3.0 Version date: September 9, 2022 verisoninfo AES_expert_opinion China_guidence AES_concensus China_expert_opinion_2013 European_expert_opinion China_expert_opinion_2015 Spain_concensus Belgium_recommandations Wu J, Cao M, Peng Y, et al. Research progress on the treatment of epilepsy with traditional Chinese medicine. Phytomedicine. 2023;120:155022. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155022 针灸治疗 The occupational discipline of the traditional Chinese methods of ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY for treating disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The practice of piercing specific points on the body with very thin sterile needles in order to relieve pain or induce regional anesthesia. ACP - Acupuncture Acupuncture (procedure) Acupuncture procedure Acupuncture Therapy ACUPUNCTURE THER Acupuncture Treatments Acupuncture Treatment acupuncture THER ACUPUNCTURE Therapy, Acupuncture Treatment, Acupuncture Pharmacopuncture Brodie MJ. Tolerability and Safety of Commonly Used Antiepileptic Drugs in Adolescents and Adults: A Clinician's Overview. CNS Drugs. 2017;31(2):135-147. doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0406-8 不良反应 Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals. Any detrimental or unintended response associated with the use of a medication in humans. ADR - Adverse drug reaction ADR adverse drug effect Adverse Drug Events adverse drug event adverse drug experience adverse drug reaction (ADR) Adverse drug reaction NOS Adverse Drug Reactions Adverse drug reaction Adverse drug response Adverse reaction caused by drug (disorder) Adverse reaction caused by drug Adverse reaction to drug Adverse reaction to medication drug adverse effect Drug Event, Adverse Drug Events, Adverse Drug reaction (qualifier value) Drug reaction NOS Drug Reaction, Adverse Drug Reactions, Adverse Drug Reactions DRUG REACTION Drug Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Drug Related Side Effects and Adverse Reaction Drug Side Effects Drug side effect Drug-induced reaction Drug-induced response Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reaction Effects, Drug Side Reactions, Adverse Drug side effect (drug) Side Effect, Drug Side Effects of Drugs Side Effects, Drug Toxic drug response Drug Toxicity Toxicity, Drug Drug Toxicities Toxicities, Drug 羊水穿刺 Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions. A prenatal diagnostic procedure in which a small sample of amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus by a needle inserted into the abdomen. This procedure is used to detect various genetic abnormalities in the fetus and/or the sex of the fetus. AC - Amniocentesis Amniocenteses Amniocentesis (procedure) amniocentesis Diagnostic amniocentesis Incision and drainage of amnion 百会穴 贝利婴儿发展量表 Bayley Scales of Infant Development score (observable entity) Bayley Scales of Infant Development score 大补元煎 Alqahtani F, Imran I, Pervaiz H, et al. Non-pharmacological Interventions for Intractable Epilepsy. Saudi Pharm J. 2020;28(8):951-962. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.016 生物反馈治疗 The therapy technique of providing the status of one's own AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM function (e.g., skin temperature, heartbeats, brain waves) as visual or auditory feedback in order to self-control related conditions (e.g., hypertension, migraine headaches). A training technique in which various bodily functions, such as heart rate, skin temperature, muscle tension, and brain activity are monitored so that people can learn to control them voluntarily so as to improve their health and physical performance. biofeedback (psychology) Biofeedback procedure (regime/therapy) Biofeedback procedure BIOFEEDBACK PSYCHOL Biofeedback technique Biofeedback therapy Biofeedback, Psychology Biofeedbacks (Psychology) Biofeedbacks, Psychology Biofeedbacks biofeedback FEEDBACK PSYCHOPHYSIOL Feedback, Psychophysiological Feedback, Psychophysiologic Psychology Biofeedbacks Psychology Biofeedback PSYCHOPHYSIOL FEEDBACK Psychophysiologic Feedback Myofeedback Myofeedbacks False Physiological Feedback False Physiological Feedbacks Feedback, False Physiological Feedbacks, False Physiological Physiological Feedback, False Physiological Feedbacks, False Bogus Physiological Feedback Bogus Physiological Feedbacks Feedback, Bogus Physiological Feedbacks, Bogus Physiological Physiological Feedback, Bogus Physiological Feedbacks, Bogus Knott S, Forty L, Craddock N, Thomas RH. Epilepsy and bipolar disorder. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;52(Pt A):267-274. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.07.003 Bakken IJ, Revdal E, Nesvåg R, et al. Substance use disorders and psychotic disorders in epilepsy: a population-based registry study. Epilepsy Res. 2014;108(8):1435-1443. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.06.021 双相情感障碍 A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. A disorder of the brain that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Often these moods range and shift from periods of elation and energized behavior to those of hopelessness and depression. Bipolar Disorders Disorder, Bipolar Psychosis, Manic-Depressive Psychosis, Manic Depressive Psychoses, Manic-Depressive Psychoses, Manic Depressive Manic-Depressive Psychosis Manic Depressive Psychosis Bipolar Mood Disorder Bipolar Mood Disorders Disorder, Bipolar Mood Mood Disorder, Bipolar Affective Psychosis, Bipolar Bipolar Affective Psychosis Psychoses, Bipolar Affective Psychosis, Bipolar Affective Bipolar Disorder Type 1 Type 1 Bipolar Disorder Manic Depression Depression, Manic Depressions, Manic Depression, Bipolar Bipolar Depression Bipolar Disorder Type 2 Type 2 Bipolar Disorder Manic Disorder Disorder, Manic Manic Disorders Bi-polar Disorder Bipolar affective disorder, unspecified BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER Bipolar disorder (disorder) Bipolar disorder NOS Bipolar disorder, unspecified Bipolar Disorder BIPOLAR DIS Bipolar illness BPAD manic depressive disorder MANIC DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS MANIC DEPRESSIVE REACTION Manic depressive Manic-Depression manic-depressive disorders manic-depressive illness Manic-depressive reaction NOS manic-depressive reaction Manic-depressive syndrome NOS MDI - Manic-depressive illness PSYCHOSIS MANIC-DEPRESSIVE REACTION MANIC-DEPRESSIVE 瘀阻脑络证 亮光治疗 Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. Phototherapies Photoradiation Therapy Photoradiation Therapies Therapies, Photoradiation Therapy, Photoradiation Light Therapy Light Therapies Therapies, Light Therapy, Light Blue Light Therapy Blue Light Therapies Light Therapies, Blue Light Therapy, Blue Therapies, Blue Light Therapy, Blue Light Blue-light Therapy Blue-light Therapies Therapies, Blue-light Therapy, Blue-light Red Light Phototherapy Light Phototherapies, Red Light Phototherapy, Red Phototherapies, Red Light Phototherapy, Red Light Red Light Phototherapies Actinotherapy Bright Light Therapy Light therapy (procedure) Mental Health @ None @ Light Therapy @ None @ None @ None @ None PHOTORAD THER phototherapy PHOTOTHER THER PHOTORAD 含咖啡因的饮料 Caffeinated soft drinks (substance) Caffeinated soft drinks caffeinated soft drink soda soft drinks containing caffeine Werler MM, Ahrens KA, Bosco JL, et al. Use of antiepileptic medications in pregnancy in relation to risks of birth defects. Ann Epidemiol. 2011;21(11):842-850. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.08.002 Fried S, Kozer E, Nulman I, Einarson TR, Koren G. Malformation rates in children of women with untreated epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 2004;27(3):197-202. doi:10.2165/00002018-200427030-00004 心脏畸形 Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life. An anatomical defect of a gross structure of the heart. Defect, Congenital Heart Abnormality, Heart Heart Abnormality Congenital Heart Defect Heart, Malformation Of Malformation Of Heart Malformation Of Hearts Defects, Congenital Heart Heart Abnormalities Heart Defect, Congenital Congenital Heart Disease Congenital Heart Diseases Disease, Congenital Heart Heart Disease, Congenital Congenital Heart Defects ABNORM HEART Abnormal heart morphology Abnormality of cardiac morphology Abnormality of the heart ANOMALY CARDIAC ANOMALY HEART Cardiac abnormalities CARDIAC ABNORMALITY Cardiac anomalies CARDIAC ANOMALY Cong heart anomaly NOS CONGEN HEART DEFECTS CONGEN HEART DEFECT Congenital anomaly of heart NOS Congenital anomaly of heart Congenital cardiac anomalies CONGENITAL CARDIAC ANOMALY Congenital cardiac defects congenital heart anomaly Congenital malformation of heart, unspecified DEFECTS CONGEN HEART HEART ABNORM HEART DEFECT CONGEN HEART DEFECTS CONGEN Heart Defects, Congenital Heart Defects heart defect Heart malformations HEART MALFORMATION MALFORMATION HEART (NOS) obsolete Malformation of the heart and great vessels Unspecified congenital anomaly of heart Ssentongo P. Prevalence and incidence of new-onset seizures and epilepsy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;93:49-55. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.01.033 脑型疟疾 A condition characterized by somnolence or coma in the presence of an acute infection with PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM (and rarely other Plasmodium species). Initial clinical manifestations include HEADACHES; SEIZURES; and alterations of mentation followed by a rapid progression to COMA. Pathologic features include cerebral capillaries filled with parasitized erythrocytes and multiple small foci of cortical and subcortical necrosis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p136) A sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum in the brain, which can cause coma and/or seizures. Cerebral Malaria Malaria Meningitis Meningitis, Malaria Malaria, Cerebral Cerebral malaria (disorder) Cerebral malaria NOS Stelzle D, Schmidt V, Keller L, et al. Characteristics of people with epilepsy and Neurocysticercosis in three eastern African countries-A pooled analysis [published correction appears in PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023 Jan 26;17(1):e0011101]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16(11):e0010870. Published 2022 Nov 7. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010870 脑囊虫病 Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50) Neurocysticercoses Neurocoenurosis Neurocoenuroses Central Nervous System Cysticercosis CNS Cysticercosis CNS Cysticercoses Cysticercosis, CNS Cysticercosis, Central Nervous System Cysticercosis, Brain Brain Cysticercosis Cerebral Coenurosis Cerebral Coenuroses Coenurosis, Cerebral Cerebral Cysticercosis Cerebral Cysticercoses Cysticercosis, Cerebral Chalfont痫性发作严重程度量表 咖啡 A beverage made from ground COFFEA beans (SEEDS) infused in hot water. It generally contains CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE unless it is decaffeinated. Beverages - Coffee Coffee (substance) coffee Zhu L, Chen L, Xu P, et al. Genetic and molecular basis of epilepsy-related cognitive dysfunction. Epilepsy Behav. 2020;104(Pt A):106848. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106848 认知障碍 Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function. Interference or disruption of cognitive processes. This term encompasses a large number of problems and issues associated with intellectual functioning and information processing. 2005 Cognitive Dysfunction Neurocognitive Dysfunction Cognitive Dysfunctions Dysfunction, Cognitive Dysfunctions, Cognitive Cognitive Impairments Cognitive Impairment Impairment, Cognitive Impairments, Cognitive Cognitive Disorders Disorder, Cognitive Disorders, Cognitive Mild Cognitive Impairment Cognitive Impairment, Mild Cognitive Impairments, Mild Impairment, Mild Cognitive Impairments, Mild Cognitive Mild Cognitive Impairments Cognitive Decline Cognitive Declines Decline, Cognitive Declines, Cognitive Mental Deterioration Deterioration, Mental Deteriorations, Mental Mental Deteriorations 可乐 A plant genus of the family STERCULIACEAE. This is the source of the kola nut which contains CAFFEINE and is used in popular beverages. Artama M, Ritvanen A, Gissler M, Isojärvi J, Auvinen A. Congenital structural anomalies in offspring of women with epilepsy--a population-based cohort study in Finland. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(2):280-287. doi:10.1093/ije/dyi234 Morrow JI, Hunt SJ, Russell AJ, et al. Folic acid use and major congenital malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(5):506-511. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.156109 后代先天畸形 Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero. Any abnormality, anatomical or biochemical, evident at birth or during the neonatal period. ABNORM CONGEN ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT Abnormalities, Congenital Abnormalities Abnormality, Congenital ANOMALY ANOMALY CONGEN ANOMALY CONGENITAL birth defects birth defect CM - Congenital malformation cong malf CONGEN ABNORM CONGEN DEFECTS Congenital Abnormalities Congenital abnormality NOS Congenital Abnormality Congenital Anatomic Abnormality Congenital Anatomical Abnormality Congenital Anomalies of Fetus CONGENITAL ANOMALIES CONGENITAL ANOMALY NOS Congenital Anomaly or Birth Defect CONGENITAL ANOMALY, NOS Congenital anomaly, unspecified congenital anomaly CONGENITAL DEFECT/DEFORMITY congenital defects Congenital Defect Congenital deformity (disorder) Congenital deformity NOS Congenital Deformity Congenital malformation (disorder) Congenital malformation, unspecified Congenital Malformations congenital malformation Defect, Birth Defect, Congenital DEFECT/DEFORMITY, CONGENITAL DEFECTS CONGEN Defects, Congenital Deformities deformity DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITY Developmental disturbance dysgenesis Fetal anomaly Fetal developmental abnormality Fetal malformation Foetal developmental abnormality Foetal malformation malformations malformation SCONG Fetal Malformations Malformation, Fetal Fetal Anomalies Anomaly, Fetal 康奈氏儿童行为量表 丹佛发展筛查测试 Denver developmental screening test (procedure) Denver developmental screening test DDST (Denver Development Screening Test) score Denver Development Screening Test score (observable entity) Denver Development Screening Test score 饮食习惯 Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal. The customary allowance of food and drink taken by a person or an animal from day to day, particularly one especially planned to meet specific requirements of the individual, including or excluding certain items of food; a prescribed course of eating and drinking in which the amount and kind of food, as well as the times at which it is to be taken, are regulated for therapeutic purposes or selected with reference to a particular state of health. Dietary finding (finding) Dietary finding Dietary Diets diet 胃肠电图 A non-invasive technique that utilizes abdominal skin electrodes and computerized spectral analysis to assess gastric myoelectrical activity. EGG - Electrogastrography ELECTROGASTROGRAPHY Electromyography of stomach (procedure) Electromyography of stomach Gastric electromyography 丰隆穴 电子胎心监护 The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute. The number of fetal cardiac beats per minute. Fetal heart rate (observable entity) Fetal Heart Rates Fetal Heart Rate Fetal HR FHR - Fetal heart rate Foetal heart rate FTHR Heart Rate, Fetal Heart Rates, Fetal Rate, Fetal Heart Rates, Fetal Heart Bubrick EJ, McDannold NJ, White PJ. Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Epilepsy- A New Approach to Neuromodulation. Epilepsy Curr. 2022;22(3):156-160. Published 2022 Mar 29. doi:10.1177/15357597221086111 聚焦超声治疗 Minimally invasive procedure for ablating tumors. The primary mechanism of tissue damage is thermal. Focused Ultrasound Surgery Focused Ultrasound Therapy Focused Ultrasound High Power Focused Ultrasound Therapy (Focused US) Therapy, Focused Ultrasound 果汁 The liquids extracted from plants. The liquid produced by squeezing or crushing fruit. Vegetable Juices Juice, Vegetable Juices, Vegetable Vegetable Juice Fruit Juices Fruit Juice Juice, Fruit Juices, Fruit Fruit and Vegetable Juices Beverages - Fruit Juice FJ - Fruit juice Fruit juice (substance) 肝俞穴 Maguire MJ, Nevitt SJ. Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual-related) epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;9(9):CD013225. Published 2021 Sep 16. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013225.pub3 促性腺激素 Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities. Heterodimeric glycoprotein Gonadotropin consists of alpha (common)/beta (unique) protein subunits. The alpha subunit is present in other heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones. The beta subunit confers biological specificity and stimulates ovarian synthesis of steroids (progesterone) to maintain pregnancy. Gonadotropin [EPC] gonadotropins gonadotropin Substance with gonadotropin mechanism of action (substance) 关元穴 San-Juan D, Espinoza-López DA, Vázquez-Gregorio R, et al. A pilot randomized controlled clinical trial of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in patients with multifocal pharmaco-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2022;130:108676. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108676 高精度经颅交流电刺激 激素 Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. Endocrine Gland Secretion Hormone (substance) Hormones: Endogenous, Exogenous hormones Hormone 黄连解毒汤合定痫丸 Ssentongo P. Prevalence and incidence of new-onset seizures and epilepsy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;93:49-55. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.01.033 人类免疫缺陷病毒 Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2. The virus isolated and recognized as the etiologic agent of AIDS. HIV-1 is classified as a lentivirus, a subtype of retroviruses. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immunodeficiency Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Viruses, Human Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Viruses, Human Immunodeficiency Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type III Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type III LAV-HTLV-III Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus Lymphadenopathy-Associated Viruses Virus, Lymphadenopathy-Associated Viruses, Lymphadenopathy-Associated Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type III Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III AIDS Virus AIDS Viruses Virus, AIDS Viruses, AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Virus Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Virus HTLV-III HIV - Human immunodeficiency virus HIV HTLV III HTLV WIII HUMAN IMMUNODEFIC VIRUSES HUMAN IMMUNODEFIC VIRUS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Human immunodeficiency virus (organism) HUMAN LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE III A T IMMUNODEFIC VIRUS HUMAN IMMUNODEFIC VIRUSES HUMAN LAV VIRUS HUMAN IMMUNODEFIC Virus-HIV VIRUSES HUMAN IMMUNODEFIC 间使穴 鸠尾穴 六君子汤 肝肾阴虚证 肝火痰热证 龙胆泻肝汤合涤痰汤 轻度认知障碍 Mild Cognitive Impairment Cognitive Impairment, Mild Cognitive Impairments, Mild Impairment, Mild Cognitive Impairments, Mild Cognitive Mild Cognitive Impairments Cognitive impairment, mild, Disorder, Mild Neurocognitive Disorders, Mild Neurocognitive MCI Mild cognitive disorder (disorder) Mild cognitive disorder NOS Mild cognitive disorder Mild Neurocognitive Disorders Mild neurocognitive disorder Neurocognitive Disorder, Mild Neurocognitive Disorders, Mild 近红外成像 Medical imaging that uses wavelengths in the infrared range. Near infrared imaging has many applications, including direct visualization of tissue vasculature and assessing oxygenation in tissues as well as use with fluorescent dyes for targeted imaging applications. Near Infrared Imaging Near-Infrared Imaging NIR Imaging 内关穴 Yerby MS. Management issues for women with epilepsy: neural tube defects and folic acid supplementation. Neurology. 2003;61(6 Suppl 2):S23-S26. doi:10.1212/wnl.61.6_suppl_2.s23 神经管畸形 Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41) A congenital defect characterized by failure of the neural tube to close completely; this results in the presence of openings in the brain or spinal cord. Examples of neural tube defects include encephalocele and spina bifida. Abnormality of neural tube closure Defect, Neural Tube Defects, Neural Tube Developmental Defects, Neural Tube Developmental Neural Tube Defects Dysraphism Incomplete closure of the vertebral arch Neural tube defect (disorder) Neural tube defects Neural Tube Defect Neural Tube Developmental Defects NTD - Neural tube defect NTDs NTD Spina bifida Spinal dysraphism Structural developmental anomalies of neurenteric canal (disorder) Structural developmental anomalies of neurenteric canal Developmental Neural Tube Defects Craniorachischisis Craniorachischises Diastematomyelia Diastematomyelias Tethered Cord Syndrome Tethered Cord Syndromes Occult Spinal Dysraphism Sequence Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Occult Spinal Dysraphism Dysraphism, Occult Spinal Dysraphisms, Occult Spinal Occult Spinal Dysraphisms Spinal Dysraphism, Occult Spinal Dysraphisms, Occult Iniencephaly Iniencephalies Neurenteric Cyst Cyst, Neurenteric Cysts, Neurenteric Neurenteric Cysts Neuroenteric Cyst Cyst, Neuroenteric Cysts, Neuroenteric Neuroenteric Cysts Spinal Cord Myelodysplasia Myelodysplasia, Spinal Cord Myelodysplasias, Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Myelodysplasias Acrania Acranias Exencephaly Exencephalies 避孕器具 Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES. The prevention of conception or impregnation by the use of devices or drugs or surgery. birth control method BIRTH CONTROL Contraception care (regime/therapy) Contraception care Contraception NOS contraception Contraceptive Methods Contraceptive Method Family planning care: contraception Family planning treatments and procedures Family planning: contraception Fertility Control Fertilization Inhibition INHIB OF FERTILIZATION Inhibition of Fertilization Contraceptive 过程 Process 他在常体 DependentContinuant 治疗过程 Treatment Process 过程边界 ProcessBoundary 自在常体 IndependentContinuant 时间域 TemporalRegio 育龄期女性治疗 Treatment for women of childbearing age 炎症性肠病的治疗药物 Medication for Bowel disease 神经系统测量方式 Nervous System Measurement Modality 常体 Continuant 患者健康管理 Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. Care Management, Patient Management, Patient Care client care management patient care management treatment management Patient Care Management 行体 Occurent A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown. Any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. The term is often used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, syndromes, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function. Clinical disease AND/OR syndrome condition Diagnosis Disease (disorder) Disease or Disorder, Non-Neoplastic Disease or Disorder disease term disease type disease/disorder disease_term disease_type Diseases and Disorders Diseases disease Disorders Disorder DIS Other Disease Syndrome Disorder 临床评估 An assessment of an individual's physical, mental, or emotional condition; information can be gathered from multiple sources, including physical exam, personal interview and observation, medical history, laboratory and imaging tests. Assessment Clinical assessment CLINICAL EVALUATION clinical investigation Evaluation - action (qualifier value) Evaluation - action Evaluation procedure (procedure) Evaluation procedure Evaluation Investigation NOS Investigations Investigation Inv Patient evaluation - action Clinical Evaluation 后代评估 皮博迪图片词汇测验 Peabody picture vocabulary test (assessment scale) Peabody picture vocabulary test PPVT - Peabody picture vocabulary test Kandratavicius L, Lopes-Aguiar C, Bueno-Júnior LS, Romcy-Pereira RN, Hallak JE, Leite JP. Psychiatric comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy: possible relationships between psychotic disorders and involvement of limbic circuits [published correction appears in Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2013 Mar;35(1):107]. Braz J Psychiatry. 2012;34(4):454-466. doi:10.1016/j.rbp.2012.04.007 精神病性障碍 Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994) A mental disorder characterized by personality change, impaired functioning, and loss of touch with reality. Atypical psychosis Disorder, Psychotic Disorders, Psychotic PSYCHOSES Psychosis NOS psychosis Psychotic disorder (disorder) Psychotic disorder NOS Psychotic Disorders Psychotic disorder PSYCHOTIC DIS Psychotic Unspecified psychosis Schizoaffective Disorder Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorders, Schizoaffective Schizoaffective Disorders Schizophreniform Disorders Disorder, Schizophreniform Disorders, Schizophreniform Schizophreniform Disorder Psychosis, Brief Reactive Brief Reactive Psychoses Brief Reactive Psychosis Psychoses, Brief Reactive Reactive Psychoses, Brief Reactive Psychosis, Brief 气海穴 丘墟穴 Zhao H, Li S, Xie M, et al. Risk of epilepsy in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of population based studies and bioinformatics analysis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2020;11:2040622319899300. Published 2020 Feb 7. doi:10.1177/2040622319899300 类风湿关节炎 A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated. A chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation in the synovial membranes and articular surfaces. It manifests primarily as a symmetric, erosive polyarthritis that spares the axial skeleton and is typically associated with the presence in the serum of rheumatoid factor. Arthritis or polyarthritis, atrophic Arthritis or polyarthritis, rheumatic ARTHRITIS RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATIC ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID Atrophic arthritis Proliferative arthritis R arthritis RA - Rheumatoid arthritis RA Rh arthritis RhA - Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatic gout Rheumatoid arthritis (disorder) Rheumatoid arthritis, unspecified rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid disease Systemic rheumatoid arthritis 三阴交穴 神庭穴 水沟穴 Bromley R, Adab N, Bluett-Duncan M, Clayton-Smith J, Christensen J, Edwards K, Greenhalgh J, Hill RA, Jackson CF, Khanom S, McGinty RN, Tudur Smith C, Pulman J, Marson AG. