OWLClass_9d05e5aa_f887_4453_ab25_2fdd508fe503 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/103579009 Ethnic Ethnicity Race-ethnic Race-ethnic groups race relations Race OWLClass_9d08b98d_ce3d_414a_848b_cc5441c44cd7 Hemispheric infarction symptom Hemispheric infarction symptoms Hemispheric infarction syndromes syndrome of hemispheric infarction syndromes of hemispheric infarction Hemispheric infarction syndrome OWLClass_9d0d1089_cf44_4635_b760_d9fce3481690 Acute reactive hypertension OWLClass_9d26f1df_014f_482c_884d_71915f4ebaf8 Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Diminished sensibility in one side of the body. A rarer but typical presentation of AChA infarcts is the triad of contralateral severe hemiparesis, hemihypesthesia and upper quadrantanopsia or contralateral versus ipsilateral hemianopsia (in the case of lateral geniculate body or optic tract, respectively) without cognitive disturbances, in contrast with MCA infarction. Hemihypesthesia without cognitive disturbance OWLClass_9d30c416_d939_41e9_aa89_3180f2aa4276 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. apoE epsilon 2 allele Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Pahor M, Harris T, Corti MC, Hyman BT, Wallace RB, Havlik RJ. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 2 allele and risk of stroke in the older population. Stroke. 1997 Dec;28(12):2410-6. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 2 allele OWLClass_9d3cdca0_1fd1_43b3_bd82_5f8f41f5bb5a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D008315 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/706962006 The dialdehyde of malonic acid. Malondialdehyde OWLClass_9d3d88fb_578a_4cea_a732_a1dc2ae6a848 In vivo models of stroke In vivo model of stroke OWLClass_9d745dd4_6aa3_47b8_acce_b8fc3b122f17 Aseptic intracranial venous thrombosis OWLClass_9db0362f_a7df_4c5e_91ce_f769ca565530 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020781 MMP 1 MMP-1 MMP1 Matrix metalloproteinase-1 A member of the metalloproteinase family of enzymes that is principally responsible for cleaving FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. It can degrade interstitial collagens, types I, II and III. Matrix metalloproteinase 1 OWLClass_9db9e42b_22fa_4583_978c_241fb0bec35d Psychological therapy OWLClass_9dd3f15d_b166_4ef3_9b88_ef460062709e Fatty meat Fatty meats OWLClass_9e0b9f98_0fd4_4538_95a0_bb5eca4d6263 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D027501 Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. A family of proteins involved in the transport of monocarboxylic acids such as LACTIC ACID and PYRUVIC ACID across cellular membranes. monocarboxylic acid transporter OWLClass_9e5336c4_d241_4779_9e5c_c761c4bd237c http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161422-overview#a2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/395978007 Lyden P, Shuaib A, Ng K, Levin K, Atkinson RP, Rajput A, et al. Clomethiazole Acute Stroke Study in ischemic stroke (CLASS-I): final results. Stroke. 2002 Jan. 33(1):122-8 Clomethiazole, a gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist, decreases excitatory neurotransmission by increasing activity of inhibitory pathways. Clomethiazole OWLClass_9e76c316_9235_4c63_ac06_fca5c232c302 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraphia Hypergraphia is a behavioral condition characterized by the intense desire to write. Hypergraphia OWLClass_9e92c37b_1572_49ef_a1bf_974d2cfd0d94 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006949 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/55822004 Hyperlipemia Hyperlipemias Hyperlipidemia Hyperlipidemias Lipemia Lipemias Lipidemia Lipidemias Karatepe, A. G., Gunaydin, R., Kaya, T., & Turkmen, G. (2008). Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 831-835. Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood. Abnormally high level of lipids in blood. Hyperlipidaemia OWLClass_9e9f3409_b91e_40bb_928c_08a91ca50f22 Staphylococcal endocarditis OWLClass_9ea600c3_d2de_4c17_91e2_65dd8b3b0be5 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/311403008 Family education OWLClass_9ec0d4db_7b82_4073_86b8_7aba65306f5f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/38082009 Hb Hemoglobin OWLClass_9ec69ba0_0520_4c6d_9398_4e8bd80389ee http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/368009 Disorder of heart valve Heart valve disorder OWLClass_9efc2363_a416_420c_8b39_4f6ecfd08411 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/264331002 Grains Whole grain Whole-grain Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. Whole-grain intake was associated with a trend towards a reduction in the incidence of stroke. Grain OWLClass_9f6d014e_f40c_4215_a57d_ad7cb380f177 Mechanisms of ischemic stroke Stroke etiology Harrigan, M. R., Ardelt, A., & Deveikis, J. P. (2009). Handbook of cerebrovascular disease and neurointerventional technique. Springer Science & Business Media. Three basic mechanisms can result in cessation or diminution of f low to regions of brain: embolism from a proximal source with occlusion of the downstream artery; local occlusion, usually due to in situ thrombosis, of a proximal or distal artery; or global hypoperfusion. Etiology of ischemic stroke OWLClass_9f6e4a53_cace_494b_9634_ad17470ad5f6 Piracetam OWLClass_9f73eb23_b41b_4aea_9e2c_1a834cde8f12 Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. Elevation of the head of the bed to 30° improves jugular venous outflow and lowers ICP. The head should be midline, and head turning to either side should be avoided. Head of Bed Elevation OWLClass_9fadb6b0_b24a_4cfc_8476_4c2a4c798b8b ADRS Benaim, C., Cailly, B., Perennou, D., & Pelissier, J. (2004). Validation of the aphasic depression rating scale. Stroke, 35(7), 1692-1696. ADRS is a valid, reliable, sensitive, and specific tool for the evaluation of depression in aphasic patients during the stroke subacute phase. Aphasic Depression Rating Scale OWLClass_9fea44c7_0ac6_4c19_9047_9768c8fe62ae Embryonic brain cells OWLClass_a00de9dd_1675_4309_89ab_10b845e741d9 Rabbits model of stroke OWLClass_a00fd423_f7f3_4add_b7d6_a5b282cf066e horizontal sectoranopias OWLClass_a01fb01a_197d_4943_a987_91892163d491 Bacterial endocarditis OWLClass_a031e043_d33f_4a73_82d5_31d61e704671 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/stroke-related-pulmonary-complications-and-abnormal-respiratory-patterns?source=see_link Oxygen desaturation OWLClass_a0706bdb_3970_4d33_a73a_4b57974b9756 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001431 N-formyl peptide receptor Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. A rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor that is a translation product of the FPR1, FPR2, or FPR3 gene and whose active form binds N-formyl methionyl peptides. N formyl peptide receptor OWLClass_a07af16f_f4e7_4d37_afc7_965cd0bdc310 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000001847 DUSP5 Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. dual specificity phosphatase 5 OWLClass_a082e9dd_c815_4757_9d7e_9e8e32eb86eb Cats model of stroke OWLClass_a0977138_cdcd_451a_9569_7fff072d2a3a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/15802004 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Dystonia is defined as a persistent inappropriate posture at rest or on action, in overflexion, overextension or rotation by prolonged cocontraction of antagonist muscles or simply tonic contraction of focal muscles (dystonic posture), sometimes associated with various movements (dystonic movements) such as tremor like jerky motion (dystonic tremor) or athetotic snake-like movements (athetotic dystonia or athetosis), or muscle jerks (dystonic myoclonus). Dystonia OWLClass_a0a891af_a5a7_4639_b691_9bec948ce5cd Limb dysmetria OWLClass_a0d6a78c_d9eb_4886_8ed7_cb296929ea85 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/410429000 Cardiac arrest OWLClass_a0ea0195_b563_4c4f_a7cc_bd462a0ea3ae Draw-A-Man Test Chen-Sea, M. J. (2000). Validating the Draw-A-Man Test as a personal neglect test. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 54(4), 391-397. The Draw-A-Man Test is a reliable and valid tool for discriminating clients with personal neglect from those without. The test has also been used to identify the presence of unilateral spatial neglect (USN) in adult patients post-stroke. Draw A Man Test OWLClass_a1326d69_5a57_4c32_bd41_611cfdca2186 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/65183007 intravenous vitamin K Vitamin K OWLClass_a16a0d56_c980_4e93_959b_3ee5880450fb PICA infarction symptom Posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction symptom OWLClass_a19f95d9_b5cb_469e_b294_39b15d6cf880 ACE inhibitors angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors OWLClass_a1e1d1f9_c90a_495a_ae73_268278d671c7 Phenylpropanolamine OWLClass_a2641440_9de3_4142_9a49_0c8f300c1ffa http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019716 TIMP 2 TIMP-2 TIMP2 Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 A member of the family of TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASES. It is a 21-kDa nonglycosylated protein found in tissue fluid and is secreted as a complex with progelatinase A by human fibroblast and uncomplexed from alveolar macrophages. An overexpression of TIMP-2 has been shown to inhibit invasive and metastatic activity of tumor cells and decrease tumor growth in vivo. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 2 OWLClass_a28ca2ad_9359_47d2_91f7_29b873ca50ef Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. This pattern of paresis is highly suggestive of damage to the motor cortex, due to involvement of the superficial branches of the middle cerebral artery, but it is often seen in lesions involving the complete territory of the middle cerebral artery, the complete territory of the lenticulostriate arteries or the territory of the lateral lenticulostriate arteries. More rarely it was reported after anterior cerebral artery or brainstem infarcts. Faciobranchial paresis OWLClass_a2afbebd_a43a_4810_858d_da6d2c7a2554 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/106180 ACE ACE DD genotype Slowik, A., Turaj, W., Dziedzic, T., Haefele, A., Pera, J., Malecki, M. T., ... & Szczudlik, A. (2004). DD genotype of ACE gene is a risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology, 63(2), 359-361. angiotensin I converting enzyme OWLClass_a3199d85_aba5_472e_8398_f7e103f97cf8 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/11934000 Blepharoptosis Drooping upper eyelid Eyelid ptosis Ptosis of eyelid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000508 The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective). Ptosis OWLClass_a33bd347_959e_420e_b5b9_efd4f469b9f8 Occipitocervical headache OWLClass_a36f0904_fb5f_465d_a5af_1c2393d17d35 Antithrombotic proteins Coagulation inhibitor OWLClass_a3a17c77_a344_4ea6_a34b_3bdcb70a1eb5 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/MTHU025821 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/102594003 ECG abnormalities ECG abnormality EKG abnormalities EKG abnormality Electrocardiographic abnormalities repolarization abnormalities repolarization abnormality Karatepe, A. G., Gunaydin, R., Kaya, T., & Turkmen, G. (2008). Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 831-835. Electrocardiographic abnormality OWLClass_a4773601_d7f7_431d_93eb_94957aae205b Choreoathetoid movements OWLClass_a47f49e4_5611_4d01_a1dd_39fbaaf9fea3 Decreased pain sensation Impaired pain sensation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0007328 Reduced ability to perceive painful stimuli. Loss of pain OWLClass_a4a75b3c_328b_48e3_b2ed_c8638dc46761 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/233862006 Calcific aortic stenosis OWLClass_a4e6dd62_6261_435f_9b78_a1397257f162 Inferolateral artery infarction symptom Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The thalamogeniculate (or inferolateral) arteries are a group of 5–10 arteries arising from the P2 segment of the PCA. The principal branches supply the ventrolateral nucleus and the ventroposterior nuclei, while the medial branches supply the medial geniculate body and the inferior branches the rostral and lateral pulvinar, as well as the laterodorsal nucleus. Thalamogeniculate artery infarction symptom OWLClass_a50ae5b5_30f7_4766_a54f_2aa24e08a8ee Atrial septal aneurysm OWLClass_a5698de6_46ed_4108_b297_2e1ba40d9f6f Controlateral sensory deficit OWLClass_a5cfc218_8cca_408c_a9c8_79f2f34b1062 Ipsilateral facial pain OWLClass_a5f9aaa8_68f3_4ea6_b2d0_54fe31c08e8d Mild contralateral hemiparesis OWLClass_a633631e_9da0_40d8_bff5_472a77c847a8 Infusion of autologous blood into brain model Mracsko, E., & Veltkamp, R. (2014). Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 8. Intracerebral injection of autologous blood OWLClass_a677556c_c238_4ab5_81b3_0dc6c553fdfe MCA infarction symptom Middle cereberal artery infarction symptom Middle cereberal artery infarction syndromes Sylvian artery syndrome of middle cereberal artery infarction syndromes of middle cereberal artery infarction Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is also designated the Sylvian artery, from Jacques Dubois, known as Jacobus Sylvius (1489–1555), a linguist and anatomist in Paris. The artery is subdivided into the M1 segment, from which start the deep perforating lenticulostriate arteries, the M2 segment, corresponding to the segment after the bifurcation into superior and inferior divisions, and the M3 segment, including the insular part. The M4 segments, the leptomeningeal arteries, arise from the M3 segments and are named orbitofrontal, prefrontal, precentral, central sulcus, anterior parietal, posterior parietal, angular and temporal arteries, with important variations in their territories. The MCA territory is the one most frequently affected by acute strokes. MCA territory infarcts can be subtle or a devastating clinical syndrome, depending on the site of the occlusion, the extent of ischemia, the etiology, and the collateral arterial network. As collateral networks are highly variable, an occlusion of the same artery at the same place may lead to quite variable severity of the stroke and of prognosis. Large infarcts are defined as involvement of two of the three MCA territories (deep, superior and inferior divisions) and “malignant MCA stroke” as complete or near complete MCA territory infarction with ensuing mass effect from brain edema. Middle cereberal artery infarction syndrome OWLClass_a6816181_f0cc_4f34_85f0_8b3cda3c4efe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000017040 UB fusion protein 1 UFD1L UFDP Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Ubiquitin fusion degradation protein (UFDP) is an enzyme in the ubiquitin degradation pathway that is expressed in many body tissue types. Ubiquitin fusion degradation protein OWLClass_a695257b_8d4a_451f_bbb6_a96d0cdbd2f5 Systemic hypotension OWLClass_a6a1d848_a621_4997_9dce_93e99f270580 Glia biomarker of stroke Glia biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_a71a34e2_83fa_4043_999a_47b65848f038 CCI Karatepe, A. G., Gunaydin, R., Kaya, T., & Turkmen, G. (2008). Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 831-835. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) has been validated for ischaemic stroke outcome studies. However, it was originally developed for patients in acute hospital settings, and it focused on mortality, not functional impairment. Charlson Comorbidity Index OWLClass_a73ea8df_fdf9_42c7_8adf_89a3fb03a4f0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/79619009 MS Mitral valve stenosis Ashley EA, Niebauer J. Cardiology Explained. London: Remedica; 2004. Chapter 8, Arrhythmia. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2219/ mitral stenosis (MS) develop when the orifice is <2.5 cm2 and a critical stenosis occurs when it is approximately 1 cm2. Mitral stenosis OWLClass_a74b42d6_212c_4768_a8f3_11bfbc10c787 PSC SCU Stroke Care Unit Adams, H. P., del Zoppo, G., Alberts, M. J., Bhatt, D. L., Brass, L., Furlan, A., ... & Lyden, P. D. (2007). Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation, 115(20), e478-e534. A PSC has the personnel, programs, expertise, and infrastructure to care for many patients with uncomplicated strokes, uses many acute therapies (such as intravenous rtPA), and admits such patients into a stroke unit. Primary stroke center OWLClass_a754e187_afaa_4f41_9b8f_6342ecde31e7 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 608354 http://www.orpha.net/ORDO/Orphanet_137667 CM-AVM This syndrome is characterised by the association of multiple capillary malformations (CM) with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and arteriovenous fistulas. Capillary malformation arteriovenous malformation OWLClass_a768fc7e_a115_4893_b456_c9ff7dc6b3a0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C120851 NXY-059 disufenton sodium Cerovive OWLClass_a82c3436_8785_495f_b729_2e21000e6a78 Low red meat consumption Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. Higher intake of red meat (1 serving/day) was associated with an elevated risk of stroke. Red meat intake OWLClass_a85f4fbe_8e10_4107_8ea3_5be3e86afab2 ACG ACGs Berlowitz, D. R., Hoenig, H., Cowper, D. C., Duncan, P. W., & Vogel, W. B. (2008). Impact of comorbidities on stroke rehabilitation outcomes: does the method matter?. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 89(10), 1903-1906. ACGs were originally developed to predict ambulatory care visits among patients of health maintenance organizations but have since been widely used to describe the extent of medical problems and their likely effects on health care resource use. Each ICD-9-CM code for a patient is assigned to 1 of 32 mutually exclusive adjusted diagnosis groups that groups diagnoses based on their similarity on a number of characteristics including expected persistence of the condition, likelihood of requiring hospitalization, or need for specialty referral. Adjusted clinical group OWLClass_a870b44b_eab9_424a_8edb_c063407aeefc http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/416417002 Hereditary hemoglobin S OWLClass_a881e65c_d4a1_4236_a133_3651cfa2e537 Stroke biomarker Stroke biomarkers Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. A biomarker is any measurable physiological characteristic or substance that marks the risk for or manifestation of a stroke-related process. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of stroke OWLClass_a8cc161d_9936_4ee4_9ccd_f6e23188da57 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/DOID_1270 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/DOID_1270 HHT Osler hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome Osler-Weber-Rendu disease Rendu-Osler-Weber disease An autosomal dominant disease characterized by the presence of multiple arteriovenous malformations that lack intervening capillaries and result in direct connections between arteries and veins. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia OWLClass_a8ff3a3d_eed5_4635_85b1_1b1dba59483d Post seizure weakness OWLClass_a90795b1_9e72_45e5_8216_d32e9b1d5188 ROS ROS generation Reactive oxygen species Rodrigo, R., Fernandez-Gajardo, R., Gutierrez, R., Manuel Matamala, J., Carrasco, R., Miranda-Merchak, A., & Feuerhake, W. (2013). Oxidative stress and pathophysiology of ischemic stroke: novel therapeutic opportunities. CNS & Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders), 12(5), 698-714. Reactive oxygen species [ROS] have been implicated in brain injury after ischemic stroke. There is evidence that a rapid increase in the production of ROS immediately after acute ischemic stroke rapidly overwhelm antioxidant defences, causing further tissue damage. These ROS can damage cellular macromolecules leading to autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. Moreover, the rapid restoration of blood flow increases the level of tissue oxygenation and accountsfor a second burst of ROS generation, which leads to reperfusion injury. Reactive oxygen species generation OWLClass_a9423fff_4c0c_48d8_857a_f1409b977a67 Bilateral vision loss OWLClass_a9798871_f61a_49c1_9028_347685f1b858 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T083 geographic factor geographic factors Geographic area OWLClass_a9b4ed2e_2401_4096_9d23_338e5668ff97 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/386619000 Low sodium intake Sodium low sodium diet Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. A higher sodium intake is associated with an increased risk of stroke; The recommended sodium intake is <2.3 g/d (100 mmol/d). Sodium intake OWLClass_a9b7b97c_63e6_4cf5_b5d9_99a1ada3c5c8 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 176880 protein S deficiency Deficiency of protein S OWLClass_a9b7f873_a295_48f3_b684_ad5d7a3704c6 Pathophysiology of stroke Pathophysiology of hemorrhagic stroke OWLClass_a9cca2ac_5882_4cd1_b844_e7eb49eecada http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/429221000124104 Dissecting aneurysm Dissecting aneurysm of cerebral artery OWLClass_a9d1198f_37a3_45d8_9d35_9e28a18c7c51 Albert’s Test Fullerton, K. J., McSherry, D., & Stout, R. W. (1986). Albert's test: a neglected test of perceptual neglect. The Lancet, 327(8478), 430-432. Albert’s test is a straightforward, easily quantifiable test for the presence of neglect in stroke, and compliance is high even early in stroke. It is a useful addition to the battery of tests for the clinical assessment of perceptual disorder in stroke and its quantifiable nature is especially relevant to charting progress in the patient undergoing rehabilitation. It would be of value as a standardised test for neglect in further stroke research. Albert Test OWLClass_a9e3575d_5510_40f0_8def_7b4dc7123f71 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000199675 C19ORF59 MCEMP1 chromosome 19 open reading frame 59 Raman, K., O’Donnell, M. J., Czlonkowska, A., Duarte, Y. C., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Peñaherrera, E., ... & Paré, G. (2016). Peripheral Blood MCEMP1 Gene Expression as a Biomarker for Stroke Prognosis. Stroke, 47(3), 652-658. Mast cell expressed membrane protein 1 (MCEMP1), also known as C19ORF59, is a transmembrane protein expressed by mast cells,24 macrophages and other tissues. Mast cell expressed membrane protein 1 OWLClass_a9eeb222_4321_4620_b023_4cf1cd1c8ce3 giant cell arteritides Giant cell arteritis OWLClass_a9f9d28f_92e9_45c1_b601_1a0c9c3164e3 Mouse brain endothelial cell line OWLClass_aa0eadbd_cef5_4cac_950c_1bfb5aa832bc Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 154700 Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Marfan syndrome OWLClass_aa42ad58_d036_4625_9efa_d3da9db301e6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C044183 Prothrombin fragment-2 Prothrombin fragment 2 OWLClass_aa6c999e_c32b_49f3_9548_75ce8b88d4e1 BMEC–astrocyte coculture model Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells astrocyte coculture model OWLClass_aaa765ed_135a_4332_992e_fb245657654b http://purl.obolibrary.org/NCRO_MIPF0000060 Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-21 OWLClass_aadf8ab9_1704_4a00_877b_ab51abc75e35 PTT Partial thromboplastin time OWLClass_ab79a6e3_e60b_49dc_b492_137f75430ade http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D001205 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/43706004 Vitamin C A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. Ascorbic acid OWLClass_aba8d1e5_1186_4323_b5e0_af2afe8d89cc http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D018799 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/147840 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/67164001 CD-54 Cluster of Differentiation 54 ICAM-1 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 sVCAM-1 soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 Biomarker of Ischemic Stroke A cell-surface ligand involved in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 OWLClass_abcb3a0c_36e8_467f_878e_cb7b0a878377 Post stroke comorbidities Post stroke comorbidity OWLClass_ac10ae4f_b8b8_4175_9ac7_4216f6cdbbfe polyamine glutamate antagonist OWLClass_ac2e4a2a_c2e6_40c0_99f4_0805d7d46378 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Hemiataxia is a common occurrence in thalamic infarction involving the ventrolateral part of the thalamus usually from involvement of the thalamogeniculate territory. Crossed hemiataxia OWLClass_ac3c5a48_f023_4150_b038_c715cfc69fc6 General treatment of stroke OWLClass_ac99121e_247b_465c_add1_d30d86a51a89 Glycomics biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_ac9f5fab_6d1a_4538_82fb_e2a18081a68c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/161615003 History of Surgery OWLClass_acce1f8d_2979_449d_9ce1_cabc0555070e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/17450006 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Myoclonus is exceptionally seen in patients with strokes, outside of clonic seizures. Generalized myoclonus has never been reported. The anoxic action myoclonus of Lance & Adams (1963) has been reported in association with multiple lacunar lesions in the basal ganglia. Intention and action myoclonus was found in a patient with a thalamic angioma. Focal reflex myoclonus has been reported by Sutton & Meyer (1974) in a patient with a superficial sylvian stroke involving the frontoparietal lobes and later by others. Myoclonus OWLClass_aced14f7_6148_4200_9fe8_1c957323bea6 Monolayer cell cultures OWLClass_ad129099_a8f5_409c_a43c_0c7aabb68375 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D003327 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/53741008 CHD An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. Coronary heart disease OWLClass_ad135dfc_542f_4385_b1e8_4b7399e4c68c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/45366001 Congenital dysfibrinogenemia Hereditary dysfibrinogenemia Dysfibrinogenemia OWLClass_ad17ffe9_bafc_4792_9be1_3b9672ad09f2 B-FABP BFABP B-FABP is thought to be present only in central nervous tissue and is undetectable in the serum of healthy individuals. Brain type fatty acid binding protein OWLClass_ad7dbd93_bd45_4bea_afd0_7bbc93852ea8 Heroin. Wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin Heroin is an opioid painkiller and the 3,6-diacetyl ester of morphine. Heroin is prescribed as an analgesic, cough suppressant and as an antidiarrhoeal. Heroin OWLClass_ad94485b_94ed_4e7c_a0aa_2a56ce467eef http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006333 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006333 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/84114007 HF Lin, C. Y., Chien, C. C., Chen, H. A., Su, F. M., Wang, J. J., Wang, C. C., ... & Lin, Y. J. (2014). The impact of comorbidity on survival after hemorrhagic stroke among dialysis patients: a nationwide population-based study. BMC nephrology, 15(1), 1. Heart failure involving the LEFT VENTRICLE. Heart failure caused by dysfunction of the MYOCARDIUM, leading to defective cardiac emptying (contraction) or filling (relaxation). Heart failure involving the RIGHT VENTRICLE. A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. Heart failure accompanied by EDEMA, such as swelling of the legs and ankles and congestion in the lungs. Heart failure OWLClass_ad99f40e_4f8c_498c_b266_e8f99256f964 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/102259006 Citrus Citrus fruit OWLClass_adab94f6_b939_4f2f_a11f_09401107a4f4 Brain tissue slices OWLClass_adf13793_9a93_499b_83fe_2b82a8a68bf9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/86466006 Mitral rheumatic stenosis Rheumatic mitral stenosis OWLClass_ae02be5f_c63c_45e0_8260_971387904401 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D012851 Cranial sinus thrombosis Sinus Thrombosis Intracranial sinus thrombosis OWLClass_ae25a0e5_01f8_44fc_8769_20cf4f9a77ef individualized nutritional counseling Nutritional counseling OWLClass_ae29e2fa_edec_4800_a24b_4348a64c9b0e Sensorimotor hemiparesis OWLClass_ae3d499a_295d_4a5b_9cf5_f65927afc101 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/176990 S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta S100-beta S100B Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. S100-beta (S100B) is a calcium-binding peptide secreted by astrocytes in the context of brain injury, neurodegenerative processes and psychiatric disorders. S100 beta OWLClass_ae644acd_936a_470b_ae08_4e8d8638e149 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/233955003 Abdominal aortic atherosclerosis Aortic atherosclerosis OWLClass_ae82087a_9e10_4c3e_919c_50c61c028de4 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/698871007 Alberts, M. J., Bernstein, R. A., Naccarelli, G. V., & Garcia, D. A. (2012). Using Dabigatran in Patients With Stroke A Practical Guide for Clinicians. Stroke, 43(1), 271-279. Dabigatran etexilate is the orally administered prodrug and is rapidly converted by tissue esterases to dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor. When taken by mouth, the bioavailability of dabigatran is approximately 7%. Dabigatran OWLClass_af0bab2d_8d18_42f6_baf4_a8b203ad0317 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/HL7/C1553893 History of drug drug history medication history History of medications OWLClass_af35beaa_4d88_4a06_ab86_94f358289b70 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D001750 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNMI/F-72150 Karatepe, A. G., Gunaydin, R., Kaya, T., & Turkmen, G. (2008). Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 831-835. Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Neurogenic bladder OWLClass_af4c8844_65d9_4a3e_ac8a_a74d5bd2aee9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/437951000124107 Consumption of industrially produced trans fatty acids Trans fat diet Trans fat diet intake Trans fat food intake Trans fatty acids intake trans fatty acids Trans fat intake OWLClass_af9d8be1_0d78_4f7f_af03_91b2f7dc841d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/5880005 Physical examinations An observation of the body or a body part using one of the five human senses (e.g. inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation) An observation of the body or a body part using one of the five human senses (e.g., inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation) Physical Examination OWLClass_afd3df98_6180_4e7a_8e3b_f341077eb9e9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020146 Putaminal Hematoma Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2014). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Putaminal hemorrhages originate from a lateral branch of the striate arteries at the posterior angle, resulting in an ovoid mass pushing the insular cortex laterally and displacing or involving the internal capsule. Putaminal hemorrhage OWLClass_b0075d74_223e_43ec_b677_d92e62bedf4f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/233983001 Ruptured cerebral aneurysm OWLClass_b01a095b_6b81_4c87_9101_6bec42e1dd70 S-5 Kaizer, F., Kim, A., Van, M. T., & Korner-Bitensky, N. (2010). Creation and preliminary validation of the screening for self-medication safety post-stroke scale (S-5). Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 42(3), 239-245. The Screening for Safe Self-medication post-Stroke Scale (S-5) has been created and validated for use by health professionals to screen self-medication safety readiness of patients after stroke. Its use should also help to guide clinicians' recommendations and interventions aimed at enhancing self-medication post-stroke. Screening for Self Medication Safety Post Stroke Scale OWLClass_b0214251_c1b5_42b6_8911_15b512101940 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/227224009 Cabbage OWLClass_b045201c_255c_4b75_a4ed_d906ab49c1f0 Increase of leuleuenkephalin leuleuenkephalin OWLClass_b05e773d_9abe_4c1b_8a31_2939a074c231 Neural damage OWLClass_b06583aa_52ff_46e2_8514_7924718e6967 hemihypesthesia. (n.d.) Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. (2003). Retrieved April 4 2016 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hemihypesthesia Diminished sensibility in one side of the body. Crossed hemihypesthesia OWLClass_b090df38_171f_42cd_bada_d46d1387dfb6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/34527004 Saposnik, G., Mauriño, J., Rey, R. C., & Sica, R. E. (2000). [Hypophonia in lacunar stroke]. Revista de neurologia, 33(8), 735-736. Hypophonia has been defined as a reduction in speech volume. It is an uncommon finding in acute stroke, mainly related to multiple deep infarcts. Hypophonia OWLClass_b0d7de4f_5705_44f0_8360_b0e8dc60c5fc Jerky dystonic unsteady hand syndrom Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Movements that are either voluntary or involuntary and result in excessive movements. The most common types of hyperkinetic movements are tremor, myoclonus, dystonia, dyskinesias, and tics. Contralateral hyperkinetic movements OWLClass_b0db8c88_4705_4442_924a_6698e32003ed http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C079779 Aptiganel OWLClass_b104a572_9d85_405b_ab64_a0329e2ae7f6 Total polyamine oxidase OWLClass_b10a6fc3_0d0a_42f7_8589_7d142eb3a479 Elevated cardiac troponin OWLClass_b121cb19_f6a4_4123_ad72_0bc68f9a1546 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 162200 Neurofibromatosis type 1 OWLClass_b13af687_52a7_41fa_9973_54b0892a4794 Cavernous sinus thrombosis OWLClass_b13c9a96_7e45_428e_96be_8b657d431081 avoid passive tobacco smoke passive tobacco smoke Environmental tobacco smoke OWLClass_b1535c59_0dee_4b9f_bc57_d9b02ca2a527 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 107300 Antithrombin III deficiency Antithrombin deficiency glycoprotein antithrombin Deficiency of antithrombin III OWLClass_b159c4a1_7645_405b_9304_a64821581b04 Fisher M. Stroke: Investigation and management: Elsevier; 2009. The Orgogozo Scale includes assessments of consciousness, language and motor function. Orgogozo stroke scale OWLClass_b16b0693_bf31_4a98_87bd_2737c4f20a16 Nonmodifiable risk factor Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Nonmodifiable risk factors OWLClass_b1caa203_8177_4566_a6e2_3b1c7846102f Hankey, G. J. (2012). Nutrition and the risk of stroke. The Lancet Neurology, 11(1), 66-81. A prudent diet, characterised by high intakes of fruits, vegetables, legumes, fi sh, and whole grains, was associated with a lower risk of stroke after 14 years of follow-up of 71 768 women (relative risk 0·78, 95% CI 0·61–1·01; comparing extreme quintiles) whereas a western diet, characterised by high intakes of red and processed meats, refi ned grains, and sweets and desserts, was associated with an increased risk of stroke (relative risk 1·58, 95% CI 1·15–2·15; comparing the highest with lowest quintiles of the western diet). prudent diet OWLClass_b1f6b40e_dbaa_44e7_a0c2_d45e96672923 Anticoagulant Anticoagulants Anticoagulation agent Anticoagulation agents Anticoagulation drug Anticoagulation drugs Shahpouri, M. M., Mousavi, S., Khorvash, F., Mousavi, S. M., & Hoseini, T. (2012). Anticoagulant therapy for ischemic stroke: A review of literature. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences : The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 17(4), 396–401. Anticoagulant therapy for acute stroke may only be considered after a brain imaging study has excluded hemorrhage and estimated the size of the infarct. Early anticoagulation should be avoided when potential contraindications to anticoagulation are present, such as a large infarction (based upon clinical syndrome or brain imaging findings), uncontrolled hypertension, or other bleeding conditions. Anticoagulation drugs therapy OWLClass_b1fbc5a1_7934_4195_bc84_fab0e3873b4c Thin the clot OWLClass_b2194d6d_5eb6_415c_8d86_22daee63ce2d Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Hamartomatous tumor syndrome OWLClass_b25f3bc5_f8f6_46c3_9d60_e0ecf3e70550 CAHAI Barreca, S. R., Stratford, P. W., Lambert, C. L., Masters, L. M., & Streiner, D. L. (2005). Test-retest reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the Chedoke arm and hand activity inventory: a new measure of upper-limb function for survivors of stroke. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 86(8), 1616-1622. The CAHAI consists of 13 real-life functional tasks that reflect (1) the domains deemed important by survivors of stroke; (2) bilateral activities; (3) non-gender-specific items; (4) the full range of normative movements, pinches, and grasps; and (5) the various stages of motor recovery poststroke. Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory OWLClass_b271c211_91aa_4a33_b116_9b3d194d524f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/38433004 Analgesia OWLClass_b2f2e12d_6128_47ad_aded_7913c352b06d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/41713005 Mesencephalic tegmental paralysis paramedian midbrain syndrome Jacobs DA, Galetta SL. Neuro-ophthalmology for neuroradiologists. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28 (1): 3-8 Benedikt syndrome, or paramedian midbrain syndrome, is a midbrain stroke syndrome that involves the fascicles of the oculomotor nerve and the red nucleus resulting in an ipsilateral CN III palsy and crossed hemiataxia and chorea. Using imaging alone, it is difficult to distinguish Benedikt from Weber syndrome, unless clear involvement of the red nucleus can be identified, which is seen in the former. Benedikt syndrome OWLClass_b32e3832_b7f6_4b78_ba22_103b97cffba7 Inflammatory cells inflammatory cell Cellular mediator OWLClass_b348be42_cc89_4aec_ba21_3d315649362a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/387475002 Bardutzky, J., & Schwab, S. (2007). Antiedema therapy in ischemic stroke. Stroke, 38(11), 3084-3094. Loop diuretics like furosemide may act by decreasing total body water and increasing blood osmolality, thereby removing water from the brain. Furosemide OWLClass_b3604291_58f2_490b_a478_84898f40dbae http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D004562 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/46825001 ECG Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY. Electrocardiography OWLClass_b38f25dd_c750_4675_9232_f6ad3f66843e Gowland, C., Stratford, P., Ward, M., Moreland, J., Torresin, W., Van Hullenaar, S., ... & Plews, N. (1993). Measuring physical impairment and disability with the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment. Stroke, 24(1), 58-63. he Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment measures the physical impairments and disabilities that impact on the lives of individuals with stroke. This measure has three overall purposes: 1) to stage motor recovery to classify individuals in terms of clinical characteristics, 2) to predict rehabilitation outcomes, and 3) to measure clinically important change in physical function. Chedoke McMaster Stroke Assessment OWLClass_b39cb9de_a778_4c0e_8ea6_5eb49117cc17 Poultry OWLClass_b3b2b907_054e_4f44_a633_e733b57b8522 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/116571008 Betamethasone OWLClass_b3f59eb2_47d4_432a_abee_8ecb7dd6cf21 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D052456 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/15346004 Analphalipoproteinemia Familial HDL deficiency, Type I HDL Cholesterol, Low Serum HDL Lipoprotein Deficiency Disease Hypoalphalipoproteinemia Hypoalphalipoproteinemias Tangier disease Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia OWLClass_b47ba326_dfdd_4542_9b9e_98c5bb30133e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D018755 GABA Receptor Agonist gamma Aminobutyric acid agonist OWLClass_b4ae148c_cca0_4507_8161_12d0a70810d6 Confusion OWLClass_b4b48503_7b61_41da_ab87_dcd94ee0dd17 Angular gyrus syndrome Afifi AK, Bergman RA. Functional neuroanatomy. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN:0070015899 Gerstmann syndrome, also known as angular gyrus syndrome, is a dominant hemisphere stroke syndrome consisting of four components: agraphia or dysgraphia acalculia or dyscalculia finger agnosia left-right disorientation Pure Gerstmann syndrome is said to be without aphasia. Gerstmann syndrome OWLClass_b4de02e7_49ff_4bbb_9e0a_832ae90f5a7d Glue sniffing OWLClass_b50f3577_510f_4d41_9bde_c631b45cb4fb http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/80394007 High blood glucose High blood sugar Badiger, S., Akkasaligar, P. T., & Narone, U. (2013). Hyperglycemia and stroke. International Journal of Stroke Research, 1(1), 1-6. Hyperglycemia is common in patients with acute stroke, occurring in up to 60% of patients overall and approximately 12- 53% of acute stroke patients without a prior diagnosis of diabetes. Hyperglycaemia predicts higher mortality and morbidity after acute stroke independently of other adverse prognostic factors, such as older age, type and severity of stroke, and non-reversibility of the neurological deficit. Hyperglycemia OWLClass_b57ac885_c798_4875_82b7_35150a30f9f8 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/277316004 Ruptured aneurysm of middle cerebral artery OWLClass_b5a3bb10_5dc4_4c89_a696_ee13fb055fad Plasma cell disorders OWLClass_b5aa518b_6307_42b7_912a_126deac52f4e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/5154007 Speech therapy OWLClass_b61d7305_feb6_47a7_8dd7_c128d80a72ed Total hemisensory loss OWLClass_b6402a64_8cd7_4b0f_9154_0b86f96eacee Nonspecifc marker of coagulation Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Some coagulation markers have been used extensively for diagnostic purposes for other conditions. The limitation to the use of coagulation markers is that they are nonspecifc in nature. Nonspecifc markers of coagulation OWLClass_b66851a5_5d9a_485a_89b0_404e0260ce74 Procoagulant medications OWLClass_b6952aac_a285_45fa_9f2c_ec5965a2dc2d Models of stroke Stroke model Stroke models Seidenstein, A. H., Barone, F. C., & Lytton, W. W. (2015). Computer modeling of ischemic stroke. Scholarpedia Journal, 10(3), 32015. http://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.32015 The eventual goal of modeling in stroke is to assist in prevention and therapy. These include the identification of approaches to reduce risk, development of treatments that can protect the brain at the time of stroke, and development of treatments to restore function and improve long-term outcome. Model of stroke OWLClass_b6dd18a1_4780_49c6_9d37_8e1c529e8789 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Motor deficits are among the most common manifestations in patients with ACA-territory infarctions. In classic descriptions, cortical branch occlusion usually results in motor deficits of the foot and leg and, to a lesser degree, paresis of the arm, with the face and tongue largely spared. Motor deficit OWLClass_b7017fd3_1f2a_4d57_bfc8_977acabe6595 Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Photothrombosis induces a cortical infarct by the systemic injection of a photoactive dye (most often Rose Bengal) in combination with irradiation by a light beam at a specific wavelength. Photothrombosis model OWLClass_b7217ee7_3b70_4f3e_86d4_8d719dddc167 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/415510005 Inactivity Sedentary lifestyles physical inactivity Sedentary lifestyle OWLClass_b7251078_ca02_4c82_a6d1_98571e6bfd0b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/276221006 Ventral pontine syndrome A Matlis. Millard-Gubler syndrome. AJNR Am J; Neuroradiol. 1994;15 (1): 179-181 Millard Gubler syndrome, also known as ventral pontine syndrome, is one of the crossed paralysis syndromes, which are characterised by cranial nerves VI and VII palsies with contralateral body motor or sensory disturbances. Millard Gubler syndrome OWLClass_b73c46d7_aa25_4f17_b6e3_c14af7331e50 Deploy a stent using catheter OWLClass_b74c534f_5a10_49c4_b8e4_a892ad39637c Ostwald, S. K., Wasserman, J., & Davis, S. (2006). Medications, comorbidities, and medical complications in stroke survivors: the CAReS study. Rehabilitation Nursing, 31(1), 10-14. Faulty heart valves OWLClass_b79eea13_6761_4ae2_97e4_a6aeaeabe0f9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/85600001 Triglyceride Liu, H., Yang, L., & Bai, Y. LIPIDOMICS STUDY OF STROKE INDUCED BY SMALL VESSEL DISEASE BY 2D (NP/RP) LC-MS/MS. triacylglycerol OWLClass_b7bb1ca4_e5f7_4e0f_9a42_052eddaad96d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D010003 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D010003 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/396275006 Karatepe, A. G., Gunaydin, R., Kaya, T., & Turkmen, G. (2008). Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 831-835. A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. Osteoarthritis OWLClass_b7d6565c_4eb4_4a8e_9a7c_727d3fa0774f In silico models of stroke Van de Pas, N. C. A., Woutersen, R. A., van Ommen, B., Rietjens, I. M. C. M., & de Graaf, A. A. (2012). A physiologically based in silico kinetic model predicting plasma cholesterol concentrations in humans. Journal of Lipid Research, 53(12), 2734–2746. http://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M031930 In silico modeling has proven to be a useful tool in biology because it allows the study of interspecies variation and regulation of homeostasis and allows the integration of information from various sources. In silico model of stroke OWLClass_b7dcce16_b223_4e3d_a612_913289cba504 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Sensory impairments may be found in the affected half of the body, particularly in the lower limb, although usually they are mild or indefinite, or sometimes totally absent. The modalities most often involved are discriminative and proprioceptive. Pseudoradicular sensory deficit OWLClass_b84e1f58_7148_4365_8023_18801b6028c3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/6631009 Increased platelets Thrombocythemia Thrombocytosis OWLClass_b8661d6f_1379_4ef6_ab73_cbd9a7d7b5b7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10069350 Osmotic demyelination syndrome Osmotic demyelination OWLClass_b8676e6f_5b46_4996_99cf_43d83779f7e3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/421455009 Episodic ataxia OWLClass_b86d82f9_c8ac_41df_b116_4b5287d881ef FCI Gabbe, B. J., Harrison, J. E., Lyons, R. A., Edwards, E. R., & Cameron, P. A. (2013). Comparison of measures of comorbidity for predicting disability 12-months post-injury. BMC Health Services Research, 13, 30. http://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-30 The FCI was developed as a comorbidity index with physical function as the outcome of interest, using an 18-item (comorbidities) self-administered questionnaire where the FCI score is the sum of the number of conditions reported for the person (0–18). Functional comorbidity index OWLClass_b8848dd2_a30f_42e7_8d43_8aadd4ce7398 post-transcriptional gene silencing Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. Posttranscriptional gene silencing OWLClass_b894cb83_e106_43a5_9461_a22cd89d28ff http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/188060 THBS1 TSP1 Xu, H., Tang, Y., Liu, D. Z., Ran, R., Ander, B. P., Apperson, M., ... & Jauch, E. C. (2008). Gene expression in peripheral blood differs after cardioembolic compared with large-vessel atherosclerotic stroke: biomarkers for the etiology of ischemic stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 28(7), 1320-1328. thrombospondin 1 OWLClass_b8bc1b20_bde6_4344_b730_e670234faa27 KT Hartman-Maeir, A., Harel, H., & Katz, N. (2009). Kettle Test—A brief measure of cognitive functional performance: Reliability and validity in stroke rehabilitation. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63(5), 592-599. The Kettle Test (Hartman-Maeir et al., 2005) was developed to provide a brief performance-based assessment of an IADL task that can be conducted in a clinical setting or at home. The test was designed to tap into a broad range of cognitive skills within a functional context to assist in the clinical decision-making process regarding the need for assistance in daily living skills of adults with suspected cognitive disabilities. Kettle Test OWLClass_b917494c_1d80_4291_95a8_60259adf46d7 Serotonin agonist OWLClass_b95da7f0_5a60_432c_9901_7e7c58c59f1f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/78882004 Clotting factor IX assay F9 Deficiencies Hemophilia B Hemophilia B Leyden Hemophilia B assay Christmas disease OWLClass_b97d3aa2_03a7_4178_a793_434799a37963 VB infarction symptom Vertebrobasilar infarction symptom Vertebrobasilar infarction syndromes syndrome of vertebrobasilar infarction syndromes of vertebrobasilar infarction Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The posterior circulation is also called the vertebrobasilar circulation. The two vertebral arteries leave the subclavian arteries, pass through transverse foramina in the apophysis of the sixth to the second cervical vertebra, enter the cranium through the foramen magnum, and join together to form the basilar artery (BA). Vertebrobasilar infarction syndrome OWLClass_b9851495_0919_48be_8fec_65602d25b590 Cerebral artery embolism OWLClass_b9b259cd_2b58_454a_9889_b071027f98f9 Treatment of intracranial pressure OWLClass_b9f2d886_7aa4_4bc8_9a0e_652caf05a5e6 FM assessment FMA Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Sensorimotor Recovery After Stroke Sullivan, K. J., Tilson, J. K., Cen, S. Y., Rose, D. K., Hershberg, J., Correa, A., ... & Duncan, P. W. (2011). Fugl-meyer assessment of sensorimotor function after stroke standardized training procedure for clinical practice and clinical trials. Stroke, 42(2), 427-432. One of the most widely recognized and clinically relevant measures of body function impairment after stroke is the Fugl-Meyer (FM) assessment. Of its 5 domains (motor, sensory, balance, range of motion, joint pain), the motor domain, which includes an assessment of the upper extremity (UE) and lower extremity (LE), has well-established reliability and validity as an indicator of motor impairment severity across different stroke recovery time points. Consistently, greater motor severity as indicated by lower UE and LE FM motor scores is correlated with lower functional ability, such as spontaneous arm use for feeding, dressing and grooming,6 or walking at functional gait speeds. Fugl Meyer Assessment OWLClass_b9fa434a_c883_4860_b1f6_0ecaaea54415 Hemorrhagic conversion of cerebral infarct OWLClass_ba0a78ca_9692_45e0_a9a6_7c57e2c9e45c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/116602009 Prednisone OWLClass_ba1af2c5_7aa9_4a73_b699_6d5485e5c95f Rhabdomyoma OWLClass_ba204964_15f1_424a_b3b1_747fa4255149 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/26416006 Medication abuse Sympathomimetic agent Sympathomimetic agents Drug abuse OWLClass_ba3a6420_6aa9_4aa7_b55b_3e1a467262f8 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/80582002 Bardutzky, J., & Schwab, S. (2007). Antiedema therapy in ischemic stroke. Stroke, 38(11), 3084-3094. The sugar glycerol is another osmotic agent that may also has neuroprotective properties. In human stroke, increase of blood flow to ischemic territories and improvement in ischemic brain energy metabolism after glycerol administration have also been postulated. Glycerol OWLClass_ba54a40e_9936_4f56_8d2e_4b8a2f4968fb https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-complications-of-stroke?source=see_link http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/116223007 Complication of stroke Complications Stroke complication Stroke complications complications of stroke Medical complications of acute ischemic stroke are common and influence outcome after ischemic stroke. Complication OWLClass_bacae5e8_0e31_4a23_8988_471809b17a79 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000003929 BPIFD2 LBP Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. lipopolysaccharide binding protein OWLClass_bad07356_34d8_4b83_869c_bfede03bd5b2 http://www.uptodate.com/contents/ischemic-stroke-prognosis-in-adults http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/271737000 Anemias Robert Bühler, Heinrich P. Mattle, Chapter 45 Hematological diseases and stroke, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Elsevier, 2008, Volume 93, Pages 887-934 Anemia OWLClass_baddb1cb_07ca_4252_9073_0bdc4c5c031b Fibrinolytic treatment OWLClass_baf25141_0601_4254_ba7a_8ffb428948e0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/37796009 Migraine Migraine headache OWLClass_bafd6926_6f0b_486a_894f_e93fc0a35312 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/441806004 Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Brain abscesses are an intracranial mass of immune cells, pus (i.e., collection of dead neutrophils), and other materials stemming from a bacterial or fungal infection. Brain abscess OWLClass_bb10dc03_3e0a_4369_bbde_a325397a227b Nitrosative stress OWLClass_bb4aba03_1173_4a8f_b141_c5b37f6be02f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/25462005 Visual perseveration Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. One of a variety of metamorphopsias in which a visual image either persists or recurs even after the original stimulus is no longer present. Palinopsia OWLClass_bb6d2b88_f23a_474b_8b67_863e69ce6481 Intracranial thrombosis OWLClass_bb7b1917_8d07_4075_ba9e_9dbc630c0c8a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C087896 Reteplase OWLClass_bc618012_363b_4af2_ba2b_31a7c57fd79a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D065634 CSF Drainage Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. CSF drainage is an effective method for lowering ICP, particularly in the setting of hydrocephalus. When an intraventricular catheter is used to monitor ICP, CSF drainage is an effective method for lowering ICP. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage OWLClass_bc9936ee_a19d_4a1b_b603_b304c23c5376 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/7011001 Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. a sensory perception in the absence of an external stimulus. Hallucinations are often differentiated from sensory illusions which are distortions or misinterpretations of actual sensory experiences. Hallucinations can involve any sensory modality (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory). Simple (unformed) hallucinations are sensory perceptions that are typically vague and without meaning (e.g., whistling sounds, flashing lights, geometric patterns). Hallucinations OWLClass_bcc5e203_ae50_432a_be9b_d5c673185bbe Anticonvulsant drugs therapy Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. Seizures occur commonly after ICH and may be nonconvulsive. Antiepileptic Drugs OWLClass_bcd42ca4_3adf_4b93_bc2d_afdcb447c8e2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/372798009 Bardutzky, J., & Schwab, S. (2007). Antiedema therapy in ischemic stroke. Stroke, 38(11), 3084-3094. The main effect of barbiturates consists of a decrease in cerebral metabolism. Reduced metabolic rate and subsequent reduction of cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow may theoretically reduce edema formation and lower ICP. Barbiturate OWLClass_bcd91449_ecf7_4772_8084_a9bb1512b026 6MWD 6MWT Dunning, K. (2011). Six-Minute Walk Test. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 2303-2304). Springer New York. The six-minute walk test (6MWT) measures the distance (6MWD) that a person can quickly walk on a flat, hard surface in 6 min. The test is submaximal and self-paced, with rest breaks allowed as needed. Six Minute Walk Test OWLClass_bd01f9d8_2797_4e12_aea1_f3aa4b1fd18d Constraint indused therapy OWLClass_bd2fbc5d_0396_4e32_8825_2ac2cb8f7857 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/111583006 Leucocytosis Leukocytosis OWLClass_bd4a6091_b039_4a2c_83cd_ced2bfb84b80 Apraxia OWLClass_bd55c059_e6de_4263_b1da_a6f8df62f8b5 Defibrogenating Enzymes OWLClass_bd83caed_9429_4aa8_b7aa_b80be2d6545b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/387842002 Intracardiac tumor Malignancy of heart Neoplasm of heart OWLClass_be299593_16b7_4ab0_abcd_281446086cea Aiyagari, V., & Gorelick, P. B. (2009). Management of blood pressure for acute and recurrent stroke. Stroke, 40(6), 2251-2256. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/387125005 Hydralazine OWLClass_be333841_5667_476e_a88e_6602cbd76804 Daroff, R. B., & Aminoff, M. J. (2014). Encyclopedia of the neurological sciences. Academic Press. http://www.cybersight.org/bins/volume_page.asp?cid=1-2630-2743-4633 Horizontal-gaze abnormalities are more common than vertical ones. Because the horizontal-gaze system depends on unilateral gaze centers and pathways, it is more vulnerable than the vertical-gaze system, which has bilateral input. Horizontal-gaze paresis can vary from (a) gaze-evoked nystagmus to (b) slowing or dysmetria of the movement to (c) a total inability to move the eyes in the involved direction of gaze. Severe gaze paralysis results in conjugate deviation of the eyes in the opposite direction at rest. The most common abnormalities in this group are gaze palsies resulting from a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Localization of the lesion depends on concurrent neurologic findings such as hemiparesis, visual field loss, and cranial nerve palsies. The following discussion covers saccade abnormalities first and then pursuit abnormalities. An isolated horizontal-gaze paresis is rare. The lesion can be located anywhere in the horizontal-gaze pathways and cannot be localized more specifically without other neurologic signs and symptoms. Lesions that involve the abducens nucleus produce ipsilateral horizontal gaze palsy. The abducens nucleus lies in close proximity to the horizontal gaze center and facial nerve genu within the lower pons at the floor of the fourth ventricle. Horizontal ipsilateral gaze palsy OWLClass_bf21bfce_0ca1_400b_a9dd_e547673663cb http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/78399007 Astrocytes Astrocyte OWLClass_bf38d63d_72d6_4d9b_8e1a_090467cf5132 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/80141007 Hemoglobin disorder Hemoglobinopathy OWLClass_bff55c16_f5ea_4b77_98c9_9b6055e01d07 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/128822004 ALL Lymphoblastic leukaemia Precursor cell lymphoblastic leukemia Acute lymphocytic leukemia OWLClass_c005f076_8f1b_45a1_962b_49b7acc92118 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. sudden onset of a fog, haze, scum, curtain, shade, blur, cloud or mist. Amaurosis fugax OWLClass_c02fd157_b7f8_4159_a0dd_66c1fbe27da8 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/300920004 Carotid atherosclerosis OWLClass_c057a8d6_c750_4dcf_981a_3c444bb18c4b Increase of dynorphin dynorphin OWLClass_c078a8d8_cb92_4563_ba00_4c8fa31f3f10 Glial cell activation Glial cell contribution Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. microglial activation precedes macrophage infiltration and the vast majority of macrophages in the infracted area are derived from local microglia. Microglial activation OWLClass_c0fb0b42_c370_4b3d_a0bd_8b1027a8bfe3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/77674003 Hemianopsia Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. A binocular visual defect in each eye's hemifield. Hemianopia is due to infarction of the striate visual cortex on the banks of the calcarine fissure, a region supplied by the calcarine branch of the PCA, or is explained by interruption of the geniculocalcarine tract as it nears the visual cortex. Hemianopia OWLClass_c122a742_7ab9_4fac_9512_67e4f14177e8 PSD Post stroke cognitive impairment Leys, D., Hénon, H., Mackowiak-Cordoliani, M. A., & Pasquier, F. (2005). Poststroke dementia. The Lancet Neurology, 4(11), 752-759. Poststroke dementia (PSD) is one of the main causes of dependency in survivors and includes any dementia after a stroke, irrespective of its cause—ie, vascular, degenerative, or mixed. Post stroke dementia OWLClass_c140dd1f_da01_4f1e_a063_704bda6e5262 Treatment of pain and anxiety OWLClass_c18eb570_b162_4c90_9d2c_b94fe255c9ab http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/422587007 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002018 A sensation of unease in the stomach together with an urge to vomit. Nausea OWLClass_c1a52a1e_bbe5_46dc_af28_d404543119e2 Repinotan OWLClass_c1af7b73_45ee_46b4_806e_257469048a4f Crack cocaine. Wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_cocaine Crack cocaine is the freebase form of cocaine that can be smoked. It may also be termed rock, work, hard, iron, cavvy, base, but is most commonly known as just crack; the Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment calls it the most addictive form of cocaine. Crack cocaine OWLClass_c1bad45b_79bc_404d_847e_a04913232a61 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/116860 CCM-1 CCM1 Cerebral cavernous malformation-1 Cerebral cavernous malformation 1 OWLClass_c2038d37_a6b1_4041_8b05_440a6da581c0 SCA infarction symptom Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. An isolated SCA syndrome is rare, but the territory is regularly involved in distal basilar artery occlusion. Superior cerebellar artery infarction symptom OWLClass_c20f7561_10ec_4740_8e34_a25db7951260 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/278292003 Ultrasound Ultrasound technique Ultrasound methods OWLClass_c221d082_7c2a_46dc_bfc3_d3bb620ab7fe http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/44865000 Acquired polycythemia Secondary erythrocytosis Robert Bühler, Heinrich P. Mattle, Chapter 45 Hematological diseases and stroke, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Elsevier, 2008, Volume 93, Pages 887-934 Secondary polycythemia OWLClass_c248dd09_e1f8_4c97_8c6d_ad562760f0a4 Genetic Genetic factors Genetic factor Genetic risk factors Genetics risk factor Heredity factor Heredity factors Heredity risk factor Genetic risk factor OWLClass_c2728eed_68a7_452d_9381_c891b5c8154f glycine antagonist OWLClass_c27e610c_b99a_4a53_831f_a1c7e9fedb14 Infection with cytomegalovirus OWLClass_c28adda1_47ec_4b3d_9c3c_01251aaa3e49 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-medication#1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/386952008 Plavix Clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation and is used for secondary stroke prevention. It is indicated for the reduction of atherothrombotic events following a recent stroke. Clopidogrel OWLClass_c33fcfab_a90c_41a2_899f_597456a57f5a http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0005236 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008208 Human NT2/D1 NTERA-2 cl.D1 cell NTera2 D1 Ntera2/clone D1 The NTERA-2 cl.D1 cell line is a pluripotent human testicular embryonal carcinoma cell line derived by cloning the NTERA-2 cell line. Human NT2 D1 OWLClass_c3d0373b_8aaa_4105_8e19_4ca87bac0620 Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Endothelin-1 acts as a potent vasoconstrictor and can be applied directly onto the exposed MCA or adjacent to the MCA by stereotaxic intracerebral injection or onto the cortical surface of the rat. Endothelin 1 induced stroke OWLClass_c3d33f63_1adf_43f5_8456_cb5b01e823f7 Cellular edema Oncosis Oncotic cell swelling Liang, D., Bhatta, S., Gerzanich, V., & Simard, J. M. (2007). Cytotoxic edema: mechanisms of pathological cell swelling. Neurosurgical Focus, 22(5), E2. Cytotoxic edema is defined as the premorbid cellular process, otherwise known as cellular edema, oncotic cell swelling, or oncosis, whereby extracellular Na+ and other cations enter into neurons and astrocytes and accumulate intracellularly, in part due to failure of energy-dependent mechanisms of extrusion. Cytotoxic edema OWLClass_c44bdee7_a105_46e7_856c_11c27d59ecc1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005756 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/4556007 Karatepe, A. G., Gunaydin, R., Kaya, T., & Turkmen, G. (2008). Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 831-835. Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders. Gastritis OWLClass_c471f33f_ae0d_40b4_9052_36df4e6a73b1 BIT Hartman-Maeir, A., & Katz, N. (1995). Validity of the Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT): relationships with functional tasks. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49(6), 507-516. The Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT) is a standardized assessment for unilateral visual neglect. It comprises six conventional and nine behavioral subtests. Behavioral Inattention Test OWLClass_c49e36a2_eb36_43e5_b233_ad917a27a6ae Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. Cerebral temperature has been recognized as a strong factor in ischemic brain damage. Laboratory investigations have shown that hypothermia ameliorates brain damage. The classic mechanism proposed for this protection is redistribution of oxygen and lowering of glucose consumption sufficient to permit tolerance to prolonged periods of oxygen deprivation. Temperature Management OWLClass_c4ba5e05_8017_4fce_883f_94d13fc25bb3 Bad prognosis OWLClass_c4e97bae_caad_49ed_a66a_6211831d98f3 Glutamate binds to NMDA receptor Glutamate binds to N methyl D aspartate receptor OWLClass_c51a903b_4b07_453d_af5e_df131c5e3fa1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D000428 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/160573003 Alcohol consumption Alcohol intake consumption of alcohol Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking. The guidelines for the prevention of stroke recommend the consumption of a maximum of 2 alcoholic drinks per day for men and 1 alcoholic drink per day for non-pregnant women. Alcohol drinking OWLClass_c548df5e_223e_456f_b5b7_a7dd6b66b8b7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C013165 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Statins Statin OWLClass_c55cc484_9fcd_4cd6_a41c_574305048064 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/254935002 Brain tumors Intracranial tumor Intracranial tumors Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. An abnormal mass of tissue in which some cells (glial or non-glial) grow and multiply uncontrollably. A tumor can be benign or malignant. Brain tumor OWLClass_c5704bd2_9ee2_4d8b_9387_ae88fe00e413 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Henoch-schonlein purpura OWLClass_c5c102ad_59ec_455a_a133_668ec6f8adce http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/286607009 Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. Higher intake of vitamin D (≥600 IU/d) was associated with a lower incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke, in men but not in women. Vitamin D intake OWLClass_c5c73afa_129f_4e47_9b08_6c1aac7f9c53 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/72641008 Sedative therapy Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. Intravenous sedation is needed in unstable patients who are intubated for maintenance of ventilation and control of airways, as well as for other procedures. Sedation should be titrated to minimize pain and increases in ICP, yet should enable evaluation of the patient’s clinical status. Sedation OWLClass_c5d800b0_2cd0_4bd0_be98_00c3da8def01 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/36135007 Noninfective endocardditis OWLClass_c5db3a7b_d1a0_492a_9e89_51ca9a3d7e6a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D009127 Muscle Rigidity Nuchal rigidity OWLClass_c63af9f3_9e53_423f_abd2_f5c227d3d841 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C053672 Selfotel OWLClass_c65389f0_195a_4274_a2e6_9f553d724708 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Vertigo is an unpleasant distortion of static gravitational orientation or an erroneous perception of motion of either the sufferer or the environment. It is not a well-defined disease entity, but rather the outcome of many pathological processes causing a mismatch between the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems, all of which subserve both static and dynamic spatial orientation. Physiological and clinical vestibular vertigo syndromes are commonly characterized by a combination of phenomena involving perceptual, ocular motor, postural and vegetative manifestations: vertigo, nystagmus, ataxia and nausea. The vertigo itself results from a disturbance of cortical spatial orientation, while nystagmus and ocular deviations are secondary to a direction-specific imbalance in the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Postural imbalance and vestibular ataxia are caused by inappropriate or abnormal inactivation of vestibulospinal pathways. Unpleasant vegetative effects, such as nausea and vomiting, are related to clinical activation of the medullary vomiting centre Ipsilateral vertigo OWLClass_c6cc319a_9522_4c0e_8906_42786bb8156b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/9532005 F13A1 Xu, H., Tang, Y., Liu, D. Z., Ran, R., Ander, B. P., Apperson, M., ... & Jauch, E. C. (2008). Gene expression in peripheral blood differs after cardioembolic compared with large-vessel atherosclerotic stroke: biomarkers for the etiology of ischemic stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 28(7), 1320-1328. coagulation factor XIIIa OWLClass_c7847239_b391_4ec8_8610_87f978b895f6 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. History of recent infection OWLClass_c7994e4b_e19a_4e2f_adb4_1dc235da387f Limb kinetic apraxia Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Limb-kinetic apraxia is the inability to make finely graded, precise limb movements. It has been difficult to separate this form of apraxia from motor dysfunction related to elemental motor disturbance, and it remains controversial that this is actually an apraxic disorder of learned skilled movement. Limb apraxia OWLClass_c7d17378_75fb_40ac_8f67_bbf481e7a813 Apoptosis pathway marker Apoptosis pathway markers OWLClass_c7f8485a_093b_4500_a95d_748824587064 Screening for sleep apnea OWLClass_c812e82c_4f7d_4e16_85cd_c53378301a3e Bogousslavsky J, Caplan LR. Stroke Syndromes. Cambridge University Press. (2001) ISBN:0521771420. Conjugate-gaze palsy is one of the most common eyemovement abnormalities in patients with acute stroke. The eyes may be deviated to one side, either to the side of a hemispheral lesion or to the opposite side of a pons lesion, with gaze paresis towards the opposite side. Ipsilateral conjugate gaze palsy OWLClass_c827f437_8552_4f1d_b40f_3c94c80548ef http://glycomics.ccrc.uga.edu/ontologies/GlycO#N-glycan N-glycan Vilar‐Bergua, A., Riba‐Llena, I., Vanhooren, V., Dewaele, S., Libert, C., Penalba, A., ... & Delgado, P. (2015). N‐glycome Profile Levels Relate to Silent Brain Infarcts in a Cohort of Hypertensives. Journal of the American Heart Association, 4(11), e002669. N-glycans are oligosaccharide structures covalently linked (sugar–amino acid linkage) to an asparagine residue of a protein in a consensus sequence (GlcNAc-b-Asn). These sugar structures are highly heterogeneous and their biosynthesis is closely linked to the cellular metabolism, thereby they reflect the metabolic status of cells. N glycan OWLClass_c828d752_de8f_4c06_9b89_cdc42a2e059a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D008911 Switzer JA, Hess DC, Ergul A, Waller JL, Machado LS, Portik-Dobos V. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in an exploratory trial of intravenous minocycline for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2011 Sep. 42(9):2633-5. minocycline appears to decrease levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9, which has been associated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA)–associated cerebral hemorrhage. Minocycline OWLClass_c833be80_e0dc_4dbd_8e35_4249c7c17bcc History of bacterial infection OWLClass_c85c9cb0_d95b_4b98_a38b_3dab16400759 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/11267006 IL-10 IL10 Shichita, T., Ito, M., & Yoshimura, A. (2014). Post-ischemic inflammation regulates neural damage and protection. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 8. IL-10 is a major anti-inflammatory molecule in various organ injuries. It is produced by infiltrating immune cells and reactive glial cells after ischemic brain injury. Viral overexpression of IL-10 in ischemic brain is neuroprotective. Interleukin 10 OWLClass_c8717c18_c444_4280_a77a_492664eda0ad http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/MTHU016658 ITP Idiopathic thrombocytopenia OWLClass_c9453a11_9bcb_43ec_b7ac_4c5b2f79750a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/52052004 Rehabilitation care Rehabilitation therapy Rehabilitation OWLClass_c956b3cb_09c3_41cb_9169_cb566f2e14a0 Basilar artery atherosclerosis OWLClass_c95aadd9_0f40_49c3_ac9f_8b1caffbc657 WFNS scale World federation of neurological surgeons scale OWLClass_c9b87c2a_cf88_4233_b0ae_4ec5929d43cc http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20117296 Using multiple beams of highly focused radiation, stereotactic radiosurgery is an advanced minimally invasive treatment used to repair vascular malformations. Stereotactic radiosurgery OWLClass_c9bd863f_3bb1_46f4_a9d2_f7d5047404f1 Ephedrine. Wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedrine Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine and substituted amphetamine commonly used as a stimulant, concentration aid, decongestant, appetite suppressant, and to treat hypotension associated with anaesthesia. Ephedrine OWLClass_ca01c334_daef_440e_b273_0e60ae4033e4 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/603284 CCM-2 CCM2 Cerebral cavernous malformation-2 Cerebral cavernous malformation 2 OWLClass_caa6db33_1705_4c90_b70f_d8e18fb62ae9 RBIT Wilson, B., Cockburn, J., & Halligan, P. (1987). Development of a behavioral test of visuospatial neglect. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 68(2), 98-102. The Rivermead Behavioral Inattention Test (RBIT), consisting of nine items sampling activities of daily living, Rivermead Behavioral Inattention Test OWLClass_cb115255_edbd_4154_84fc_d0ed95df06c9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/276220007 Inferior medial pontine syndrome Hubloue I, Laureys S, Michotte A. A rare case of diplopia: medial inferior pontine syndrome or Foville's syndrome. Eur J Emerg Med. 1997;3 (3): 194-8. Inferior medial pontine syndrome (or Foville syndrome) is one of the brainstem stroke syndromes occuring when there is infarction of the medial inferior aspect of the pons due to occlusion of the paramedian branches of the basilar artery. This infarction involves the following: - corticospinal tract leads to contralateral hemiplegia/hemiparesis. -corticobulbar tract leads to contralateral weakness of the lower half of the face. -medial leminiscus leads to contralateral loss of proprioception and vibration. -middle cerebellar peduncle leads to ipsilateral ataxia. -abducent nerve roots leads to lateral gaze paralysis and diplopia. Foville syndrome OWLClass_cb27e1be_d734_4300_b567_85d312dd392e Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Hereditary dyslipoproteinemias Hereditary dyslipoproteinemia OWLClass_cba54c23_0982_4817_9fdb_d01223de7cec http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C092062 ACEA 1021 Licostinel OWLClass_cba78045_a7e6_4048_b1bb_3c355c0f7c10 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/128844009 Essential haemorrhagic thrombocythaemia Idiopathic hemorrhagic thrombocythemia Essential thrombocythemia OWLClass_cbadefe7_40d6_4e66_96d0_ce441bc15c49 Medical Antiedema Therapy Antiedema Therapy OWLClass_cc0669bb_dfbc_4fdc_927b_79ba78033ee2 Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. rFVIIa is approved to treat bleeding in patients with hemophilia who have antibodies to factor VIII or IX, and it has been reported to reduce bleeding in patients without coagulopathy as well. Interaction of rFVIIa and tissue factor stimulates thrombin generation. rFVIIa also activates factor X on the surface of activated platelets, which leads to an enhanced thrombin burst at the site of injury. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which produces a stable clot. rFVIIa has a half-life of 2.6 hours, and the recommended dose for treatment of bleeding in patients with hemophilia is 90 ug/kg intravenously every 3 hours. Recombinant Activated Factor VII OWLClass_cc26a073_2003_42aa_b315_e2c572cde91c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/120090 http://www.orpha.net/ORDO/Orphanet_291813 COL4A2 Jeanne, M., Labelle-Dumais, C., Jorgensen, J., Kauffman, W. B., Mancini, G. M., Favor, J., ... & Gould, D. B. (2012). COL4A2 mutations impair COL4A1 and COL4A2 secretion and cause hemorrhagic stroke. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 90(1), 91-101. collagen type IV alpha 2 OWLClass_cc4de615_e0ad_4aa0_a302_ab5856b88a0d http://www.uptodate.com/contents/healthy-diet-in-adults?source=see_link&sectionName=Mediterranean+diet&anchor=H24#H24 Hankey, G. J. (2012). Nutrition and the risk of stroke. The Lancet Neurology, 11(1), 66-81. The Mediterranean diet is a collection of eating habits traditionally followed by people in the diff erent countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. This diet is characterised by a high consumption of fruit, vegetables, legumes, and complex carbohydrates (whole grains); a moderate consumption of fi sh; consumption of olive oil as the main source of fats (monounsaturated); a low-to-moderate amount of red wine during meals; and low consumption of red meat, refi ned grains, and sweets. There is no single definition of a Mediterranean diet, but such diets are typically high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds; include olive oil as an important source of monounsaturated fat; and allow low to moderate wine consumption. There are typically low to moderate amounts of fish, poultry, and dairy products, with little red meat. The Mediterranean diet is associated with several health benefits; however, it remains uncertain which components of the Mediterranean diet offer the protective benefit or if the benefits result from an aggregation of effects. Mediterranean diet OWLClass_cc50d305_33ea_4eaf_9734_b7944ad18b96 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/95656000 Familial hemiplegic migraine OWLClass_cc593fdf_050a_4bb8_88b7_dedb57d4cca4 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019714 Metalloproteinases Tissue Inhibitor TIMP Proteins TIMPs A family of secreted protease inhibitory proteins that regulates the activity of SECRETED MATRIX METALLOENDOPEPTIDASES. They play an important role in modulating the proteolysis of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, most notably during tissue remodeling and inflammatory processes. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases OWLClass_cc875e1c_7eb5_44e8_8ad2_8e7c2a293385 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/608537.0027 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/46659004 VHL, GLN164ARG von Hippel-Lindau Disease von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome Von Hippel Lindau OWLClass_ccea97e8_565a_4afa_bb2f_7a3e428c8f06 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/308067002 History of stroke in last year History of Stroke OWLClass_cd47dd57_7335_47a9_9469_de1ab73fbda5 Facial paresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0007209 Facial paralysis can be caused by compression of the facial nerve.The main difference between facial paralysis and Palsy is cause for the paralysis can be identified, be it a tumor, infection, or nerve damage. Facial paralysis, in most cases, also appears more permanent than Bell's Palsy, with cases lasting for years to life if a patient doesn't seek treatment. Complete loss of ability to move facial muscles innervated by the facial nerve (i.e., the seventh cranial nerve). Facial paralysis OWLClass_cde8afe0_5da7_481d_9a3c_a3d9f10b7a8a Statin therapy OWLClass_cdea136e_d991_4489_86f0_5ad5a140104f Olive oil OWLClass_cdfa09ba_bd55_493b_9e17_986fddccf700 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Elevated von willebrand factor OWLClass_ce3578c5_0ff6_4a27_9a75_c4f21afdd2c2 Abduction palsy OWLClass_ce600f47_f1bd_4c31_abad_6d3fc5eaee51 White matter hemorrhage Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2014). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Lobar (white matter) hemorrhages originate at the cortico-subcortical junction between gray and white matter and spread along the fiber bundles most commonly in the parietal and occipital lobes. Lobar hemorrhage OWLClass_ce74fb52_659b_4f93_b2de_9b18b1ee0e00 PSD Robinson, R. G., & Jorge, R. E. (2015). Post-stroke depression: a review. American Journal of Psychiatry. Teasell, R. W., Foley, N. C., Bhogal, S. K., & Speechley, M. R. (2003). An evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation. Topics in stroke Rehabilitation, 10(1), 29-58. Depression is a common complication post-stroke affecting approximately one-third of patients. The presence of post-stroke depression has been associated with decreases in functional recovery, social activity and cognition. Post stroke depression OWLClass_ce92e72f_9d54_4168_8467_8a1f772ea10b Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/315234002 Avert stroke recurrences Secondary stroke prevention Secondary prevention of stroke OWLClass_cee6a021_15cf_46fe_840e_f75635b48c75 Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. A transient ischemic attack which is typically associated with severe large artery disease with exhausted hemodynamic reserve is “limb shaking TIA”. It is characterized by 30–60 sec episodes of repetitive jerking movements of contralateral arm and/or leg and has been described with carotid occlusion but also with stenosis of intracranial vessels, e.g. middle cerebral artery or anterior cerebral artery. “Limb shaking TIA” is elicited in situations which dispose to low flow, e.g. orthostatic dysregulation, hyperventilation in Moyamoya disease, or by carotid compression. Limb shaking TIA OWLClass_ceecca92_4e67_4a59_ad37_578579721282 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/427306008 Hereditary hemoglobinopathy OWLClass_cef8cdd8_ae05_4511_877d_b6e25434c90e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/20602000 Abulia Indifference Jorge, R. E., Starkstein, S. E., & Robinson, R. G. (2010). Apathy following stroke. Canadian journal of psychiatry, 55(6), 350. Apathy is a frequent neuropsychiatric complication of stroke that, although often associated with depression and cognitive impairment, may occur independently of both. Its presence has been consistently associated with greater functional decline. Apathy OWLClass_cf824d80_4efc_41e7_94c9_360a00307835 Gauthier, L., Dehaut, F., & Joanette, Y. (1989). The bells test: a quantitative and qualitative test for visual neglect. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology. the Bells Test, a cancellation task which permits a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of visual neglect (i.e., lack of response or attendance to usual stimuli presented to the left or to the right of the median line of the head). The test allows for rapid visualization of the spatial distribution of the omitted targets and their quantification. Bells Test OWLClass_d00aada0_e196_4ffc_93f3_03814e5e0166 Home self-monitoring of blood pressure self-monitoring of BP Self monitoring of blood pressure OWLClass_d0127f92_e5dd_43ae_9c80_c30cbcd522d6 Chronic hypertension OWLClass_d0567164_6b8c_4a68_a708_630e6a30ab78 Blood pressure control OWLClass_d06f3ad6_3e5c_413e_b4cc_baad3f9045d1 Spatial disorientation OWLClass_d083d9ff_f5de_4562_903c_475ee04cf9f3 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 192315 HERNS Hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy nephropathy and stroke OWLClass_d0df25f4_985f_4a1a_a0ef_4f7ff5d31738 Fibromuscular dysplasia of carotid artery OWLClass_d1044d73_2311_41b8_b140_ca63475a5667 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/25353009 Craniotomy OWLClass_d108d9e4_68d3_4125_bf93_5bf3ead096c0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/26610007 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Perception of music is impaired in most patients with auditory sound agnosia, but a disproportionate difficulty in recognizing melodies is referred to as sensory (or receptive) amusia. Amusia OWLClass_d1177dcc_3354_40c5_827e_d2e0af447b72 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. This is characterized by fluent, semantic jargon, poor comprehension and good repetition. These patients usually have far more posterior lesions, usually in the watershed area between the middle cerebral and posterior cerebral circulation, although at times thalamic lesions are described with ‘transcortical sensory’ features. Transcortical sensory aphasia OWLClass_d14711ce_ec37_4a5c_b2c9_19975f09be25 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/603285 CCM-3 CCM3 Cerebral cavernous malformation-3 Cerebral cavernous malformation 3 OWLClass_d1584c8e_d5da_4b39_8bb9_1d39f330364e http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C93243 PWI Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Perfusion weighted MRI A diagnostic procedure to assess the circulatory perfusion of an anatomical location using a magnetic resonance imaging machine. Perfusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging OWLClass_d1c13575_4f18_468e_ab0b_ad7c37a94da3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/43299000 Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms microaneurysms Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm. Wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Bouchard_aneurysm Fisher, C. M. (1972). Cerebral Miliary Aneurysms in Hypertension. The American Journal of Pathology, 66(2), 313–330. Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., Fausto, N., Robbins, S. L., & Cotran, R. S. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms (also known as miliary aneurysms or microaneurysms) are aneurysms of the brain vasculature which occur in small blood vessels (less than 300 micrometre diameter). Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms are most often located in the lenticulostriate vessels of the basal ganglia and are associated with chronic hypertension. Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms are a common cause of cerebral hemorrhage. Miliary aneurysm OWLClass_d1efe550_a7ed_4a42_b93a_0ddd3a732c83 Mechanical clot retrieval Abou-Chebl, A. (2011). Intra-arterial Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Neurotherapeutics, 8(3), 400–413. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-011-0059-8 Mechanical approaches to arterial recanalization using balloons, snares, or the embolectomy devices have been reported with promising results. Mechanical Clot Disruption OWLClass_d229ecfe_3fe5_4bc1_8d53_3e23611c3992 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-medication#1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/319796006 Aggrenox Dipyridamole+aspirin The combination of extended-release dipyridamole and aspirin reduces the relative risk of stroke, death, and myocardial infarction (MI). It is used for the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and TIAs. Dipyridamole with aspirin OWLClass_d2abfaa2_0a4f_4163_9ca1_004fe159fff4 Dogs model of stroke OWLClass_d2be2756_c81a_4cec_87d5_32edcbe732fd Bell's palsy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0010628 Several conditions can cause a facial paralysis, e.g. brain tumor, stroke, and Lyme disease. However, if no specific cause can be identified, the condition is known as Bell's palsy. Named after Scottish anatomist Charles Bell, who first described it. Bell's palsy is the most common acute mononeuropathy (disease involving only one nerve) and is the most common cause of acute facial nerve paralysis. Facial nerve palsy is a dysfunction of cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) that results in inability to control facial muscles on the affected side with weakness of the muscles of facial expression and eye closure. This can either be present in unilateral or bilateral form. Lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy OWLClass_d2e9226f_7e9d_441d_af90_e8c1e2b690a9 LMI Laterodorsal medullary infarction symptom Wallenberg syndrome Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The laterodorsal medullary stroke is the most common of those three syndromes and is named the Wallenberg syndrome, after Adolf Wallenberg (1862–1946), a German neurologist. Wallenberg syndrome and an infarct in the inferior cerebellum stroke can be seen in isolation or together, the latter being usually the case if the vertebral artery is occluded. Dorsolateral medullary infarction symptom OWLClass_d32a94a5_689a_4b1a_9a88_2c10a487a91f Chronic familial cerebral vasculopathy OWLClass_d3a01348_e4df_4f8e_946f_b9ea75e124af Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-200 OWLClass_d407277b_8a9a_45f9_b5db_9bd13c476968 http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C82392 http://www.owl-ontologies.com/Ontology1447432460.owl#RID35806 FLAIR-weighted images Fluid attenuated inversion recovery-weighted imaging A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pulse sequence that uses an inversion recovery technique to null fluids present in the imaging area, improving clarity of the object of interest. FLAIR weighted images OWLClass_d4592b18_eb0b_45fb_9830_883314102d69 Hyperarousal Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Hypervigilance may be caused by an increase in activity of systems maintaining wakefulness or by impairment of sleep promoting mechanisms as can occur with lesions of the anterior hypothalamus, thalamus or brainstem. Hypervigilance, insomnia, inversion of sleep–wake cycle and delirium often coexist in the same patient. Hypervigilance OWLClass_d462c29a_d8cd_4188_ae65_76b9a9d63179 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/234457009 Hypofibrinogenemia OWLClass_d46f6699_82d0_48aa_a0e8_3fc5566abb69 Mesencephalic hemorrhage OWLClass_d4b9fd6f_50e6_4e0e_bc7f_50cc56be17fd http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-medication#1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/387458008 ASA Aspirin therapy Aspirin blocks prostaglandin synthetase action, which in turn inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and prevents the formation of platelet-aggregating thromboxane A2. Aspirin OWLClass_d4ba4310_6ddc_4a29_b7bf_c542d27d3bae http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/276269009 Unruptured aneurysm of anterior cerebral artery OWLClass_d4bbaf32_78d1_4a96_8587_e4aaf02c6cf9 Protein carbonyls OWLClass_d4c04f1f_38b1_45d6_b724_8ba2fac611fa FAT Parker, V. M., Wade, D. T., & Hewer, R. L. (1986). Loss of arm function after stroke: measurement, frequency, and recovery. International rehabilitation medicine, 8(2), 69-73. Frenchay Arm Test is a valid simple test of arm function, correlating with ADL abilities, sensory disturbance, and motor loss. Frenchay Arm Test OWLClass_d53918b1_eb26_4026_8b2c_85fee4be47a0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/227275007 Turnips Turnip OWLClass_d580d3fc_abd3_4413_b397_80b72c9ec04b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/25607008 D-Dimer D dimer OWLClass_d581af55_23ea_4c02_a7a7_5b46d0a1026e Abnormal fibrinolytic system OWLClass_d588ca32_346b_440f_9fd3_7b1ce656aabf Treatment of arterial wall weakenss due to arterial dissection OWLClass_d5a4cab7_e75f_4ec1_a9d2_7943701b500b Wallace, D. M., Ramos, A. R., & Rundek, T. (2012). Sleep disorders and stroke. International Journal of Stroke, 7(3), 231-242. This is well known in bihemispheric stroke, heart failure, somnolence, and brain edema with increased intracranial pressure. Cheyne Stokes breathing OWLClass_d5bb41e6_4202_4094_8c9d_d38f058d2bff Physical activity Kernan, W. N., Ovbiagele, B., Black, H. R., Bravata, D. M., Chimowitz, M. I., Ezekowitz, M. D., ... & Johnston, S. C. C. (2014). Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 45(7), 2160-2236. For patients with ischemic stroke or TIA who are capable of engaging in physical activity, at least 3 to 4 sessions per week of moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic physical exercise are reasonable to reduce stroke risk factors. Sessions should last an average of 40 minutes. Exercise OWLClass_d5bf2539_98b7_499c_886c_1b9bb5e85ceb Post cardiomyopathy mural thrombosis OWLClass_d5c7ae05_63a8_4779_a0f1_eda9cb2e9c7c Cardiac enzyme test Cardiac enzyme tests OWLClass_d6295710_a9d2_4172_9ba0_ebc491f211ee verbal adynamia Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. In language, verbal adynamia (lack of spontaneity of speech) is seen with lesions of the medial frontal lobes and refers to difficulty in initiation and maintenance of language output. Lack of spontaneity OWLClass_d647fe3f_e726_4488_b06c_4a10d26bfe79 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/91251008 Physical therapy procedure Physiotherapy Physical therapy OWLClass_d65195fa_4422_45fe_988b_56af54e12bd7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D009707 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D009707 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0000786 Nucleosomes Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. Nucleosomes are cell death products that are elevated in serum of patients with diseases that are associated with massive cell destruction. The kinetics of circulating nucleosomes after cerebral stroke and their correlation with the clinical status have been investigated. Nucleosome OWLClass_d6523b4b_b248_40bf_8b22_158ec0e1d160 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/330656002 Jargon dysphasia Wernicke-type aphasia Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. This is characterized by fluent, paraphasic speech with impaired comprehension, repetition, and naming. Neologistic jargon output is distinctive and occurs in severe Wernicke’s aphasia, associated with lesions of both the superior temporal and inferior parietal regions. Wernicke`s aphasia OWLClass_d66e6a69_69d0_4309_a319_46c78901047d Bouffioulx, É., Arnould, C., & Thonnard, J. L. (2008). SATIS-Stroke: a satisfaction measure of activities and participation in the actual environment experienced by patients with chronic stroke. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 40(10), 836-843. Satis-Stroke is a satisfaction measure of activities and participation in the actual environment experienced by patients after chronic stroke using the Rasch measurement model. SATIS Stroke OWLClass_d6a6daa0_c7de_4375_b289_28790aef579b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/48257004 Jumbled speech Smith E, Delargy M. Locked-in syndrome. BMJ. 2005;330 (7488): 406-9. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7488.406 Anarthria is due to bilateral facio-glosso-pharyngo-laryngeal paralysis, which also causes dysphagia and limits the use of facial expression in communication. Anarthria OWLClass_d6b56ea8_035e_4965_be91_9a7cc37f59b8 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/88822006 Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Anterograde amnesia is an inability to recall or recognize events, facts, or concepts to which one was exposed following the onset of illness. Anterograde amnesia OWLClass_d6c8eff2_c7e8_47af_894d_102f10c406be http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000006283 s100A12 Barr, T. L., Conley, Y., Ding, J., Dillman, A., Warach, S., Singleton, A., & Matarin, M. (2010). Genomic biomarkers and cellular pathways of ischemic stroke by RNA gene expression profiling. Neurology, 75(11), 1009–1014. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f2b37f Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. upregulated gene S100 calcium binding protein A12 OWLClass_d6cca228_a78e_472e_b813_541deeedaa24 Siman, R., Noszek, J. C., & Kegerise, C. (1989). Calpain I activation is specifically related to excitatory amino acid induction of hippocampal damage. The Journal of Neuroscience, 9(5), 1579-1590. Calpain 1 is a calcium-activated protease that has been specifically linked to glutamate receptors in the rat hippocampus. It is a mediators facilitate apoptotic cell death pathways. Calpain 1 OWLClass_d6d78dec_9f63_4bbd_aacc_5c9aab00b2a0 B vitamins intake Vitamin B1 intake Vitamin B12 intake Vitamin B2 intake Vitamin B6 intake Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. There is a positive correlation between homocysteine levels and stroke. For this reason, guidelines on the primary prevention of stroke recommend the use of B vitamins in patients with known elevated homocysteine levels. Vitamin B intake OWLClass_d6f2cb95_12b1_483d_bedc_a11cedf5d67e http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C19253 http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C19253 Comorbidity Index In epidemiology, a rating scale for comorbidity. Measures of comorbidity OWLClass_d70c5353_4792_4206_a3ea_86e0ef4bfc18 DNA fragmentation OWLClass_d7567cc5_115b_4423_a2a2_77e2c46a3a04 Brain CT Brain CT scan CT scan CT scans Computed tomography Computerized tomography scan OWLClass_d84481b3_9661_4f26_b259_d0c626f2f053 http://www.item.fraunhofer.de/en/focuses_of_research/tumortherapy/mathematical-modeling-of-disease-processes.html Mathematical models of stroke mathematical modeling provides unique opportunities to coherently integrate complementary data from different scientific disciplines, such as molecular cell biology, cell and tissue microscopy, functional testing and clinical diagnostics, thereby enabling a better and more comprehensive understanding of physiological and patho-physiological processes. Mathematical model of stroke OWLClass_d881fcfa_04af_431b_8d3f_4aff0eb5b91f CBC Complete blood count OWLClass_d8ad01c4_459b_425b_bca4_21d3463422ff http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/120130 http://www.orpha.net/ORDO/Orphanet_120716 COL4A1 Weng, Y. C., Sonni, A., Labelle‐Dumais, C., de Leau, M., Kauffman, W., Jeanne, M., ... & Gould, D. B. (2012). COL4A1 mutations in patients with sporadic late‐onset intracerebral hemorrhage. Annals of neurology, 71(4), 470-477. collagen type IV alpha 1 OWLClass_d8c5e940_2641_4bc1_9544_c91ad4cc018c Acalculia OWLClass_d8e842d1_11f8_4d86_9173_98fa4be6916b Syphilitic cerebral arteritis OWLClass_d8f60df9_09bf_41c5_8fce_b69f2c68962b http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000002114 ets-2 Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. Erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 OWLClass_d90d133e_b654_4131_ba96_8d62ec0ccd81 Family history of ruptured aneurysms OWLClass_d90d20d9_2cff_40fd_9553_33b6ffdebdee Injection of tPA using catheter OWLClass_d92f773e_91af_4b56_969c_a8567542b3a5 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/258545002 Vegetation from prosthetic heart valve OWLClass_d954c6ec_2f38_498c_a19f_cd5ffb6c461b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C552171 Rognoni, C., Marchetti, M., Quaglini, S., & Liberato, N. L. (2015). Edoxaban versus warfarin for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis, 39(2), 149-154. Edoxaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, has been found non-inferior to warfarin for preventing stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), with a lower rate of intracranial bleeding. Edoxaban OWLClass_d978c579_b6b7_49a9_b685_b40d53a1ca9e Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphomania Graphomania, also known as scribomania, refers to an obsessive impulse to write. Graphomania OWLClass_d9c9be28_a87c_4598_bc8a_be2c03034e4f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/373444002 Atorvastatin OWLClass_d9ccf525_6857_4e0b_afac_fc4a0c5e1401 Intraventricular hemorrhage OWLClass_da0ed7e3_4467_4f43_b119_7cbea4039e4f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/91327001 Quadriparesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002273 Tetraplegia refers to a complete loss of strength, whereas Tetraparesis refers to an incomplete loss of strength. Weakness of all four limbs. Tetraparesis OWLClass_da1892bc_1866_4d66_aef1_825d29496c26 AIF Apoptosis inducing factor OWLClass_da3e6e81_157a_4639_b4d2_c0077ccc0312 Combined duplex and TCD Combined duplex and Transcranial Doppler OWLClass_da4a9b6d_7a57_4d2f_816f_1599e14dc2f9 Agraphia OWLClass_da86a761_b4c8_4f94_9ed6_ecf3d32bc141 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C100531 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000014709 Neuroserpin Polymorphisms Cole, J. W., Naj, A. C., O’Connell, J. R., Stine, O. C., Sorkin, J. D., Wozniak, M. A., … Kittner, S. J. (2007). Neuroserpin polymorphisms and stroke risk in a biracial population: the stroke prevention in young women study. BMC Neurology, 7, 37. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-7-37 Biomarkers of early-onset ischemic stroke Neuroserpin is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that selectively inhibits tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) within the central nervous system (CNS). Neuroserpin is secreted by neurons in the brain, and provides regulation of tPA activity during both normal and pathological processes including CNS development, neuronal survival, and cerebral ischemia. Neuroserpin OWLClass_da88dd5f_3d51_47b3_a857_591ec6b75f77 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/387502003 Adams, H. P., del Zoppo, G., Alberts, M. J., Bhatt, D. L., Brass, L., Furlan, A., ... & Lyden, P. D. (2007). Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation, 115(20), e478-e534. stroke among persons with recent aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Nimodipine OWLClass_da89a813_e215_4996_ac80_126e4b70b84c IL-23 IL12B IL23 Shichita, T., Ito, M., & Yoshimura, A. (2014). Post-ischemic inflammation regulates neural damage and protection. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 8. IL-23 and IL-1β activate T cell-mediated innate immunity and promote secondary ischemic damage during the subacute phase of ischemic brain injury. Interleukin 23 OWLClass_da9d6254_c698_4aef_a4db_3f81bae79da8 Mitochondrial DNA disease mtDNA disease mtDNA mutation Mitochondrial damage OWLClass_db71fadb_ecce_40f9_ab5e_d174f715af28 FAI Schuling, J., De Haan, R., Limburg, M. T., & Groenier, K. H. (1993). The Frenchay Activities Index. Assessment of functional status in stroke patients. Stroke, 24(8), 1173-1177. The Frenchay Activities Index is a useful stroke-specific instrument to assess functional status. Completion of the questionnaire is easy and takes only a few minutes. The Frenchay Activities Index has been developed specifically for measuring disability and handicap in stroke patients. Frenchay Activities Index OWLClass_db9c15ae_0fe8_486e_aad0_a3d076d8cd8e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/230724001 CAA Cerebral amyloidopathy Hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy familial cerebral amyloid angiopathy Pezzini A, Del Zotto E, Volonghi I, Giossi A, Costa P, Padovani A. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a common cause of cerebral hemorrhage. Curr Med Chem. 2009. 16(20):2498-513 Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) refers to the deposition of β-amyloid in the media and adventitia of small and mid-sized arteries (and, less frequently, veins) of the cerebral cortex and the leptomeninges. It is a component of any disorder in which amyloid is deposited in the brain, and it is not associated with systemic amyloidosis. The condition increases the risk of hemorrhagic stroke and dementia. familial cerebral amyloid angiopathy is due to mutations in the APP gene Cerebral amyloid angiopathy OWLClass_db9fb7d9_5d31_4fdc_befb_f5f2c46bf856 Watershed infarction symptom Watershed infarction syndromes borderzone infarction symptom syndrome of watershed infarction syndromes of watershed infarction Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Watershed (or borderzone) infarcts represent about 5% of all strokes. They involve the junction of distal regions of two arterial systems. WS infarcts have been studied best in the anterior circulation in relationship to severe stenosis or occlusion of the ICA. Two typical patterns are observed: cortical WS (CWS) and the internal WS (IWS) strokes. The CWS area is located superficially in the cortex between the MCA, ACA and PCA territories. Strokes appear radiologically as wedges extending from the prefrontal or parieto-occipital cortex down to the frontal and occipital horns of the lateral ventricle respectively. The IWS area is situated in an anterior–posterior orientation in the centrum semiovale and along the lateral ventricle Watershed infarction syndrome OWLClass_dba9dc5a_902b_4a0b_a89c_9dcdda16444d http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161422-overview#a2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/109098006 Cervene Clark WM, Raps EC, Tong DC, Kelly RE. Cervene (Nalmefene) in acute ischemic stroke : final results of a phase III efficacy study. The Cervene Stroke Study Investigators. Stroke. 2000 Jun. 31(6):1234-9. Nalmefene (Cervene) is a narcotic receptor antagonist that reduces levels of excitatory neurotransmitters contributing to cellular injury in early ischemia. Nalmefene OWLClass_dbb48947_3110_4b5e_ad87_9d6c8b3f858a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D002532 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/128609009 Cerebral aneurysms Intracranial aneurysm Intracranial aneurysms Outpouching of BASILAR ARTERY at the base of the skull. The basilar artery is the most important artery in the posterior cerebral circulation. Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841) Cerebral aneurysm OWLClass_dbc75504_8fd6_418f_a0e6_baab22a7b9e9 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161422-overview#a2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C097722 R-91154 Grotta J. Lubeluzole treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The US and Canadian Lubeluzole Ischemic Stroke Study Group. Stroke. 1997 Dec. 28(12):2338-46. The exact mechanism of action of lubeluzole, a drug effective in animal models, is unclear. The drug may block sodium channels in cells. In addition, it may reduce the release of nitric oxide, a neurotransmitter generated by activation of the NMDA receptor. Lubeluzole OWLClass_dbd4d246_7767_43cb_abd8_fbb329ebe216 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/191505005 Yew, K. S., & Cheng, E. (2009). Acute Stroke Diagnosis. American Family Physician, 80(1), 33–40. Acute confusional state OWLClass_dbe05eb7_60db_4b63_baae_fb5c2e16ccc2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/365981007 Cigarette smoking cigarette use exposure to cigarette smoke Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Smoking OWLClass_dbfd7062_f568_4dce_8723_d3c92f2304bf http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/698247007 Cardiac arrhythmia OWLClass_dc10c913_e6ac_424e_a867_50a51ef435d2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014841 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014841 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/18288009 Factor VIII vWF vWF von Willebrand Protein A high-molecular-weight plasma protein, produced by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, that is part of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor complex. The von Willebrand factor has receptors for collagen, platelets, and ristocetin activity as well as the immunologically distinct antigenic determinants. It functions in adhesion of platelets to collagen and hemostatic plug formation. The prolonged bleeding time in VON WILLEBRAND DISEASES is due to the deficiency of this factor. von Willebrand factor OWLClass_dc1f739f_7a1c_4369_a200_4c09d901f8d0 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Hemiataxia is a common occurrence in thalamic infarction involving the ventrolateral part of the thalamus usually from involvement of the thalamogeniculate territory. Hemiataxia OWLClass_dc2281ad_8104_4def_bff2_d0c0bbde7752 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/84478008 Occupational therapy OWLClass_dc8c6ba6_7aac_4089_96a6_64486dad49ff Reduce CBF Reduce cerbral blood flow Hypoperfusion OWLClass_dcb94a27_afb5_4d49_b36d_5d137b5e583a Aiyagari, V., & Gorelick, P. B. (2009). Management of blood pressure for acute and recurrent stroke. Stroke, 40(6), 2251-2256. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/372860000 Nitroprusside OWLClass_dd3dd2ab_eee6_481a_b26f_1f9fd7b389a6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/1710001 SUA Serum uric acid Uric acid level Uric acid levels Uric acid OWLClass_dd475441_8dfd_4971_826d_39421cbcfaf6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/64586002 Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis Asymptomatic carotid stenosis Carotid artery stenoses Carotid stenoses Carotid stenosis Carotid artery stenosis OWLClass_dd5569db_d5b1_4da0_9649_dd1a4e007f57 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/64779008 clotting disorder Hunt, Beverley J. (2014). "Bleeding and Coagulopathies in Critical Care". New England Journal of Medicine 370 (9): 847–859. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208626 Coagulopathy is a condition in which the blood’s ability to coagulate (form clots) is impaired. Coagulopathy OWLClass_dd63673a_6ffb_48e4_906f_d200d9a2f1eb http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/85898001 DCM Dilated cardiomyopathy Myocardiopathy Ashley EA, Niebauer J. Cardiology Explained. London: Remedica; 2004. Chapter 8, Arrhythmia. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2219/ DCM is a primary disease of the cardiac muscle and can be defined as left or right ventricular dilatation and failure in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, valve disease, or congenital heart abnormality. Patients usually present with shortness of breath and signs of congestion in an identical way to heart failure of any other cause. Cardiomyopathy OWLClass_dda50bdf_238e_4dc0_bd0d_55ecb78948f7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/52501007 Leukocyte OWLClass_ddffc24d_5cd4_4ba2_8d2e_d2c930d46e18 PASS Benaim, C., Pérennou, D. A., Villy, J., Rousseaux, M., & Pelissier, J. Y. (1999). Validation of a standardized assessment of postural control in stroke patients the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS). Stroke, 30(9), 1862-1868. The Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke patients (PASS), adapted from the BL Motor Assessment, was elaborated in concordance with 3 main ideas: (1) the ability to maintain a given posture and to ensure equilibrium in changing position both must be assessed; (2) the scale should be applicable for all patients, even those with very poor postural performance; and (3) it should contain items with increasing difficulty. The PASS is one of the most valid and reliable clinical assessments of postural control in stroke patients during the first 3 months after stroke. Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients OWLClass_de022fe5_6bec_4594_a417_b139db970e37 quadrantic hemianopia Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. quadrantanopia. (n.d.) Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary. (2012). Retrieved April 4 2016 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/quadrantanopia A rarer but typical presentation of AChA infarcts is the triad of contralateral severe hemiparesis, hemihypesthesia and upper quadrantanopsia or contralateral versus ipsilateral hemianopsia (in the case of lateral geniculate body or optic tract, respectively) without cognitive disturbances, in contrast with MCA infarction. Loss of vision in a quarter section of the visual field of one or both eyes; if bilateral, it may be homonymous or heteronymous, binasal or bitemporal, or crossed, for example, involving the upper quadrant in one eye and the lower quadrant in the other. Upper quadrantanopsia without cognitive disturbance OWLClass_de0f6e9b_a8d5_40d8_85bf_52d22d730c65 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C547288 Ellis, D. J., Usman, M. H., Milner, P. G., Canafax, D. M., & Ezekowitz, M. D. (2009). The first evaluation of a novel vitamin K antagonist, tecarfarin (ATI-5923), in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 120(12), 1029-1035. Tecarfarin (ATI-5923) is a novel oral vitamin K antagonist. Unlike warfarin, it is metabolized by esterases, escaping metabolism by the cytochrome P450 system and thereby avoiding cytochrome P450-mediated drug-drug or drug-food interactions as well as genetic variations found in the cytochrome P450 system. Tecarfarin OWLClass_de1de8ad_8541_4690_9637_b2898895a06f endothelin-1 induced porcine cerebral ischemic model porcine endothelin-1 induced models porcine focal cerebral ischemic model Porcine ischemic stroke model Zhang R, Bertelsen LB, Flø C, Wang Y, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H. Establishment and characterization of porcine focal cerebral ischemic model induced by endothelin-1. Neurosci Lett. 2016 Dec 2;635:1-7. OWLClass_de37cb01_13ec_4f24_9f4a_e01bf3fe9bca http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000010970 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000005511 CKAP4 Jain, K. K. (2010). The handbook of biomarkers (pp. 23-72). New York: Springer. cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 OWLClass_de39c498_7dc7_439b_86bf_36c1b32070a2 Inherited hypercoagulable condition OWLClass_de3c5afc_554b_4e93_9a5e_d9987b6547cc http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/19130008 Head trauma Trauma OWLClass_dee39db4_2daf_4a83_80d3_7a26835fb3be http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/55918008 Monocyte OWLClass_deec68f3_7954_4687_b090_de5d246e842b Pathway OWLClass_defcdbde_550a_43c1_ab16_1265c468711b Disturbance of body schema Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. in right lesion infarction Disturbance in the normal awareness of one’s own body, typically characterized by one or more of the following symptoms: (1) a tendency to ignore or neglect one side of the body, (2) a failure to recognize or difficulty in identifying a specific part of the body (usually a limb or part of a limb), (3) difficulty in differentiating the right from the left side of the body, or (4) recognizing an impairment in a part of the body (anosognosia). Asomatognosia OWLClass_df1d2c09_c3c4_4119_bdf4_efebe312b191 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D015897 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D015897 Co-morbidities Co-morbidity Comorbidities Comorbidities of stroke Comorbidity of stroke Stroke comorbidities Stroke comorbidity The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. Comorbidity OWLClass_df637ae3_6d53_462e_8506_6aa42566188c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/44277000 Kidney function tests Renal function study Renal function test Renal function tests OWLClass_dfee0b26_cb43_48e2_8dbd_ed34b483af15 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/286605001 Beta carotene supplements Hankey, G. J. (2012). Nutrition and the risk of stroke. The Lancet Neurology, 11(1), 66-81. Beta-carotene, is the biologically active metabolite of vitamin A. Beta carotene intake OWLClass_e0079bda_012a_4198_8f31_13e8866023c7 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Wegener`s granulomatosis Wegener granulomatosis OWLClass_e01ece47_2a66_4767_a2ac_6eeafeccc0fb Contralateral lemniscal sensory loss OWLClass_e02adba4_1416_477f_b61e_2dd046459680 fungal endocarditis Mycotic endocarditis OWLClass_e06c91b0_c277_4015_b834_8036ee350a09 SADQ SADQ-10 SADQ-21 SADQ-H Lincoln, N. B., Sutcliffe, L. M., & Unsworth, G. (2000). Validation of the Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire (SADQ) for use with patients in hospital. Clin Neuropsychol Assess, 1, 88-96. The Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire was developed by Sutcliffe and Lincoln (1998) to assess mood in aphasic stroke patients and to monitor patients progress with treatment. Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire OWLClass_e0fb7650_7863_4245_a1a6_d31cce076beb ABCs Airway breathing circulation control OWLClass_e0fc57af_7939_4aa7_96f6_a7208158397b Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-15a OWLClass_e10dedb2_da79_4ca5_8d13_e24d450aa336 Hankey, G. J. (2012). Nutrition and the risk of stroke. The Lancet Neurology, 11(1), 66-81. Reduced-fat milk (vs full-strength milk) Consumption is associated with lower risk of stroke. Reduced fat milk OWLClass_e11630cb_38aa_4a56_a028_393496429c3f Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Hemianacusia means the loss of hearing in one ear. Unilateral cortical temporal strokes produce subtle hearing dysfunction. Pure-tone thresholds and speech discrimination remain largely preserved; dysfunction becomes apparent in tests with distorted and dichotic stimuli. Unilateral cortical lesions produce contralateral ear extinction. Sound localization is impaired in the sound field contralateral to the impaired temporal lobe and also in the vertical plane. There exist, in addition, differences between right and left lesions. Hemianacusia OWLClass_e189ee78_6065_4bb7_bc72_65fb5e55c003 Vascular disorder due to drug abuse OWLClass_e1a172bd_bedd_4230_8cbf_8170e849fb9b Conventional MRI Conventional magnetic resonance imaging OWLClass_e1ae8cf8_c81f_4f57_8718_249f5def025a http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000005802 TAFI Thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor carboxypeptidase B2 plasma carboxypeptidase B A protein that is a translation product of the human CPB2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Thrombin activable fibrinolysis inhibitor OWLClass_e1be670d_e2e4_43a6_bd88_95c12936f339 Aneurysm treatment Treatment of intracranial aneurysms OWLClass_e1d6f311_3a39_46a8_89a2_8eafd82df4ae Bypass surgery OWLClass_e24b0805_9bf7_4208_bc79_b4a3ec9f8961 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/230098001 Fried food intake OWLClass_e295a13b_567f_4f31_8d27_3fec1da67854 Blood sugar test blood glucose test OWLClass_e295b79c_767c_490e_89f9_fb41b8a82e8e Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. High blood glucose on admission predicts an increased 28-day case-fatality rate in both nondiabetic and diabetic patients with ICH. Management of Glucose OWLClass_e29dc320_d0e0_4f1b_8306_df8f3c3a8798 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/42343007 CHF Congestive cardiac failure Congestive heart failure OWLClass_e2a7b752_3bb3_4a7b_9fd4_6b3af89dca32 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/5935008 OCP OCs Oral contraceptive Oral contraceptives Oral contraceptive pill OWLClass_e2f32c28_61d5_4250_86bf_8fe350a24ab3 Corneal hypesthesia OWLClass_e3709ec3_55d6_4f84_a17c_49566ae6611d Facial thermoalgesic deficit OWLClass_e376b4e9_1b1a_4576_8ef4_1d8b5f289125 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C058083 Eliprodil OWLClass_e37d662d_1166_48a6_8874_d8b599da3b87 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C105319 GV 150526A gavestinel sodium Gavestinel OWLClass_e3dff752_cec9_45ec_bcbc_82aba3696f78 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000003918 ALB Albumin Chen, R., Vendrell, I., Chen, C. P., Cash, D., O'Toole, K. G., Williams, S. A., ... & Wheeler, J. X. (2011). Proteomic analysis of rat plasma following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Biomarkers in medicine, 5(6), 837-846. Albumin itself shows a neuroprotective effect in animal models of ischemic stroke. It was suggested that this neuroprotective effect was mediated by multiple specific actions of albumin, including antioxidative properties, and influence on endothelial functions and venular perfusion. Serum albumin OWLClass_e4150694_b988_441f_8b31_d114d17dcba3 Apolipoprotein E apoE Testai, F. D., & Aiyagari, V. (2008). Acute hemorrhagic stroke pathophysiology and medical interventions: blood pressure control, management of anticoagulant-associated brain hemorrhage and general management principles. Neurologic clinics, 26(4), 963-985. Apolipoprotein E alleles OWLClass_e42732a1_7002_4d70_96e8_ab0b8448f2c3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D016212 TGF-β Shichita, T., Ito, M., & Yoshimura, A. (2014). Post-ischemic inflammation regulates neural damage and protection. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 8. TGF-β has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting excessive neuroinflammation during the subacute phase of brain ischemia. Transforming growth factor beta OWLClass_e48efb74_d2ae_4ae8_a317_85c4c2d374dc Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Hypoxemias Hypoxemia OWLClass_e4a06e5e_bdd1_49fc_814a_47a41d12ec58 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/372756006 Coumadin Panwarfin Sofarin Hirsh, J., Fuster, V., Ansell, J., & Halperin, J. L. (2003). American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation guide to warfarin therapy1. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 41(9), 1633-1652. Warfarin, a coumarin derivative, produces an anticoagulant effect by interfering with the cyclic interconversion of vitamin K and its 2,3 epoxide (vitamin K epoxide). Vitamin K is a cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamate residues to γ-carboxyglutamates (Gla) on the N-terminal regions of vitamin K–dependent proteins . Warfarin OWLClass_e4c6d3a7_93dd_4ba4_845e_757bc28a456a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D056128 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/248311001 Central obesity Abdominal obesity OWLClass_e4e79e00_ccc9_463e_9a12_a93969de9aaa Fibrinoid necrosis Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., Fausto, N., Robbins, S. L., & Cotran, R. S. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. Lipohyalinosis. wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipohyalinosis Lipohyalinosis is a small-vessel disease in the brain. Originally defined by Fisher as 'segmental arteriolar wall disorganisation', it is characterised by vessel wall thickening and a resultant reduction in luminal diameter. Fisher considered this small-vessel disease to be the result of hypertension, induced in the acute stage by fibrinoid necrosis that would lead to occlusion and hence lacunar stroke. Lipohyalinosis OWLClass_e51aac90_91d2_4bcb_8baa_395bb5be5f9d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/399208008 Chest radiography Chest x-ray Radiography of chest Chest x ray OWLClass_e52447ac_9b23_41a9_8404_9ed3c660de38 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MIM: 600142 CARASIL Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcs and leukoencephalopathy OWLClass_e540ddb5_a115_47d1_95f4_28b40e3e5782 Aspergillus candidus endocarditis Candidal endocarditis OWLClass_e54f7cfc_c6db_4cc7_b4d4_acc1b9c307c7 Mineral Minerals Minerals intake Electrolyte intake OWLClass_e5593860_9102_4462_8b08_e231ee310f28 Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Single gene disorders associated with stroke OWLClass_e5635d3e_3c21_48a0_a63f_d5037e62333d Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2014). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Caudate hemorrhage, a less common form of bleeding from distal branches of lateral striate arteries, occurs in the head of the caudate nucleus. This bleeding soon connects to the ventricle and usually involves the anterior limb of the internal capsule. Caudate hemorrhage OWLClass_e5d1ba6d_97ce_4fa1_8867_1a5b9e97e9a1 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-complications-of-stroke?source=see_link#H14 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/128053003 DVT Deep vein thrombosis Deep-vein thrombosis Scarvelis, D., & Wells, P. S. (2006). Diagnosis and treatment of deep-vein thrombosis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 175(9), 1087-1092. Deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common condition that can lead to complications such as postphlebitic syndrome, pulmonary embolism and death. Deep venous thrombosis OWLClass_e5d2769b_314e_40fc_b4a6_b38e20029f89 lipidomics biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_e5d3cbe1_e261_46ad_bd08_a5039db8116c Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Histological markers can be especially useful in evaluating uncommon causes, such as vasculitis and collagen vascular diseases. Histological biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_e5d7fb0f_f7a4_4cf1_92db_20a6e14e5769 Prothrombin G20210 mutation Prothrombin gene mutation OWLClass_e63f3ab4_c1ef_47c2_8f0c_25bc1b706287 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/161677002 History of artificial heart valve OWLClass_e66e3bae_2d20_45b7_a22d_249233220bd1 http://www.uptodate.com/contents/ischemic-stroke-prognosis-in-adults http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/108369006 Cancer Tumor Neoplasm OWLClass_e6757f0e_1da2_4410_8ec6_f6e12b3c7862 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/285145004 Agitated confusional state Agitation confusional state Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Akathisia per se has not been reported in association with stroke, except in one case of unilateral akathisia in a posterior thalamic infarct. Cases of agitation or agitated confusional state have also been reported in association with various locations especially subthalamic infarcts but also caudate hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes, mesencephalic and substantia nigra, thalamic, right hemispheric or multiple lacunar strokes. Akathisia OWLClass_e69966bd_761a_4618_b0c3_5795c8682ea1 beta blockers OWLClass_e6d9fa3e_9b21_4ca0_a935_18a138958759 Endovascular thrombectomy Stent based thrombectomy OWLClass_e70071fb_c8fc_450d_9d7f_a10e4086fe0f Animal models of ischemic stroke Animal models of stroke Casals, J. B., Pieri, N. C., Feitosa, M. L., Ercolin, A. C., Roballo, K. C., Barreto, R. S., … Ambrósio, C. E. (2011). The Use of Animal Models for Stroke Research: A Review. Comparative Medicine, 61(4), 305–313. The use of animal models in recent years has provided a better understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of strokes. Numerous animal species have been used to study strokes. Mice and rats are the most commonly used species, with a growing use of larger species, such as rabbits and even nonhuman primates, to better study the disease and its treatments. Animal model of stroke OWLClass_e713ebbc_fa50_45ef_b54c_1d76b6bc0f21 OSA Obstructive sleep apneas Bassetti, C. L., & Hermann, D. M. (2011). Sleep and stroke. Sleep Disorders, 99, 1052-1069. Wallace, D. M., Ramos, A. R., & Rundek, T. (2012). Sleep disorders and stroke. International Journal of Stroke, 7(3), 231-242. Apneas or hypopneas resulting from complete or partial collapse of the upper airway collapse during sleep. This is the mostcommon type of SDB in patients with acute cerebrovascular disorders. Although patients at risk for cerebrovascular disease frequently have OSA before they experience a stroke, in some patients OSA appears to have been aggravated (e.g. by sleep disruption, Cheyne–Stokes breathing) or even caused ‘de novo’ (e.g. medullary infarction, severe pharyngeal palsy) by acute brain ischemia. Obstructive sleep apnea OWLClass_e719f7b5_d99d_42b0_a34c_a941525d468e Antiplatelet agent Antiplatelet agents Antiplatelet drug Antiplatelet drugs Antiplatelet therapy Antithrombotic therapy Antithrombotic treatment Platelet antagonist Platelet antagonists Thromboprophylactic Thromboprophylaxis Antiplatelet drugs therapy OWLClass_e76008ca_58a7_4e84_80f1_2d2257ca05bc http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/75777003 Cytokines Cytokine OWLClass_e7712dbb_ef45_4044_990c_203b584b3d10 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-medication#1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D010959 Activase Alteplase Tissue type plasminogene activator Tissue-type plasminogene activator Alteplase is a t-PA used in management of acute myocardial infarction (MI), acute ischemic stroke, and pulmonary embolism. Safety and efficacy with concomitant administration of heparin or aspirin during the first 24 hours after symptom onset have not been investigated. Tissue Plasminogen Activator OWLClass_e78139a4_a039_415b_928f_989d7243ef80 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Drug-induced vasculitis OWLClass_e78cbb1a_bb83_44dc_87ed_f203671e8d65 Secondary brain injury Aronowski, J., & Zhao, X. (2011). Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral hemorrhage secondary brain injury. Stroke, 42(6), 1781-1786. Secondary damage is, for the most part, attributable to the presence of intraparenchymal blood and may be dependent on the initial hematoma volume, age, or ventricular volume. Secondary brain damage OWLClass_e7d1d558_9609_411c_82f2_86fdb20e96b5 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/409073007 Education Intervention Educational Intervention Education OWLClass_e7dbefa7_0680_487a_a533_0b298e55f540 Middle cerebral artery atherosclerosis OWLClass_e810fc7b_f90b_480e_be99_b242f9deaabe Medullary hemorrhage OWLClass_e845b97a_b571_4d58_9433_22a7727d6898 Increase of hypoxanthine hypoxanthine OWLClass_e86f7f94_5dca_4e1c_a045_43f75dc149aa http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/226349004 Antioxidant pill Antioxidant vitamins Multivitamin pill Vitamin intake OWLClass_e88d94ac_147e_451e_af91_a8c770a1d3c6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/87555007 Seo S, Heo J, Lee K et-al. Neurology. 2001;57 (12): . doi:10.1212/WNL.57.12.2304 Claude syndrome is one of the brainstem stroke syndromes in which there is infarction of the dorsomedial aspect of the midbrain secondary to occlusion of the small perforating branches of the posterior cerebral artery supplying this area. The infarction involves the medial aspect of red nucleus with the rubrodentate fibers, CN III nucleus and superior cerebellar peduncle. Clinical picture is characteristic and includes ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral upper and lower limb ataxia. Claude syndrome OWLClass_e8f62163_c2ea_4868_bb57_ef3e2af904c3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/234469001 Inherited platelet disorder Hereditary platelet disorder OWLClass_e919c0e2_9b49_49a9_a5c5_bd610cbc27eb http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/49436004 AF Edlow, J. A. (2008). Stroke: Greenwood Press. The most common cause of embolism occurs in a heart (cardiac) condition called ‘‘atrial fibrillation.’’ Normally, each electrical impulse causes the atria (upper chambers of the heart) to beat in a strong, coordinated, and efficient manner. The blood flows smoothly. In atrial fibrillation, there are no coordinated electrical impulses, and therefore there is no coordinated mechanical pumping of blood in the atria. When this occurs over long periods of time (usually weeks to months or even longer), clots form in these upper chambers of the heart. Atrial fibrillation OWLClass_e93153a8_bee5_40c8_a012_c1b06eb79b2b Arteriogenic embolism Kasper, D., Fauci, A., Hauser, S., Longo, D., Jameson, J., & Loscalzo, J. (2015). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19/E (Vol. 1 & Vol. 2). McGraw Hill Professional. Thrombus formation on atherosclerotic plaques may embolize to intracranial arteries producing an artery to artery embolic stroke. Artery to artery embolism OWLClass_e93d407a_12b6_4603_9d2a_66d94da065bb http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020778 MMP 2 MMP-2 MMP2 Matrix metalloproteinase-2 A secreted endopeptidase homologous with INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENASE, but which possesses an additional fibronectin-like domain. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 OWLClass_e95c6786_935a_4600_93fc_4060a6e5b66d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/59282003 PE pulmonary embolism. (n.d.) Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. (2008). Retrieved December 20 2015 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pulmonary+embolism Pulmonary embolism is an obstruction of a blood vessel in the lungs, usually due to a blood clot, which blocks a coronary artery. Pulmonary embolism OWLClass_e9758135_8096_4648_9773_2ba9ac79e815 Hemoglobin concentration OWLClass_e9ab0f1d_ba81_4703_b694_648c0ad9f890 Contralateral hemihypesthesia OWLClass_ea3e7f15_760c_4f1f_95e9_b46e9f3f0cfa http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/138140 SLC2A1 Tang, Y., Lu, A., Aronow, B. J., Wagner, K. R., & Sharp, F. R. (2002). Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(12), 1937-1952. solute carrier family 2 member 1 OWLClass_ea5278a9_c47f_4a7b_baf3_67381b62309e AICA infarction symptom Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The AICA vascularizes the dorsolateral inferior pons, the antero-inferior cerebellum, the cochlea, the labyrinth, and the VIIIth cranial nerve. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction symptom OWLClass_ea705b18_5d29_49fb_9f76_4fb5c5664b5d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/36083008 SND SSS Sinoatrial node disease Sinus node dysfunction Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome Ashley EA, Niebauer J. Cardiology Explained. London: Remedica; 2004. Chapter 8, Arrhythmia. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2219/ Sinus node dysfunction (SND) is also known as tachycardia–bradycardia syndrome and sick sinus syndrome. These terms encompass a spectrum of disorders of cardiac conduction tissue that are not necessarily confined to the sinus node (eg, atrial conducting tissue and even the atrioventricular [AV] node). The cause is not entirely clear, but inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis of the conducting tissue are characteristic. SND is most common in the elderly. Sick sinus syndrome OWLClass_ea80b8bd_3909_40c9_8c74_5c94838813c9 Herndon, R. M. (1997). Handbook of neurologic rating scales. Demos medical publishing. The Hemispheric Stroke Scale is a 100-point neurologic assessment scale. This comprehensive scale measures level of consciousness, language, cortical function, motor function, and sensory capacity, with higher scores reflecting more deficits. Hemispheric Stroke Scale OWLClass_eaa2cef1_b504_4d4b_bd15_d236d314eecf http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20117296 Coiling In this procedure, a surgeon inserts a catheter into an artery in your groin and guides it to your brain using X-ray imaging. Your surgeon then guides tiny detachable coils into the aneurysm (aneurysm coiling). The coils fill the aneurysm, which blocks blood flow into the aneurysm and causes the blood to clot. Endovascular embolization OWLClass_eaaf90b7_2b59_4025_84a2_c51c0443fd02 Free radical Free radical formation Free radical generation Free radicals Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Free radical. (n.d.). Retrieved January 2, 2016, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/free radical free radical is an especially reactive atom or group of atoms that has one or more unpaired electrons; especially : one that is produced in the body by natural biological processes or introduced from outside (as in tobacco smoke, toxins, or pollutants) and that can damage cells, proteins, and DNA by altering their chemical structure. Free radicals cause lipid peroxidation, membrane damage, dysregulation of cellular processes, and mutations of the genome. In fact, reactive oxygen species can damage virtually any cellular component. Cell damage causes aberrations in ion homeostasis, cell signaling, and gene expression. Free radical synthesis OWLClass_eac7fb6f_58b2_49c0_b6cc_a4436375cf48 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/372584003 Dexamethasone OWLClass_eaec5e78_4dfa_42e5_81fc_cf76d39bc795 Coca alkaloid. Wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_alkaloid Coca alkaloids are the alkaloids found in the coca plant, Erythroxylum coca. Coca alkaloid OWLClass_eb2a7f55_cccb_4466_a59e_5afa7d84d50b Hankey, G. J. (2012). Nutrition and the risk of stroke. The Lancet Neurology, 11(1), 66-81. High consumption of chocolate is associated with a 29% (95% CI 2–48) lower risk of stroke. Chocolate OWLClass_eb55a381_4ff1_4373_acde_a8c2c3c10f6a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/319826005 Urokinase OWLClass_eb6962ab_abac_46c1_b0ef_641ada2ba99a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/703226008 Familial cerebral saccular aneurysm OWLClass_eb853588_3583_441b_ab1c_41735947cbe9 Cardiac evaluation Cardiac test Adams, H. P., del Zoppo, G., Alberts, M. J., Bhatt, D. L., Brass, L., Furlan, A., ... & Lyden, P. D. (2007). Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation, 115(20), e478-e534. A clinical cardiovascular examination, cardiac enzyme tests, and a 12-lead ECG should be performed in all stroke patients. Cardiac Tests OWLClass_eba41ac4_6de0_4560_abd0_d109ea9e1144 Anistreplase OWLClass_ebdda34b_d92e_4a3c_b41a_ef1efb04a5ad http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/398036000 Familial hypercholesterolemia, Type II-a Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Familial hypercholesterolemia OWLClass_ebe0a673_519d_4997_9d5d_c81b34a2ca34 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000009148 A protein that is a translation product of the human ITIH3 gene. Inter a trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3 OWLClass_ebe23d70_818f_43a7_8fc4_912a3ea07281 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/85937005 Acrolein OWLClass_ec39b8c8_2a1d_4fc0_afc5_66568b31c309 Medullary infarct symptom Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The vertebral arteries give origin to two arteries before joining to form the basilar artery: the anterior spinal artery, which supplies the medial medulla oblongata and the upper cervical cord, and the PICA, which supplies the inferior cerebellum and the dorsolateral medulla. Vertebral artery infarction symptom OWLClass_ec3ae2a8_9ae6_4054_91b0_235c9d294883 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine 8 hydroxy 2 deoxy guanosine OWLClass_ec71d8be_9a97_4b80_9e37_6d6d64cbb75a Liu, J. (2013). Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells: new hope for stroke? Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 4(5), 115. http://doi.org/10.1186/scrt326 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D057026 Human induced pluripotent stem cells iPSC-NSC iPSCs derived neural stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cell derived neural stem cell OWLClass_eca12543_fa2c_401b_8476_1b66000369cd http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/103243000 TM Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Thrombomodulin (TM) is an endothelial membrane protein that plays an important role in hemostasis by binding thrombin and activating protein C, thereby exerting an antithrombotic mechanism. Thrombomodulin OWLClass_ecaa179e_c16b_4516_8990_db9b23454f7c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/226423005 margarine Margarine intake OWLClass_ecb492cd_8e6c_4aad_9a65_fc16b1845ac6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/230690007 Cerebral vascular events Cerebrovascular accident UMLS:C0038454 MeSH:D020521 UMLS:C1849743 Sudden impairment of blood flow to a part of the brain due to occlusion or rupture of an artery to the brain. Stroke OWLClass_ecbbea19_3f75_41cd_805a_5c1facfe5cc0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/105969002 Connective tissue disease Disorder of connective tissue Connective tissue disorder OWLClass_ece15555_60e1_430c_9690_3d8d37a200d6 Inflammatory mediators Inflammatory mediators of secondary brain damage OWLClass_ecf55ca9_c433_4fe2_8e50_c706e6b1d949 MCAO model MCAO stroke model Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. Among experimental ischemic stroke models, the intraluminal suture MCAO in rats and in mice is the most frequently used model. This model is less invasive and easy to perform both permanent and transient ischemia in a controlled manner. Intraluminal suture MCAO model involves inserting a monofilament into the internal carotid artery and advancing until it blocks blood flow to MCA. Middle cerebral artery occlusion model OWLClass_ed013536_d323_4787_9e6d_25c43b834431 Cytokine biomarkers Cytokines biomarker anti-inflammatory cytokines proinflamamtory and anti-inflammatory cytokines biomarkers proinflamamtory cytokines Cytokines biomarkers OWLClass_ed25ead0_7956_4c0a_9559_65fb8897d76e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D020780 MMP 9 MMP-9 MMP9 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 An endopeptidase that is structurally similar to MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 2. It degrades GELATIN types I and V; COLLAGEN TYPE IV; and COLLAGEN TYPE V. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 OWLClass_ed26ed76_483a_4567_b6f0_b39c248547cd http://scai.fraunhofer.de/MSOntology#excitotoxicity Aronowski, J., & Zhao, X. (2011). Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral hemorrhage secondary brain injury. Stroke, 42(6), 1781-1786. The pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged and killed by excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters such as glutamate and similar substances. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxicity ) Excitotoxicity OWLClass_ed29e768_9ed4_4e97_b3fb_3b1902e540c5 Horizontal gaze paresis Katz, D. I. (2011). Lateral Gaze Palsy. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 1434-1435). Springer New York. Lateral gaze palsy is an inability to produce horizontal, conjugate eye movements in one or both directions. Lesions of the cranial nerve VI (abducens) nucleus in the pons cause ipsilateral, horizontal gaze palsy by disrupting motoneurons that innervate the ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle by way of cranial nerve VI, and interneurons that connect to the contralateral cranial nerve III nucleus in the midbrain, via the medial longitudinal fasciculus, to stimulate the medial rectus of the opposite eye. Lesions of the paramedian pontine reticular formation, adjacent to the abducens nucleus, may cause lateral gaze palsy, particularly involving ipsilateral saccadic eye movements. Lesions of the frontal or parietal cortical eye fields may also cause weakness of horizontal gaze (contralateral to frontal lesions and ipsilateral to parietal lesions) that becomes more subtle over time. Lateral gaze paralysis OWLClass_ed302533_ba69_46ff_b977_dc31e480854a Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/372502001 Nicardipine OWLClass_ed5f5a0d_ddd0_4976_a33e_f0dd46d513d2 Computer models of stroke Lytton, W. W., Stark, J. M., Yamasaki, D. S., & Sober, S. J. (1999). ■ REVIEW: Computer Models of Stroke Recovery: Implications for Neurorehabilitation. The Neuroscientist, 5(2), 100-111. Computer modeling tools developed to explain the process of early development of sensory systems can be extended to help us relate cortical plasticity to both behavior and to underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. Computer model of stroke OWLClass_ed6db2a8_4bb1_49d7_a051_ba1e797e90a1 Retinal vasculitis OWLClass_ed88028a_b548_45b1_b0c0_f7dacdee381e SS-QOL Williams, L. S., Weinberger, M., Harris, L. E., Clark, D. O., & Biller, J. (1999). Development of a stroke-specific quality of life scale. Stroke, 30(7), 1362-1369. The SS-QOL is a single stroke outcome measure that aims to efficiently assess the various domains important in determining stroke-specific HRQOL across the spectrum of stroke symptoms and severity. Stroke Specific Quality Of Life scale OWLClass_ed9c980d_538a_4900_a2ee_7d7d1ea34140 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/233850007 Infective endocarditis OWLClass_eda8695c_9bd9_4023_beff_17b5c9f267d7 History of Trauma OWLClass_edbdfee5_c025_40a0_aeef_2da3785b4b1a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/307091009 Factor V Leiden mutation OWLClass_edf55e6f_bf01_4954_93e0_f75e8ba43929 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/226160003 Magnesium magnesium intake Apostolopoulou, M., Michalakis, K., Miras, A., Hatzitolios, A., & Savopoulos, C. (2012). Nutrition in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Maturitas, 72(1), 29-34. Magnesium intake is, like potassium intake, inversely associated with the risk of stroke, ischaemic stroke in particular. High magnesium intake OWLClass_edfcdf31_d398_4887_b29b_dc3fc7addb34 NIHSS NIHSS score National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Ontology Meyer BC, Lyden PD. The modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: its time has come. Int J Stroke. 2009;4 (4): 267-73. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a score calculated from 11 components and is used to quantify the severity of strokes. The 11 components are: level of consciousness (1a: 0-3, 1b: 0-2 and 1c: 0-2) best gaze (0-2) visual fields (0-3) facial palsy (0-3) arm motor (0-4) leg motor (0-4) limb ataxia (0-2) sensory (0-2) best language (0-3) dysarthria (0-2) extinction and inattention (0-2) These 11 components are then summed and the score correlates with stroke severity. 0 = no stroke symptoms 1-4 = minor stroke 5-15 = moderate stroke 16-20 = moderate to severe stroke 21-42 = severe stroke National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale OWLClass_ee194b5d_87ee_4d5f_b55b_78a44de7f086 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/20930002 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. in right lesion infarction The term anosognosia was introduced in 1914 by Anton and Babinski to denote lack of interest and concern for deficits relative to the left hemispace. Typically a patient may deny left hemiplegia or left hemianopia. There appears to be no causal link with hemineglect, since anosognosia was reported in cases without hemineglect. Anosognosia OWLClass_ee45261c_d94a_4d9a_85a3_967ba3d8d724 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D003955 Diagnostic test Diagnostic procedures, such as laboratory tests and x-rays, routinely performed on all individuals or specified categories of individuals in a specified situation, e.g., patients being admitted to the hospital. These include routine tests administered to neonates. Diagnostic tests OWLClass_ee5119f9_d34d_4952_8c8c_1dc72ca49359 Rebleeding OWLClass_ee93eadc_8ef7_42bb_98f5_5a6e2ae226e6 Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., ... & Zuccarello, M. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, 38(6), 2001-2023. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/372750000 Labetalol OWLClass_eed63792_6985_4372_b86d_02f446be7f67 Afibrinogenemia OWLClass_eef0d479_563b_40dd_b96f_ae5e0dab45f8 Chamberlin, S. L., & Narins, B. (2005). The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders. An exaggerated state of psychological and physical well being. Euphoria OWLClass_ef24a5a7_1e30_4a18_bc1f_e18ff87bd415 Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Homonymous quadrantanopsia is defined as the visual loss that is restricted to one quadrant of the visual field and is comparable in both eyes. Thus, when looking straight ahead, patients may have difficulty seeing objects or movement in the upper or lower quadrant of the visual field, but it will be in the same quadrant (i.e., either to the right or to the left) regardless of which eye is being tested. Depending on the extent of the lesion, slightlymore or slightly less than one quarter of the visual field may actually be affected. Homonymous quadrantanopsia usually results from lesions posterior to the lateral geniculate nuclei, which encroach either on the optic radiations or the primary visual cortex. Homonymous quadrantanopsia OWLClass_ef66235f_c0f4_4357_bae7_4546aa70ca76 Platelet Platelet count OWLClass_ef94b198_81b8_4da8_8cd0_562dcceb8984 NF kB NF-kB NF-kappa B hepatic nuclear factor-kB Mracsko, E., & Veltkamp, R. (2014). Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 8. Nuclear factor-κB is a ubiquitous transcription factor that is a critical regulator of numerous responses including inflammation (Barnes, 1996) and pro-inflammatory genes such as TNF-α, IL-1β, nitric oxide synthase, HO-1 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1. Nuclear factor kappa B OWLClass_efcc1233_b272_480e_be9d_5eec21076a86 Rink, C., & Khanna, S. (2011). MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. Physiological genomics, 43(10), 521-528. miR-26a OWLClass_efdee70d_5d39_4394_b3bd_03ee5d5e090c Bogousslavsky J, Caplan LR. Stroke Syndromes. Cambridge University Press. (2001) ISBN:0521771420. Conjugate-gaze palsy is one of the most common eyemovement abnormalities in patients with acute stroke. The eyes may be deviated to one side, either to the side of a hemispheral lesion or to the opposite side of a pons lesion, with gaze paresis towards the opposite side. Horizontal conjugate gaze palsy OWLClass_efe5e404_4a25_4646_99e3_1cf111ff6108 http://www.owl-ontologies.com/Ontology1447432460.owl#RID8 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D013812 Therapeutics Therapies Therapy Treatments Department of Health, Western Australia. Model of Stroke Care 2012. Perth: Health Networks Branch, Department of Health, Western Australia; 2012. Used with diseases for therapeutic interventions except drug therapy, diet therapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, for which specific subheadings exist. The concept is also used for articles and books dealing with multiple therapies. [MeSH] [LIRADS] Intervention with the intent to slow the growth, cause necrosis, or resect from the liver an HCC. Examples include surgical resection, ablation, chemoembolization, radiation, and systemic chemotherapy. Treatment OWLClass_eff8d799_d3cf_4823_adef_70365970de31 Stroke mimics OWLClass_f0089608_dfad_4ee8_8acd_6a884317ee15 Increase of glutamate glutamate OWLClass_f089dcbf_1713_4716_85de_269608de2f01 CDUS Oliveira-Filho, J., & Koroshetz, W. J. (2010). Neuroimaging of acute ischemic stroke. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate. Retrieved January. Color flow guided duplex ultrasound is well established as a noninvasive examination to evaluate extracranial atherosclerotic disease. This topic is discussed separately. Carotid Duplex ultrasound OWLClass_f0acd85c_1ab5_4fae_b242_8d991c01e55f Increase of neuropeptide Y neuropeptide Y OWLClass_f0d61d02_63c8_4979_9399_4034549733d9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019278 MMP 3 MMP-3 MMP3 Matrix metalloproteinase-3 An extracellular endopeptidase of vertebrate tissues similar to MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 1. It digests PROTEOGLYCAN; FIBRONECTIN; COLLAGEN types III, IV, V, and IX, and activates procollagenase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) Matrix metalloproteinase 3 OWLClass_f0dac861_b7d4_47e8_b205_c94e27b12a12 HUCBCs Human umbilical cord stem cells Savitz, S. I., Dinsmore, J. H., Wechsler, L. R., Rosenbaum, D. M., & Caplan, L. R. (2004). Cell therapy for stroke. NeuroRx, 1(4), 406-414. The umbilical cord is another source of multipotential stem cells that, when exposed to selective growth factors, create progeny that stain for neuronal and glial cell markers. Even less is understood about the biology of human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs). Human umbilical cord stem cell OWLClass_f1b5ebd6_af39_4267_9d8a_941cebd49555 VAD Yang-Ki Kim, Sam Schulman, Cervical artery dissection: Pathology, epidemiology and management, Thrombosis Research, Volume 123, Issue 6, April 2009, Pages 810-821, ISSN 0049-3848, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2009.01.013. Vertebral artery dissection is a dissection (a flap-like tear) of the inner lining of the vertebral artery, which is located in the neck and supplies blood to the brain. Vertebral artery dissection OWLClass_f1b6be78_9d07_42df_8fa2_fd57559fec3e Arteropathy Vasculopathies OWLClass_f1d8b187_dab0_428d_85bb_a9d2f1f96eab hNT Nelson, P. T., Kondziolka, D., Wechsler, L., Goldstein, S., Gebel, J., DeCesare, S., … Trojanowski, J. Q. (2002). Clonal Human (hNT) Neuron Grafts for Stroke Therapy  : Neuropathology in a Patient 27 Months after Implantation. The American Journal of Pathology, 160(4), 1201–1206. Human NT2N (hNT) neurons derived from the NTera2 (NT2) teratocarcinoma cell line were shown to remain postmitotic, retain a neuronal phenotype, survive >1 year in host rodent brains and ameliorate motor and cognitive impairments in animal models of ischemic stroke. Human NT OWLClass_f1e10d81_45bd_424a_9354_4df99fbe902d Testai, F. D., & Aiyagari, V. (2008). Acute hemorrhagic stroke pathophysiology and medical interventions: blood pressure control, management of anticoagulant-associated brain hemorrhage and general management principles. Neurologic clinics, 26(4), 963-985. Sustained hypertension induces smooth muscle cell proliferation in the arterioles. This process is termed hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis OWLClass_f1f3237f_ceb5_4708_a472_94295bdb3fb9 Head deviation OWLClass_f2b038a2_fe83_475c_bfc6_607f47c3ed02 Mixed sensorimotor stroke Sensory motor stroke Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Sensorimotor stroke may result from a lesion of the internal capsule, and rarely from the paramedian pons. Sensorimotor stroke OWLClass_f2c898ac_fa7c_40b0_9479_463145060791 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C067553 Remacemide OWLClass_f2ef9bab_d1ec_431e_8b71_77c20177645c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/Q000517 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/135875009 CVA prevention Cerebrovascular accident prevention Prevention of CVA Prevention of cerebrovascular accident Prevention of stroke Used with disease headings for increasing human or animal resistance against disease (e.g., immunization), for control of transmission agents, for prevention and control of environmental hazards, or for prevention and control of social factors leading to disease. It includes preventive measures in individual cases. Stroke prevention OWLClass_f31966e7_4a83_4767_a8fd_0c29f3e0b5e6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/42994005 nonruptured cerebral aneurysm Unruptured cerebral aneurysm OWLClass_f34a353b_763c_48bb_b0cc_40d8414e009e Cormier PJ, Long ER, Russell EJ. MR imaging of posterior fossa infarctions: vascular territories and clinical correlates. Radiographics. 1992;12 (6): 1079-96. doi:10.1148/radiographics.12.6.1439013 Weber syndrome is a midbrain stroke syndrome that involves the fascicles of the oculomotor nerve resulting in an ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral hemiplegia or hemiparesis. Using imaging alone, it is difficult to distinguish Weber from Benedikt syndrome, unless clear involvement of the red nucleus can be identified. Weber syndrome OWLClass_f3758bfd_5037_4bd1_a81b_a72c00c3e62c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D004452 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/40701008 Echocardiograms Echocardiography Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. Echocardiogram OWLClass_f380563e_c3ad_48d1_9637_5d3dd6b1d16b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/399211009 History of myocardial infarction OWLClass_f3a5b0c9_1062_46e7_b508_bb2819fdbaa7 Monitoring of Neurological and Cardiopulmonary Function OWLClass_f3ed972d_f616_454a_badd_282ce6b63083 Matsuo, F. (1987). Neurology: Pseudoseizures. Western Journal of Medicine, 146(3), 352. Pseudoseizure is characterized by paroxysmal behavioral alterations that may resemble epileptic seizures. Impaired responsiveness to external or internal stimuli (or both) and involuntary movements, often dramatic, are common features. seudoseizures are often a conversion symptom ("hysterical seizures") and may coexist with other neurologic or nonneurologic illnesses. Pseudoseizure with tonic spasm OWLClass_f4007093_a5a3_4d5d_a610_85ad7e7fb1c3 Atherosclerosis LAA Large artery atherosclerosis Harrigan, M. R., Ardelt, A., & Deveikis, J. P. (2009). Handbook of cerebrovascular disease and neurointerventional technique. Springer Science & Business Media. Large vessel atherosclerotic disease, most commonly extracranial carotid stenosis, accounts for some 15–20% of cerebral ischemic events Large vessel atherosclerosis OWLClass_f419964a_119a_44be_ab4f_a87d01d27f4d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/226441002 Fish Fish consumption Demarin, V., Lisak, M., Morović, S., & Pjevač, N. (2012). Impact of nutrition on prevention of stroke. Periodicum biologorum, 114(3), 421-428. Fish consumption may be inversely associated with ischemic stroke but not with hemorrhagic stroke because of the potential antipla-telet aggregation property of LCn3PUFAs. Fish intake OWLClass_f41c3221_3210_4004_a7f0_b5fc2a718bc0 systemic vasculitides Systemic vasculitis OWLClass_f41ef157_9218_4637_a1be_a98c0b250174 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D016212 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D016212 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000000046 TGF-b TGFbeta A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. Transforming growth factor beta OWLClass_f4233a53_fc5e_49ce_81c5_fad4314a42ad Break up the clot using catheter OWLClass_f4592f50_42d5_4663_948d_12ccc239cce1 Maas, M. B., & Furie, K. L. (2009). Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers in medicine, 3(4), 363-383. Circulating levels of DNA measured in plasma increase in response to a variety of injurious conditions, including stroke. Plasma concentration of DNA is elevated within 3 h of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke onset, and patients who experience a poor outcome or die as a result of their stroke have higher levels than those who do not. The level of DNA also correlates to the volume of hematoma in ICH. Beta globin DNA OWLClass_f45bdc5a_430c_45b7_bb05_e7313649a3e6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/405824009 Genetic test Gorelick, P. B., & Alter, M. (2002). The prevention of stroke. Peterson's. Unlike other types of laboratory tests, genetic tests provide information not only about the tested person, but also about his or her relatives or descendants. Genetic tests OWLClass_f46b6f25_1a53_4c1e_a1a7_952004ac70c3 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161422-overview#a2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/406456001 Anti NMDA receptor Anti-NMDA receptor N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists NMDA receptor NMDA receptors NMDAR NR1 NR2 N methyl D aspartate receptor antagonists OWLClass_f4b164c4_2199_4e76_99dc_068637902f9a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/6210001 Swollen ventricle Ventricular dilatation Dilated ventricle OWLClass_f4c53716_f4f4_4390_90a4_c2dee6b92eb9 Elevated hematocrit OWLClass_f4e7a7cf_efd7_4426_aa2a_9e2486767ccb Neuroprotective agents Green AR. Protecting the brain: the search for a clinically effective neuroprotective drug for stroke. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 2004. 16(1-2):91-7 Neuroprotective agents are used in an attempt to save ischemic neurons in the brain from irreversible injury. Neuroprotective drugs therapy OWLClass_f517a98e_c525_4e79_b0e4_4b57d0c512ff Collagen type IV A1 associated vasculopathy OWLClass_f5bd6d43_1351_474b_a426_6ad7ceeab8ab http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D000741 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/306058006 Aplastic Anemias Aplastic anemia OWLClass_f62668d1_f0de_4daf_a251_0fbf24de7a9d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/600376 HHT2 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2 OWLClass_f6284718_5275_4608_ae55_7dc60d430948 Bogousslavsky, J., & Caplan, L. R. (2001). Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press. Weakness affecting both sides of the body is not common following a stroke. It may be caused by spinal-cord, bilateral hemispheric, or brainstem infarcts. Bilateral weakness OWLClass_f631abad_88d4_4784_bf59_8b09bb0d28b1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/607759 ITGA2B Platelet glycoprotein IIb of IIb/IIIa complex Xu, H., Tang, Y., Liu, D. Z., Ran, R., Ander, B. P., Apperson, M., ... & Jauch, E. C. (2008). Gene expression in peripheral blood differs after cardioembolic compared with large-vessel atherosclerotic stroke: biomarkers for the etiology of ischemic stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 28(7), 1320-1328. Platelet glycoprotein IIb of IIb IIIa complex OWLClass_f67b80ca_e604_46cc_ace4_5dbd9d7e7d5f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/118601006 Non-Hodgkin’s Non Hodgkin lymphoma OWLClass_f7882bf7_d373_40f5_bf91_16743ba406e2 Contralateral hemiparesis with cognitive disturbance https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cerebral_artery_syndrome Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss of the face, upper and lower extremities is the most common presentation of MCA syndrome. Contralateral hemiparesis OWLClass_f81a7c2f_5c16_4834_aafa_262dc08653d6 IV thrombolysis Dorado, L., Millán, M., & Dávalos, A. (2014). Reperfusion Therapies for Acute Ischemic Stroke: An Update. Current Cardiology Reviews, 10(4), 327–335. http://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X10666140320144637 Intravenous (IV) thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA, alteplase) is the standard of care in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke in current clinical practice and the extension of the time window up to 4.5 hours after symptoms onset has been already approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agency and included in European and American guidelines recommendations. Intravenous thrombolysis OWLClass_f820be38_825a_4df1_a6ba_27c39c27c344 Embolism of intracranial venous sinus OWLClass_f83115e5_2b42_4967_8d02_dee62d40484e SSS Herndon, R. M. (1997). Handbook of neurologic rating scales. Demos medical publishing. The scandinavian stroke scale was developed to test therapeutic efficacy of hemodilation treatment in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. Scandinavian stroke scale OWLClass_f8520eee_9b27_4d79_83b3_3115008f5001 Intracranial venous thrombosis OWLClass_f86ed2d1_369a_46d3_be1e_a1b609b697e7 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/32157002 Durukan, A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2007). Acute ischemic stroke: overview of major experimental rodent models, pathophysiology, and therapy of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87(1), 179-197. is a mediators facilitate apoptotic cell death pathways. Cathepsin B OWLClass_f8877402_d161_498d_b62a_e365a890ac42 http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C46087 CE MRA Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vu, D., González, R. G., & Schaefer, P. W. (2006). Conventional MRI and MR angiography of stroke. In Acute Ischemic Stroke (pp. 115-137). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. A technique that uses radiofrequency waves and a magnet to image the body. The images are enhanced by the addition of contrast agents which selectively intensify anatomical regions to intensify the clarity of the image for diagnostic purposes. Contrast-enhanced MRA (CE MRA) is performed with a rapid, short repetition time (TR, 10ms) gradient echo sequence following an i.v. bolus of gadolinium. Contrast Enhanced MRA OWLClass_f88b9185_cc88_4180_91b1_9f0417571e72 Embolism of vein Venous thromboembolism venous embolism. (n.d.) Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing. (2012). Retrieved January 21 2016 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/venous+embolism Embolism of a vein by an embolus carried in a direction opposite to that of the normal blood current, after being diverted into a smaller vein. Venous embolism OWLClass_f89c6c3a_9dbd_4d85_a84d_02bf239b7937 Babinski Nageotte syndrome Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. The hemimedullary syndrome is very rare and includes Wallenberg’s presentation with Déjerine’s syndrome, leading to contralateral motor and allmodalities sensory deficits, ipsilateral tongue, pharynx and vocal cord weakness and facial thermoalgesic deficit, ipsilateral ataxia and Horner’s syndrome. Hemimedullary infarction symptom OWLClass_f8ef36de_590a_4d2b_af56_21952de879da http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/116566001 Steroid OWLClass_f901618c_b153_4563_8681_431ee8c977dd Treatment of ICH Related to Coagulation Treatment of coagulopathy associated bleed OWLClass_f928f3bb_0ef2_45bf_9ef8_8386547776a7 fluorodeoxyglucose PET fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography OWLClass_f9512345_5256_496f_8a68_a1f6cb82bffc Loss of psychic self activation associated with amnesia Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Cognitive disturbances consist mostly of personality changes with disinhibited behavior, impulsivity, apathy and even loss of psychic selfactivation associated with amnesia similar to Korsakoff syndrome. This picture of amnesia and behavioral disturbances is recognized as a “thalamic dementia”. Thalamic dementia OWLClass_f952c415_2152_4c0b_ab44_316b25c172d5 Heiss, S., Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2009). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Cognitive disturbances consist mostly of personality changes with disinhibited behavior, impulsivity, apathy and even loss of psychic selfactivation associated with amnesia similar to Korsakoff syndrome. Cognitive disturbance OWLClass_f99fa0bd_6234_4cb1_ab58_8f56ad2f0e3a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/7713009 Intrapontine hemorrhage Brainin, M., & Heiss, W. D. (Eds.). (2014). Textbook of stroke medicine. Cambridge University Press. Pontine hemorrhages from bleeding of small paramedian basilar perforating branches cause medially placed hematomas involving the basis of the pons. Pontine hemorrhage OWLClass_f9afed20_38a9_4a0b_9a7d_95c828ce155c Giles, T. D., Materson, B. J., Cohn, J. N., & Kostis, J. B. (2009). Definition and Classification of Hypertension: An Update. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 11(11), 611-614. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00179.x is a manifestantion of cardiovascular diseases. Elevated blood pressure OWLClass_f9b36fc4_74b3_41a0_86d9_56cf8e87d445 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006937 Elevated Cholesterols Elevated cholesterol High Cholesterol Level Hypercholesteremias Hypercholesterolemia Hypercholesterolemias A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population. Hypercholesteremia OWLClass_fa13acab_641c_44d6_8557_fe376e1aba3d DDx of stroke Bullard, S. E., Griss, M., Greene, S., & Gekker, A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, acs103. Differential diagnosis refers to the process of differentiating one diagnosis from another, and in turn, providing the most fitting diagnosis based on an individual’s presentation. Differential diagnosis of stroke OWLClass_fa2ff13e_2ae6_45aa_8d84_dd2441fbb074 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/20663007 Gene-directed cell death PCD Programmed cell death Sairanen, T., Karjalainen-Lindsberg, M. L., Paetau, A., Ijäs, P., & Lindsberg, P. J. (2006). Apoptosis dominant in the periinfarct area of human ischaemic stroke—a possible target of antiapoptotic treatments. Brain, 129(1), 189-199. Apoptosis is an energy-consuming process, so reperfusion could potentiate apoptosis by restoring cellular energy. Apoptosis OWLClass_fa3f3057_143e_4b93_a020_855f221a6b4c http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000004900 Chen, R., Vendrell, I., Chen, C. P., Cash, D., O'Toole, K. G., Williams, S. A., ... & Wheeler, J. X. (2011). Proteomic analysis of rat plasma following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Biomarkers in medicine, 5(6), 837-846. Complement C3 plays a key role in the activation of the complement system and in the inflammatory process. Complement activation occurs early in cases of ischemia/reperfusion injury leading to the release of biologically active substances including C3 a‑chain and mediates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Complement C3 OWLClass_fa8105fe_77a6_4d0e_b19f_8eaddb1c2ee1 Friedman, P. J. (1992). The star cancellation test in acute stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation, 6(1), 23-30. star cancellation, as assessed by star ratio and star score, is a valid test of spatial neglect among elderly subjects tested within 30 days of acute stroke. Star Cancellation Test OWLClass_fabf4444_9f14_4cb5_a9b8_502cd1079161 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161422-overview#a2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D003917 Albers GW, Atkinson RP, Kelley RE, Rosenbaum DM. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist dextrorphan in patients with acute stroke. Dextrorphan Study Group. Stroke. 1995 Feb. 26(2):254-8 Dextrorphan Dextrorphan, a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist and a metabolite of the cough suppressant dextromethorphan, was the first NMDA antagonist studied in human stroke patients. OWLClass_fad6e182_3144_41da_8a17_49a20959d927 Molecular mediators OWLClass_faee49a4_0f3d_435a_9ab7_c3b7690ed228 CABG Coronary artery bypass graft Coronary artery bypass grafting OWLClass_faf8a6dc_92bf_40d3_a80e_eaea99843599 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005344 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005344 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/62721009 FPA Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin. Fibrinopeptide A OWLClass_fb023842_c3a1_4734_b5fd_9376d8e411ef http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/CSP/1129-2813 Liu, H., Yang, L., & Bai, Y. LIPIDOMICS STUDY OF STROKE INDUCED BY SMALL VESSEL DISEASE BY 2D (NP/RP) LC-MS/MS. free fatty acid OWLClass_fb4ffbc8_1a26_4443_bbff_a26113b9dded http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/386689009 Bardutzky, J., & Schwab, S. (2007). Antiedema therapy in ischemic stroke. Stroke, 38(11), 3084-3094. Hypothermia reduces the cerebral metabolic rate, stabilizes BBB, reduces brain edema, free radical formation, and the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, and attenuates postischemic inflammatory response and apoptosis. Hypothermia OWLClass_fbb966a7_fda6_4db8_a7d9_bc0f34ebe8b4 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/50219008 Hoarse Hoarseness OWLClass_fc0128ee_dae3_4fe9_8c64_043c02f76012 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/184100006 Patient sex Sex sex factor sex factors Gender OWLClass_fc24a57d_6b0b_4da8_9736_af8b070661ae SA-SIP SA-SIP30 Bushnik, T. (2011). Stroke-Adapted Sickness Impact Profile. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 2402-2402). Springer New York. An adaptation of the full version of the 136-item Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). The Stroke-Adapted Sickness Impact Profile (SA-SIP30) contains 30 items within 8 subscales: body care and movement, social interaction, mobility, communication, emotional behavior, household management, alertness behavior, and ambulation. Scoring for the SA-SIP30 is conducted in the same manner as for the full version SIP and yields the same subscales, dimensions, and total score. Total scores range from 0% to 100% with higher scores corresponding to worse health. Stroke Adapted Sickness Impact Profile OWLClass_fc677ab8_ce89_4883_b401_916131b8a8c2 Cerebral malformation syndromes OWLClass_fc89a2f3_b6fa_4152_9109_c75677089660 Screenung for DM Kernan, W. N., Ovbiagele, B., Black, H. R., Bravata, D. M., Chimowitz, M. I., Ezekowitz, M. D., ... & Johnston, S. C. C. (2014). Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 45(7), 2160-2236. After a TIA or ischemic stroke, all patients should probably be screened for DM with testing of fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, or an oral glucose tolerance test. Screening for diabetic mellitus OWLClass_fccb7a9c_caec_4cff_9141_04a13f454a1c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/57054005 AMI Acute myocardial infarction OWLClass_fe00ee6e_b340_441d_90eb_85af0442bee8 Oxidative stress biomarker of stroke Oxidative stress biomarkers of stroke OWLClass_fed42f6f_a844_4cce_b727_761356f24601 elongation initiation factor-2 Alpha Sharp, F. R., Xu, H., Lit, L., Walker, W., Pinter, J., Apperson, M., & Verro, P. (2007). Genomic profiles of stroke in blood. Stroke, 38(2), 691-693. elongation initiation factor 2 a OWLClass_fef19def_a96d_45e7_8939_74c0cd377ed9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014407 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014407 Cultured Tumor Cell Tumor Cells, Cultured Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely. Tumor cell OWLClass_ff288b23_4732_4c98_9a7d_8ce97ac2818c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D017392 TBARs Low-molecular-weight end products, probably malondialdehyde, that are formed during the decomposition of lipid peroxidation products. These compounds react with thiobarbituric acid to form a fluorescent red adduct. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances OWLClass_ffb07917_8422_49ab_bf91_dfa23a041526 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. Kawasaki disease Kawasaki syndrome OWLClass_ffc0ae5b_54f3_4a09_ad23_cbc9ad4c3700 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161422-overview#a3 Antiplatelet antibodies _1931_4920_bd59_9ec0836673f9 Hemorrhagic stroke death Ischemic stroke death Mortality Stroke death Stroke-related mortality The immediate period after an ischemic stroke carries the greatest risk of death, with fatality rates ranging from 8% to 20% in the first 30 days. Death Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. _1c18_4be9_afaa_2f18b6c23655 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/66971004 Colestipol _6a15_4019_a5cd_ef3a2bffd5a1 Temporal brain region _731b_4ef0_b3b6_86c7dbb54248 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/46680005 Vital signs _87b2_4ba3_9af4_19180cf1f1fe Biliverdin _9506_4cb0_8ad6_08ac0e65bead TBI Traumatic brain injury _9c09_4ab9_9f31_1f11b065cc16 Cordycepin _c1f0_4c63_bbeb_9ab3a2fefa0c WBC White blood cell _caee_42bf_919d_b9270d771c58 Sagital sinus a024a295_0176_4255_8207_24a18336930b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006951 Hyperlipoproteinemia Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation. Hyperlipoproteinemias a0327_5b48_4f55_9f4b_af23613c00b9 Outcome of stroke Outcomes Outcomes of stroke Stroke outcome Stroke outcomes Outcome a0a87368_9716_4e26_a4d1_a3ced8782157 Consumer education a0d8dc8c_ef32_4070_b820_ba2355b04d72 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019040 E Selectin ELAM-1 Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule -1 Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule 1 E-Selectin a105e4_193d_4868_ae15_142279240430 Amnesia a1_9c30_44d8_9d83_0e559de1914a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/238087001 Secondary hypertriglyceridaemia Secondary hypertriglyceridemia a1a0df6d_5cfc_4d62_a7e6_fab93cae9f11 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/102717006 PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acid a1a5621d_cf37_4551_9f9e_dea4fdffdda6 Lan L, Tao J, Chen A, Xie G, Huang J, Lin J, Peng J, Chen L. Electroacupuncture exerts anti-inflammatory effects in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats via suppression of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2013 Jan;31(1):75-80. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1184. Epub 2012 Nov 16. PubMed PMID: 23165960. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000499 NF-kB signaling pathway NF-kappaB signaling pathway nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway a1f39a27_e30a_40fd_a675_14d934984cdb http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/386725007 Body temperature a2_40ee_4700_8ae5_1a1881549c3a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/78564009 Pulse rate a4766_309c_45d6_9aa2_b6448a134428 Paired dural venous sinus a4f761_ced0_4355_9a5e_a41c4e9d5781 Computerized tomographic image-guided endoscopic surgery a50140d4_6c88_458b_8d87_abfa9f84ad8a Sun, M., Deng, B., Zhao, X., Gao, C., Yang, L., Zhao, H., … Sun, X. (2015). Isoflurane preconditioning provides neuroprotection against stroke by regulating the expression of the TLR4 signalling pathway to alleviate microglial activation. Scientific Reports, 5, 11445. http://doi.org/10.1038/srep11445 Zhang CX, Liu JX, Li D, Li L, Fu JH, Hou JC, Du XM, Zhang FC. [Effect of Guanmaitong Tablet on ERK and p38 Protein of TLR2 Pathway Expression in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Rats: an Experimental Study]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2015 Jun;35(6):712-6. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 26242125. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000814 TLR signaling pathway Toll-like receptor signaling pathway a50a250c_32a3_483d_ba5c_7d65eebda3ee van Empel, V. P., De Windt, L. J., & da Costa Martins, P. A. (2012). Circulating miRNAs: reflecting or affecting cardiovascular disease?. Current hypertension reports, 14(6), 498-509. miR-124 a54e1121_a47e_46e5_ac9e_ab94c64ac77e miR-223 a5cae0_6527_4445_9df4_6b4c493f9417 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000106 extrinsic apoptotic pathway a5dcdea_0bdd_4060_bda4_ef53c4ecb067 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/373566006 Pravastatin a61b2f96_5d0a_4aed_b310_31e62e630661 Cui X, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Ning R, Ding X, Roberts C, Chen J. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase regulates white matter changes via the BDNF/TrkB pathway after stroke in mice. PLoS One. 2013 Nov 13;8(11):e80358. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080358. eCollection 2013. PubMed PMID: 24236179; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3827451. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000572 BDNF signaling pathway brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway a6ba6ad0_60a8_4046_80da_74c0d9134f3a Good cholesterol HDL High-density lipoprotein High density lipoprotein a725f28_93a2_4295_aa6a_94ae5e487c09 CCA CCAs Common carotid arteries Common carotid artery a7481_37ca_49d6_86df_2082488a2ee8 Brain damages Brain injury Cerebral damage Cerebral injury Brain damage a7885c0_fd1c_43a7_b9b6_f2f9e85d6e05 Neurologic evaluation Neurological test Neurophysiological monitoring Neurophysiological test Neurological tests a823a17_0b79_4570_94db_63f6bb2c155f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D001055 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/26821000 Apo B Apo-B ApoB Apolipoprotein B a8a16be0_4f44_4121_a770_0797a808e35d Disabilities Disability a8a3911e_9506_4167_9cf1_08fbda8fd13f http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000378 oxidative stress response pathway a97b_cdfd_426c_95cc_a1b57fc39bb3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/83750004 Bile acid sequestrant antilipemic agen Bile acid sequestrants a9c8a0af_5210_4931_9db1_291a6b7afdfe IL 18 IL-18 Interleukin 18 a_2d99_41a1_a606_f3c182bee53e PCoA PCoAs Posterior communicating arteries Posterior communicating artery aa9bb9ae_2811_485d_9ea5_d23260445724 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/138700 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000000350 Apolipoprotein H Ikram, M. A., Wieberdink, R. G., & Koudstaal, P. J. (2012). International Epidemiology of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 14(4), 300–306. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-012-0252-1 APOH aae7282_5c07_4269_9a3e_d820c73ebf5c PPAR a agonist PPAR alpha agonist PPAR-alpha agonist PPARA agonist PPAR-a agonist ab2d2_6560_4e4a_b2f2_d953e90bb6c1 VA VAs Vertebral arteries Vertebral artery ab84_57e2_448a_a38e_414f8472a067 Fibrate Fibric acid derivatives Fibrates ac5fe2_02f8_4072_a975_6a511e9389de Cumulative illness rating scale ad676_f06b_41b6_bce5_c0654ae7704f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/96303004 Lovastatin ade32_577f_4760_a7af_7fa83177f6f3 Demarin V, Lisak M, Morović S, Cengić T. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as the possible risk factor for stroke. Acta Clin Croat. 2010 Dec;49(4):429-39. Review. PubMed PMID: 21830454. aerobic endurance training aerobic exercise Aerobic physical activity aea32e_011b_452a_aaff_27182651ca74 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006952 Broad Beta Disease Broad-beta Hyperlipoproteinemia Dysbetalipoproteinemia Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia Familial Hypercholesterolemia with Hyperlipemia Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III Hyperlipoproteinemias An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides. Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III aead_557a_4f5d_a48b_0ca689fd6434 Bilirubin metabolism af2a28_7e1a_4c9f_9754_b5afcc0423c0 glitazones Thiazolidinedione af78c_f71e_42cb_9ed7_6451a18852f8 SCA SCAs Superior cerebellar arteries Superior cerebellar artery af8eb25_9bf0_4f12_9cfc_459abe9c0114 ACA ACAs Anterior cerebral arteries Anterior cerebral artery b0220_737e_4d23_a494_71ee2ff26c9c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005174 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/70440005 Coagulation Factor XII Factor XII b02f305a_a01b_46f0_90d6_c3aab8c12e3c Amyloid plaques b04d32_022f_412c_bf00_163a8abd314a Wang JJ, Cui P. Neohesperidin attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibiting the apoptotic pathway and activating the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2013 Sep;15(9):1023-37. doi: 10.1080/10286020.2013.827176. Epub 2013 Aug 16. PubMed PMID: 23952707. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000369 Nrf2 signaling pathway nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 signaling pathway b0c122ee_1700_4943_ba19_b7397ba5afa1 Thalamus b19485ee_419d_4e81_9eac_b7d84ea067ea Simvastatin b1b3b_eaa1_4271_b26a_aebafe2b9e2a Cholesteryl ester b1c37c54_b769_4c38_9c00_3a07d8a1dbd8 Cruciferous vegetable Cruciferous vegetables b1fb451_a4a4_4ce9_8ec8_3d702a6204be Edaravon b212067a_1458_49c0_a17a_11af00eb3658 Cocoa b23497b9_bc6f_445e_89b9_318cf20d50b4 T2DM Type 2 DM Type 2 Diabetes mellitus b2b05_178a_430b_9fcc_fa050467ccec MCA MCAs Middle cerebral arteries Middle cerebral artery b2c85187_fa05_4e66_a052_3e7f02344498 PPAR agonist b4392d2_79fa_45e3_9f37_4ed1fc1d011a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/43278003 PAF Platelet activating factor b45c_6823_4e94_ae10_625c0e4d2206 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_1001461 In vascular diseases, endothelial dysfunction is a systemic pathological state of the endothelium (the inner lining of blood vessels) and can be broadly defined as an imbalance between vasodilating and vasoconstricting substances produced by (or acting on) the endothelium. Normal functions of endothelial cells include mediation of coagulation, platelet adhesion, immune function and control of volume and electrolyte content of the intravascular and extravascular spaces. Endothelial dysfunction is a risk factor for cerebrovascular events. Endothelial dysfunction b4f04715_e9d1_4192_ab53_ead83ab8f2d6 Immune cell therapy b4f2a7bc_41d3_485e_83ae_36414cdadd57 Iron b50fc8_8c7a_43cd_8dfc_e287c4b7c010 Brainstem b50fd_e7e4_40a7_ae3f_51da37eed11f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/37251000119108 History of low birth weight Low birth weight b52086a3_8929_4f3b_a866_6df368dadbc6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D008072 Apolipoprotein C II Deficiency Burger Grutz Syndrome Burger-Grutz Syndromes C-II Anapolipoproteinemia C-II Anapolipoproteinemias Familial Chylomicronemia Familial Fat Induced Hypertriglyceridemia Familial Hyperchylomicronemia Familial Hyperchylomicronemias Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia Type 1 Familial LPL Deficiencies Familial LPL Deficiency Familial Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency LIPD Deficiency Lipase D Deficiencies Lipase D Deficiency Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiencies Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I Hyperlipoproteinemias An inherited condition due to a deficiency of either LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE or APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (a lipase-activating protein). The lack of lipase activities results in inability to remove CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES from the blood which has a creamy top layer after standing. Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I b53dc66_09d8_4611_86cc_8ac8258efb1d Selvarajah D, Tesfaye S. Central nervous system involvement in diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 2006 Dec;6(6):431-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 17118225 Poststroke hyperglycemia b54883_b1c9_4533_b8c2_e685480c95ba Hong J, Wu G, Zou Y, Tao J, Chen L. Electroacupuncture promotes neurological functional recovery via the retinoic acid signaling pathway in rats following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int J Mol Med. 2013 Jan;31(1):225-31. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1166. Epub 2012 Oct 26. PubMed PMID: 23129018. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0001014 RA signaling pathway retinoic acid signaling pathway b5afb8_e1f3_485f_9f37_fedb39ecc910 CETP Cholesteryl ester transfer protein b60c_c44d_492e_95b2_77fa416b42d5 Chen R, Chen S, Liao J, Chen X, Xu X. MiR-145 facilitates proliferation and migration of endothelial progenitor cells and recanalization of arterial thrombosis in cerebral infarction mice via JNK signal pathway. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015 Oct 1;8(10):13770-6. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 26722607; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4680552. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000313 JNK signaling pathway c-Jun N-terminal kinases MAPK signaling pathway b6c96cb7_d280_4e1f_8ab8_45a508d76fa1 Soy protein b74eab86_13f8_4245_89c9_87dd57e67274 Pioglitazone b752_4840_4c70_82a6_d772a01e9173 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000001378 CD35 Ikram, M. A., Wieberdink, R. G., & Koudstaal, P. J. (2012). International Epidemiology of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 14(4), 300–306. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-012-0252-1 CR1, a novel gene for Alzheimer ’ s disease identified using genome-wide association studies, has also been implicated in intracerebral hemorrhage. CR1 b7f9271_434a_4be0_8ad8_74e86f203037 Dural venous sinus b81fc392_2e79_46da_9c30_f76b8d1ce1fa Hydroxyl OH Bhattacharya. Pharmacology, 2/e. Elsevier India Pvt. Limited; 2003. hydroxyl radical is the most reactive free radical which plays an important role in tissue damage caused by radiation. the hydroxyl radical (OH) causes DNA fragmentation. OH is also known to induce lipid peroxidation of fatty acid side chains of membrance phospholipids. Hydroxyl radicals b8397_0118_4b63_80a9_8abd65fcba94 moderately increased albuminuria Microalbuminuria b88_ea33_4872_a54d_19e3f34c3e8b Adiponectin b8deeb97_e749_45b6_ab17_a9aa9c91a89d Lipid metabolism b9ca24ac_b361_413e_a256_9e163e213dbb http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/86290005 Respiratory rate b_3e43_44d7_b03c_546125f1c091 Lewy bodies b_8258_4ae6_afd6_221aebf2840f Adhesion molecule Adhesion molecules Circulating adhesion molecule Circulating adhesion molecules b_d12b_4c3d_955c_4d81d05fa9fe http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/402727002 Secondary hyperlipidaemia Secondary hyperlipidemia b_ecbf_4257_91c5_f5a5e69afaa3 Wu X, Li L, Zhang L, Wu J, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Zhao J. Inhibition of thioredoxin-1 with siRNA exacerbates apoptosis by activating the ASK1-JNK/p38 pathway in brain of a stroke model rats. Brain Res. 2015 Mar 2;1599:20-31. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.033. Epub 2014 Dec 22. PubMed PMID: 25541364. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000198 p38 MAPK signaling pathway ba32cac_a40b_4d53_a5f7_e91527f7182a Giuliani D, Ottani A, Altavilla D, Bazzani C, Squadrito F, Guarini S. Melanocortins and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;681:71-87. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6354-3_6. Review. PubMed PMID: 21222261. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000024 CLR signaling pathway inflammatory response pathway ba448be_eea7_462c_b2d5_4ec2c4b46d18 SLE Systemic lupus erythmatosus baa81514_59bb_4a82_9ce0_85a0dc5f4d71 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D059168 CIMT Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Carotid intimal medial thickness Carotid intimal-medial thickness A measurement of the thickness of the carotid artery walls. It is measured by B-mode ULTRASONOGRAPHY and is used as a surrogate marker for ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Carotid Intima Media Thickness bc9d7b6b_86a4_497f_a291_c47a283df0f2 Activation of sigma receptor Sigma receptor activation Sigma receptors activation Activation of sigma receptors bd0b14d8_716e_4113_b66c_044732ccf2ed http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/346441008 Fish oils Fish oil bf409857_b865_4976_b270_16084048f10a Niacin bfb67_c697_40a9_832e_7743d1090e10 GluN1 bfc0b442_91ad_40fb_a6c3_4103f5fbc083 Temporoparietal brain region bfec70d0_115d_4525_ac47_ade273cb9c24 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000010 lipid metabolic pathway c0269125_62f8_4519_8402_5f715e488718 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019007 CD62P Antigen P Selectin Platelet alpha Granule Membrane Protein P-Selectin c05be1c9_54c2_4ddb_a07b_b4513e3861a5 Cui X, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Ye X, Roberts C, Chen J. Angiopoietin/Tie2 pathway mediates type 2 diabetes induced vascular damage after cerebral stroke. Neurobiol Dis. 2011 Jul;43(1):285-92. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.04.005. Epub 2011 Apr 16. PubMed PMID: 21515377; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3096677. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000489 angiopoietin signaling pathway c0809fb6_cf1d_4d91_a6bb_480b157f2f9e Bad cholesterol LDL Low density lipoprotein Low-density lipoprotein c0823254_5c0b_4605_936d_6951ce409db8 NO production NO synthesis Nitric oxid production Production of nitric oxide Nitric oxide synthesis c0a8ba5_b6dc_4a0e_88be_84818c615a99 Hyperinsulinemia c1c9_0607_4bc0_bff8_e015557b1fc8 Single phase CTA sCTA spCTA Single-phase CTA c26623b_fe0b_461c_8a9f_b2303900b18d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D051117 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D051117 Class A Scavenger Receptors SR-A Proteins A family of scavenger receptors that mediate the influx of LIPIDS into MACROPHAGES and are involved in FOAM CELL formation. Scavenger Receptors, Class A c2b7d0_41cc_471d_a000_f17c2eabf0ab http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C530884 Anacetrapib c2cc_bf60_46da_9376_418259b64850 Sigmoid sinus c330b355_9f40_46e5_8954_81a8b3caae0b Zhu H, Zou L, Tian J, Du G, Gao Y. SMND-309, a novel derivative of salvianolic acid B, protects rat brains ischemia and reperfusion injury by targeting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013 Aug 15;714(1-3):23-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.043. Epub 2013 Jun 11. PubMed PMID: 23764464. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000209 Jak-Stat signaling pathway c34beae_9958_4da7_8d05_7cedd43badd8 Nuts c34c5b83_8e02_46b9_bb42_82651c32683a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D011516 Factor II Prothrombin c3ce9aea_ee3c_4b24_b240_a847309830f9 ITH Intratumoral hemorrhage c3e14c12_c4f5_43c6_b8ff_244d5661fd6c Midbrain c4011a_af75_468e_a251_1af6c822da30 Coronary angiography c4e54b6_9623_40d3_b4c6_73565367c0ba Basal ganglia c4f8_7d7a_45d8_8c82_93f95d1fe7be http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/72824008 Cholestyramine resin Colestyramine c50b70da_214b_4cf2_a34f_1c51e71e8697 Dietary cholesterol c575b34_1890_4133_b56b_11e6261f7274 Salt c5d5_20b8_41c5_b376_fda7f5cc3c57 Stearic acid c6069_ca43_4cc7_9fcb_0bb072c4e1e9 T lymphocytes c6e5c_e603_427b_ad87_8d224d302afd Hyperuricemia c82a9aa9_deb1_441b_b18e_d901bc44fea2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019332 Preproendothelin ET-1 ET1 Endothelin-1 Ziv, I., Fleminger, G., Djaldetti, R., Achiron, A., Melamed, E., & Sokolovsky, M. (1992). Increased plasma endothelin-1 in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke, 23(7), 1014-1016. Endothelin 1 c92bbac_e058_4bdb_9ad4_09ae623242e4 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/113361004 Fibrin c95fad5e_6a87_40eb_a1cc_1ff2e5c04bc6 BA BAs Basilar arteries Basilar artery c9effe4d_7b79_4b9f_acbe_a221d7429755 Volpe, S. L. (2013). Magnesium in Disease Prevention and Overall Health. Advances in Nutrition, 4(3), 378S–383S. http://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.003483 The foods highest in magnesium include unrefined (whole) grains, spinach, nuts, legumes, and potatoes (tubers) . Potatoes ca191400_6cb5_4695_af89_e5455affc24a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/56898001 Protein S ca450_aef8_4af0_a02f_1720cd129a14 Triglyceride Triglycerides measurement Triglycerides ca5716da_5966_4ab3_a622_2026c2438afd http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/238090007 Hypolipidemia Hypolipidaemia ca9d_1ea2_43cd_b196_658717649411 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D023201 CD154 Antigens CD40L Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 5 CD40 Ligand cb48d_e44d_4c52_b1f8_a4548cc5dbc3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/107741 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000000348 Ikram, M. A., Wieberdink, R. G., & Koudstaal, P. J. (2012). International Epidemiology of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 14(4), 300–306. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-012-0252-1 only the APOE gene has been identified as a robust genetic risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage. APOE is considered a strong risk factor for cerebral amyloid angiopathy and it is for a large part via this underlying etiology that APOE relates with intracerebral hemorrhage. However, APOE has also been shown to affect blood vessels via other mechanisms. APOE cb500_42c7_46e3_8006_bcdbb3d1f457 Daroff, R. B. (2013). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D050171 Dyslipidemias Dyslipoproteinemia Dyslipoproteinemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL. Dyslipidemia cb948_2d5b_4c32_a518_f07f5cb4d506 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/238076009 Primary hypercholesterolaemia Primary hypercholesterolemia cb9fb4e_9dd4_42ff_a369_d0e63280b44e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/102718001 MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acid cbf0e304_ab64_45dd_95ba_881eff03acb5 ICA ICAs Internal carotid arteries Internal carotid artery cd678a11_bc9b_4239_9dcc_b1665a75c0a9 Bilirubin Serum bilirubin cd97539_7dd5_48a0_a616_98aa33bef753 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000104 intrinsic apoptotic pathway cdd6487d_3322_433e_be33_ba0fe9940785 Frontoparietal brain region cdee4f1_2314_4dcb_b27d_de1cd48158db Terpolilli, N. A., Brem, C., Bühler, D., & Plesnila, N. (2015). Are We Barking Up the Wrong Vessels?. Stroke, 46(10), 3014-3019. The hypothesis that the cerebral microcirculation has to be involved in posthemorrhagic cerebral ischemia was based on experimental studies showing that acutely following SAH intracranial pressure increased so dramatically that CBF (and in parallel CPP) decrease to almost zero thereby causing global cerebral ischemia. Microcirculatory dysfunction ce3244e3_8e7f_4aad_bae3_4321359a9356 Volpe, S. L. (2013). Magnesium in Disease Prevention and Overall Health. Advances in Nutrition, 4(3), 378S–383S. http://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.003483 The foods highest in magnesium include unrefined (whole) grains, spinach, nuts, legumes, and potatoes (tubers) . Spinach ce3_1dd1_4819_95ab_848cdde50653 Deafness cee81ebf_217e_405a_816b_f4f1d159a1f0 miR-24 cf0e_9147_4c3d_8e13_ca4718efee19 Metformin cf287_0acf_4dda_aeec_d4d83941b61c LDL oxidation LDL-C oxidation Ox-LDL Oxidation of LDL Oxidation of low density lipoprotein Oxidation of low density lipoprotein cholesterol Oxidized LDL Oxidized low-density lipoprotein cf74568_411a_4254_b0f8_b6ec5cc3995b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D015243 Prebetalipoprotein Cholesterol VLDL VLDL Cholesterol Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). High circulating levels of VLDL cholesterol are found in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IIB. The cholesterol on the VLDL is eventually delivered by LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS to the tissues after the catabolism of VLDL to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LDL. Very low density lipoprotein Cholesterol d023d4_24f6_49da_973b_2a9579e572bd http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006938 Autosomal Dominant Hypercholesterolemia Essential Hypercholesterolemia Essential Hypercholesterolemias Familial Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia Familial Combined Hyperlipoproteinemias Familial Hypercholesterolemia Familial Hypercholesterolemias Familial Hypercholesterolemic Xanthomatoses Familial Hypercholesterolemic Xanthomatosis Hyper Low Density Lipoproteinemia Hyper beta Lipoproteinemia Hyperbetalipoproteinemia Hyperbetalipoproteinemias Hyperlipoproteinemia Type 2 LDL Receptor Disorder LDL Receptor Disorders Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia Hypercholesterolemia that is caused by mutation in the LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR gene. This receptor defect prevents LDL binding to the cell membrane and uptake of cholesterol which normally suppresses further cholesterol synthesis. A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). Type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia is caused by mutation in the receptor-binding domain of APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100 which is a major component of LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS resulting in reduced clearance of these lipoproteins. It is characterized by both hypercholesterolemia and HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA (combined hyperlipidemia). Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II d0bb_9970_4d2d_9cb7_f8dcd49b22e5 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/9532005 Coagulation factor XIIIa d225ec8a_4d24_4e5e_b965_215a77e5808d Wavelete CTA d434ced_71ab_4f25_baec_87240ae39da9 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/75367002 Blood pressure d435ec7_3cad_4048_bb03_8685b07ee05f Cholesterol metabolism d441b937_b174_45b3_8181_3a0d409e3849 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D000685 SAA SAA protein SAA proteins Serum amyloid A (SAA) protein Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins Serum amyloid A proteins Serum amyloid A protein d4a541e4_fff0_4f79_b7b1_0931b1cb8607 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005231 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/21625008 Unsaturated fatty acids Unsaturated fats d52c3a16_42ff_460e_8ac8_02c23a1d768a http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000054658 UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1 UGT1A1 d531b4d_1914_481a_bd82_7b9e4d91b283 Transverse sinus d5663716_9fe7_433e_a632_0100490d49f3 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D000975 Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard oxidation reactions. They counteract the damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. Antioxidants d5cc07c_dedc_4de6_b143_16c13eaf3cff Intercavernous sinus d5f69e7_2d86_4832_a996_203e34565dc5 Cerebellum d68ece9b_a3af_42c4_a852_df84b27f92c2 APC Activated protein C d6_8996_42a2_b8a0_f2e9ab7257d9 Pro-inflammatory responce d6a5950_7635_4c06_beaf_50e89d0fb04a Angiogenesis d6b3b62_bfb1_45a7_8bff_9a2db856d110 Pontine artery d780920d_7a55_4ae0_a718_4ccdde9e482b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/12367005 Antonio Ayala, Mario F. Muñoz, and Sandro Argüelles, “Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2014, Article ID 360438, 31 pages, 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/360438 Lipid peroxidation can be described generally as a process under which oxidants such as free radicals or nonradical species attack lipids containing carbon-carbon double bond(s), especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that involve hydrogen abstraction from a carbon, with oxygen insertion resulting in lipid peroxyl radicals and hydroperoxides as described previously. Lipid peroxidation d7aab827_055e_43e4_9ac9_04949267e68d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005167 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/30804005 Coagulation factor VII Factor VII d8552287_dfee_4b20_842b_e864527a00cf Genes that control serum bilirubin d8de89_bf09_4486_ab11_31b8f64a05da http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019308 Hexadecanoic Acid Palmitic acid d9b537_51dc_45a7_a364_e9c35f919db3 Carotid arteries Carotid artery d9fbdb9_5272_4132_8c58_26e7243ef766 Seed oils Seed oil da3dd52_3d33_49fd_bfef_141635801b77 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005340 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/23295004 Coagulation factor I Factor I Fibrinogen dadea1c_e481_48ac_a987_3dc22e34c4eb http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019814 Tetradecanoic Acid Myristic acid db163c3f_0174_4ed5_abcb_79218aca293f Microvascular dysfunction db1a2b43_8142_4f2e_bd5d_8784a3a6f247 PICA Posterior inferior cerebellar artery db20c4_47ff_417e_8070_5330d702f9aa Lipoprotein oxidation db5c_0f06_4410_9878_2a6821a55573 Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity baPWV Brachial ankle pulse wave velocity db5f5a_06e5_481f_a70f_44335ade8212 Cerebral artery dbe9860d_5fbb_425a_af32_c9b4699218dc AChA AChAs Anterior choroidal arteries Anterior choroidal artery dbf17_c9c0_412f_8e4f_38d84fdd831c Akar N, Akar E, Ozel D, Deda G, Sipahi T. Common mutations at the homocysteine metabolism pathway and pediatric stroke. Thromb Res. 2001 Apr 15;102(2):115-20. PubMed PMID: 11323021. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000398 Hcy metabolism homocysteine metabolic pathway dd399c0a_6535_447e_8e04_23ec6cd9e96d Clopidogrel aspirin Dual clopidogrel aspirin Clopidogrel-aspirin dd5817_759f_4cd3_944b_d512a62963fc Carotid sonography ddbc554_1994_4df0_a647_f466280cdd12 Cerebral hemisphere ddc22_015f_4bcd_8fde_ad40c01e4db6 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/238082007 Secondary hypercholesterolaemia Secondary hypercholesterolemia ddd5fbb8_3578_492f_9f33_707d597e2c3a Lipid oxidation df05c51_2927_4503_9e7b_e57739b28b91 Platelet aggregation df45_307c_4de5_9e8f_087eeddac10a http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/25525005 Protein C df_2d95_4be0_9e53_2890e4757c09 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/190855004 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/238118002 Hypomagnesemia Magnesium deficiency e0442c_c28d_44ca_8a87_13bd37843bac Liang K, Ye Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Li C. Formononetin mediates neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats via downregulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and upregulation PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J Neurol Sci. 2014 Sep 15;344(1-2):100-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.06.033. Epub 2014 Jun 22. PubMed PMID: 24996490. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000232 PI3K-Akt signaling pathway phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway e07cc1f8_94aa_47d7_8848_3f29765ec9d7 HDL-C HDLC high density lipoprotein cholesterol High-density lipoprotein cholesterol e08e57e5_858f_4678_8e1f_17e1357ab640 Petrosal sinus e0a5bc23_197e_4471_88e7_cc2bd712332e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006950 Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia Multiple Lipoprotein-Type Hyperlipidemia A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1. Familial Combined Hyperlipidemias e0b9_cc41_426c_991f_69d9a7021661 Green leafy vegetable Green leafy vegetables e11f217_2e10_410d_978c_0a6d2b6070f4 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/34528009 Familial hypertriglyceridaemia Familial hypertriglyceridemia e1b2986_542f_4bf0_90e3_27bb3b195082 Heme e1c5465_5be6_4d71_98b0_3facd6a77ad4 Multi-phase CTA mCTA Multiphase CTA e237d4_9d0d_4d99_b7ca_b43bbf5b5925 Gemfibrozil e29c1c_afc2_4e2e_b985_9379bac0d570 Increase of biochemical substances e2b6d_eb26_4ff3_afdd_2e5eb8770a48 AICA AICAs Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries Anterior inferior cerebellar artery e2de72_5c5a_4c80_82dd_9b3dff9120ba http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000023 immune response pathway e2f5b8_7c9f_4bb3_8a6b_6644aa1b0232 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006953 Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemias Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia Type 4 Familial Hypertriglyceridemia Familial Type IV Hyperlipoproteinemia Hyper prebeta lipoproteinemia Hyperprebetalipoproteinemia Type IV Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV Hyperlipoproteinemias A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits. Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV e3ab3df_6822_44a6_9299_23856ee6e4c5 Moderate alcohol consumption Light alcohol consumption e40a6_6fc3_44db_be0a_dff2acc5f230 CETP inhibitor CETP inhibitors e4453244_1946_4378_9ee4_460bda93e24d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/49745002 ADP Adenosine diphosphate e44d4_db0a_459d_8b8a_ee6feecf0b20 Prediabetes e608ab18_1d45_4b78_8002_7d67e1f105b8 Shi GD, OuYang YP, Shi JG, Liu Y, Yuan W, Jia LS. PTEN deletion prevents ischemic brain injury by activating the mTOR signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Jan 28;404(4):941-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.085. Epub 2010 Dec 23. PubMed PMID: 21185267. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000180 mTOR signaling pathway e7e7f770_b7cd_460a_b6be_e499ade57e80 Occipital sinus e7e9e1_7e7a_4da6_84e4_298d12fee82a Glycemic control e82a5_da2e_4a70_8c1c_087debcfccb1 Wacker BK, Perfater JL, Gidday JM. Hypoxic preconditioning induces stroke tolerance in mice via a cascading HIF, sphingosine kinase, and CCL2 signaling pathway. J Neurochem. 2012 Dec;123(6):954-62. doi: 10.1111/jnc.12047. Epub 2012 Nov 1. PubMed PMID: 23043544; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3514614. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000937 Ccl2 signaling pathway chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 signaling pathway e84db1d6_cd1e_41be_8c2d_848c6fb1e3b3 Protein aggregates e86df7ec_a724_4a82_8f06_097b9eb75f09 ECA ECAs External carotid arteries External carotid artery e8a2dd4f_7810_447f_a051_bdb798fd5789 Akopov, S., & Cohen, S. N. (2003). Preventing stroke: a review of current guidelines. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 4(5), S127-S132. Cardiac disease risk factor Heart Disease risk factor Cardiac risk factor e8c7048_d02e_4a4e_985f_b9930bc54620 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005978 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/55477000 A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides. Glutathione e8f89_bc44_4d08_9424_5b28b91d6f76 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C030358 dodecanoic acid Lauric acid e_1cdf_49df_9f4d_ac5a39ed8898 Brain region e_dea6_45be_ac7d_0a415c45970d http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/237602007 Insulin resistance syndrome Brown WV. Metabolic syndrome and risk of stroke. Clin Cornerstone. 2004;6 Suppl 3:S30-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 15707267. The metabolic syndrome is associated with a higher risk of CVD, including stroke. According to criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III), diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is made when of the following risk factors are present: abdominal obesity, elevated triglyceride levels, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated blood pressure, and impaired glucose metabolism. Metabolic syndrome ea650eab_8241_44a3_8f33_e3050eb44f58 low serum triglyceride low serum triglyceride level low triglyceride level ea6b82c1_16bc_4a2a_b529_025ef87c14da History of CABG History of coronary artery bypass graft History of Coronary artery bypass grafting ebf8c4e_32ec_4e74_9e1a_6e0724457295 Arterial circulation ec12a50_dd43_43bc_9b76_6c5cd3c859ae Frontotemporal brain region ecf9293a_4694_4a78_b9c8_c1627cadbec9 PARP inhibitor poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors PARP inhibitors ed2290_2ee4_4d8a_936a_b6f19fcb3d03 Mechanical thrombectomy ed97924e_f361_4d47_851d_bb6a6febde9d http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C38698 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/64088006 Hyperviscosity edb_c3fd_4c5c_b981_2e3431cfa027 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/11115001 Thromboxane A2 ede6d1_73cb_4af5_be7b_4fd891d294dd NO Bhattacharya. Pharmacology, 2/e. Elsevier India Pvt. Limited; 2003. Nitric oxide (NO) has one unpaired electron and can be regarded ass a free radical. NO generation and its reactive products with oxygen free radicals may be highly cytotoxxic. Nitric oxide ee66d80e_b36e_4929_8e04_94cb8360f9ad http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D008233 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D008233 Lymphotoxin Lymphotoxin alpha Lymphotoxin-alpha TNF b TNF beta TNF-b TNF-beta Tumor Necrosis Factor-beta alpha Lymphotoxin A tumor necrosis factor family member that is released by activated LYMPHOCYTES. Soluble lymphotoxin is specific for TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR TYPE I; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR TYPE II; and TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILY, MEMBER 14. Lymphotoxin-alpha can form a membrane-bound heterodimer with LYMPHOTOXIN-BETA that has specificity for the LYMPHOTOXIN BETA RECEPTOR. Tumor necrosis factor beta ee9a08d9_82ca_4167_b433_f90e9d88a519 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D008659 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/75934005 Metabolic diseases Metabolic disorder Metabolic disorders Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed) Metabolic disease eeaaa81c_c419_4c2f_9d0a_bdc37fcac775 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/409149001 Ezetimibe eec8f515_c8f8_4828_ac74_0e491ca886d0 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/137931000119102 Hyperlipidaemia due to type 2 diabetes mellitus Hyperlipidemia due to T2DM Hyperlipidemia due to type 2 diabetes mellitus efc1b_7e42_4b28_8656_ad90e5e873ea Rosiglitazone f0545_ab52_40d5_a86d_64b775b9bb1c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D013925 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/387124009 CD142 Coagulation factor III Factor 3 Factor III Platelet tissue factor TF Tissue factor Thromboplastin f09e0b39_008f_41b4_b7e9_cbf7ce4f1db5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000279 necrosis pathway f0a9e6c6_8cdd_4a2f_9a06_fa0889036e6d IGT Impaired glucose tolerance f0dd455_7087_4af5_8c6d_5a9dc327501f PCA PCAs Posterior cerebral arteries Posterior cerebral artery f1420_88ec_40eb_9508_9e8645a1f835 Type of free radicals f1663_8b8a_4133_9f4d_c940e377c765 Wang JJ, Cui P. Neohesperidin attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibiting the apoptotic pathway and activating the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2013 Sep;15(9):1023-37. doi: 10.1080/10286020.2013.827176. Epub 2013 Aug 16. PubMed PMID: 23952707. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000009 programmed cell death pathway apoptotic cell death pathway f1a1f4c4_e6ad_40c0_8985_9c5791ebd7c3 Unpaired dural venous sinus f1bddeb_0d46_46c7_8341_66094ebaae55 Straight sinus f1c9aef5_6ef2_40cd_9684_3d75b7fd4103 Carbohydrates Dietary carbohydrates Carbohydrate f23773_d904_42fe_853f_f3dcea3ded67 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D000071137 PARP1 PARP1 Protein Poly ADP ribose polymerase 1 f28e3f5_7a28_4ca0_8b13_4857b7a067c9 CKD Chronic kidney disease chronic kidney insufficiencies chronic kidney insufficiency f322f_ce6d_4a8e_b265_7c3014a1672f Occipital brain region f358_da32_4dd2_8752_72d16163928b http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/238083002 Primary hypertriglyceridaemia Primary hypertriglyceridemia f37ab_6573_4eba_8c48_26b63234a129 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D016632 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/102720003 Apo AI Apo-AI ApoA 1 ApoA-1 ApoA1 Apolipoprotein A-I f3a404b8_755c_4f6b_8650_cffa40c81242 Tinnitus f3b392_0864_466d_82c6_9206f1faf3a7 NOS2 iNOS McNeill, E., Crabtree, M. J., Sahgal, N., Patel, J., Chuaiphichai, S., Iqbal, A. J., … Channon, K. M. (2015). Regulation of iNOS function and cellular redox state by macrophage Gch1 reveals specific requirements for tetrahydrobiopterin in NRF2 activation. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 79, 206–216. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.575 Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a key enzyme in the macrophage inflammatory response, which is the source of nitric oxide (NO) that is potently induced in response to proinflammatory stimuli. Inducible nitric oxide synthase f3bf6b9_9787_4de1_b3ca_ae502574d803 Liu XS, Chopp M, Zhang RL, Tao T, Wang XL, Kassis H, Hozeska-Solgot A, Zhang L, Chen C, Zhang ZG. MicroRNA profiling in subventricular zone after stroke: MiR-124a regulates proliferation of neural progenitor cells through Notch signaling pathway. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23461. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023461. Epub 2011 Aug 26. PubMed PMID: 21887253; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3162555. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000204 Notch signaling pathway f41d71_096f_45ac_9a7b_fe5ddf707e90 Akopov, S., & Cohen, S. N. (2003). Preventing stroke: a review of current guidelines. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 4(5), S127-S132. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/275104002 Family history of CVA Family history of stroke f41dc798_551d_4c3a_8122_97b8096b1ecf SSB Sugar added beverage Sugar sweetened beverage Sugar sweetened beverages Sugar-sweetened beverages Sugar-sweetened beverage f481e5ba_ee43_4f99_85c2_e3ce540729fd http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D017270 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/116661000 Lipoprotein(a) Lp(a) Lipoprotein a f48852_f050_4746_94f0_0736bf9a4f48 Sun J, Nan G. The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Signaling Pathway as a Discovery Target in Stroke. J Mol Neurosci. 2016 May;59(1):90-8. doi: 10.1007/s12031-016-0717-8. Epub 2016 Feb 3. Review. Erratum in: J Mol Neurosci. 2016 Jul;59(3):430. PubMed PMID: 26842916. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000007 MAPK signaling pathway Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway f48982_bb03_495a_af10_07917c3ecc66 PChA PChAs Posterior choroidal arteries Posterior choroidal artery f5b1e106_99cc_4c25_89ea_ffe2291828ae http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/80946001 vasoconstrictor prostanoids Thromboxane f5e47_1a73_42ff_8b40_32eeabcbb0aa Copper f6bd355b_4122_415b_bce5_3177b122da0e http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D005419 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/424943007 Bioflavonoids Flavonoid Flavonoids f6bf_2285_453a_8680_3de563c6ffa2 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006954 Hyperchylomicronemia Late Onset Hyperchylomicronemia Late Onsets Hyperlipoproteinemia Type 5 Late-Onset Hyperchylomicronemia Mixed Hyperlipemia Mixed Hyperlipemias Type V Hyperlipidemia Type V Hyperlipidemias Type V Hyperlipoproteinemia Type V Hyperlipoproteinemias A severe type of hyperlipidemia, sometimes familial, that is characterized by the elevation of both plasma CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES contained in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Type V hyperlipoproteinemia is often associated with DIABETES MELLITUS and is not caused by reduced LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE activity as in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I . Hyperlipoproteinemia Type V f7538_8ef0_43fd_9662_a3c350a705b8 Frontal brain region f755b006_ddd3_4b8a_a155_5e3d704d69be Ramipril f7e84cef_d074_4daf_98d3_2eddcbd76e09 Srinivasan K, Sharma SS. 3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole attenuates brain ischemic injury in diabetic stroke via inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway involving CHOP. Life Sci. 2012 Jan 16;90(3-4):154-60. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.10.017. Epub 2011 Oct 29. PubMed PMID: 22075494. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PW_0000379 ER stress - UPR pathway endoplasmic reticulum stress - the unfolded protein response pathway f93c7a_46ca_4ecc_8706_8fea58d7bf82 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/430235005 UGT1A1*28 polymorphism f96d753_cf83_47ee_bbb3_52052ec3aad1 Habitual snoring Snorings Snoring fa0ec_a699_40c1_8262_3ef2718ca8c8 Stroke recurrent Recurrent stroke is frequent and responsible for major stroke morbidity and mortality. Recurrent stroke Merritt, H. H. (2010). Merritt's neurology. L. P. Rowland, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. fa565b93_c55e_4dce_aff1_e9ad9d803a5c Cortex fb48d_1394_495a_9f1b_7ecbc26edd7c Procoagulant procoagulation mediator Procoagulants fb6f_75de_4776_9410_bc421b777cc3 miR-20b fbdede9a_3fb5_4539_8bfb_c297297876a4 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/226105005 High n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet fc944de_cfb3_4246_8455_03e2cd294c4a Immune mediators Immune mediator fc9ba62_d46f_4907_a109_884eb505dde9 Metal ions fcd7b24_d3e2_472c_a658_84d60a524ade Hippocampus fcf1df0_b117_4792_a6a8_5ecea3aa1081 PPAR g agonist PPAR gama agonist PPAR-gama agonist PPARG agonist PPAR-g agonist fd49_8cef_42f3_a205_2a4ab256f314 Cavernous sinus fdaeeb59_ef46_4a52_a7fb_63346086157c http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D007333 Insulin Sensitivity Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS. Insulin resistance fde964a_b190_4bb6_9827_560c7abdb241 Anrather J, Iadecola C. Inflammation and Stroke: An Overview. Neurotherapeutics. 2016 Oct;13(4):661-670 The immune response to acute cerebral ischemia is a major factor in stroke pathobiology and outcome. While the immune response starts locally in occluded and hypoperfused vessels and the ischemic brain parenchyma, inflammatory mediators generated in situ propagate through the organism as a whole. Immune responce fdf46_964d_41ad_9cc6_5c1bc1d62cc1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D013481 O2 O2- Superoxide Superoxides Bhattacharya. Pharmacology, 2/e. Elsevier India Pvt. Limited; 2003. superoxide (O2) is an oxygen molecule deficient of on electron. superoxide radicals are formed normally in the body and may involved in the regulation of fibroblast proliferation, vasodilatation and phagocytosis. Superoxide radicals fe9d8131_b470_4a5f_8a12_31efaacd194f Comorbidity-severity index Comorbidity severity index fe_df01_45f8_91e5_ce2d233d024f http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/418226006 Prostanoids ff01055_eaed_4548_a8b0_22794c18ef0e ACoA ACoAs Anterior communicating arteries Anterior communicating artery ffbc_cba4_4b31_97c3_b05c99405c09 Thrombectomy owl:Thing http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/230690007 Brain attack CVA CVI Chronic cerebrovascular accident Stroke cerebrovascular insult Edlow, J. A. (2008). Stroke: Greenwood Press. A Cerebero Vasular Accident or a stroke is the condition in which part of the brain abruptly loses its source of nutrients, oxygen and glucose, that are normally delivered to it by way of the vascular system. There are different kinds of strokes, and this does not just refer to causes. Doctors make a major distinction between ‘‘ischemic’’ and ‘‘hemorrhagic’’ strokes. Cerebrovascular accident 2017-11-01 Embolic The Stroke Ontology (STO) is a disease-specific ontology to representation of the Stroke knowledge domain. CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Stroke Ontology (STO) by Mahdi Habibi-koolaee is licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Stroke Ontology (STO) STO You are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially. You must give appropriate credit (by using the original ontology IRI for the whole ontology or original term IRIs for individual terms), provide a link to the license, and indicate if any changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. 2017-11-01 Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke Risk factors for ischemic stroke Anticoagulant medication Antiplatelet medication Genetic factors Treatment of stroke Cigarette smoking Age Diagnosis of stroke