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Aug 29;8(8):CD010224. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010224.pub3. PMID: 37647086; PMCID: PMC10463554. 骨骼四肢畸形 Congenital structural abnormalities and deformities of the musculoskeletal system. An abnormality of the musculoskeletal system that is present at birth or detected in the neonatal period. Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal Abnormality, Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal Abnormality ABNORM MUSCULOSKELETAL ANOMALY CONGENITAL MUSCULOSKELETAL (NOS) Congenital abnormality of musculoskeletal system Congenital Abnormality of the Musculoskeletal System Congenital anomalies Congenital anomaly of musculoskeletal system (disorder) Congenital anomaly of musculoskeletal system NOS Congenital anomaly of musculoskeletal system Congenital deformity of musculoskeletal system NOS Congenital deformity of musculoskeletal system Congenital malformation and deformation of the musculoskeletal system Congenital malformation of musculoskeletal system, unspecified Congenital malformation of musculoskeletal system, unsp Congenital malformation of musculoskeletal system Congenital malformations and deformations of the musculoskeletal system (Q65-Q79) Congenital malformations and deformations of the musculoskeletal system Congenital musculoskeletal abnormality NOS Congenital musculoskeletal abnormality Congenital musculoskeletal abnorm Congenital musculoskeletal anomalies congenital musculoskeletal anomaly Congenital Musculoskeletal Defect Musculoskeletal Abnormalities MUSCULOSKELETAL ABNORM MUSCULOSKELETAL CONGENITAL ANOMALY Musculoskeletal congenital anomoly Musculoskeletal congenital 社交反应性量表 脾虚痰湿证 长处和困难量表 Modified SDQ (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) 8 Modified Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 8 (assessment scale) Modified Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 8 SDQ Magurano F, Marella GL, Marchi A, et al. A case of fulminant subacute sclerosing panencephalitis presenting with acute myoclonic-astatic epilepsy. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2017;53(2):167-169. doi:10.4415/ANN_17_02_15 Kissani N, Ouazzani R, Belaidi H, Ouahabi H, Chkili T. Crises épileptiques et épilepsie dans le cadre d'une panencéphalite sclérosante subaiguë (à propos de 30 cas) [Epileptic seizures and epilepsy in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (report of 30 cases]. Neurophysiol Clin. 2001;31(6):398-405. doi:10.1016/s0987-7053(01)00278-7 亚急性硬化性全脑炎 A rare, slowly progressive encephalitis caused by chronic infection with the MEASLES VIRUS. The condition occurs primarily in children and young adults, approximately 2-8 years after the initial infection. A gradual decline in intellectual abilities and behavioral alterations are followed by progressive MYOCLONUS; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; autonomic dysfunction; and ATAXIA. DEATH usually occurs 1-3 years after disease onset. Pathologic features include perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, neurophagia, and fibrous gliosis. It is caused by the SSPE virus, which is a defective variant of MEASLES VIRUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp767-8) A rare, slowly progressive post-infectious neurological disorder affecting the central nervous system. It is characterized by seizures, ataxia, myoclonus, personality changes, spasticity, and coma. The symptoms appear several years following measles infection at an early age. Panencephalitides, Subacute Sclerosing Sclerosing Panencephalitides, Subacute Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitides SSPE Sclerosing Panencephalitis, Subacute Panencephalitis, Subacute Sclerosing Inclusion Body Encephalitis, Measles Van Bogaert's Leukoencephalitis Van Bogaert Leukoencephalitis Van Bogaerts Leukoencephalitis Sclerosing Leukoencephalitis, Subacute Leukoencephalitides, Subacute Sclerosing Sclerosing Leukoencephalitides, Subacute Subacute Sclerosing Leukoencephalitides Subacute Sclerosing Leukoencephalitis Leukoencephalitis, Subacute Sclerosing Measles Inclusion Body Encephalitis Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles Leukoencephalitis, Van Bogaert's Leukoencephalitis, Van Bogaert Leukoencephalitis, Van Bogaerts Dawson's encephalitis Dawson's inclusion body encephalitis Dawsons encephalitis DEMENTIA, DECEREBRATE Immunosuppressive measles encephalitis INCLUSION BODY ENCEPH MEASLES LEUKOENCEPH SUBACUTE SCLEROSING LEUKOENCEPH VAN BOGAERTS Measles inclusion body encephalitis (disorder) MEASLES INCLUSION BODY ENCEPH MIBE - Measles inclusion body encephalitis PANENCEPH SUBACUTE SCLEROSING SCLEROSING LEUKOENCEPH SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPH SUBACUTE SSPE - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Subac scleros panenceph subacute inclusion body encephalitis subacute sclerosing leukoencephalopathy Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (disorder) subacute sclerosing panencephalitis SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPH Van Bogaert disease Van Bogaert encephalitis Van Bogaert sclerosing leucoencephalitis Van Bogaert sclerosing leukoencephalitis Van Bogaert's sclerosing leucoencephalitis Van Bogaert's sclerosing leukoencephalitis (disorder) van Bogaert's sclerosing leukoencephalitis VAN BOGAERTS LEUKOENCEPH Watad A, Tiosano S, Bragazzi NL, et al. Epilepsy among Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: Insights from a Large Database Analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2018;50(1-2):1-6. doi:10.1159/000485136 Hopia L, Andersson M, Svenungsson E, Khademi M, Piehl F, Tomson T. Epilepsy in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and risk factors. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(2):297-307. doi:10.1111/ene.14077 系统性红斑狼疮 A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow. An autoimmune multi-organ disease typically associated with vasculopathy and autoantibody production. Most patients have antinuclear antibodies (ANA). The presence of anti-dsDNA or anti-Smith antibodies are highly-specific. disseminated lupus erythematosus LE SYNDROME LE systemic LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSIS (NOS) LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSIS DISSEMINATED Lupus Erythematosus Disseminatus LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISSEMINATED LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC LUPUS SYNDROME LUPUS, ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC lupus SLE - Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic SLE - Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE NOS SLE SYNDROME DISSEMINATED LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSIS SYNDROME LUPUS Syst lupus erythematosus SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSIS Systemic lupus erythematosus (disorder) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Systemic lupus erythematosus NOS Systemic lupus erythematosus synd Systemic lupus erythematosus, unspecified systemic lupus erythematosus Libman-Sacks Disease Disease, Libman-Sacks Libman Sacks Disease 太冲穴 太乙穴 茶 The infusion of leaves of CAMELLIA SINENSIS (formerly Thea sinensis) as a beverage, the familiar Asian tea, which contains CATECHIN (especially epigallocatechin gallate) and CAFFEINE. Beverages - Tea Tea (substance) tea Thea Black Tea Black Teas Tea, Black Teas, Black Green Tea Green Teas Tea, Green Teas, Green Missey F, Rusina E, Acerbo E, et al. Orientation of Temporal Interference for Non-invasive Deep Brain Stimulation in Epilepsy. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:633988. Published 2021 Jun 7. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.633988 Chen X, Gong Y, Chen W. Advanced Temporally-Spatially Precise Technologies for On-Demand Neurological Disorder Intervention. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023;10(14):e2207436. doi:10.1002/advs.202207436 时间相干电刺激 通窍活血汤 Wu J, Cao M, Peng Y, et al. Research progress on the treatment of epilepsy with traditional Chinese medicine. Phytomedicine. 2023;120:155022. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155022 中药 A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the Chinese culture. Traditional Chinese Medicine Chung I Hsueh Hsueh, Chung I Traditional Medicine, Chinese Zhong Yi Xue Chinese Traditional Medicine Chinese Medicine, Traditional Traditional Tongue Diagnosis Tongue Diagnoses, Traditional Tongue Diagnosis, Traditional Traditional Tongue Diagnoses Traditional Tongue Assessment Tongue Assessment, Traditional Traditional Tongue Assessments San-Juan D, Espinoza-López DA, Vázquez-Gregorio R, et al. A pilot randomized controlled clinical trial of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in patients with multifocal pharmaco-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2022;130:108676. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108676 经颅交流电刺激 A technique of brain electric stimulation therapy which uses constant, low current delivered via ELECTRODES placed on various locations on the scalp. Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Ramos AP, Burneo JG. Seizures and epilepsy associated with central nervous system tuberculosis. Seizure. 2023;107:60-66. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2023.03.006 结核性脑膜炎 A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9) A bacterial infection of the membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Meningeal Tuberculoses Meningeal tuberculosis Meningitides, Tubercular Meningitides, Tuberculosis Meningitides, Tuberculous Meningitis tuberculous Meningitis, Tubercular Meningitis, Tuberculosis MENINGITIS, TUBERCULOUS TB - Tuberculous meningitis TB Meningitides TB meningitis-unspec TB meningitis TBM - Tuberculous meningitis Tubercular Meningitides Tubercular meningitis Tuberculoses, Meningeal Tuberculosis Meningitides Tuberculosis Meningitis Tuberculosis of meninges (disorder) Tuberculosis of meninges Tuberculosis, Meningeal Tuberculous Meningitides Tuberculous meningitis, unspecified examination Tuberculous meningitis, unspecified Tuberculous meningitis Meningeal Tuberculoses Tuberculous Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis Hypertrophic Pachymeningitides, Tuberculous Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis, Tuberculous Pachymeningitides, Tuberculous Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis, Tuberculous Hypertrophic Tuberculous Hypertrophic Pachymeningitides 中医证型 尿液 Liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the URETHRA. The fluid that is excreted by the kidneys. It is stored in the bladder and discharged through the urethra. Urinary System, Urine Urine (substance) urine 五生饮合二陈汤 心俞穴 阳痫 阴痫 印堂穴 涌泉穴 中脘穴 足三里穴 产前保健 Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality. Antenatal care (regime/therapy) Antenatal Care Antenatal examination Antepartum care of mother Care, Antenatal Care, Prenatal Pregnancy care prenatal care Prenatal examination and care of mother (procedure) Prenatal examination and care of mother 胎儿颈项透明层检查 A prenatal ultrasonography measurement of the soft tissue behind the fetal neck. Either the translucent area below the skin in the back of the fetal neck (nuchal translucency) or the distance between occipital bone to the outer skin line (nuchal fold) is measured. An ultrasonic examination of the fetus in the late first trimester to measure the clear space at the back of the fetal neck to assess risk of genetic or cardiac abnormalities. Fold Measurement, Nuchal Fold Measurements, Nuchal Fold Screening, Nuchal Fold Screenings, Nuchal Measurement, Nuchal Fold Measurement, Nuchal Translucency Measurements, Nuchal Fold NT Nuchal Fold Measurements Nuchal Fold Measurement nuchal fold scan Nuchal Fold Screenings Nuchal Fold Screening nuchal translucency evaluation Nuchal Translucency Measurements Nuchal Translucency Measurement Nuchal Translucency Screenings Nuchal Translucency Screening Nuchal Translucency Screen Screening, Nuchal Fold Screenings, Nuchal Fold Nuchal Translucency Translucency, Nuchal Nuchal Fold Leitner D, Pires G, Kavanagh T, et al. Similar brain proteomic signatures in Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. Acta Neuropathol. 2024;147(1):27. Published 2024 Jan 30. doi:10.1007/s00401-024-02683-4 阿尔茨海默病 A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57) A progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of function and death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain leading to loss of cognitive function such as memory and language. AD - Alzheimer's disease AD Alzheimer Dementias Alzheimer Dementia Alzheimer disease, unspecified Alzheimer Diseases ALZHEIMER DISEASE ALZHEIMER DIS Alzheimer Sclerosis Alzheimer Syndrome Alzheimer Type Dementia (ATD) Alzheimer Type Dementia Alzheimer Type Senile Dementia Alzheimer's Dementia Alzheimer's disease (disorder) Alzheimer's disease, unspecified Alzheimer's Diseases Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer-Type Dementia (ATD) Alzheimers Diseases Alzheimers Disease ALZHEIMERS DIS DAT dementia Alzheimer type Dementia Alzheimer's type Dementia in Alzheimer disease, unspecified Dementia in Alzheimer disease DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMER TYPE Dementia of the Alzheimer's type NOS Dementia of the Alzheimer's type Dementia, Alzheimer Type Dementia, Alzheimer-Type (ATD) Dementia, Alzheimer Dementia, Primary Senile Degenerative Dementia, Senile Primary Senile Degenerative Dementia Sclerosis, Alzheimer SDAT SENILE DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMER TYPE Senile Dementia, Alzheimer Type Senile Dementia Acute Confusional Senile Dementia Senile Dementia, Acute Confusional Dementia, Presenile Presenile Dementia Alzheimer Disease, Late Onset Late Onset Alzheimer Disease Alzheimer's Disease, Focal Onset Focal Onset Alzheimer's Disease Familial Alzheimer Disease (FAD) Alzheimer Disease, Familial (FAD) Familial Alzheimer Diseases (FAD) Alzheimer Disease, Early Onset Early Onset Alzheimer Disease Presenile Alzheimer Dementia 唐氏筛查 Barts test Down screening - blood test Down's screening - blood test (procedure) Down's screening - blood test Bromley R, Adab N, Bluett-Duncan M, et al. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;8(8):CD010224. Published 2023 Aug 29. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010224.pub3 颅面部畸形 Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones. Abnormalities, Craniofacial Abnormality, Craniofacial Craniofacial Abnormalities craniofacial abnormality CRANIOFACIAL ABNORM craniofacial anomaly Abnormalities, Craniofacial Abnormality, Craniofacial Craniofacial Abnormality 阿替洛尔 A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect. A synthetic isopropylamino-propanol derivative used as an antihypertensive, hypotensive and antiarrhythmic Atenolol acts as a peripheral, cardioselective beta blocker specific for beta-1 adrenergic receptors, without intrinsic sympathomimetic effects. It reduces exercise heart rates and delays atrioventricular conduction, with overall oxygen requirements decreasing. (NCI04) ATENOLOL Atenolol-containing product 2-(p-(2-Hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy)phenyl)acetamide Product containing atenolol (medicinal product) 29122-68-7 1-p-Carbamoylmethylphenoxy-3-isopropylamino-2-propanol Benzeneacetamide 4-(2-hydroxy-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)propoxy)- 4-(2-Hydroxy-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)propoxy)benzeneacetamide Atenololum Atenolol (substance) Atenolol 利多卡因 A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE. Lidocaine 2-(diethylamino)-N-(26-dimethylphenyl)acetamide Lidocaine-containing product α-diethylamino-26-dimethylacetanilide 2-2EtN-2MePhAcN alpha-diethylamino-26-dimethylacetanilide 2-diethylamino-26-acetoxylidide .omega.-Diethylamino-26-dimethylacetanilide 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(26-Dimethylphenyl)Acetamide lidocaine Omega-diethylamino-26-dimethylacetanilide Duncaine Acetamide 2-(diethylamino)-N-(26-dimethylphenyl)- Lidocaína Leostesin 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(26-dimethylphenyl)acetamide Lidothesin 2-(Diethylamino)-26-acetoxylidide Rucaina Cuivasil 137-58-6 Lidocaine (substance) 40030 2-Diethylamino-26-acetoxylidide omega-diethylamino-26-dimethylacetanilide LIDOCAINE Lidocainum Lidocaina Lignocaine Product containing lidocaine (medicinal product) Lidocaine Monoacetate Lidocaine Carbonate Lidocaine Monohydrochloride Xyloneural Xylocaine Lidocaine Sulfate (1:1) Lidocaine Hydrocarbonate Xylocitin Xylesthesin Lidocaine Carbonate (2:1) Octocaine Lidocaine Monohydrochloride Monohydrate Dalcaine Lidocaine Hydrochloride Lidocaine 基因检测 Detection of a MUTATION; GENOTYPE; KARYOTYPE; or specific ALLELES associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. It includes prenatal genetic testing. The process of isolating and testing the DNA of an embryo or a person to detect the presence of genetic alterations or defects that may predispose to the future development of a disease or disorder. Genetic test genetic testing Genetic Test genetic screening method Testing Genetic genetic examination genetic analysis Genetics Testing Genetic screening method Genetic Examination Genetic test (procedure) genetic test Genetic Testing Genetic testing 补充叶酸 A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. A collective term for pteroylglutamic acids and their oligoglutamic acid conjugates. As a natural water-soluble substance, folic acid is involved in carbon transfer reactions of amino acid metabolism, in addition to purine and pyrimidine synthesis, and is essential for hematopoiesis and red blood cell production. (NCI05) All women and girls on AEDs should be offered 5 mg per day of folic acid before any possibility of pregnancy.[2004] 所有服用抗癫痫药物的女性在任何可能怀孕的机会前都应每日补充5mg的叶酸。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 All WWE should be advised to take 5 mg/day of folic acid prior to conception and to continue the intake until at least the end of the first trimester to reduce the incidence of major congenital malformation. 建议所有WWE在孕前补充叶酸5mg/d，至少持续到妊娠早期，以减少MCMs发生率。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Prepregnancy folic acid 5 mg/day may be helpful in reducing the risk of AED-related cognitive deficits. 【推荐等级：C】孕前补充5mg/d叶酸可能可以降低AEDs相关认知障碍的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 2-[4-[(2-amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]aminopentanedioic acid Acide folique Acidum folicum B9, Vitamin FA - Folic acid FA folacin Folic acid (substance) Folic acid-containing product folic acid folicin Folsäure L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2-amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)- Lactobacillus casei factor N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid N-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid N-[4-[[(2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic Acid N-pteroyl-L-glutamic acid PGA Product containing folic acid (medicinal product) PteGlu Pteroyl-L-glutamate Pteroyl-L-glutamic acid Pteroyl-L-monoglutamic acid Pteroylglutamic acid Pteroylmonoglutamic Acid Vitamin B c Vitamin B9 Vitamin Bc Vitamin B>c< vitamin Bc vitamin M ácido fólico Folic acid 基因 Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells. genetic Genetic GENETICS Genetic 糖皮质激素 A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. A corticosteroid that supports a variety of cardiovascular, metabolic, immunologic, and homeostatic functions, and which binds specifically to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR; NR3C1). Glucocorticoid binding to GR leads to the transportation of the activated receptor-glucocorticoid complex to the nucleus, after which it binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) and regulates the expression of GR-responsive genes. Product containing glucocorticoid (product) glucocorticoid Glucocorticoid hormone Glucocorticoid (substance) glucocorticoids Glucocorticoid hormone (substance) Glucocorticoid-containing product Glucocorticoid 卡马西平 A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties. A tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine Carbamazepine (substance) TEGretol Carbamazepen Carbamazepin 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Carbamazepine 169864 Carbamazepine Anhydrous Carbamazepina 5-Carbamyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine CBZ Carbamazepinum 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine Carbamazepine-containing product Carbamazépine 298-46-4 Product containing carbamazepine (medicinal product) 5-carbamoyl-5H-dibenz[bf]azepine Epitol Finlepsin Carbamazepine Dihydrate Carbamazepine Hydrochloride Neurotol Carbamazepine L-Tartrate (4:1) Carbamazepine Acetate Carbamazepine Sulfate (2:1) Carbamazepine Phosphate Carbazepin Amizepine Carbamazepine 运动症状起病 A disorder characterized by recurrent localized paroxysmal discharges of cerebral neurons that give rise to seizures that have motor manifestations. The majority of partial motor seizures originate in the FRONTAL LOBE (see also EPILEPSY, FRONTAL LOBE). Motor seizures may manifest as tonic or clonic movements involving the face, one limb or one side of the body. A variety of more complex patterns of movement, including abnormal posturing of extremities, may also occur. A simple partial seizure consisting of clonus or spasm of a muscle or muscle group; it may be single or in a continuous and repetitive series or may spread to adjacent muscles. Simple partial seizures with motor signs Localised motor seizure Segmental motor seizure Epilepsy Focal Motor Focal motor seizure MOTOR SEIZURE DIS Localized motor seizures Partial Epilepsy Motor Simple partial seizure with motor dysfunction (disorder) Focal Motor Seizure SEIZURE DIS PARTIAL MOTOR SEIZURE DIS MOTOR Motor Seizure Disorders Focal motor seizures Motor Partial Seizure Disorder Epilepsy Partial Motor Seizure Disorders Motor Seizure Disorder Motor Partial Seizure Disorder Motor Partial motor seizure Epilepsy motor partial Epilepsy Motor Partial FOCAL MOTOR EPILEPSY Partial Motor Seizure Seizure Disorder Partial Motor Partial motor attacks PARTIAL SEIZURE DIS MOTOR Partial motor seizures Focal motor seizure (disorder) MOTOR PARTIAL SEIZURE DIS Simple partial seizure with motor dysfunction Motor Epilepsy Focal Localized motor seizure Motor Seizure Disorder Epilepsy focal motor NOS Focal Motor Epilepsy Focal motor seizure 焦虑障碍的诊断 Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS. Apprehension of danger and dread accompanied by restlessness, tension, tachycardia, and dyspnea unattached to a clearly identifiable stimulus. anxiety reaction Feel anxious ANXIETY REACTION Anxiety reaction unfocused anxiety anxiousness Anxiousness Anxiety REACTION ANXIETY ANXIETY Reaction anxiety anxiety Anxiety (finding) Anxiety Reaction Anxious mood Angst angst Feeling anxious Excessive persistent worry and fear Anxious behavior Anxiety 对于患有局灶性癫痫的育龄期、有怀孕计划的女性患者，奥卡西平为首选治疗方案，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦也是治疗选择 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice, with oxcarbazepine considered first-line treatment. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有局灶性癫痫的计划怀孕并母乳喂养的女性患者，奥卡西平为首选治疗方案，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦也是治疗选择；卡马西平、拉考沙胺、艾司利卡西平和唑尼沙胺为二线选择。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice, with oxcarbazepine considered first-line treatment. Carbamazepine, lacosamide, eslicarbazepine, and zonisamide were considered second-line options. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有局灶性癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，拉莫三嗪为首选治疗，奥卡西平和拉考沙胺也可作为一线治疗，卡马西平、艾司利卡西平、左乙拉西坦和唑尼沙胺为二线治疗。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various anti-seizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with focal (symptomatic localization related) epilepsy. Lamotrigine was the treatment of choice, oxcarbazepine and lacosamide were considered first-line therapy, and carbamazepine, eslicarbazepine, levetiracetam, and zonisamide were considered second-line therapy.Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. OXC 可能以潜在的临床重要量穿过胎盘（每种至少一项 II 类研究）。 OXC possibly cross the placenta in potentially clinically important amounts (at least one Class II study for each). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 妊娠可能导致OXC及其活性代谢产物MHD水平下降（两项Ⅲ类研究）。 Pregnancy possibly causes a decrease in the level of the active OXC metabolite, MHD (two Class III studies) Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 可以考虑监测OXC及其活性代谢产物MHD的水平（Level C）。 Monitoring of OXC (as MHD) levels during pregnancy may be considered (Level C). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 几乎所有AEDs都可通过血液进入母乳，使接受母乳喂养的婴儿间接获得AEDs。但目前普遍认为母乳喂养利大于弊，故提倡母乳喂养。母乳中AEDs浓度既受母亲血药浓度的影响，也受AEDs母乳通过率的影响，故母亲在哺乳期应服用可控制癫痫发作的AEDs最小剂量，同时应选择母乳通过率较低的药物以降低对婴儿的影响，如拉莫三嗪、氯巴占、奥卡西平等。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 根据EURAP已知的MCM风险，推荐4种AEDs作为局灶性癫痫的替代物：左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪、奥卡西平、卡马西平。其中对卡马西平的剂量限制尤为重要。不推荐使用托吡酯、苯妥英和巴比妥酸盐。 Four AEDs can be recommended as alternatives for focal epilepsy based on known risks of MCMs from the EURAP registry. These are levetiracetam, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and carbamazepine. Dose restriction is especially important in carbamazepine. Topiramate, phenytoin, and barbiturates cannot be recommended due to their teratogenic potential. There are insufficient data for the remaining AEDs, but this does not mean they are safe. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 分娩后2-3周应检查血浆药物浓度。若妊娠期间调整了AEDs剂量，产后应再次调整剂量，尤其是需要哺乳的患者。妊娠期使用PRM、OXC和LTG的患者，应立即监测（In cases of treatment with PRM, OXC, and LTG, monitor immediately）。 Plasma levels should be checked 2 to 3 weeks after childbirth. If doses were changed during pregnancy, they should be adjusted again, especially if patient is breastfeeding. In cases of treatment with PRM, OXC, and LTC, monitor immediately. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 除拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦、奥卡西平、普瑞巴林外，其余AEDs均为妊娠期女性癫痫患者慎用药物，其中丙戊酸为禁用药物。 Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 应在妊娠期监测AEDs血药水平，其中以拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦和奥卡西平血药浓度下降最为明显，在妊娠期和产后可能需要剂量调整。 Importantly, blood drug levels should be monitored because pregnancy can have a major impact on pharmacoki-netic properties of AEDs (e.g., altered absorption,increased distribution volume and renal excretion, and induction of hepatic metabolism).Lamotrigine,levetiracetam and oxcar-bazepine serum concentrations decline most markedly, and dose adjustments may be necessary during pregnancy and postpartum. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 孕妇应首选拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦，因为这两种药物致畸率最低，但对神经发育的影响尚不明确（数据有限）。推荐卡马西平为替代药物（卡马西平显示出比拉莫三嗪更高的致畸率，但对神经发育没有影响），奥卡西平也可作为替代药物（致畸率很低，但对神经发育的影响上无充分数据）。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam are first-choice treatment options in pregnant women (and women of childbearing potential) because they carry the lowest risk of major con-genital malformations and have no known impact on neu-robehavioral development (although data for levetiracetam are still limited). Carbamazepine is recommended as alternative first choice; it shows higher malformation rates than lamotrigine and levetiracetam but no impact on neu-rodevelopment. Oxcarbazepine could also be consid-ered; malformation rates are low but data on neurobehavioral development are sparse.Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 奥卡西平 A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4. A dibenzazepine carboxamide derivative with an anticonvulsant property. As a prodrug, oxcarbazepine is converted to its active metabolite, 10-monohydroxy. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, electrophysiological studies indicate this agent blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby stabilizing hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and decreasing the propagation of synaptic impulses. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 28721-07-5 Trileptal Oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine-containing product 1011-Dihydro-10-oxo-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Product containing oxcarbazepine (medicinal product) Oxcarbazepinum OCBZ Oxcarbazepine (substance) Oxcarbazepina 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide 1011-dihydro-10-oxo- Timox GP 47680 Oxcarbazepine 骨质疏松 Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis. A condition of reduced bone mass, with decreased cortical thickness and a decrease in the number and size of the trabeculae of cancellous bone (but normal chemical composition), resulting in increased fracture incidence. Osteoporosis is classified as primary (Type 1, postmenopausal osteoporosis; Type 2, age-associated osteoporosis; and idiopathic, which can affect juveniles, premenopausal women, and middle-aged men) and secondary osteoporosis (which results from an identifiable cause of bone mass loss). osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis NOS Osteoporosis unspecified Osteoporosis (disorder) Generalised osteoporosis Generalized osteoporosis OSTEOPOROSIS Osteoporoses Osteoporosis 卡马西平 A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties. A tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine Carbamazepine (substance) TEGretol Carbamazepen Carbamazepin 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Carbamazepine 169864 Carbamazepine Anhydrous Carbamazepina 5-Carbamyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine CBZ Carbamazepinum 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine Carbamazepine-containing product Carbamazépine 298-46-4 Product containing carbamazepine (medicinal product) 5-carbamoyl-5H-dibenz[bf]azepine Epitol Finlepsin Carbamazepine Dihydrate Carbamazepine Hydrochloride Neurotol Carbamazepine L-Tartrate (4:1) Carbamazepine Acetate Carbamazepine Sulfate (2:1) Carbamazepine Phosphate Carbazepin Amizepine Carbamazepine 预后 A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations. Prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease. Prediction of Outcome Determination of prognosis (procedure) Forecast of outcome prognosis outcome prediction Determination of prognosis Prognoses Prognosis 未知起源发作 The term “Unknown” is used to denote where it is understood that the patient has Epilepsy but the clinician is unable to determine if the Epilepsy Type is focal or generalized because there is insufficient information available. Unknown means that the cause of the epilepsy is not yet known. There remain many patients with epilepsy for whom the cause is not known. In this category it is not possible to make a specific diagnosis apart from the basic electroclinical semiology such as frontal lobe epilepsy. The extent to which a cause can be found depends on the extent of the evaluation available to the patient. This differs across different health care settings and countries and hopefully will improve over time in resource poor countries.(备注：参考PMID: 28276062) Not known Unkown 英夫利昔单抗 A chimeric monoclonal antibody to TNF-ALPHA that is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS and CROHN'S DISEASE. A recombinant chimeric, mouse-human monoclonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a protein involved in inflammation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Infliximab may be pro- apoptotic or anti-apoptotic, depending on cell type. (NCI04) Monoclonal Antibody cA2 Remicade INFLIXIMAB INF Infliximab-containing product Avakine INFLIX Product containing infliximab (medicinal product) Infliximab (substance) Infliximab (genetical recombination) MAb cA2 cA2 Monoclonal Antibody cA2 Remsima Infliximab 慢性阻塞性肺疾病 A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA. A chronic and progressive lung disorder characterized by the loss of elasticity of the bronchial tree and the air sacs, destruction of the air sacs wall, thickening of the bronchial wall, and mucous accumulation in the bronchial tree. The pathologic changes result in the disruption of the air flow in the bronchial airways. Signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, productive cough, and chest tightness. The two main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are chronic obstructive bronchitis and emphysema. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DIS Chronic obstructive lung disease (disorder) CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DIS Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease small airways disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic obstructive airway disease COLD (chronic obstructive lung disease) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease unspecified Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease Small airways disease COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CAL - Chronic airflow limitation Chronic pulmonary obstruction Chronic irreversible airway obstruction Chronic airflow limitation COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD NOS Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Pulmonary Disease Chronic Obstructive Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease NOS Chronic obstructive airways disease Chronic obstructive lung disease CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE CAFL - Chronic airflow limitation Chronic obstructive lung disease NOS PULMONARY DISEASE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE Obstructive airways disease (chronic) Chronic obstruct airways disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease HYPERACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE COAD - Chronic obstructive airways disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases Chronic airway disease COLD Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease PULM DIS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE Chronic obstructive airway disease NOS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULM DIS chronic obstructive lung disease COAD CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE COLD - Chronic obstructive lung disease Chronic airway obstruction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 神经内镜 PROCEDURES that use NEUROENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Neuroendoscopy, generally an integration of the neuroendoscope with a computer-assisted NEURONAVIGATION system, provides guidance in NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES. Neuroendoscopies Neuroendoscopy Neuroendoscopy 沙利度胺 A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. A synthetic derivative of glutamic acid (alpha-phthalimido-glutarimide) with teratogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. Thalidomide acts primarily by inhibiting both the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in stimulated peripheral monocytes and the activities of interleukins and interferons. This agent also inhibits polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and monocyte phagocytosis. In addition, thalidomide inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. 66847 3-Phthalimidoglutarimide 2 6-Dioxo-3-phthalimidopiperidine α-N-phthalylglutaramide Thalidomide Alpha-Phthalimidoglutarimide 2-(26-Dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1H-isoindole-13(2H)-dione alpha-(N-Phthalimido)glutarimide Kevadon N-Phthalyl-glutaminsaeure-imid Thalidomide (substance) Thalomid (+)-Thalidomide (+-)-Thalidomide N-Phthaloylglutamimide (±)-N-(26-dioxo-3-piperidyl)phthalimide α-(N-phthalimido)glutarimide Talimol Product containing thalidomide (medicinal product) α-phthalimidoglutarimide 26-dioxo-3-phthalimidopiperidine 91729 Phthalimide N-(2 6-dioxo-3-piperidyl)- (-)- .alpha.-Phthalimidoglutarimide Pantosediv N-(26-dioxo-3-piperidyl)phthalimide 48832 N-Phthalylglutamic acid imide Synovir (±)-thalidomide Talidomida Phthalimide N-(2 6-dioxo-3-piperidyl)- (+)- Distaval Neurosedyn Thalidomidum Contergan (+-)-N-(26-dioxo-3-Piperidyl)phthalimide Thalidomide-containing product (-)-Thalidomide alpha-N-Phthalylglutaramide 2-(26-dioxopiperidin-3-yl) isoindoline-13-dione [source: IUPAC] Softenon 13-dioxo-2-(26-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindoline 50-35-1 1H-Isoindole-13(2H)-dione 2-(26-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)- Sedalis THAL Sedoval K-17 Thalidomide 去氧孕烯 A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED). A synthetic progestogen structurally related to levonorgestrel, with progesterone hormone receptor agonistic activity, used as a contraceptive and hormone replacement agent. Upon administration, desogestrel binds intracellular progesterone receptors in progesterone responsive tissue and the resultant complex interacts with DNA causing either gene transcription or gene repression. This eventually leads to an inhibition of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus and a subsequent inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release. This prevents ovulation and alters the cervical mucus. 13-Ethyl-11-methylene-1819-dinor-17 alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-17-ol 13-Ethyl-11-methylene-1819-dinor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-17-ol 1819-Dinorpregn-4-en-20-yn-17-ol 13-ethyl-11-methylene- (17alpha)- Desogestrel Desogestrel-containing product alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-17-ol 13-Ethyl-11-methylene-1819-dinor-17 desogestral 13 Ethyl 11 methylene 1819 dinor 17 alpha pregn 4 en 20 yn 17 ol Desogestrelum 54024-22-5 desogestrel 13-Ethyl-11-methylene-1819-dinor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-17-ol DESOGESTREL Desogestrel (substance) Cerazette Désogestrel Product containing desogestrel (medicinal product) Desogestrel 硫唑嘌呤 An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed) A purine analogue with cytotoxic and immunosuppressive activity. Azathioprine is a prodrug that is converted by hepatic xanthine oxidase to its active metabolite 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). 6-MP is further metabolized by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) into 6-thioguanosine-5'-phosphate (6-thio-GMP) and 6-thioinosine monophosphate (6-thio-IMP), both inhibit nucleotide conversions and de novo purine synthesis. This leads to inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. As a result, cell proliferation may be inhibited, particularly in lymphocytes and leukocytes. 6-(1-Methyl-4-nitro-5-imidazolyl)-mercaptopurine 6-[(1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio]-1H-purine AZTP Product containing azathioprine (medicinal product) 1H-Purine 6-((1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio)- 6-((1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio)-1H-purine AZA Azathioprine-containing product Azathioprine 446-86-6 Azatioprina Azamun Azathioprine (substance) Azathioprinum Azothioprine 39084 Azathioprine 局灶性进展为双侧强直-阵挛 Generalized tonic-clonic seizures with focal onset Partial seizures with secondary generalisation Partial seizures with secondary generalization Partial seizure with secondary generalisation Generalised tonic-clonic seizure with partial onset Focal onset to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure Generalised tonic-clonic seizure with focal onset Secondarily generalised tonic-clonic seizures Generalised tonic-clonic seizures with focal onset Secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizure Generalized tonic-clonic seizures secondary Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure with focal onset Secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure Partial seizure with secondary generalization Generalized tonic-clonic seizure with focal onset Focal seizure with secondary generalisation Secondarily generalised tonic-clonic seizure Secondary generalized tonic clonic seizures Generalized tonic-clonic seizure with partial onset Focal seizure with secondary generalization Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure with focal onset 认知行为治疗 A directive form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior. A type of psychotherapy utilized to treat different forms of mental disorders.The treatment involves the identification of unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking and behaviors and the subsequent replacement with behaviors that are beneficial and constructive. Behavioral Therapies Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Cognitive Behavioral Therapies Therapies Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Behavior Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Therapy Behavior Therapy Cognitive Behavior Therapies Cognitive Cognitive Behavior Therapies Therapies Cognitive Behavior Cognitive Psychotherapy Cognitive Psychotherapies Psychotherapies Cognitive Psychotherapy Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Cognitive Therapies Therapies Cognitive Cognition Therapy Therapy Cognition Cognition Therapies Therapies Cognition COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THER cognitive behavior modification THER COGNITION Cognitive-behaviour therapy CBT COGNITION THER Cognitive therapy approach BEHAVIOR THER COGNITIVE Cognitive behavioral therapy Psychotherapy - cognitive (regime/therapy) CBT - cognitive and behavioral therapy Cognitive approach CBT - cognitive and behavioural therapy THER COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR Cognitive and behavioral therapy COGNITIVE PSYCHOTHER Cognitive therapy (regime/therapy) Cognitive behavioural therapy Cognitive-behavior therapy PSYCHOTHER COGNITIVE CT Cognitive and behavioral therapy (regime/therapy) THER COGNITIVE COGNITIVE THER Psychotherapy - cognitive Cognitive and behavioural therapy Cognitive bahavior therapy 结构 Contiguous large-scale (1000-400,000 basepairs) differences in the genomic DNA between individuals, due to SEQUENCE DELETION; SEQUENCE INSERTION; or SEQUENCE INVERSION. Genome Structural Variants Genomic Structural Variants Structural Variations Genome Variants Genomic Structural Structural Variant Genomic Structural Variation Genomic Genome Structural Variant Variant Genomic Structural Variant Genome Structural Structural Variant Genome Genome Structural Variations Structural Variations Genomic Variation Genomic Structural Genomic Structural Variant Variations Genomic Structural Variation Genome Structural Structural Variants Genome Variations Genome Structural Structural Variants Genomic Variants Genome Structural Structural Variation Genome Genomic Structural Variations Genome Structural Variation Genomic Structural Variation Structural 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. The sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproate sodium is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, valproate sodium increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproate sodium may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect. Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 苯妥英钠 An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The sodium salt form of phenytoin, a hydantoin derivate and non-sedative antiepileptic agent with anticonvulsant activity. Phenytoin sodium promotes sodium efflux from neurons located in the motor cortex, thereby stabilizing the neuron and inhibiting synaptic transmission. This leads to a reduction in posttetanic potentiation at synapses, an inhibition of repetitive firing of action potentials and ultimately inhibits the spread of seizure activity. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 55-Diphenyl-24-imidazolidinedione Monosodium Salt phenytoin sodium Diphenylhydantoin sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Sodium Phenytoin sodium (substance) Dilantin Sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Dihydan Diphenylhydantoin Hydantol Epanutin Difenin 55-diphenylimidazolidine-24-dione Fenitoin Antisacer 55-Diphenylhydantoin Epamin Phenytoin sodium 氟伏沙明 A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS. A 2-aminoethyl oxime ether of aralkylketones, with antidepressant, antiobsessive-compulsive, and anxiolytic properties. Fluvoxamine, chemically unrelated to other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selectively blocks serotonin reuptake by inhibiting the serotonin reuptake pump at the presynaptic neuronal membrane. This increases serotonin levels within the synaptic cleft, prolongs serotonergic transmission and decreased serotonin turnover, thereby leading to antidepressant, anxiolytic and antiobsessive-compulsive effects. Fluvoxamine shows no significant affinity for histaminergic, alpha or beta adrenergic, muscarinic, or dopaminergic receptors in vitro. fluvoxamine Product containing fluvoxamine (medicinal product) Fluvoxaminum Fluvoxamine-containing product Fluvoxamine fluvoxaMINE FLUVOXAMINE 1-Pentanone 5-methoxy-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime (E)- Fluvoxamine (substance) Fluvoxamina Fluvoxadura Fevarin DU-23000 Fluvoxamine Maleate (E)-Isomer Fluvoxamina Geminis ratio-Fluvoxamine Floxyfral Fluvoxamin-ratiopharm Fluvoxamine Maleate PMS Fluvoxamine Fluvoxamin beta Novo-Fluvoxamine Novo Fluvoxamine PMS-Fluvoxamine DU 23000 Luvox DU23000 Fluvoxamin Stada Faverin Fluvoxamin-neuraxpharm Dumirox Fluvoxamin AL Nu Fluvoxamine Nu-Fluvoxamine Fluvoxamin ratiopharm ratio Fluvoxamine Fluvoxamin neuraxpharm Geminis Fluvoxamina Desiflu Fluvoxamine (Z)-Isomer Fluvoxamine 瑜伽 A major orthodox system of Hindu philosophy based on Sankhya (metaphysical dualism) but differing from it in being theistic and characterized by the teaching of raja-yoga as a practical method of liberating the self. It includes a system of exercises for attaining bodily or mental control and well-being with liberation of the self and union with the universal spirit. (From Webster, 3d ed) Yoga (philosophy) Yoga Therapy Other Procedures @ Physiological Systems and Anatomical Regions @ Other Procedures @ None @ External @ Other Method @ Yoga Therapy Yoga yoga therapy yoga Yoga 额叶癫痫 A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by seizures which arise in the FRONTAL LOBE. Frontal lobe epilepsy (disorder) Epilepsy Frontal Lobe Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Frontal Lobe Epilepsies Frontal lobe epilepsy Frontal lobe epilepsies 医疗结果研究小量表 The purpose ofthe SF-6D is to provide ratings of an individual’s health-related quality of life (HRQOL) across all health condi-tions. The ratings of HRQOL are also called “utilities” orpreferences for health states that are used in health eco-nomic evaluation and to derive quality-adjusted life years(QALYs) for use in cost utility analysis. Medical outcomes study short-form 6 妊娠：孕妇除定期进行产科检查外，还应定期就诊于癫痫专科医生；根据临床发作情况及时调整AEDs的剂量，尽量减少和避免发作，尤其是全面性强直-阵挛发作。孕妇也需要了解，没有证据表明局灶性、失神以及肌阵挛性发作会影响妊娠期与发育阶段的胎儿，除非患者跌倒或者受到了伤害；如果妊娠期间发作控制不佳，要充分考虑到妊娠相关因素的影响，如剧烈呕吐、依从性差等；妊娠16-20周时应该对胎儿进行详细的超声波检查，及时发现可能存在的畸形。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 失神发作 A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736) Epilepsy characterized by very brief episodes of sudden cessation of activity, usually associated with eye blinking. There is no loss of the muscle tone. Women and girls should be reassured that there is no evidence that focal[20],absence and myoclonic seizures affect the pregnancy or developing fetus adversely unless they fall and sustain an injury. [2004, amended 2012] 应该向女性患者保证，没有证据表明局灶性[20]、失神和肌阵挛发作会对妊娠或胎儿发育产生不利影响，除非她们跌倒并受伤。 [2004 年，2012 年修订] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 Absence Epilepsy Juvenile Epilepsy petit mal Epilepsy Juvenile Absence Generalized non-motor (absence) seizure Juvenile absence epilepsy (disorder) Epilepsy Petit Mal Seizures absence Childhood absence seizures Pykno-epilepsy Absence Epilepsy Generalised non-motor seizure PETIT MAL Petit-mal seizure petit mal seizure Typical absence seizures Childhood absence epilepsy (disorder) Absence seizures PETIT MAL CONVULSION Pyknolepsies Brief seizures with staring spells Convulsion petit mal Juvenile absence epilepsy Pykno Epilepsy Absence Seizures Petit mal Epilepsy Childhood Absence Absence seizure (disorder) Typical absence Petit Mal Convulsion Absence Seizure Seizure Absence Petit Mal Epilepsy EPILEPSY PETIT MAL Juvenile Absence Epilepsy PETIT MAL EPILEPSY Childhood Absence Epilepsy Petit mal unspecified without grand mal seizures Absence seizure EPILEPSY PETIT MAL Petit mal seizures ABSENCE EPILEPSY Epilepsy Absence Pyknolepsy Generalised non-motor (absence) seizure Petit mal convulsion Petit mal seizure Pykno-Epilepsy PYKNOEPILEPSY Typical absence seizure Petit-mal epilepsy pyknolepsy Convulsion Petit Mal PRIMARY GENERALIZED EPILEPSY MINOR Epilepsy Juvenile Absence Petit mal epilepsy JAE Childhood - juvenile - absence epilepsy EPILEPSY IDIOPATHIC PETIT MAL Epilepsy juvenile absence Minor epilepsy Absences typical EPILEPSY MINOR Childhood absence epilepsy Absence Epilepsy Childhood Absence seizures 癫痫手术问卷 The Epilepsy Surgery Inventory (ESI-55) is an instrument developed by Vickrey to assess QOL in patients with refractory seizures, whether or not they are candidates for surgical treatment. Epilepsy surgery inventory 外用避孕 Methods of contraception in which physical, chemical, or biological means are used to prevent the SPERM from reaching the fertilizable OVUM. Barrier Contraception Barrier contraception method Barrier Methods Contraceptive Barrier contraception method (finding) Contraception Barrier Barrier Method Contraceptive Barrier contraception 氯卡色林 (1R)-8-chloro-1-methyl-2345-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine Lorcaserin Lorcaserin (substance) Lorcaserin 钾通道阻滞剂 A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS. Potassium Channel Blockers CHANNEL BLOCK K Substance with potassium channel blocker mechanism of action Potassium channel blocker Channel Blocker Potassium Channel Blockers Potassium Blockers Potassium Channel K CHANNEL BLOCK Substance with potassium channel blocker mechanism of action (substance) Potassium Channel Blocker [EPC] Blocker Potassium Channel Potassium channel blockers 立体定位放射手术 A radiological stereotactic technique developed for cutting or destroying tissue by high doses of radiation in place of surgical incisions. It was originally developed for neurosurgery on structures in the brain and its use gradually spread to radiation surgery on extracranial structures as well. The usual rigid needles or probes of stereotactic surgery are replaced with beams of ionizing radiation directed toward a target so as to achieve local tissue destruction. A non-surgical procedure that was developed to deliver one or several maximum dose targeted radiation treatments for cancers in the brain or spine. Stereotactic External Beam Irradiation stereotactic radiosurgery Stereotactic radiosurgery not otherwise specified stereotactic radiation therapy STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURG RADIOSURG STEREOTACTIC Stereotactic radiosurgery (procedure) Radiosurgery stereotaxic radiation therapy stereotactic external-beam radiation therapy Stereotactic Radiosurgeries Stereotactic Radiotherapy RADIOSURG stereotaxic radiosurgery Stereotactic Radiation Therapy Stereotactic Radiosurgery Stereo radiosurgery NOS Stereotactic radiosurgery Radiosurgery Stereotactic Stereotactic radiosurgery 孕前咨询：告知患者癫痫发作及AEDs对妊娠及胎儿风险。妊娠期使用AEDs可能对癫痫女性后代智力发育造成影响，尤其是苯巴比妥和丙戊酸。目前尚无足够的证据来评估新型AEDs（加巴喷丁、左乙拉西坦、噻加宾、托吡酯、氨己烯酸）的致畸性。大剂量丙戊酸（超过800mg/天）以及联合丙戊酸的多药治疗的致畸风险明显增加；告知患者补充叶酸和维生素K的必要性。如果孕妇或者配偶有癫痫疾病，尤其是有特发性癫痫及癫痫及相关遗传病家族史者，应当进行遗传咨询。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. GBP可能渗透入母乳中（以潜在的能引起临床表现的浓度） GBP possibly cross the placenta in potentially clinically important amounts (at least one Class II study for each). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 抗癫痫药物与肥胖的关系：很多种AEDs，包括丙戊酸、卡马西平、苯妥英钠、加巴喷丁、氨己烯酸等都可能导致体重增加。其中丙戊酸导致的PCOS是青春期癫痫女性肥胖的重要原因。体重增加也常使癫痫患者的依从性下降或中断治疗。因此，选择AEDs需对药效和药物不良反应综合考虑。用药期间还应定期监测患者身高、体重、体质指数、血脂、血糖等指标，以指导癫痫患者体重的控制。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 与GBP、LTGT和PM等新型AEDs相比，传统AEDs（PTH、PB、CBZ、VPA）并不会大量转移到母乳中（Level Ⅱ-Ⅲ）。 First-generation AEDs (PTH, PB, CBZ, and VPA) are not transferred into breast milk in clinically significant amounts, in contrast with GBP, LTG, and TPM16 (LE II-III). Experience with novel AEDs is limited. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 加巴喷丁 A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME. A synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid with anticonvulsant activity. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, gabapentin appears to inhibit excitatory neuron activity. This agent also exhibits analgesic properties. (NCI04) [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Convalis Gabapentino 60142-96-3 Neurontin gabapentin Product containing gabapentin (medicinal product) 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic Acid Gabapentinum Gabapentina Gabapentin-containing product Gabapentin (substance) Gralise Gabapentine Apo-Gabapentin ApoGabapentin Gabapentin Hexal Apo Gabapentin Novo Gabapentin Novo-Gabapentin Gabapentin Ratiopharm NovoGabapentin Gabapentin-Ratiopharm Gabapentin Stada PMS-Gabapentin Gabapentin 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫的育龄期、有怀孕计划的女性患者，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦是首选治疗方案，唑尼沙胺和托吡酯为二线治疗方案。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various antiseizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a healthy woman in her reproductive years with genetically mediated (idiopathic generalized) epilepsy who is not currently pregnant or trying to conceive but wishes to have a family someday. Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice; zonisamide and topiramate were considered second-line options. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫的计划怀孕并母乳喂养的女性患者，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦是首选治疗方案，唑尼沙胺为二线治疗方案。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice; zonisamide was considered second-line therapy. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有局灶性癫痫的计划怀孕并母乳喂养的女性患者，奥卡西平为首选治疗方案，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦也是治疗选择；卡马西平、拉考沙胺、艾司利卡西平和唑尼沙胺为二线选择。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice, with oxcarbazepine considered first-line treatment. Carbamazepine, lacosamide, eslicarbazepine, and zonisamide were considered second-line options. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，首选治疗方案为拉莫三嗪，左乙拉西坦为二线治疗方案。对于唑尼沙胺、丙戊酸盐、托吡酯和拉考沙胺的治疗尚未达成共识。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various antiseizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with genetically mediated (idiopathic generalized) epilepsy. The treatment of choice was lamotrigine, while levetiracetam was considered second-line therapy. No consensus could be reached regarding treatment with zonisamide, valproate, topiramate, and lacosamide. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有局灶性癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，拉莫三嗪为首选治疗，奥卡西平和拉考沙胺也可作为一线治疗，卡马西平、艾司利卡西平、左乙拉西坦和唑尼沙胺为二线治疗。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various anti-seizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with focal (symptomatic localization related) epilepsy. Lamotrigine was the treatment of choice, oxcarbazepine and lacosamide were considered first-line therapy, and carbamazepine, eslicarbazepine, levetiracetam, and zonisamide were considered second-line therapy.Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 唑尼沙胺 A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization. A sulfonamide derivative with an anticonvulsant property. The exact mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. Zonisamide appears to block sodium and calcium channels, thereby stabilizing neuronal membranes and suppressing neuronal hyper-synchronization. Although zonisamide shows affinity for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/benzodiazepine receptor ionophore complex, it does not potentiate the synaptic activity of GABA. In addition, this agent also facilitates both dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. zonisamide Zonisamide Zonisamide-containing product Product containing zonisamide (medicinal product) Zonisamide (substance) Excegram 3-Sulfamoylmethyl-12-benzisoxazole 3 Sulfamoylmethyl 12 benzisoxazole 12-Benzisoxazole-3-methanesulfonamide Zonisamidum Benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl-methanesulfonamide ZONISAMIDE Zonegran 3-(Sulfamoylmethyl)-12-benzisoxazole Zonisamida Zonisamide 屈螺酮 A synthetic spironolactone analogue and progestin with progestational and anti-mineralocorticoid activity. Drospirenone binds to the progesterone receptor, the resulting complex becomes activated and binds to specific sites on DNA. This results in a suppression of LH activity and an inhibition of ovulation as well as an alteration in the cervical mucus and endometrium. This leads to an increased difficulty of sperm entry into the uterus and implantation. This drug is used in oral contraceptives. (6R7R8R9S10R13S14S15S16S17S)-13466a78910111213141515a16-Hexadecahydro-1013-dimethylspiro-(17H-dicyclopropa(67:1516)cyclopenta(a)phenanthrene-172(5H)-furan)-35(2H)-dione 6β7β;15β16β-Dimethylene-3-oxo-17α-pregn-4-ene-2117-carbolactone Drospirenonum dihydrospirorenone Spiro(17H-dicyclopropa(67:1516)cyclopenta(a)phenanthrene-172(5H)-furan)-35(2H)-dione 1346789101112131415162021-hexadecahydro-1013-dimethyl- (6R-(6alpha7alpha8beta9alpha10beta13beta14alpha15alpha16alpha17beta))- Dehydrospirorenone 6beta7beta15beta16beta-dimethylen-3-oxo-17alpha-pregn-4-en-2117-carbolacton 12-Dihydrospirorenone 6-beta7-beta:15-beta16-beta-Dimethylene-3-oxo-17-alpha-pregn-4-ene-2117-carbolactone Drospirenona 12-dihydro-spirorenone Drospirenone (substance) DROSPIRENONE drospirenone Product containing drospirenone (medicinal product) 12-dihydrospirorenone Drospirenone Drospirénone Drospirenone-containing product DRSP Drospirenone 全面强直-阵挛发作 Generally, women and girls may be reassured that the risk of a tonic–clonic seizure during the labour and the 24 hours after birth is low (1–4%). [2004] 一般来说，女性患者可以放心，在分娩期间和孩子出生后 24 小时内发生强直-阵挛性发作的风险很低（1-4%）。 [2004] Women and girls with generalised tonic–clonic seizures should be informed that the fetus may be at relatively higher risk of harm during a seizure, although the absolute risk remains very low, and the level of risk may depend on seizure frequency. [2004] 应告知患有全面强直-阵挛发作的女性，尽管绝对风险仍然非常低，但胎儿在癫痫发作期间可能处于相对较高的伤害风险中，并且风险水平可能取决于癫痫发作频率。 [2004] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 The rates of seizure deterioration in pregnancy may be associated with the type of seizure.Uncontrolled tonic-clonic seizures are the strongest risk factor for SUDEP, which are the main cause of death in pregnant WWE.（SUDEP is defined as ‘sudden, unexpected, witnessed or unwitnessed, nontraumatic and nondrowning death in patients with epilepsy, with or without evidence for a seizure and excluding documented status epilepticus, in which postmortem examination does not reveal a toxicologic or anatomic cause for death.） 妊娠期癫痫发作恶化的比例与癫痫发作类型有关。GTCS是SUDEP的最大危险因素，是妊娠期WWE死亡的主要原因。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ A history of epilepsy alone is not an indication for delivery by Caesarean section. Elective Caesarean section should be considered if there have been frequent tonic-clonic or prolonged focal seizures during the third trimester of pregnancy in order to avoid adverse outcomes associated with intrapartum seizures. 癫痫病史并不是剖腹产的指征。如果在妊娠晚期有频繁的强直-阵挛发作或持续时间较长的局灶性癫痫发作，应考虑择期剖宫产，以避免产时癫痫发作带来不良后果。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Following a generalised tonic-clonic seizure during labour (irrespective of aetiology) delivery should be expedited once the maternal condition is stable. Neonatal expertise should be available. 无论有何病因，在分娩期间若出现全身强直-阵挛发作，一旦产妇病情稳定，应尽快分娩。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] As good seizure control during pregnancy is more likely in women whose seizures are controlled prior to becoming pregnant an effort should be made to optimise seizure control prior to pregnancy(particularly for generalised tonic-clonic seizures). D级推荐：在怀孕前即控制癫痫发作的女性癫痫患者更可能在妊娠期达到控制癫痫发作，所以应在怀孕前优化治疗（尤其是对于全身强直-阵挛发作）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Intrapartum generalised tonic-clonic seizures that are not due to eclampsia should be terminated as soon as possible.If the seizure persists, this should be managed as for status epilepticus. D级推荐：应尽快终止非子痫引起的全身强直-阵挛发作；如果痫性发作持续，应按照癫痫持续状态处理。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Generalised tonic-clonic seizure without focal onset Primarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures Generalized tonic-clonic seizures without focal onset Primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure with generalised onset Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure with generalized onset Generalized tonic-clonic seizure without partial onset Generalised tonic-clonic seizure without partial onset Primarily generalised tonic-clonic seizures Generalized-onset tonic-clonic seizure Generalised tonic-clonic seizures without focal onset Generalised-onset tonic-clonic seizure Generalized tonic-clonic seizure without focal onset Primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures Primary generalised tonic-clonic seizure Primary generalized tonic-clonic seizure Generalised tonic-clonic seizure 半球切除术 A neurosurgical procedure that removes or disconnects the epileptogenic CEREBRAL CORTEX of a hemisphere. Hemispherectomy is usually performed for patients with intractable unilateral EPILEPSY due to malformations of cortical development or brain lesions. Depending on the epileptogenic area in the hemisphere, cortical removal can be total or partial. Excision of brain hemisphere Hemispherectomy Cerebral hemispherectomy (procedure) Cerebral hemispherectomy Resection of brain hemisphere Hemispherectomy 获得 Of or relating to a medical condition or characteristic that is not present at birth but develops subsequently. DataAcquired Acquired acquired Acquired disease (navigational concept) Acquired disease Acquired 激素替代治疗 Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. Treatment with estrogens or estrogen/progesterone after menopause or ovariectomy to prevent pathological effects of decreased estrogen production. Refer to the SPC and BNF for individual drug advice on the interactions between AEDs and hormonal replacement and contraception.[new 2012] 有关 AED 与激素替代或避孕之间相互作用的个别药物建议，请参阅 SPC 和 BNF。[2012 年新] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D]Hormone replacement therapy should be prescribed for the same indications as in women who do not have epilepsy. D级推荐：激素替代疗法适应症与一般人群相同。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Replacement Therapies Hormone Hormone Replacement Therapies therapy replacement hormone replacement therapy Encounter due to hormone replacement therapy REPLACE THER HORMONE hormone replacement therapy type Hormone replacement therapy (procedure) Replacement Therapy Hormone menopausal hormone therapy Therapies Hormone Replacement replacement therapy Therapy Hormone Replacement hormone_replacement_therapy_type ERT THER HORMONE REPLACE HRT HRT (hormone replacement therapy) Hormone Replacement Rx HRT - Hormone replacement therapy HORMONE REPLACE THER Hormone replacement therapy 既往史 A record of a patient's background regarding health and the occurrence of disease events of the individual. In addition, personal medical history may be a variable in epidemiologic studies. personal history Past Medical History History of clinical finding in subject (situation) personal health record Past medical history MEDICAL_HISTORY General Medical History History of clinical finding in subject Personal History PMH Medical History History medical history Past history of clinical finding personal medical history PMH - past medical history Medical history H&P.HX Personal Medical History Past history 甲状腺疾病 Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND. A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the thyroid gland. Representative examples include hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, follicular adenoma, and carcinoma. Disorder of thyroid gland (disorder) Thyroid Diseases Thyroid gland disorders Disorder of thyroid NOS THYROID DISORDER Thyroid abnormalities Thyroid Gland Disease Unspecified disorder of thyroid Diseases Thyroid Thyroid disease Thyroid disorder Thyroid disorder NOS THYROID DIS DISORDER THYROID Disorders of thyroid gland DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND Disease Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid disorders thyroid disorder Thyroid Disease Thyroid Gland Diseases THYROID DISEASE NOS Thyroid abnormality Abnormality of the thyroid gland Disorder of thyroid gland Disorder thyroid Disorders of thyroid gland (E00-E07) Disorder of thyroid unspecified Thyroid Gland Disorder THYROID DISEASE Diseases of the thyroid gland Thyroid Gland Disorders Thyroid disorder NOS DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND thyroid disorder Diseases of the thyroid gland DISORDER THYROID Thyroid Gland Diseases THYROID DIS THYROID DISEASE Abnormality of the thyroid gland Thyroid Gland Disease Disorder of thyroid NOS Disorders of thyroid gland (E00-E07) Diseases Thyroid Thyroid Diseases Disease Thyroid Disorder of thyroid gland Thyroid disorders Unspecified disorder of thyroid Thyroid Disorder of thyroid unspecified Thyroid Gland Disorders Thyroid abnormalities Thyroid Gland Disorder THYROID DISEASE NOS Thyroid abnormality Disorder of thyroid gland (disorder) Thyroid diseases 戒酒 stop drinking stop drinking Quit drinking 营养治疗 Improving health status of an individual by adjusting the quantities, qualities, and methods of nutrient intake. A therapeutic approach to disease treatment that utilizes a specialized diet. nutrition therapy medical nutrition therapy Nutrition treatments and procedures nutritional therapy Nutrition therapy (regime/therapy) Therapy Nutrition Nutrition therapy 二磷酸盐 Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups. Pyrophosphates diphosphate Diphosphates pyrophosphate Pyrophosphate (substance) Analog Pyrophosphate Pyrophosphate Analog Pyrophosphate Analogs Diphosphate 肾功能不全 Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE. Kidney Insufficiency Renal Insufficiency INSUFFICIENCY RENAL Renal Insufficiencies Insufficiency renal RENAL INSUFFICIENCY Insufficiency Kidney Kidney Insufficiencies Renal insufficiency Renal impairment Renal insufficiency 甲状腺激素替代治疗 Thyroid hormone replacement therapy (procedure) Thyroid hormone replacement therapy Thyroid hormone replacement therapy 青少年肌阵挛癫痫 A disorder characterized by the onset of myoclonus in adolescence, a marked increase in the incidence of absence seizures (see EPILEPSY, ABSENCE), and generalized major motor seizures (see EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). The myoclonic episodes tend to occur shortly after awakening. Seizures tend to be aggravated by sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption. Hereditary and sporadic forms have been identified. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p323) An epilepsy characterized by myoclonic jerks, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and sometimes absence seizures. It appears during adolescence. Impulsive Petit Mal Janz Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonic Epilepsy Adolescent EPILEPSY MYOCLONIC JUVENILE Impulsive petit mal of Janz PETIT MAL IMPULSIVE Janz syndrome Impulsive Petit Mal Epilepsy Petit Mal Impulsive Epilepsy Myoclonic Juvenile JME Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (disorder) JANZ SYNDROME EJM Juvenile Epilepsy Myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonic Juvenile Janz Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonic Epilepsy Juvenile 1 Petit Mal Impulsive Janz MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY JUVENILE Myoclonic epilepsy of adolescence Impulsive petit-mal epilepsy Myoclonic Juvenile Epilepsy Epilepsy Adolescent Myoclonic Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy JME - Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Janz Impulsive Petit Mal JMEs (Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy) Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy of Janz Petit mal impulsive JME (Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy) Adolescent Myoclonic Epilepsy Janz Syndrome Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy of Janz Epilepsy Juvenile Myoclonic juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Myoclonic Epilepsy Juvenile Myoclonic epilepsy juvenile 1 Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy 质子泵抑制剂 Compounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. They are used as ANTI-ULCER AGENTS and sometimes in place of HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX. Any one of the substituted benzimidazole compounds with anti-ulcer activity. A proton pump inhibitor is orally administered in the neutrally charged, inactive form and, upon entering the acidic environment of the parietal cell, gets protonated and converted into its active form. The active form will covalently and irreversibly bind to the proton pump, the H+/K+-ATPase, located on the surface of parietal cells. This leads to an inhibition of the transport of hydrogen ions, in exchange for potassium ions, into the gastric lumen and results in an inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Proton Pump Inhibitor Proton Pump Inhibitors Product containing hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system inhibitor (product) Substance with hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system inhibitor mechanism of action (substance) H+/K+-exchanging ATPase inhibitor Substance with H+/K+-exchanging ATPase inhibitor mechanism of action Proton pump inhibitor-containing product Pump Inhibitor Proton H+/K+-exchanging ATPase inhibitor-containing product Inhibitors Proton Pump PPI Inhibitor Proton Pump Proton pump inhibitor 多处软膜下横切术 Multiple subpial transection Multiple subpial transection 齐拉西酮 A benzothiazolylpiperazine derivative and an atypical antipsychotic agent with an antischizophrenic property. Ziprasidone functions as an antagonist at the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT1D receptors, and as an agonist at the 5-HT1A receptor. Ziprasidone also inhibits the synaptic reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. The mechanism of action by which ziprasidone exerts its antischizophrenic effect is unknown but is potentially mediated through a combination of dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 antagonism. This agent also has antagonistic activity against histamine H1 and alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. Ziprasidone-containing product ZIPRASIDONE ziprazidone Zeldox Product containing ziprasidone (medicinal product) Ziprasidona Ziprasidone (substance) 2H-Indol-2-one 5-(2-(4-(12-benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)-6-chloro-13-dihydro- 5-(2-(4-(3-benzisothiazolyl)piperazinyl)ethyl)-6-chloro-13-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one Ziprasidonum Ziprasidone 认知障碍 Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment. A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by a deficit in cognition or memory. Disorders Cognition PROBLEMS WITH COGNITIVE/INTELLECTUAL FUNCTION Cognitive disorder (disorder) cognitive deficit cognitive disease COGNITION DIS Cognitive disorders Attention disorder cognition disorder Cognitive disorder attention disorders cognitive disorder Cognitive disorder NOS Disorder Cognition Cognition Disorders Cognitive Disorder cognitive and memory disorder Cognitive disorder 硫利达嗪 A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA. Thioridazine (substance) Product containing thioridazine (medicinal product) Thioridazine-containing product 2-Methylmercapto-10-(2-(N-methyl-2-piperidyl)ethyl)phenothiazine Thioridazine 3-Methylmercapto-N-(2-(N-methyl-2-piperidyl)ethyl)phenothiazine 10H-Phenothiazine 10-(2-(1-methyl-2-piperidinyl)ethyl)-2-(methylthio)- Thioridazinum Mellaril-S Tioridazina Thioridazin 10-[2-(1-methyl-2-piperidyl)ethyl]-2-methylsulfanyl-phenothiazine Thioridazine 氯奋乃静 A phenothiazine used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES. Its properties and uses are generally similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. A phenothiazine with antipsychotic activity. Fluphenazine exerts its actions by blocking postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors in the limbic, cortical system and basal ganglia. This prevents the actions of dopamine, thereby reducing the hallucinations and delusions that are associated with schizophrenia. Product containing fluphenazine (medicinal product) 4-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl)-1-piperazineethanol 10-(3-(4-(β-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl)-propyl)-3-trifluoromethylphenothiazine Fluphenazin Fluorfenazine Fluphénazine Fluorophenazine Fluphenazine 10-(3-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazinopropyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine Fluphenazine (substance) 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl-10-phenothiazinyl)propyl)-piperazine 1-Piperazineethanol 4-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl)-(9CI) 4-(3-(-trifluoromethyl-10-phenothiazyl)-propyl)-1-piperazineethanol Flufenazin Triflumethazine Fluphenazinum Flufenazina 2-(trifluoromethyl)-10-(3-(1-(β-hydroxyethyl)-4-piperazinyl)propyl)phenothiazine Fluorphenazine Fluphenazine-containing product 4-(3-(2-trifluoromethyl-10-phenothiazyl)-propyl)-1-piperazineethanol 1-Piperazineethanol 4-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl)- 2-(4-(3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl]propyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethanol Fluphenazine 具有心境稳定作用的抗癫痫药物 Mood Stabilizer [EPC] Mood Stabilizer Mood stabilizer 没有足够的证据证明ESM能渗入母乳或引起临床表现 There are insufficient data to determine if ESM crosses the placenta in clinically important amounts (one Class III study showing significant penetration). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 尚无证据证明ESM在妊娠期间血药浓度发生变化。 Evidence for a change in clearance or level of ESM during pregnancy is inadequate to reach a conclusion. Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 没有足够的证据支持对ESM的水平进行监测（Level U）。 There is insufficient evidence to support or refute a change in ESM levels related to pregnancy (Level U), and this lack of evidence should not discourage monitoring levels of these AEDs during pregnancy. Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 乙琥胺 An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures. A succinimide with anticonvulsant activity. The exact mechanism of action is not entirely understood, but most likely ethosuximide exerts its effects by partial antagonism of T-type calcium channels of the thalamic neurons. This leads to a decrease in burst firing of thalamocortical neurons, which stabilizes the nerve activity in the brain and prevents seizures. 3-methyl-3-ethylpyrrolidine-25-dione Ethosuximid Etosuximida éthosuximide Ethylmethylsuccimide 2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide Aethosuximide 2-methyl-2-ethylsuccinimide Ethosuximidum γ-ethyl-γ-methyl-succinimide α-ethyl-α-methylsuccinimide Ethosuccimid Zarontin α-methyl-α-ethylsuccinimide 3-ethyl-3-methylpyrrolidine-25-dione ETHOSUXIMIDE Product containing ethosuximide (medicinal product) 3-ethyl-3-methylsuccinimide Ethosuximide (substance) 3-ethyl-3-methyl-25-pyrrolidinedione Ethosuximide-containing product γ-methyl-γ-ethyl-succinimide (±)-2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide 25-Pyrrolidinedione 3-ethyl-3-methyl- Ethosuximide 3-Ethyl-3-methylpyrrolidine-25-dione 3-methyl-3-ethylsuccinimide ethosuximide 64013 77-67-8 Emeside Etosuximida Faes Petnidan Suxilep Faes Etosuximida Pyknolepsinum Suksilep Ethymal Ethosuximide 肿瘤 New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. A benign or malignant tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. Benign neoplastic cells resemble normal cells without exhibiting significant cytologic atypia, while malignant cells exhibit overt signs such as dysplastic features, atypical mitotic figures, necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and anaplasia. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include papillomas, cystadenomas, and lipomas; malignant neoplasms include carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias. Neoplasms NOS NG - New growth Neoplasm (morphologic abnormality) Neoplasm Neoplastic growth TUMOR New growth NEOPLASM NOS NEOPLASMS OF UNSPECIFIED NATURE Neoplasias Tumour Neoplasms benign malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps) neoplastic growth NEOPL Oncological abnormality NEOPLASM (NOS) Neoplastic Growth Other Neoplasm Neoplasms NEOPLASIA Neoplasm NOS Tumor Neoplastic Disease new growth NOS tumor Neoplasia neoplasm NOS Neoplasm (NOS) Neoplasms benign malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) Neoplasms of unspecified nature Neoplasm of unspecified nature site unspecified tumor NOS Oncology neoplasm Neoplasm NOS Tumors NG - Neoplastic growth neoplasia Tumor NOS NEOPLASM NEOPLASMS Neopl Neoplasm 2017国际抗癫痫联盟分类的病因 The 2017 ILAE classification originates from a draft document submitted for public comments in 2013 which was revised to incorporate extensive feedback from the international epilepsy community over several rounds of consultation. It presents three levels, starting with seizure type where it assumes that the patient is having epileptic seizures as defined by the new 2017 ILAE Seizure Classification. After diagnosis of the seizure type, the next step is diagnosis of epilepsy type, including focal epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, combined generalized and focal epilepsy, and also an unknown epilepsy group. The third level is that of epilepsy syndrome where a specific syndromic diagnosis can be made. The new classification incorporates etiology along each stage, emphasizing the need to consider etiology at each step of diagnosis as it often carries significant treatment implications. Etiology is broken into six subgroups, selected because of their potential therapeutic consequences. New terminology is introduced such as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. The term benign is replaced by the terms self-limited and pharmacoresponsive, to be used where appropriate.(备注：参考PMID：28276062） 2017 ILAE classification 全面性起源 Generalized fit Generalised seizure Seizures generalized Generalized seizures Generalized Seizures Generalized seizure Seizures Generalized Generalised fit Generalized Seizure Generalized onset seizure Seizure Generalized generalized seizure Generalised-onset seizure Generalized-onset seizures Primary generalized seizure GENERALIZED SEIZURE Generalized convulsion Generalized-onset seizure Generalised onset seizure Generalised convulsion Convulsions generalised Convulsions generalized Generalized seizure (finding) Generalized seizures 药物治疗 Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. A drug product that contains one or more active and/or inactive ingredients; it is intended to treat, prevent or alleviate the symptoms of disease. This term does not refer to the individual ingredients that make up the product. Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 What are the risks of congenital malformations in the fetus of pregnant women with epilepsy (WWE) exposed and not exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)? 宫内暴露于AEDs对胎儿先天畸形的影响 WWE who are planning their pregnancy should have a clinician competent in the management of epilepsy take responsibility for sharing decisions around choice and dose of AEDs, based on the risk to the fetus and control of seizures. 计划怀孕的WWE应由一位临床医生负责处理其癫痫发作、控制AEDs剂量。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE should be reassured that most mothers have normal healthy babies and the risk of congenital malformations is low if they are not exposed to AEDs in the periconception period. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE，多数WWE母亲可拥有正常健康的婴儿，如果WWE在围妊娠期不接触AEDs，其后代发生先天畸形的风险很小。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:B] Women should be informed that the risk of congenital abnormalities in the fetus is dependent on the type, number and dose of AEDs. 【推荐等级：B】应告知WWE，胎儿先天畸形的风险取决于AEDs的类型、数量和剂量。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:B] The lowest effective dose of the most appropriate AED should be used. 【推荐等级：B】妊娠期WWE应选用适宜的最低有效剂量的AEDs。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Medication Name Drug Drug or medicament Pharmaceutical Pharmaceuticals Preparation Pharmaceutical MEDS Products Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical Preparation Pharmaceutic Preparations medication Drug Product Medication Medications Drug/agent PHARM PREPARATIONS Drugs Medicine Pharmaceutical Products Pharmaceutical Preparations Drug or medicament (substance) Medicines drug product Preparations Pharmaceutic Product Pharmaceutical Preparations Pharmaceutical PREPARATIONS PHARM Pharmaceutical / biologic product (product) drug/agent Pharmaceutical / biologic product Pharmaceutical Product Medication 甲硝唑 A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS. A synthetic nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activities. Although its mechanism of action is not fully elucidated, un-ionized metronidazole is readily taken up by obligate anaerobic organisms and is subsequently reduced by low-redox potential electron-transport proteins to an active, intermediate product. Reduced metronidazole causes DNA strand breaks, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and bacterial cell growth. Tricom metronidazole Métronidazole 1-(β-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole Flagyl I.V. RTU 1-(β-oxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole Product containing metronidazole (medicinal product) Metro I.V. 2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol 1H-Imidazole-1-ethanol 2-methyl-5-nitro- Metronidazole (substance) Flagyl 2-methyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-nitroimidazole 2-methyl-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-nitroimidazole Metronidazol 1-(β-ethylol)-2-methyl-5-nitro-3-azapyrrole 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole 2 Methyl 5 nitroimidazole 1 ethanol Metronidazolum 1-(2-hydroxy-1-ethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole METRO Satric Metronidazole-containing product Metronidazole 拉莫三嗪 A phenyltriazine compound, sodium and calcium channel blocker that is used for the treatment of SEIZURES and BIPOLAR DISORDER. A synthetic phenyltriazine with antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Lamotrigine enhances the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which may result in a reduction of pain-related transmission of signals along nerve fibers. This agent may also inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels, suppress glutamate release, and inhibit serotonin reuptake. (NCI04) Discuss with women and girls who are taking lamotrigine that the simultaneous use of any oestrogen-based contraceptive can result in a significant reduction of lamotrigine levels and lead to loss of seizure control. When a woman or girl starts or stops taking these contraceptives, the dose of lamotrigine may need to be adjusted.[new 2012] 应当告知使用拉莫三嗪的女性，任何基于雌激素的避孕药的同时使用都可能使拉莫三嗪水平的显著下降，导致癫痫发作失控。当其开始或停止使用此类避孕药时，拉莫三嗪的剂量或需调整。 Do not routinely monitor AED levels during pregnancy. If seizures increase or are likely to increase, monitoring AED levels (particularly levels of lamotrigine and phenytoin, which may be particularly affected in pregnancy) may be useful when making dose adjustments. [new 2012] 怀孕期间不要常规监测抗癫痫药物水平。如果癫痫发作增加或可能增加，监测 AED 水平（尤其是拉莫三嗪和苯妥英的水平，其在怀孕期间可能受到特别影响）在调整剂量时可能有用。 [2012年新] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking lamotrigine monotherapy and oestrogen-containing contraceptives should be informed of the potential increase in seizures due to a fall in the levels of lamotrigine. 【推荐等级：C】应告知同时服用拉莫三嗪（单一疗法）和含雌激素避孕药的WWE，由于拉莫三嗪水平的下降，癫痫发作的风险增加。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy receiving lamotrigine: D级推荐：对于接受LTG治疗的妇女： can use progestogen-only contraceptives without restriction. These women should be made aware of signs and symptoms of lamotrigine toxicity, and have the lamotrigine dose reduced if these occur. 可不受限制地使用仅含有孕激素的避孕药（但应注意LTG中毒的临床表现，若中毒，应减少LTG剂量）； and combined hormonal contraceptives should be counselled about the reduction in circulating lamotrigine concentrations and the potential for, and consequences of, increased seizure activity. The healthcare professional should also discuss the possibility of increasing the lamotrigine dose with the patient. 若联合使用激素类避孕药，可能会降低血浆LTG浓度，可能导致癫痫发作次数增加，需要增加LTG剂量； and combined hormonal contraceptives should be warned about signs and symptoms of lamotrigine toxicity if the contraceptive is withdrawn. A reduction in lamotrigine dosing may be necessary at this time. 联合使用LTG和组合避孕药，应警惕LTG中毒症状，此时可能需要降低LTG剂量。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Lamictal Lamotrigine 35-diamino-6-(23-dichlorophenyl)-124-triazine Lamiktal 124-Triazine-35-diamine 6-(23-dichlorophenyl)- Lamotrigina Lamotrigine-containing product Product containing lamotrigine (medicinal product) Lamotrigine (substance) Lamotriginum 35-Diamino-6-(23-dichlorophenyl)-as-triazine Labileno BW430C BW 430C Crisomet BW-430C Lamotrigine 脑电图和血药浓度有助于对患者进行管理。VPA血药浓度可以作为指导，但其个体差异很大，缺乏关于母体血药浓度与MCMs风险之间的关系的证据。建议将VPA水平根据临床反应维持在推荐治疗范围以下。脑电图并不是可靠的指标。 Patient management will vary across diferent national health systems. EEG recordings and plasma drug concentration measurements, for example, may be part of national epilepsy management guidelines. Plasma valproate levels may be used as a guide, but interindividual doses vary widely and defnitive data on the association between maternal plasma drug levels and MCM risks are lacking. The target valproate level can be maintained below the recommended therapeutic range, depending on clinical response. EEG recordings are not a reliable biomarker of clinical response, but they can be of help when interpreted by an epilepsy specialist. Family planning is important in patients taking AEDs. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 血浆 The residual portion of BLOOD that is left after removal of BLOOD CELLS by CENTRIFUGATION without prior BLOOD COAGULATION. Plasma is the fluid (noncellular) portion of the circulating blood, as distinguished from the serum that is the fluid portion of the blood obtained by removal of the fibrin clot and blood cells after coagulation. Plasma Blood Blood plasma Plasmas blood plasma Blood Plasma Plasma Plasmas Blood PLASMA Portion of plasma plasma Blood Plasmas Blood plasma (product) Plasma (substance) Plasma 代谢调整 Adjustment of metabolism参考ISBN9787117158626 Adjustment of metabolism 甲胎蛋白 A laboratory test result indicating an increase in the concentration of alpha fetoproteins in the blood. Alpha-fetoprotein raised Alpha 1 fetoprotein increased ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN INCREASED Alphafoetoprotein increased Increased alpha-fetoprotein Alpha-fetoprotein increased Increased levels of alpha fetoprotein AFP increased Alphafetoprotein high Increased serum alpha-fetoprotein ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN INCREASED Serum alpha-fetoprotein increased Alphafetoprotein increased Alpha 1 foetoprotein increased Elevated alpha-fetoprotein AFP result - high Alpha-foetoprotein increased Alphafoetoprotein high AFP - Alpha-fetoprotein raised Alpha-fetoprotein raised (finding) Alpha Fetoprotein Increased Alpha-fetoprotein 丙泊酚 An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS. A hypnotic alkylphenol derivative. Formulated for intravenous induction of sedation and hypnosis during anesthesia, propofol facilitates inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This agent is associated with minimal respiratory depression and has a short half-life with a duration of action of 2 to 10 minutes. Product containing propofol (medicinal product) PROPOFOL 26 Diisopropylphenol Diprivan Propofol (substance) Propofol-containing product propofol Phenol 26-bis(1-methylethyl)- 26-Bis(1-methylethyl)phenol Disoprivan 26-bis(1-methylethyl)phenol Disoprofol Propofol Propofolum 26-Diisopropylphenol ICI-35868 ICI 35868 Disoprivan ICI35868 ICI 35868 Ivofol Fresofol Propofol Fresenius Propofol Abbott Recofol Propofol MCT Aquafol Propofol Rovi Propofol China_expert_opinion_2013 有研究显示癫痫女性的绝经期时间较健康女性提前。在癫痫的长程管理策略中，应加强对癫痫女性的更年期卫生教育，使其认识到绝经周期可能出现的变化，鼓励她们参加体育运动和社会锻炼，适当补充维生素B、维生素E。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 维生素B A group of water-soluble vitamins, some of which are COENZYMES. A compound containing several or all of the B-vitamins, including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin (nicotinic acid), niacinamide (nicotinamide), the vitamin B6 group (including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine), biotin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, possibly para-aminobenzoic. Vitamin B Complex Vitamin B B Vitamin vitamin B complex Neurobion VITAMIN B Vitamin B Drug Class B Vitamins Vitamin B Becotin VitaminB 再训练法 Retraining method(备注：参考ISBN9787117158626) Retraining method 阿米替林 Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. A derivative of dibenzocycloheptadiene and a tricyclic antidepressant. Amitriptyline inhibits the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin by the presynaptic neuronal membrane in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby increasing the synaptic concentration of norepinephrine and serotonin. Due to constant stimulation to these receptors, amitriptyline may produce a downregulation of adrenergic and serotonin receptors, which may contribute to the antidepressant activity. AMITRIPTYLINE 1011-dihydro-5-(γ-dimethylaminopropylidene)-5H-dibenzo(ad)cycloheptene Amitriptyline-containing product 3-(1011-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(ad)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-NN-dimethyl-1-propanamine 1011-dihydro-NN-dimethyl-5H-dibenzo(ad)heptalene-Δ5γ-propylamine 5-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-1011-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(ad)cycloheptene 1-Propanamine 3-(1011-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(ad)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-NN-dimethyl- 5-(γ-dimethylaminopropylidene)-5H-dibenzo[ad][14]cycloheptadiene Amitriptilina Product containing amitriptyline (medicinal product) Amitriptyline (substance) Amitriptylinum 5-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-1011-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(ad)cycloheptatriene Amitriptylin 3-(1011-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[ad]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-NN-dimethylpropan-1-amine Amitriptyline 醋酸甲羟孕酮注射液 A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms. A synthetic, acetate derivative of the sex hormone progesterone. Medroxyprogesterone 17-acetate (NCI04) [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Copper intrauterine devices (IUDs), the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and medroxyprogesterone acetate injections should be promoted as reliable methods of contraception that are not affected by enzyme-inducing AEDs. 【推荐等级：D】不被酶诱导AEDs影响的避孕措施包括：铜质宫内节育器（Copper intrauterine devices，IUDs）、左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统（levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system，LNG-IUS）和醋酸甲羟孕酮注射液（medroxyprogesterone acetate）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Medroxyprogesterone 17-acetate medroxyprogesterone acetate (6α)-17-(Acetyloxy)-6-methylpreg-4-ene-320-dione Farlutal 6-alpha-Methyl-17-alpha-acetoxyprogesterone Nadigest Pregn-4-ene-320-dione 17-(acetyloxy)-6-methyl- (6alpha)- Nidaxin medroxyPROGESTERone acetate Depo-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Medroxyprogesterone 17-Acetate 17-Hydroxy-6alpha-methylpregn-4-ene-320-dione Acetate 6-alpha-Methyl-17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone acetate Medroxyprogesterone acetate (substance) Nidaxin (vet) Medroxyprogesterone acetate Depo-provera Clinofem Clinovir Ciclotal 6α-Methyl-17-acetoxy progesterone 17-(Acetyloxy)-6alpha-methylpregn-4-ene-320-dione 6 alpha Methyl 17alpha hydroxyprogesterone Acetate 6α-Methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate Depo Provera 6-Alpha-methyl-17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone Depo Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (6 alpha)-17-(Acetoxy)-6-methylpregn-4-ene-320-dione Methylacetoxyprogesterone Metipregnone Metigestrona Nadigest (vet) Medroxyacetate progesterone Medroxyprogesterone 17 Acetate (6alpha)-17-(Acetyloxy)-6-methylpregn-4-ene-320-dione Provera MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE 17 17Alpha-acetoxy-6alpha-methylprogesterone DepoProvera Depo-Provera Cycrin 17-Acetoxy-6α-methylprogesterone Amen Gestapuran G-Farlutal Perlutex Sodelut G Hysron Lutoral Medroxyprogesteroni Acetas 17α-hydroxy-6α-methylprogesterone acetate 6-alpha-Methyl-17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone Acetate Depo-Clinovir Oragest Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Aragest Prodasone MPA 6α-Methyl-4-pregnene-320-dion-17α-ol acetate Veramix Depot-Medroxyprogestereone Acetate MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE Medroxyprogesterone acetate 胼胝体切开术 Birth defect that results in a partial or complete absence of the CORPUS CALLOSUM. It may be isolated or a part of a syndrome (e.g., AICARDI'S SYNDROME; ACROCALLOSAL SYNDROME; ANDERMANN SYNDROME; and HOLOPROSENCEPHALY). Clinical manifestations include neuromotor skill impairment and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY of variable severity. Ageneses Corpus Callosum Hypogenesis Corpus Callosum Corpus Callosum Dysgenesis Hypogeneses Corpus Callosum Corpus Callosum Dysgeneses Dysgenesis Corpus Callosum Corpus Callosum Agenesis Of Agenesis Corpus Callosum Corpus Callosum Agenesis Corpus Callosum Hypogenesis Corpus Callosum Malformation Absence of Corpus Callosum Dysgeneses Corpus Callosum Corpus Callosum Absence Corpus Callosum Ageneses Corpus Callosum Absences Corpus Callosum Hypogeneses Corpus callosotomy 心电图 Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY. ECG (electrocardiography) procedure ECG NOS ECG EKG Electrocardiograms electrocardiogram Electrocardiographic procedure (procedure) Electrocardiographic procedure Electrocardiography procedure electrocardiography ELECTROCARDIOGR Electrocardiogram 奥氮平 A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy. A synthetic derivative of thienobenzodiazepine with antipsychotic, antinausea, and antiemetic activities. As a selective monoaminergic antagonist, olanzapine binds with high affinity binding to the following receptors: serotoninergic, dopaminergic, muscarinic M1-5, histamine H1, and alpha-1-adrenergic receptors; it binds weakly to gamma-aminobutyric acid type A, benzodiazepine, and beta-adrenergic receptors. The antinausea and antiemetic effects of this agent appear to be due to the blockade of 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors for serotonin. Although its exact mechanism of action in schizophrenia is unknown, it has been proposed that olanzapine's antipsychotic activity is mediated through antagonism to dopamine D2 receptors with rapid ligand-receptor dissociation kinetics that help to minimize extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Olanzapine may also stimulate appetite. ZyPREXA Olanzapina OLANZapine 2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno[23-b][15]benzodiazepine 2-Methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno(23-b)(15)benzodiazepine Zyprexa Zydis Product containing olanzapine (medicinal product) Olanzapin Olanzapine (substance) LY 170053 Olanzapine-containing product Olanzapinum Zydis Olanzapine 胰高糖素样肽-1受体激动剂 Substance with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist mechanism of action (substance) GLP-1 receptor agonist Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist 几乎所有AEDs都可通过血液进入母乳，使接受母乳喂养的婴儿间接获得AEDs。但目前普遍认为母乳喂养利大于弊，故提倡母乳喂养。母乳中AEDs浓度既受母亲血药浓度的影响，也受AEDs母乳通过率的影响，故母亲在哺乳期应服用可控制癫痫发作的AEDs最小剂量，同时应选择母乳通过率较低的药物以降低对婴儿的影响，如拉莫三嗪、氯巴占、奥卡西平等。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 氯巴占 A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY. A 1,5-benzodiazepine and partial gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonist, with anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant activities. Clobazam binds to a specific site, distinct from the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA binding site, on the benzodiazepine-GABA-A-chloride ionophore receptor complex located in the central nervous system (CNS). This binding causes an allosteric modification of the receptor and enhances the affinity of GABA to the receptor leading to an increase in the opening of chloride-channels. This leads to an increase in chloride ion conductance, neuronal hyperpolarization, inhibition of the action potential and a decrease in neuronal excitability. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Long-acting benzodiazepines such as clobazam can be considered if there is a very high risk of seizures in the peripartum period. 【推荐等级：D】如果WWE在围产期癫痫发作的风险很高，可以考虑服用长效苯二氮卓类药物，如氯巴占。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 1-phenyl-5-methyl-8-chloro-1245-tetrahydro-24-dioxo-3H-15-benzodiazepine CLOBAZAM Frisium Product containing clobazam (medicinal product) 7-Chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-15-dihydro-benzo[b][14]diazepine-24-dione cloBAZam Clobazam (substance) Clobazam-containing product Onfi clobazam 1-Phenyl-5-methyl-8-chloro-1245- tetrahydro-24-diketo-3H-15-benzodiazepine Clobazamum 1H-15-Benzodiazepine-24(3H5H)-dione 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl- Urbanol Clobazam Clobazam 颞叶切除术 Temporal lobectomy Excision of temporal lobe Excision of temporal lobe (procedure) Excision of temporal lobe 丙种球蛋白 Serum globulins that migrate to the gamma region (most positively charged) upon ELECTROPHORESIS. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins and conversely most gamma globulins are immunoglobulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline. A type of globulin in plasma that in electrically charged solutions exhibits slowest colloidal mobility after that of the alpha and beta globulins. All immunoglobulins belong to this group of serum protein. Gamma Globulin gamma globulins gamma-Globulin gamma-Globulins Gamma globulin (substance) Gamma-globulins 洛沙平 An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA. Loxapina Loxapine-containing product Oxilapine loxapine Product containing loxapine (medicinal product) Loxapine (substance) Loxapinum Cloxazepine Dibenz(bf)(14)oxazepine 2-chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)- 2-Chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)dibenz[bf][14]oxazepine 2-Chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-dibenz(bf)(14)oxazepine Loxapine 生活质量评估表 schedule to assessment quality of life Quality of life assessment schedule 感染 An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host. A disorder resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial, viral, fungal, or parasitic agent. It can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact. Communicable diseases microbial colonization Disease due to infection Contagious disease (navigational concept) infectious diseases COMMUNICABLE DIS Diseases Infectious Unspecified infectious and parasitic diseases Disorder due to infection INFECTION Infectious disease Infectious Diseases and Manifestations Infectious Infection ID Unspecified Infection infectious disease Communicable Diseases Disease Infectious Infectious Disorder Infectious diseases Infectious and parasitic diseases unspecified INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES INFECT DIS Infec disease caused by microorganism Communicable disease (navigational concept) Infections and infestations contagious disease Infectious Diseases communicable disease Disease Communicable Infect/parasite dis NOS Communicable disease Infective disorder Contagious disease infection Clinical Infection Diseases Communicable Communicable Disease Infectious Disease Infections Infectious disease NOS Infectious disease (disorder) Infectious 筛选工具 Methods, products, and devices to facilitate screening of epilepsy screening methods Screening strategies Screening questionnaire Screening tools 分娩期抗癫痫治疗 Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions. Women and girls with epilepsy should be informed that although they are likely to have healthy pregnancies, their risk of complications during pregnancy and labour is higher than for women and girls without epilepsy. [2004] 应告知女性癫痫患者，尽管她们的妊娠可能是正常的，但她们在怀孕和分娩期间发生并发症的风险高于未患癫痫的其他女性。 [2004] All children born to mothers taking enzyme-inducing AEDs should be given 1 mg of vitamin K parenterally at delivery. [2004] 所有服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药物的母亲所生的孩子都应在分娩时肠胃外给予 1 mg 维生素 K。 [2004] Generally, women and girls may be reassured that the risk of a tonic–clonic seizure during the labour and the 24 hours after birth is low (1–4%). [2004]（pregnancy） 一般来说，女性患者可以放心，在分娩期间和孩子出生后 24 小时内发生强直-阵挛性发作的风险很低（1-4%）。 [2004] The risk of seizures during labour is low, but it is sufficient to warrant the recommendation that delivery should take place in an obstetric unit with facilities for maternal and neonatal resuscitation and treating maternal seizures.[2004] 分娩期间癫痫发作的风险很低，但建议最好保证分娩应在具有孕产妇和新生儿复苏和治疗产妇癫痫发作设施的产科进行。[2004] It is, however, important that there should be regular follow-up, planning of delivery, and liaison between the specialist or epilepsy team and the obstetrician or midwife. [2004] 然而，重要的是应该定期随访、计划分娩以及专科医生或癫痫团队与产科医生或助产士之间的及时沟通。 [2004] Women and girls should be reassured that an increase in seizure frequency is generally unlikely in pregnancy or in the first few months after birth. [2004] 应该让女性患者放心，在怀孕期间或分娩后的最初几个月，癫痫发作频率通常不太可能增加。 [2004] Advanced planning, including the development of local protocols for care,should be implemented in obstetric units that deliver babies of women and girls with epilepsy. [2004] 应在为癫痫女性患者接生的产科部门实施先进的计划，包括制定当地的护理规程。 [2004] Although there is an increased risk of seizures in children of parents with epilepsy, children, young people and adults with epilepsy should be given information that the probability that a child will be affected is generally low.However, this will depend on the family history. [2004] 尽管患有癫痫的父母的孩子癫痫发作的风险增加，但应告知癫痫患者（包括儿童、青少年和成人）儿童受影响的可能性通常较低，尽管这将取决于他的家族史。 [2004] Joint epilepsy and obstetric clinics may be convenient for mothers and healthcare professionals but there is insufficient evidence to recommend their routine use. [2004] 联合癫痫和产科诊所可能对母亲们和医疗保健专业人员都很方便，但没有足够的证据推荐其常规使用。 [2004] Parents of new babies or young children should be informed that introducing a few simple safety precautions may significantly reduce the risk of accidents and minimise anxiety. An approaching birth can be an ideal opportunity to review and consider the best and most helpful measures to start to ensure maximum safety for both mother and baby. [2004] 应告知新生儿或幼儿的父母，引入一些简单的安全预防措施可以显着降低事故风险并最大程度地减少焦虑。临近分娩可能是一个理想的机会来回顾和考虑最好和最有帮助的措施，以确保母亲和婴儿的最大安全。 [2004] Information should be given to all parents about safety precautions to be taken when caring for the baby (see appendix D[25]of the full guideline). [2004] 应向所有父母提供有关照顾婴儿时应采取的安全预防措施的信息（参见完整指南的附录 D[25]）。 [2004] Parents should be reassured that the risk of injury to the infant caused by maternal seizure is low. [2004] 应该让父母放心，母亲癫痫发作对婴儿造成伤害的风险很低。 [2004] Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 How should depression be screened for in the postpartum period? 产后如何筛查抑郁症 WWE should be screened for depressive disorder in the puerperium. Mothers should be informed about the symptoms and provided with contact details for any assistance. 在产褥期应对WWE筛查产后抑郁，同时应提供相应的咨询和处理。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ In the antenatal period, WWE should be regularly assessed for the following: risk factors for seizures, such as sleep deprivation and stress; adherence to AEDs; and seizure type and frequency. 在产前应定期评估WWE以下方面：癫痫发作的危险因素（包括睡眠剥夺和压力等），服用AEDs的依从性，癫痫发作的类型和频率。 If admission is required antenatally, WWE at reasonable risk of seizures should be accommodated in an environment that allows for continuous observation by a carer, partner or nursing staff. 如产前需要住院，应将具有癫痫发作风险的WWE安排在可以进行监测的环境中（accommodated in an environment that allows for continuous observation by a carer, partner or nursing staff）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Is there a need to modify the dose of AED after delivery? 产后是否需要调整AEDs剂量？ If the AED dose was increased in pregnancy, it should be reviewed within 10 days of delivery to avoid postpartum toxicity 如果在妊娠期间增加了AEDs剂量，应在产后10天内逐渐减量以避免产后毒性（it should be reviewed within 10 days of delivery to avoid postpartum toxicity）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Postpartum safety advice and strategies should be part of the antenatal and postnatal discussions with the mother alongside breastfeeding, seizure deterioration and AED intake.(Safety strategies include nursing the baby on the floor, using very shallow baby baths, laying the baby down if there is a warning aura, not bathing the baby unaccompanied, wearing identification tags, and avoiding sleep deprivation, and alcohol if prone to myoclonic jerks. Women should ensure that family and friends have knowledge of first aid and emergency contact procedures.) 应在产前和产后与WWE共同讨论产后安全建议和策略、母乳喂养、癫痫恶化的风险和AEDs治疗计划。（安全策略包括在平地上喂养婴儿，使用浅的婴儿浴池，不要在无人陪伴的情况下给婴儿洗澡，佩戴身份标签，避免睡眠剥夺，了解急救和紧急联系程序等。） Postnatal mothers with epilepsy at reasonable risk of seizures should be accommodated in single rooms only when there is provision for continuous observation by a carer, partner or nursing staff. 只有在看护者、伴侣或护理人员可以持续监护的情况下才能允许有癫痫发作风险的WWE在产后入住单人病房。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What are the effects of AED exposure on the newborn through placental transfer and from breast milk? How should babies of WWE taking AEDs be monitored? 经胎盘和母乳暴露于AEDs会对新生儿产生什么影响？应如何监测暴露于AEDs的新生儿？ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Neonates born to WWE taking AEDs should be monitored for adverse effects associated with AED exposure in utero.(Babies born to mothers taking AEDs may have adverse effects such as lethargy, difficulty in feeding, excessive sedation and withdrawal symptoms with inconsolable crying;serum levels of AEDs in the baby should be checked where appropriate.) 【推荐等级：D】应监测服用AEDs的WWE所生新生儿的不良反应（与宫内暴露于AEDs有关的不良反应）。（可能的不良反应有嗜睡、喂养困难、过度镇静、停药症状和哭闹等；应在适当时候监测新生儿/婴儿血清AEDs水平。） https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What are the recommended methods of analgesia in labour for WWE? WWE分娩镇痛的推荐方法 Pain relief in labour should be prioritised in WWE, with options including transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), nitrous oxide and oxygen (Entonox®), and regional analgesia. 对于WWE的分娩，应优先考虑分娩镇痛，包括经皮神经电刺激、一氧化二氮和氧气以及区域镇痛（Pain relief in labour should be prioritized in WWE, with options including transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), nitrous oxide and oxygen (Entonox ®), and regional analgesia.）。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Pethidine should be used with caution in WWE for analgesia in labour. Diamorphine should be used in preference to pethidine.（Pethidine is metabolised to norpethidine, which is known to be epileptogenic when administered in high doses to patients with normal renal function. If general anaesthesia becomes necessary, it is prudent to avoid anaesthetic agents such as pethidine, ketamine and sevoflurane. The first two are known to lower seizure threshold and the third may have epileptogenic potential.） 【推荐等级：D】WWE分娩镇痛时慎用哌替啶，二氢吗啡应优先于哌替啶使用。（哌替啶可被代谢为去甲哌替啶，后者在肾功能正常的患者中可引起癫痫发作（大剂量）。全麻时避免使用哌替啶、氯胺酮和七氟醚等麻醉剂，前两种药物可降低癫痫发作阈值，第三种可致痫。） https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What are the risks of obstetric complications in pregnant WWE, including those taking AEDs? 妊娠期WWE（包括服用AEDs者）发生产科并发症的风险 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:B] Healthcare professionals need to be aware of the small but significant increase in obstetric risks to WWE and those exposed to AEDs, and to incorporate this in the counselling of women and the planning of management. 【推荐等级：B】WWE和暴露于AEDs的患者发生产科并发症的风险增加（small but significant），应将这些风险考虑到患者咨询和管理计划中。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What is the most suitable place of delivery for WWE? WWE的分娩 For WWE at risk of peripartum seizures delivery should be in a consultant-led unit with facilities for one-to-one midwifery care and maternal and neonatal resuscitation. 对于在围产期有癫痫发作风险的WWE，应在设施设备齐全的产科单元中分娩。（For WWE at risk of peripartum seizures delivery should be in a consultant-led unit with facilities for one-to-one midwifery care and maternal and neonatal resuscitation.） The decision to use water for analgesia and birth should be made on an individual basis. WWE who are not taking AEDs and who have been seizure free for a significant period may be offered a water birth after discussion with their epilepsy specialist. 应视个人情况决定是否使用水浴分娩和镇痛。在经过专家评估后，未服用AEDs且有相当长一段时间无癫痫发作的患者可提供水浴分娩和镇痛。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What is the optimal timing and mode of delivery for WWE based on seizure control? WWE最佳生产方式和时机是什么？ WWE should be reassured that most will have an uncomplicated labour and delivery. 应告知WWE，多数WWE都可经历顺利的分娩过程（uncomplicated labour and delivery）。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] The diagnosis of epilepsy per se is not an indication for planned caesarean section or induction of labour. 【推荐等级：D】癫痫并不是择期剖腹产或引产的适应症。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What is the risk of seizure deterioration postpartum and how can this be minimised? 产后癫痫发作恶化的风险 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their caregivers need to be aware that although the overall chance of seizures during and immediately after delivery is low, it is relatively higher than during pregnancy. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其看护者，尽管在分娩期间癫痫发作和产后立即出现癫痫发作的可能性很低，但相对来说还是比妊娠期间高。 WWE should be advised to continue their AEDs postnatally. 建议WWE生产后继续服用AEDs。 Mothers should be well supported in the postnatal period to ensure that triggers of seizure deterioration such as sleep deprivation, stress and pain are minimised. WWE应在产后得到充分的护理，以确保最大程度减少癫痫发作的诱发因素，如睡眠不足、压力和疼痛。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Where required, what dose of antenatal corticosteroids should be given to WWE on enzyme-inducing AEDs? 对于服用酶诱导AEDs的WWE，在需要的情况下，应在产前如何给予皮质类固醇？ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] In WWE taking enzyme-inducing AEDs who are at risk of preterm delivery, doubling of the antenatal corticosteroid dose for prophylaxis against respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn is not recommended. 【推荐等级：D】对于有早产风险的服用酶诱导AEDs的WWE，不建议增加产前用于预防新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的皮质类固醇剂量。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Advice regarding contraception, the need for planning future pregnancies, folic acid requirements and risks associated with AEDs in pregnancy should be offered at the postnatal visit. 应在产后随访中提供有关避孕、计划怀孕、补充叶酸以及AEDs的建议。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html After the birth a review of the mother’s AED therapy should be undertaken. 在分娩后应对母亲的AEDs治疗进行回顾总结。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html All pregnant women with epilepsy should be encouraged to plan ahead before the birth of their child. 建议所有女性癫痫患者在孩子出生之前制定护理计划。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Extra support should be available to mothers who have a physical or learning disability. 应对存在肢体或学习障碍的母亲提供额外支持。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Following a generalised tonic-clonic seizure during labour (irrespective of aetiology) delivery should be expedited once the maternal condition is stable. Neonatal expertise should be available. 无论有何病因，在分娩期间若出现全身强直-阵挛发作，一旦产妇病情稳定，应尽快分娩。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Maternal airway and oxygenation should be maintained at all times. 产时注意保持产妇气道通畅和血氧饱和度。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html When a woman with epilepsy presents in the early stages of labour, a low threshold for admission to the maternity unit should be adopted.During labour, one-to-one midwifery care should be given.Factors predisposing to increased risk of seizures in labour should be reduced as much as possible and there should be a low threshold for epidural anaesthesia. 女性癫痫患者出现分娩征兆时应降低入院标准；产时应给予一对一的助产护理；尽可能减少分娩时癫痫发作的危险因素，同时降低硬膜外麻醉的门槛。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] All infants of women with epilepsy should be offered vitamin K1,1 mg intramuscularly at birth,unless there are contraindications. D级推荐：在没有禁忌证的情况下，所有女性癫痫患者的产儿在出生时都应肌肉注射注射1mg VitK1。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] The usual oral antiepileptic drug should be continued during labour and in the postnatal period. Every effort should be made to ensure that no doses are missed. In women with epilepsy who are unable to tolerate oral medication, the antiepileptic drug can be given by other routes. D级推荐：产时和产后应继续口服AEDs，保证口服剂量（ensure that no doses are missed）；对于不能耐受口服AEDs的女性癫痫患者，可以通过其他途径给予AEDs。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Delivery 三环类抗抑郁药 Substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. These drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. However the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not clear because the therapeutic effects usually take weeks to develop and may reflect compensatory changes in the central nervous system. Mood-stimulating agents which contain a tricyclic structure and are used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. This group of agents appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. Tricyclic antidepressant agent TCA Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA) tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressive Agent Antidepressant Drugs Tricyclic Tricyclic Antidepressant Drug Tricyclic antidepressant Antidepressants Tricyclic Tricyclic Antidepressant [EPC] Drugs Tricyclic Antidepressant Agent Tricyclic Antidepressive Tricyclic antidepressant (substance) Antidepressive Agent Tricyclic Antidepressant Drug Tricyclic Agents Tricyclic Antidepressive Tricyclic Antidepressive Agents Antidepressive Agents Tricyclic Antidepressant Tricyclic Tricyclics Tricyclic Antidepressant Drugs Drug Tricyclic Antidepressant Medicinal product containing tricyclic compound and acting as antidepressant agent (product) tricyclic anti-depressants Tricyclic antidepressants 分娩时癫痫发作的治疗 Epileptic seizures during childbirth What are the risks and risk factors for seizures in labour in WWE and how can they be minimised? WWE分娩时癫痫发作的风险和危险因素 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Pregnant WWE should be counselled that the risk of seizures in labour is low. 【推荐等级：C】应告知患者，WWE分娩中出现癫痫发作的风险很低。 Adequate analgesia and appropriate care in labour should be provided to minimise risk factors for seizures such as insomnia, stress and dehydration. 建议在分娩过程中提供充分的镇痛和适当的护理，以最大程度减少癫痫发作的危险因素（如失眠/睡眠剥夺、压力和脱水等）。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Long-acting benzodiazepines such as clobazam can be considered if there is a very high risk of seizures in the peripartum period. 【推荐等级：D】如果WWE在围产期癫痫发作的风险很高，可以考虑服用长效苯二氮卓类药物，如氯巴占。 AED intake should be continued during labour. If this cannot be tolerated orally, a parenteral alternative should be administered. 分娩过程中应继续使用AEDs，如果口服不能耐受，则应使用肠外给药方式。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What is the optimum management of epileptic seizures in labour? 生产过程中癫痫发作的处理 Every obstetric unit should have written guidelines on the management of seizures in labour. 每个产科单位都应该有关于处理分娩中癫痫发作的书面指南。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:CD Seizures in labour should be terminated as soon as possible to avoid maternal and fetal hypoxia and fetal acidosis. Benzodiazepines are the drugs of choice. 【推荐等级：D】应尽快终止生产过程中的癫痫发作，以避免母婴缺氧和胎儿酸中毒。首选苯二氮卓类药物。 Continuous fetal monitoring is recommended in women at high risk of a seizure in labour, and following an intrapartum seizure. 建议对具有较高风险在分娩时和分娩后出现癫痫发作的高危孕妇进行持续胎儿监护（Continuous fetal monitoring is recommended in women at high risk of a seizure in labour, and following an intrapartum seizure）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ A history of epilepsy alone is not an indication for delivery by Caesarean section. Elective Caesarean section should be considered if there have been frequent tonic-clonic or prolonged focal seizures during the third trimester of pregnancy in order to avoid adverse outcomes associated with intrapartum seizures. 癫痫病史并不是剖腹产的指征。如果在妊娠晚期有频繁的强直-阵挛发作或持续时间较长的局灶性癫痫发作，应考虑择期剖宫产，以避免产时癫痫发作带来不良后果。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html If there is doubt whether a seizure in labour is due to eclampsia or epilepsy, a slow intravenous bolus of 4 g magnesium sulphate over five minutes followed by 1 g/hour for 24 hours is recommended in addition to midazolam, lorazepam or diazepam. 如果不能明确分娩过程中的痫性发作是由子痫引起还是由癫痫引起，建议在米达唑仑、劳拉西泮或地西泮的基础上，5min内缓慢静注硫酸镁4g，之后1g/h，持续24h。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Epileptic seizures during childbirth Epileptic seizures during delivery 电抽搐治疗 Electrically induced CONVULSIONS primarily used in the treatment of severe AFFECTIVE DISORDERS and SCHIZOPHRENIA. A procedure in which a series of short duration electric currents are passed via electrodes through the brain to cause a controlled seizure for the purpose of treating severe, intractable forms of mental illness, including depression, mania, and catatonia. Electroconvulsive treatment Electroshock treatment Electroconvulsive Therapy shock treatment ELECTROSHOCK THER Electroconvulsive Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) electroplexy shock therapy EST - Electroshock treatment ELECTROCONVULSIVE THER ECT therapy Therapy Electroconvulsive EST therapy Therapies Electroconvulsive ECT PSYCHOTHER ECT (Psychotherapy) Electroshock therapy Convulsive Therapies Electric Convulsive Therapy Electric Electric Convulsive Therapy Therapy Electroshock ECT - Electroconvulsive therapy Electric Shock Therapy Electroplexy Electroconvulsive therapy (procedure) Therapy Electric Convulsive Electroshock Therapies Therapies Electric Shock SHOCK THER ELECTRIC Shock Therapy Electric Therapies Electric Convulsive Therapies Electroshock Electric Convulsive Therapies Therapy Electric Shock ECS EST electric shock treatment Shock Therapies Electric ECT (electro-convulsive therapy) CONVULSIVE THER ELECTRIC Electric Shock Therapies Electroconvulsive therapy 影响口服避孕药的抗癫痫药物 Antiseizure medications affecting oral contraceptives(备注：参考ISBN 978190910344、https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137、https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg68/、PMID: 25618222) Antiseizure medications affecting oral contraceptives 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. The sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproate sodium is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, valproate sodium increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproate sodium may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect. Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] All methods of contraception may be offered to women taking non-enzyme-inducing AEDs (e.g. sodium valproate, levetiracetam, gabapentin, vigabatrin, tiagabine and pregabalin). 【推荐等级：C】所有避孕方法都适用于服用非酶诱导AEDs的WWE（丙戊酸钠、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、氨己烯酸、替加宾、普瑞巴林）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 感染性疾病 An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host. A disorder resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial, viral, fungal, or parasitic agent. It can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact. Communicable diseases microbial colonization Disease due to infection Contagious disease (navigational concept) infectious diseases COMMUNICABLE DIS Diseases Infectious Unspecified infectious and parasitic diseases Disorder due to infection INFECTION Infectious disease Infectious Diseases and Manifestations Infectious Infection ID Unspecified Infection infectious disease Communicable Diseases Disease Infectious Infectious Disorder Infectious diseases Infectious and parasitic diseases unspecified INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES INFECT DIS Infec disease caused by microorganism Communicable disease (navigational concept) Infections and infestations contagious disease Infectious Diseases communicable disease Disease Communicable Infect/parasite dis NOS Communicable disease Infective disorder Contagious disease infection Clinical Infection Diseases Communicable Communicable Disease Infectious Disease Infections Infectious disease NOS Infectious disease (disorder) Infectious disease 舒必利 A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Sulperide Sulpiride (substance) N05AL01 Sulpiride-containing product 5-(Aminosulfonyl)-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-2-methoxybenzamide N-((1-Ethyl-2-Pyrrolidinyl)Methyl)-5-Sulfamoyl-O-Anisamide Sulpirid Benzamide 5-(aminosulfonyl)-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-2-methoxy- SULPIRIDE (±)-sulpiride Sulpyrid N-((1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzamide Product containing sulpiride (medicinal product) Sulpiridum Sulpirida Sulpiride 溴苄胺 benzyl bromide Benzyl bromide 福莫特罗 A long-acting beta-adrenergic receptor agonist with bronchodilator activity. Formoterol selectively binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, thereby activating intracellular adenyl cyclase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increased cAMP levels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, relieve bronchospasms, improve mucociliary clearance and reduce mediator substance release from inflammatory cells, especially from mast cells. Formoterolum Formoterol Formoterol-containing product Product containing formoterol (medicinal product) Eformoterol 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(p-methoxy-α-methylphenethyl)amino]ethyl}formanilide Formoterol (substance) 2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-((p-methoxy-α-methylphenethyl)amino)ethyl)formanilide N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide Formoterol 生活方式治疗 Therapy dealing with lifestyle management and includes: behavioral and dietary modifications, exercise, stress management, and addiction control. This therapy must be used as major adjunct to \"standard care\" or be applied as alternative treatment to conventional medicine practices. lifestyle change therapy Lifestyle Therapy Lifestyle therapy 氯氮平 A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. A synthetic dibenzo-diazepine derivative, atypical antipsychotic Clozapine blocks several neurotransmitter receptors in the brain (dopamine type 4, serotonin type 2, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and histamine receptors). Unlike traditional antipsychotic agents, it weakly blocks dopamine type 2 receptors. It relieves schizophrenic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, dementia). (NCI04) Clozapina cloZAPine 5H-Dibenzo(be)(14)diazepine 8-chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)- CLOZAPINE (SANDOZ) Clozapine (substance) Clozapinum CLOZAPINE (MAYNE) Product containing clozapine (medicinal product) Clozapin 8-Chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo(be)(14)diazepine Clozapine-containing product CLOZAPINE (GOLDEN STATE) Clozapine 阿普唑仑 A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238) A triazolobenzodiazepine agent with anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic and anticonvulsant activities. Alprazolam binds to a specific site distinct from the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binding site on the benzodiazepine-GABA-A-chloride ionophore receptor complex located in the limbic, thalamic and hypothalamic regions of the central nervous system (CNS). This binding causes an allosteric modification of the receptor and enhances the affinity of GABA to the receptor leading to an increase in the frequency of chloride-channel opening events. This leads to an increase in chloride ion conductance, neuronal hyperpolarization, inhibition of the action potential and leads to a decrease in neuronal excitability. 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo(43-a)(14)benzodiazepine 4H-(124)Triazolo(43-a)(14)benzodiazepine 8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl- 28981-97-7 Alprazolam ALPRAZolam Alprazolam-containing product Xanax Product containing alprazolam (medicinal product) alprazolam Alprazolam (substance) Nu Alpraz Apo-Alpzar Alprazolan ALPRAZOLAM Nu-Alpraz Kalma D65MT U-31889 U31889 Alprox Cassadan Esparon Apo Alpraz Novo-Alprazol Tafil D-65MT Ralozam Alprazolam 宫内节育器 Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus. A device usually made of plastic or metal, inserted into the uterus to prevent conception. IUCD can be a coil, loop, triangle, or T in shape; its material can be impregnated with a pharmaceutical agent. The primary action of all IUCDs is the induction of a foreign-body reaction within the endometrium. This sterile inflammatory process is toxic to gametes, primarily spermatozoa, and effectively prevents viable sperm from passing into the fallopian tubes. The copper-bearing device has an independent toxic effect on spermatozoa. The progestin-releasing devices produce changes in endometrial architecture and function that reduce the potential for implantation of a fertilized egg. The progestin effect on the cervical mucus also reduces the penetrability of sperm. IUDs Intrauterine Devices Contraceptive Intrauterine contraceptive device (physical object) Contraceptive IUDs IUD - intrauterine contraceptive device IUD Contraceptive IUDs Contraceptive INTRAUTERINE DEVICE Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices Intrauterine Contraceptive Device IUCD - intrauterine contraceptive device IUD Contraceptive Device Intrauterine Devices Intrauterine Device Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices Intrauterine Devices Intrauterine Contraceptive IUCD Device Intrauterine Contraceptive Intra-uterine contraceptive device Intrauterine Devices Contraceptive IUD Intrauterine devices 氟卡尼 A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS. A synthetic agent derived from trifluoroethoxy-benzamide exhibiting antiarrhythmic and local anesthetic activity. As a class Ic antiarrhythmic that blocks sodium channels, flecainide depresses polarization phase 0 and decreases the induction velocity of the His-Purkinje system. It also decreases phase 4 slope and increases the depolarization threshold. (NCI04) Flecaine N-(2-Piperidinylmethyl)-25-bis(222-trifluoroethoxy)benzamide Flecainide-containing product Flecainida Flecainidum Flecainide (substance) FLECAINIDE Product containing flecainide (medicinal product) Benzamide N-(2-piperidinylmethyl)-25-bis(222-trifluoroethoxy)- (±)-flecainide Flécanide Flecainide 服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药的女性的避孕选择 Choices for women taking enzyme-inducing antiseizure medications(备注：参考ISBN 978190910344、https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137、https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg68/、PMID: 25618222) If emergency contraception is required for women and girls taking enzyme-inducing AEDs, the type and dose of emergency contraception should be in line with the SPC and current edition of the BNF.[2004, amended 2012] 如果服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药的女性需要紧急避孕，紧急避孕的类型和剂量应符合 SPC 和 BNF 的当前版本。 All children born to mothers taking enzyme-inducing AEDs should be given 1 mg of vitamin K parenterally at delivery. [2004] 所有服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药物的母亲所生的孩子都应在分娩时肠胃外给予 1 mg 维生素 K。 [2004] The use of additional barrier methods should be discussed with women and girls taking enzyme-inducing AEDs and oral contraception or having depot injections of progestogen[23].[2004, amended 2012] 应将额外的外用避孕方法的用途告知与服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药和口服避孕药或长期注射孕激素的女性[23]。[2004 年，2012 年修订] The progestogen[23]implant is not recommended in women and girls taking enzyme-inducing AEDs.[2004, amended 2012] 不建议正在服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药的女性和女孩采用埋植孕激素的方法[23]。[2004 年，2012 年修订] The progestogen[23]-only pill is not recommended as reliable contraception in women and girls taking enzyme-inducing AEDs.[2004, amended 2012] 不建议将仅含孕激素 [23] 的药作为服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药的妇女和女孩的可靠避孕方法。[2004 年，2012 年修订] If a woman or girl taking enzyme-inducing AEDs chooses to take the combined oral contraceptive pill, guidance about dosage should be sought from the SPC and current edition of the BNF.[2004, amended 2012] 如果有服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药的女性决定使用短效复方口服避孕药，则应从 SPC 和当前版本的 BNF 寻求有关剂量的指导 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE taking enzyme-inducing AEDs should be informed that a copper IUD is the preferred choice for emergency contraception. Emergency contraception pills with levonorgestrel and ulipristal acetate are affected by enzyme-inducing AEDs. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导AEDs的WWE，铜质宫内节育器是紧急避孕的首选，含左炔诺孕酮和醋酸乌利司他的紧急避孕药会受到酶诱导AEDs的影响。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women should be counselled that the efficacy of oral contraceptives (combined hormonal contraception, progestogen-only pills), transdermal patches, vaginal ring and progestogen-only implants may be affected if they are taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine and eslicarbazepine). 【推荐等级：C】如果WWE正在服用酶诱导AEDs，应告知患者口服避孕药（联合激素类避孕药、仅含孕激素的药片）、透皮贴片（transdermal patches）、阴道环和仅含孕激素皮下埋植（progestogen-only implants）的疗效会受到影响。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Copper intrauterine devices (IUDs), the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and medroxyprogesterone acetate injections should be promoted as reliable methods of contraception that are not affected by enzyme-inducing AEDs. 【推荐等级：D】不被酶诱导AEDs影响的避孕措施包括：铜质宫内节育器（Copper intrauterine devices，IUDs）、左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统（levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system，LNG-IUS）和醋酸甲羟孕酮注射液（medroxyprogesterone acetate）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] For women receiving hepatic enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs: D级推荐：对于正在接受肝酶诱导AEDs治疗的妇女： the levonorgestrel intrauterine system may be used without restriction 曼月乐（左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统）的使用不受限制； depot injections of progestogen may be used without restriction and with no alteration to the normal dosing/replacement interval 定期注射孕激素（depot injections of progestogen）也不受限制，并且可不改变正常剂量和替代间隔（replacement interval）； progestogen-only oral contraceptives are not recommended 不推荐仅含孕激素的口服避孕药； progestogen implants (levonorgestrel and etonogestrel) are not recommended 不推荐皮下植入孕激素（左炔诺孕酮和依托诺孕酮）； if there is no alternative to a COCP, the COCP should contain at least 50 micrograms daily of oestrogen; if the COCP contains less oestrogen, the woman should be warned that the efficacy is reduced and additional barrier methods should be used 如果没有可替代的COCP，COCP应至少含有50mg的雌激素；如果COCP含有较少剂量的雌激素，应告知患者避孕效果会降低，应使用额外的屏障避孕方法； if breakthrough bleeding occurs with a COCP containing 50 micrograms of oestrogen, the COCP dose should be increased to a maximum of 70 micrograms and ‘tricycling’ should be considered 如果使用含有50mg雌激素的COCP发生突破性出血，雌激素的剂量应增加到70mg，并考虑“三环（tricycling）“疗法； if the antiepileptic drug is withdrawn, it is important to note that enzyme induction persists for up to four weeks. Contraceptive cover should be ensured during this time. 如果停用AEDs，应注意酶诱导作用将持续4周，在这期间应确保避孕措施的有效性。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy who require emergency contraception while using enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs, or who have stopped taking these within the last 28 days: D级推荐：正在使用酶诱导AEDs或在过去28天内停用酶诱导AEDs的女性癫痫患者若需要紧急避孕： should be prescribed a single dose of levonorgestrel 3 mg (as opposed to 1.5 mg), ideally as soon as possible, and within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse 单次服用左炔诺孕酮3mg（注意不是1.5mg），越快越好，并且最好是在无保护性交后72h内服用； should not be offered ulipristal acetate (ellaOne®) because of a risk of reduced efficacy 不应采用醋酸利培酮（ulipristal acetate，ellaOne®），因其可降低疗效； may be offered insertion of a non-hormonal intrauterine device within 5 days of intercourse as an alternative option. 可在性交后5天内使用非荷尔蒙宫内节育器作为替代选择。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Choices for women taking enzyme-inducing antiseizure medications 急性期药物 Acute phase (qualifier value) Acute phase Acute phase 奥沙西泮 A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia. A synthetic benzodiazepine derivative with anxiolytic and sedative hypnotic properties. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, oxazepam appears to enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor affinity for GABA, thereby prolonging synaptic actions of GABA. Oxazepam (substance) OXAZEPAM WY-3498 Product containing oxazepam (medicinal product) (+-)-Oxazepam Zaxopam oxazepam 2H-14-Benzodiazepin-2-one 7-chloro-13-dihydro-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl- Serax (RS)-Oxazepam Oxazepam-containing product Seresta Ro 5-6789 Oxazepam Oxazepam 甲地孕酮 Megestrol acetate is a progestogen with actions and uses similar to those of the progestogens in general. It also has anti-androgenic properties. It is given by mouth in the palliative treatment or as an adjunct to other therapy in endometrial carcinoma and in breast cancer. Megestrol acetate has been approved to treat anorexia and cachexia. (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995) The acetate salt form of megestrol, a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring female sex hormone progesterone with potential anti-estrogenic and antineoplastic activity. Mimicking the action of progesterone, megestrol acetate binds to and activates nuclear progesterone receptors in the reproductive system, and causes the ligand-receptor complex to be translocated to the nucleus where it binds to and promotes expression of target genes. This leads to an alteration in protein synthesis, which modulates cell growth of reproductive tissues. Due to the negative feedback mechanism seen with progesterone, megestrol also blocks luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the pituitary gland, thereby leading to an inhibition of ovulation and an alteration in the cervical mucus and endometrium. Furthermore, without stimulation of LH, estrogen release from the ovaries is stopped, hence impedes the growth of estrogen-sensitive tumor cells. Megestrol acetate (substance) 17 Alpha-acetoxy-6-methylpregna-46-diene-320-dione Niagestin 6-Dehydro-6-methyl-17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone 6-Methyl-17α-hydroxy-delta(sup 6)-progesterone acetate Maygace 6-Methyl-17alpha-acetoxypregna-46-diene-320-dione 6-Methyl-delta(sup 46)-pregnadien-17α-ol-320-dione acetate 17.alpha.-Acetoxy-6-methylpregna-46-diene-320-dione 6-Methyl-6-dehydro-17.alpha.-acetoxyprogesterone BDH-1298 17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-46-diene-320-dione Acetate 6-Methyl-delta(sup 6)-dehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone 17alpha-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-46-diene-320-dione acetate Acetate Megestrol Megestrol acetate (9beta10alpha)-17-(Acetyloxy)-6-methylpregna-46-diene-320-dione 6-Methyl-17α-acetoxypregna-46-diene-320-dione 17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-46-diene-320-dione 17-acetate Megestrol Acetate 6-Methyl-6-dehydro-17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone Pallace 6-Dehydro-6-methyl-17α-acetoxyprogesterone BDH 1298 17alpha-Acetoxy-6-dehydro-6-methylprogesterone 6-Dehydro-6-methyl-17 alpha-acetoxyprogesterone Megestil Megostat 6-Methyl-delta-46-pregnadien-17 alpha-ol-320-dione Acetate 6-Methyl-delta(sup 46)-pregnadien-17alpha-ol-320-dione acetate megestrol acetate 17-Acetoxy-6-methylpregna-46-diene-320-dione 6-Dehydro-6-methyl-17.alpha.-acetoxyprogesterone 6-Methyl-6-dehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone 17α-Acetoxy-6-dehydro-6-methylprogesterone MEGESTROL ACETATE SC-10363 17α-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-46-diene-320-dione acetate 6-Methyl-17alpha-hydroxy-delta(sup 6)-progesterone acetate 17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-46-diene-320-dione acetate 6-methyl-delta-46-pregnadien-17 alpha-ol-320-dione acetate Ovaban Pregna-46-diene-320-dione 17-(acetyloxy)-6-methyl- Megace Megestat 17-hydroxy-6-methylpregna-46-diene-320-dione acetate 6-Methyl-delta(sup 6)-dehydro-17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone MGA Megestrol acetate 透皮贴片 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women should be counselled that the efficacy of oral contraceptives (combined hormonal contraception, progestogen-only pills), transdermal patches, vaginal ring and progestogen-only implants may be affected if they are taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine and eslicarbazepine). 【推荐等级：C】如果WWE正在服用酶诱导AEDs，应告知患者口服避孕药（联合激素类避孕药、仅含孕激素的药片）、透皮贴片（transdermal patches）、阴道环和仅含孕激素皮下埋植（progestogen-only implants）的疗效会受到影响。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Patches Transdermal Medication Transdermal patches 预防性药物 Preventive medication therapy needed (situation) Preventive medication therapy needed Prophylactic medication needed Preventive medication 糖尿病 A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE. A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization. DM Diabetes_Mellitus diabetes Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus (incl subtypes) DM - Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus (including subtypes) Diabetes NOS diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus (disorder) Diabetes mellitus (E08-E13) Diabetes mellitus (DM) Unspecified diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes mellitus NOS Diabetes 高雄激素的治疗 Procedures concerned with the remedial treatment or prevention of diseases. If a woman or girl taking enzyme-inducing AEDs chooses to take the combined oral contraceptive pill, guidance about dosage should be sought from the SPC and current edition of the BNF.[2004, amended 2012] 如果有服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药的女性决定使用短效复方口服避孕药，则应从 SPC 和当前版本的 BNF 寻求有关剂量的指导 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 Treatment of hyperandrogen 螺内酯 A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827) A synthetic 17-spironolactone corticosteroid with potassium-sparing diuretic, antihypertensive, and antiandrogen activities.Spironolactone competitively inhibits adrenocortical hormone aldosterone activity in the distal renal tubules, myocardium, and vasculature. This agent may inhibit the pathophysiologic effects of aldosterone produced in excess by various types of malignant and benign tumors. Pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid 7-(acetylthio)-17-hydroxy-3-oxo- gamma-lactone (7alpha17alpha)- Product containing spironolactone (medicinal product) Spironolactone (substance) Aldactone SC 9420 11222 SC9420 Spironolactone SPL 1952/1/7 Spironolattone Verospirone Espironolactona Veroshpiron Spironolactonum SC-9420 150399 Spirolactone Spironolactone-containing product Spiroctan 17-Hydroxy-7alpha-mercapto-3-oxo-17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic Acid gamma Lactone Acetate Spirogamma Aldactone A Spiro Von Ct Novo Spiroton Novo-Spiroton Jenaspiron Practon Aquareduct Flumach Spirono Isis Spironone Frumikal Spirono-Isis Spiractin Verospiron Spirospare Duraspiron NovoSpiroton Spirolang Spiro L.U.T. Spirobeta Espironolactona Alter Ct Spiro Von Espironolactona Mundogen Von Ct Spiro Spironolactone 丙咪嗪 The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. A synthetic tricyclic derivative, antidepressant Imipramine enhances monoamine neurotransmission in certain areas of the brain. It also induces sedation through histamine 1 receptor blockage; hypotension through beta-adrenergic blockage; and diverse parasympatholytic effects. Imipramine has less sedative effect than other members of its therapeutic family. It is used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. (NCI04) N-(gamma-Dimethylaminopropyl)iminodibenzyl Imipramine-containing product Imizin IMIPRAMINE 5-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1011-dihydro-5H-dibenz[bf]azepine Norchlorimipramine Imizine Product containing imipramine (medicinal product) 1011-dihydro-NN-dimethyl-5H-dibenz[bf]azepine-5-propanamine 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine 5-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1011-dihydro- Imidobenzyle Imipramina Imipraminum 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-propanamine 1011-dihydro-NN-dimethyl- Imipramine (substance) Imipramin N-(γ-dimethylaminopropyl)iminodibenzyl Imipramine 三氟拉嗪 A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE. It is used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic. A phenothiazine derivative and a dopamine antagonist with antipsychotic and antiemetic activities. Trifluoperazine exerts its antipsychotic effect by blocking central dopamine receptors, thereby preventing effects such as delusions and hallucinations caused by an excess of dopamine. This agent also functions as a calmodulin inhibitor, thereby leading to elevation of cytosolic calcium. Trifluoperazine 偏头痛 A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1) A common, severe type of vascular headache often associated with increased sympathetic activity, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity. Headache Migraine Migraine Headaches HEADACHE MIGRAINE Migraines Disorder Migraine MIGRAINE HEADACHE Migrainous headache Migraine NOS Disorders Migraine Migraine headache Migraine Migraine Disorders Migraine Headache Headaches Migraine MIGRAINE SYNDROME MIGRAINE Migraine unspecified migraine Migraine headaches Migraine (disorder) Migraine Disorder migraine headache Migraine type headaches Migraine 若患者发生GTCS的风险较高（1%-3%）或者复杂部分性发作时间过长/过于频繁导致难产，可以考虑剖腹产。 Caesarean delivery can be considered in cases of high risk of GTCS (1%-3%), or if prolonged or frequent CPS make it difficult for the woman to labour. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 复杂部分性发作 A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8) A seizure that originates in one area of the brain that affects consciousness. Partial Epilepsy Complex Partial seizures complex PSYCHOMOTOR EPILEPSY Epilepsy Psychomotor Complex partial epileptic seizure (disorder) Disorder Complex Partial Seizures Psychomotor epilepsy SEIZURE DIS COMPLEX PARTIAL COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURE DIS Partial Seizures Complex EPILEPSY PSYCHOMOTOR Complex partial seizures Seizure Complex Partial Complex partial epileptic seizure Complex Partial Seizure Complex Partial Seizures Epilepsy psychomotor Psychomotor Epilepsy psychomotor epilepsy Seizure Disorder Complex Partial Seizures complex partial PARTIAL-COMPLEX SEIZURE Partial complex seizures DIS COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURES Partial Seizure Complex PARTIAL COMPLEX EPILEPSY Complex Partial Seizure Disorder Seizures partial complex Focal Impaired Awareness Seizure Complex Partial Epilepsy Psychic Equivalent Epilepsy Epilepsy Complex Partial Epilepsy Psychic Equivalent Psychomotor epilepsy (disorder) Complex partial seizure 月经期癫痫的常规治疗方案应首先确定癫痫发作与月经周期的关系，在每月癫痫发作可能加重的前2-3 d临时增加AEDs剂量，直至癫痫发作情况缓解后2 d再逐渐减至维持剂量；或在此期间加用氯硝西泮。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 氯硝西泮 An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses. A synthetic benzodiazepine derivative used for myotonic or atonic seizures, absence seizures, and photosensitive epilepsy, anticonvulsant Clonazepam appears to enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor responses, although its mechanism of action is not clearly understood. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. (NCI04) Clonazepam 2H-14-Benzodiazepin-2-one 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-13-dihydro-7-nitro- clonazepam 5-(2-chloro-phenyl)-7-nitro-13-dihydro-benzo[e][14]diazepin-2-one Clonazepam-containing product CLONAZEPAM clonazePAM Clonazepam (substance) Clonazepamum Product containing clonazepam (medicinal product) 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-1H-benzo[e][14]diazepin-2(3H)-one 13-dihydro-7-nitro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-2H-14.benzodiazepin-2-one 5-(o-chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-13-dihydro-2H-14-benzodiazepin-2-one Klonopin Rivotril Ro 54023 Antelepsin Ro 5-4023 Clonazepam 具有抗焦虑作用的抗癫痫药物 Antiseizure medications with anti-anxiety effect 参考doi10.7507/2096-0247.20180033 Antiseizure medications with anti-anxiety effect 日常生活舒适度量表 a scale to assess quality of life(备注：参考doi10.3760/j.issn:1006-7876.2004.06.041) Every day life comfort 奥氮平 A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy. A synthetic derivative of thienobenzodiazepine with antipsychotic, antinausea, and antiemetic activities. As a selective monoaminergic antagonist, olanzapine binds with high affinity binding to the following receptors: serotoninergic, dopaminergic, muscarinic M1-5, histamine H1, and alpha-1-adrenergic receptors; it binds weakly to gamma-aminobutyric acid type A, benzodiazepine, and beta-adrenergic receptors. The antinausea and antiemetic effects of this agent appear to be due to the blockade of 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors for serotonin. Although its exact mechanism of action in schizophrenia is unknown, it has been proposed that olanzapine's antipsychotic activity is mediated through antagonism to dopamine D2 receptors with rapid ligand-receptor dissociation kinetics that help to minimize extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Olanzapine may also stimulate appetite. ZyPREXA Olanzapina OLANZapine 2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno[23-b][15]benzodiazepine 2-Methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno(23-b)(15)benzodiazepine Zyprexa Zydis Product containing olanzapine (medicinal product) Olanzapin Olanzapine (substance) LY 170053 Olanzapine-containing product Olanzapinum Zydis Olanzapine 青少年失神癫痫 A subtype of idiopathic generalized epilepsy, whose manifestations occur around puberty, associated with mutation(s) in the EFHC1 gene, encoding EF-hand domain-containing protein 1. Juvenile Absence Epilepsy Juvenile absence epilepsy Juvenile absence epilepsy 米氮平 A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders. A synthetic tetracyclic derivative of the piperazino-azepines with antidepressant activity. Although its mechanism of action is unknown, mirtazapine enhances central adrenergic and serotonergic transmission, possibly by acting as an antagonist at central presynaptic alpha 2 adrenergic inhibitory autoreceptors and heteroreceptors. This agent is a potent antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2 (5-HT2), 5-HT3, and histamine 1 (H1) receptors, and a moderate antagonist of peripheral alpha 1 adrenergic and muscarinic receptors. MIRTAZAPINE 61337-67-5 Remeron Remergil Mirtazapin Mirtazapinum Norset Mirtazapine-containing product Zispin 12341014b-Hexahydro-2-methylpyrazino(21-a)pyrido(23-c)benzazepine Mirtazapina Mepirzapine 6-Azamianserin Mirtazapine (substance) Product containing mirtazapine (medicinal product) 6 Azamianserin Mirtazapine 贝克抑郁量表 A twenty-one question survey completed by a patient, with each answer scored on a scale of 0 to 3, designed to measure presence of depression. Beck depression inventory (assessment scale) Beck Depression Inventory BDI - Beck depression inventory Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Beck depression inventory SURVEY.BDI BDI Beck Depression Inventory 普瑞巴林 A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA. A 3-isobutyl derivative of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) with anti-convulsant, anti-epileptic, anxiolytic, and analgesic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, pregabalin selectively binds to alpha2delta (A2D) subunits of presynaptic voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) located in the central nervous system (CNS). Binding of pregabalin to VDCC A2D subunits prevents calcium influx and the subsequent calcium-dependent release of various neurotransmitters, including glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and substance P, from the presynaptic nerve terminals of hyperexcited neurons; synaptic transmission is inhibited and neuronal excitability is diminished. Pregabalin does not bind directly to GABA-A or GABA-B receptors and does not alter GABA uptake or degradation. 3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic Acid CI1008 3-(aminomethyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid Pregabalin (substance) 3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid (R-)-3-isobutyl GABA Product containing pregabalin (medicinal product) (S)-3-Isobutyl GABA CI-1008 3-Isobutyl GABA 3 isobutyl GABA 3-isobutyl GABA Pregabalin-containing product PD 144723 GABA 3-isobutyl pregabalin Pregabalina (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid PD-144723 CI 1008 (S+)-3-isobutyl GABA 1008 CI Pregabalin Lyrica PREGABALIN Pregabalin 分类诊断 The systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc. A method of generalization, the systematic arrangement of entities into classes or groups based on mutual similarity and certain differing characteristics. What is the importance of classifying seizure type and epilepsy syndrome? 对癫痫发作类型和癫痫综合征进行分类的重要性 Women with epilepsy (WWE), their families and healthcare professionals should be aware of the different types of epilepsy and their presentation to assess the specific risks to the mother and baby.Accurate documentation of the type of seizures and their frequency will help to identify any provoking factors, plan management and allow retrospective audit of epilepsy care. WWE及其家属应了解癫痫发作的不同类型及其表现。准确记录癫痫发作类型和频率有助于识别任何诱发因素、制定管理计划以及后期回顾（retrospective audit of epilepsy care）。 The rates of seizure deterioration in pregnancy may be associated with the type of seizure.Uncontrolled tonic-clonic seizures are the strongest risk factor for SUDEP, which are the main cause of death in pregnant WWE.（SUDEP is defined as ‘sudden, unexpected, witnessed or unwitnessed, nontraumatic and nondrowning death in patients with epilepsy, with or without evidence for a seizure and excluding documented status epilepticus, in which postmortem examination does not reveal a toxicologic or anatomic cause for death.） 妊娠期癫痫发作恶化的比例与癫痫发作类型有关。GTCS是SUDEP的最大危险因素，是妊娠期WWE死亡的主要原因。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women should be aware that their seizure pattern may change around the menopause. D级推荐：女性癫痫患者的痫发作模式可能在更年期前后发生变化。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html classification Classification (attribute) Classified (qualifier value) Classification of information classifying categorizing Systematics Classified categorization CLASS Classification Classifications Classification 苯妥英钠 An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The sodium salt form of phenytoin, a hydantoin derivate and non-sedative antiepileptic agent with anticonvulsant activity. Phenytoin sodium promotes sodium efflux from neurons located in the motor cortex, thereby stabilizing the neuron and inhibiting synaptic transmission. This leads to a reduction in posttetanic potentiation at synapses, an inhibition of repetitive firing of action potentials and ultimately inhibits the spread of seizure activity. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 55-Diphenyl-24-imidazolidinedione Monosodium Salt phenytoin sodium Diphenylhydantoin sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Sodium Phenytoin sodium (substance) Dilantin Sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Dihydan Diphenylhydantoin Hydantol Epanutin Difenin 55-diphenylimidazolidine-24-dione Fenitoin Antisacer 55-Diphenylhydantoin Epamin Phenytoin sodium 加巴喷丁 A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME. A synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid with anticonvulsant activity. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, gabapentin appears to inhibit excitatory neuron activity. This agent also exhibits analgesic properties. (NCI04) [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Convalis Gabapentino 60142-96-3 Neurontin gabapentin Product containing gabapentin (medicinal product) 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic Acid Gabapentinum Gabapentina Gabapentin-containing product Gabapentin (substance) Gralise Gabapentine Apo-Gabapentin ApoGabapentin Gabapentin Hexal Apo Gabapentin Novo Gabapentin Novo-Gabapentin Gabapentin Ratiopharm NovoGabapentin Gabapentin-Ratiopharm Gabapentin Stada PMS-Gabapentin Gabapentin 心因性非痫性发作 Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures consist of paroxysmal changes in responsiveness, movements, or behavior that superficially resemble epileptic seizures, but lack a neurobiological origin similar to epileptic seizures and are not associated with electrophysiological epileptic changes. PNES nonepileptic seizure psychogenic non-epileptic seizure pseudoseizure psychogenic seizure functional seizure dissociative seizure conversion seizure Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures 代谢手术 Surgical procedures aimed at affecting metabolism and producing major WEIGHT REDUCTION in patients with MORBID OBESITY. Surgery performed in morbidly obese patients to help promote weight loss. The procedure aims at the reduction of the stomach size and it is usually achieved either with the implantation of a medical device or the removal of part of the stomach. Surgical Procedure Bariatric Procedures Bariatric Surgical Weight Loss Surgery Bariatric Surgery Metabolic Surgery Surgeries Metabolic Med: Bariatric surgery Surgeries Bariatric Procedure Bariatric Surgical Bariatric Surgical Procedures Surgery Bariatric Bariatric Surgeries Surgical Procedures Bariatric Surgery Metabolic Bariatric Surgical Procedure Gastrointestinal Bariatric Surgery Metabolic Surgeries Metabolic surgery 婴儿痉挛症 Seizures in the first years of life characterized by flexion and extension jerks of the neck, trunk, and extremities. Infantile spasm Infantile Spasms Infantile spasms Infantile Spasm Infantile spasms 胺碘酮 An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. An iodine-rich benzofuran derivative with antiarrhythmic and vasodilatory activities. As a class III antiarrhythmic agent, amiodarone blocks the myocardial calcium, potassium and sodium channels in cardiac tissue, resulting in prolongation of the cardiac action potential and refractory period. In addition, this agent inhibits alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, resulting in a reduction in sympathetic stimulation of the heart, a negative chronotropic effect, and a decrease in myocardial oxygen demands. Amiodarone may cause vasodilation by stimulation of the release of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-dependent relaxing endothelial factors. 2-n-Butyl-35-diiodo-4-N-diethylaminoethoxy-3-benzoylbenzofuran Amiodarone-containing product Amiodarone (substance) Methanone (2-butyl-3-benzofuranyl)(4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-35-diiodophenyl)- amiodarone Amiodaronum 2-Butyl-3-benzofuranyl 4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-35-diiodophenyl ketone Product containing amiodarone (medicinal product) 2-Butyl-3-(35-diiodo-4-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)benzoyl)benzofuran Amiodarona Amiodarone 莫雷西嗪 An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances. Carbamic acid (10-(3-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxopropyl)-10H-phenothiazin-2-yl)- ethyl ester moracizine [10-(3-Morpholin-4-yl-propionyl)-10H-phenothiazin-2-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester Moracizine (substance) MORICIZINE Moracizina Product containing moracizine (medicinal product) Moricizine-containing product Moracizinum Moracizin ethyl 10-(3-morpholinopropionyl)phenothiazine-2-carbamate ethyl 10-(β-N-morpholinylpropionyl)phenothiazine-2-carbamate Moracizine-containing product Moricizine 噻加宾 A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES. Tiagabine Hydrochloride Gabitril NO 328 NO-328 NO 329 (R)-(44-bis(3-Methyl-2-thienyl)-3-butenyl)-3-piperidinecarboxylic acid Hydrochloride Tiagabine (S)-isomer NO-329 tiagabine N-(44-di(3-Methylthien-2-yl)but-3-enyl)nipecotic acid Tiagabine-containing product Tiagabine (substance) Tiagabina Product containing tiagabine (medicinal product) Tiagabinum 3-Piperidinecarboxylic acid 1-(44-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)-3-buten-1-yl)- (3R)- Tiagabine 遗传性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症 These epilepsy syndromes are characterized by the presence of febrile seizures in an individual that may continue past the usual age where these are expected to resolve and/or be accompanied by afebrile seizures that may be generalized seizures (tonic-clonic, atonic, myoclonic, myoclonic-atonic or absence) or focal seizures. Febrile seizures plus and genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus are distinguished on the basis of family history. A number of dominantly inherited genes have been linked to these syndromes, with implications for specific genetic counseling, due to the variable severity of the resulting epilepsy in different family members febrile seizures plus GEFS Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus 唑尼沙胺 A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization. A sulfonamide derivative with an anticonvulsant property. The exact mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. Zonisamide appears to block sodium and calcium channels, thereby stabilizing neuronal membranes and suppressing neuronal hyper-synchronization. Although zonisamide shows affinity for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/benzodiazepine receptor ionophore complex, it does not potentiate the synaptic activity of GABA. In addition, this agent also facilitates both dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. AD 810 Zonisamide Monosodium CI912 AD810 CI-912 CI 912 AD-810 zonisamide Zonisamide-containing product Product containing zonisamide (medicinal product) Zonisamide (substance) Excegram 3-Sulfamoylmethyl-12-benzisoxazole 3 Sulfamoylmethyl 12 benzisoxazole 12-Benzisoxazole-3-methanesulfonamide Zonisamidum Benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl-methanesulfonamide Zonegran 3-(Sulfamoylmethyl)-12-benzisoxazole Zonisamida Zonisamide 改良电抽搐治疗 Modified electric convulsive treatment (MECT), also known as non-convulsive (NC)-ECT, is considered an important physical therapy for mental diseases with the advantages of safety, quick-acting and efficiency, albeit the mechanism of NC-ECT is not clear. ] [Synonym: non-convulsive electric convulsive treatment MECT Modified electric convulsive therapy 拉莫三嗪 A phenyltriazine compound, sodium and calcium channel blocker that is used for the treatment of SEIZURES and BIPOLAR DISORDER. A synthetic phenyltriazine with antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Lamotrigine enhances the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which may result in a reduction of pain-related transmission of signals along nerve fibers. This agent may also inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels, suppress glutamate release, and inhibit serotonin reuptake. (NCI04) Do not routinely monitor AED levels during pregnancy. If seizures increase or are likely to increase, monitoring AED levels (particularly levels of lamotrigine and phenytoin, which may be particularly affected in pregnancy) may be useful when making dose adjustments. [new 2012] 怀孕期间不要常规监测抗癫痫药物水平。如果癫痫发作增加或可能增加，监测 AED 水平（尤其是拉莫三嗪和苯妥英的水平，其在怀孕期间可能受到特别影响）在调整剂量时可能有用。 [2012年新] Discuss with women and girls who are taking lamotrigine that the simultaneous use of any oestrogen-based contraceptive can result in a significant reduction of lamotrigine levels and lead to loss of seizure control. When a woman or girl starts or stops taking these contraceptives, the dose of lamotrigine may need to be adjusted.[new 2012] 应当告知使用拉莫三嗪的女性，任何基于雌激素的避孕药的同时使用都可能使拉莫三嗪水平的显著下降，导致癫痫发作失控。当其开始或停止使用此类避孕药时，拉莫三嗪的剂量或需调整。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking lamotrigine monotherapy and oestrogen-containing contraceptives should be informed of the potential increase in seizures due to a fall in the levels of lamotrigine. 【推荐等级：C】应告知同时服用拉莫三嗪（单一疗法）和含雌激素避孕药的WWE，由于拉莫三嗪水平的下降，癫痫发作的风险增加。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy receiving lamotrigine: D级推荐：对于接受LTG治疗的妇女： can use progestogen-only contraceptives without restriction. These women should be made aware of signs and symptoms of lamotrigine toxicity, and have the lamotrigine dose reduced if these occur. 可不受限制地使用仅含有孕激素的避孕药（但应注意LTG中毒的临床表现，若中毒，应减少LTG剂量）； and combined hormonal contraceptives should be counselled about the reduction in circulating lamotrigine concentrations and the potential for, and consequences of, increased seizure activity. The healthcare professional should also discuss the possibility of increasing the lamotrigine dose with the patient. 若联合使用激素类避孕药，可能会降低血浆LTG浓度，可能导致癫痫发作次数增加，需要增加LTG剂量； and combined hormonal contraceptives should be warned about signs and symptoms of lamotrigine toxicity if the contraceptive is withdrawn. A reduction in lamotrigine dosing may be necessary at this time. 联合使用LTG和组合避孕药，应警惕LTG中毒症状，此时可能需要降低LTG剂量。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Lamictal Lamotrigine 35-diamino-6-(23-dichlorophenyl)-124-triazine Lamiktal 124-Triazine-35-diamine 6-(23-dichlorophenyl)- Lamotrigina Lamotrigine-containing product Product containing lamotrigine (medicinal product) Lamotrigine (substance) Lamotriginum 35-Diamino-6-(23-dichlorophenyl)-as-triazine Labileno BW430C BW 430C Crisomet BW-430C Lamotrigine 获得性和基因性 Acquired and genetic(备注：参考PMID: 28276062) Acquired and genetic 偏头痛 A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1) A common, severe type of vascular headache often associated with increased sympathetic activity, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity. Migraine 基因 Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells. genetic Genetic GENETICS Genetic 电抽搐治疗 Electrically induced CONVULSIONS primarily used in the treatment of severe AFFECTIVE DISORDERS and SCHIZOPHRENIA. A procedure in which a series of short duration electric currents are passed via electrodes through the brain to cause a controlled seizure for the purpose of treating severe, intractable forms of mental illness, including depression, mania, and catatonia. Electroconvulsive treatment Electroshock treatment Electroconvulsive Therapy shock treatment ELECTROSHOCK THER Electroconvulsive Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) electroplexy shock therapy EST - Electroshock treatment ELECTROCONVULSIVE THER ECT therapy Therapy Electroconvulsive EST therapy Therapies Electroconvulsive ECT PSYCHOTHER ECT (Psychotherapy) Electroshock therapy Convulsive Therapies Electric Convulsive Therapy Electric Electric Convulsive Therapy Therapy Electroshock ECT - Electroconvulsive therapy Electric Shock Therapy Electroplexy Electroconvulsive therapy (procedure) Therapy Electric Convulsive Electroshock Therapies Therapies Electric Shock SHOCK THER ELECTRIC Shock Therapy Electric Therapies Electric Convulsive Therapies Electroshock Electric Convulsive Therapies Therapy Electric Shock ECS EST electric shock treatment Shock Therapies Electric ECT (electro-convulsive therapy) CONVULSIVE THER ELECTRIC Electric Shock Therapies Electroconvulsive therapy 普罗替林 Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation. N-methyl-5H-dibenzo[ad]cycloheptene-5-propanamine 3-(5H-dibenzo[ad][7]annulen-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-1-amine 7-(3-methylaminopropyl)-12:56-dibenzocycloheptatriene Protriptyline 3-(5H-dibenzo[ad]cyclohepten-5-yl)-N-methyl-1-propanamine Product containing protriptyline (medicinal product) Protriptyline-containing product Protriptylinum 5-(3-methylaminopropyl)-5H-dibenzo[ad]cycloheptene Protriptilina 5H-Dibenzo(ad)cycloheptene-5-propanamine N-methyl- Protriptyline (substance) N-methyl-5H-dibenzo[ad]cycloheptene-5-propylamine Protriptylin Protriptyline 前颞叶切除术 A neurosurgical procedure that removes the anterior TEMPORAL LOBE including the medial temporal structures of CEREBRAL CORTEX; AMYGDALA; HIPPOCAMPUS; and the adjacent PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS. This procedure is generally used for the treatment of intractable temporal epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TEMPORAL LOBE). Lobectomy Anterior Temporal Anterior temporal lobectomy 多脑回 A developmental brain abnormality characterized by an excessive amount of small convolutions on the surface of the brain and cognitive dysfunction. Micropolygyrias Micropolygyrias Cerebral Micropolygyria Cerebral Cerebral Polymicrogyrias Polymicrogyrias Cerebral polymicrogyria More grooves in brain Polymicrogyria Cerebral Polymicrogyria Micropolygyria Cerebral Micropolygyrias Cerebral Polymicrogyria Cerebral Micropolygyria Polymicrogyrias Polymicrogyria 行为干预 The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. The use of operant conditioning, including rewards and punishments, in helping a person create an atmosphere where he or she does not contribute to painful stimuli. Behavior Therapies Behavioral Treatments Behavior Conditioning Therapy behavior modification BEHAVIOR THER Behavioral therapy Behavior modification technique Behavior therapy Behavior modification psychotherapy Behavioral therapy (regime/therapy) Modification Behavior Behavior or Life Style Modifications Behavioural psychotherapy Therapy Conditioning Behavioural therapy Behaviour modification technique Behaviour therapy THER CONDITIONING Behavioral Modification Behaviour conditioning therapy Behavioral Intervention Behaviour modification psychotherapy Behavior Modifications Therapy Behavior Behavior Treatment Behaviour modification treatments and procedures CONDITIONING THER Behavioral psychotherapy Behavior modification treatments and procedures Conditioning Therapy Behaviour modification Conditioning Therapies Treatment Behavior THER BEHAVIOR Behavioral Interventions Behavioral Treatment Behavioral intervention 苯二氮卓类 A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Drugs from this chemical class are used for their central nervous system depressant properties including sedation, facilitation of sleep, seizure control, general anesthesia, anxiolytic, amnestic, and for detoxification from similar (cross tolerant) drugs [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Long-acting benzodiazepines such as clobazam can be considered if there is a very high risk of seizures in the peripartum period. 【推荐等级：D】如果WWE在围产期癫痫发作的风险很高，可以考虑服用长效苯二氮卓类药物，如氯巴占。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:CD Seizures in labour should be terminated as soon as possible to avoid maternal and fetal hypoxia and fetal acidosis. Benzodiazepines are the drugs of choice. 【推荐等级：D】应尽快终止生产过程中的癫痫发作，以避免母婴缺氧和胎儿酸中毒。首选苯二氮卓类药物。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepine (substance) Benzodiazepine-containing product Product containing benzodiazepine (product) Benzodiazepines BENZODIAZEPINE CPDS Benzodiazepine Compounds benzodiazepine benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines 诺丁汉健康量表 NHP - Nottingham health profile Nottingham health profile Nottingham health profile (assessment scale) Nottingham health profile 选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂 Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. serotonin inhibitor UPTAKE INHIB 5 HT UPTAKE INHIB 5 HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE Substance with serotonin uptake inhibitor mechanism of action (substance) HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS 05 HT 05 UPTAKE INHIBITORS Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors INHIB 5 HT UPTAKE INHIB SREOTONIN REUPTAKE INHIB 5 HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE UPTAKE SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIB REUPTAKE INHIB SEROTONIN 5 HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE UPTAKE INHIB Product containing serotonin uptake inhibitor (product) UPTAKE INHIB SEROTONIN 5 HT UPTAKE INHIB Serotonin uptake inhibitor-containing product INHIB SEROTONIN UPTAKE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIB Selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors 托吡酯 A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss. A sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide with anticonvulsant property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, topiramate antagonizes kainate/AMPA subtype of the glutamate receptors, which are ligand-activated cation channels that mediate the fast component of excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurons of the central nervous system. This antagonistic action results in stabilizing hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and decreasing propagation of synaptic impulses, thereby impedes seizure occurrences. In addition, this agent augments gamma-aminobenzoic acid (GABA) activity and thereby attenuating GABAnergic inhibitory transmission. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Epitomax USL255 McN 4853 McN4853 McN-4853 Topiramate Tipiramate Tipiramato 23:45-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate beta-D-Fructopyranose 23:45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)- sulfamate TPM Topamax Product containing topiramate (medicinal product) Topiramate-containing product 23:45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate Topiramato 23-45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate Topiramate (substance) Topiramatum 97240-79-4 Topiramate 肥胖 A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY). Having a high amount of body fat (body mass index [BMI] of 30 or more). Obesity Simple obesity (disorder) Obesity NOS OBESE Simple obesity Obesity due to excess calories Overweight / Obese Obese (finding) OBESITY Having too much body fat obesity Obesity (disorder) Obesity unspecified Obese Obesity 妊娠期间癫痫发作会对母体和胎儿产生不良影响，因此妊娠期女性患者除了常规的产前检查，还应定期就诊癫痫专科。根据临床表现和脑电图等检查，动态评估患者是否仍有癫痫发作并明确发作类型，以便及时调整药物剂量和种类。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 1981国际抗癫痫联盟分类 A guide for epilepsy(备注：参考PMID：6790275) 1981 ILAE classification 孤独症谱系障碍 Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V) A spectrum of developmental disorders that includes autism, Asperger syndrome, and Rett syndrome. Signs and symptoms include poor communication skills, defective social interactions, and repetitive behaviors. Autistic Spectrum Disorder ASD Autistic spectrum disorder Autistic Spectrum Disorders Autism spectrum disorders AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Autism spectrum disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder Disorder Autistic Spectrum Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism spectrum disorder 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停 A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395) Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome Obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome 环丙沙星 A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline. A synthetic broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Ciprofloxacin binds to and inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase, an enzyme essential for DNA replication. This agent is more active against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria. (NCI04) Product containing ciprofloxacin (medicinal product) Ciprofloxacinum Ciprofloxacin (substance) 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-14-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid CIPROFLOXACIN 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-14-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-14-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic Acid 85721-33-1 Ciprofloxacin-containing product 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-yl-14-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid CPFX Ciprofloxacine Cipro 3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-14-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)- Ciprofloxacino 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-hexahydro-1-pyrazinyl-4-oxo-14-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid Ciprofloxacin 难治性癫痫 Epileptic condition in which adequate trials of two tolerated and appropriately chosen and used ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS schedules to achieve sustained seizure freedom failed. Epilepsy that is refractory to treatment. Drug Refractory Epilepsies Epilepsy Intractable Resistant Epilepsies Medication Drug Resistant Epilepsies Epilepsies Intractable Refractory Epilepsy Resistant Epilepsy Medication Refractory Epilepsies Drug Resistant Epilepsies Drug Refractory epilepsy (disorder) Drug Refractory Epilepsy Epilepsies Drug Refractory Resistant Epilepsy Drug Epilepsy Medication Resistant Epilepsies Medication Resistant Refractory epilepsy Epilepsies Refractory Epilepsy Drug Refractory Refractory Epilepsies Drug Resistant Epilepsy Intractable Epilepsies Intractable Epilepsy Refractory Epilepsy Drug Epilepsy refractory Epilepsies Drug Resistant Epilepsy Drug Resistant Intractable epilepsy Epilepsy Refractory Medication Resistant Epilepsies Medication Resistant Epilepsy Intractable epilepsy 使用VPA的WOCP应至少选用一种有效的避孕方法（preferably user-independent method such as an intrauterine device or implant）或两种方法联用包括屏障方法。当AEDs有变化，就应重新评估避孕措施。 Family planning is important in patients taking AEDs. WOCP on valproate should use at least one efective method of contraception (preferably a user-independent method such as an intrauterine device or implant) or two complementary methods including a barrier method. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 没有充分的证据表明联合使用组合类避孕药有更高的临界频率（指南里说的可能是有效避孕率） The evidence does not point to a higher critical frequency in conjunction with combined hormonal contraceptives。 Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 避孕期抗癫痫治疗 Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES. The prevention of conception or impregnation by the use of devices or drugs or surgery. Genetic counselling should be considered if one partner has epilepsy,particularly if the partner has idiopathic epilepsy and a positive family history of epilepsy. [2004] 如果其中一方患有癫痫，特别是如果伴侣患有特发性癫痫且有阳性癫痫家族史，则应考虑进行遗传咨询。 [2004] In women and girls of childbearing potential, the risks and benefits of different contraceptive methods, including hormone-releasing IUDs, should be discussed.[2004] 对于具有生育能力的女性，应告知其不同避孕方式的风险与收益，包括激素释放避孕环。 In women of childbearing potential, the possibility of interaction with oral contraceptives should be discussed and an assessment made as to the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs.[2004] 对于有怀孕能力的女性（包含治疗可能持续至育龄的未成年女性），需将与口服避孕药的相互作用的可能性及时告知其本人和/或其照料者。同时需对使用了个别药物的治疗方案的风险与益处进行评估。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 What are the effects of induction of labour on WWE and do AEDs affect induction agents? 引产对WWE的影响是什么？AEDs是否会对诱导剂产生影响？ There are no known contraindications to use of any induction agents in WWE taking AEDs. 目前并没有WWE使用引产药物的禁忌证。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What are the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of exposure to AEDs and maternal seizure in infants born to WWE? 宫内暴露于AEDs对胎儿长期神经发育的影响 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What are the preferred contraceptive choices in WWE and what risks need to be conveyed to help them make informed decisions? WWE避孕方法的选择 The risks of contraceptive failure and the short- and long-term adverse effects of each contraceptive method should be carefully explained to the woman. Effective contraception is extremely important with regard to stabilisation of epilepsy and planning of pregnancy to optimise outcomes. 应向WWE仔细解释避孕失败的风险以及每种避孕方法的短期和长期不良影响。有效的避孕措施对于优化癫痫控制和计划怀孕非常重要。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What are the risks of congenital malformations in the fetus of pregnant women with epilepsy (WWE) exposed and not exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)? 宫内暴露于AEDs对胎儿先天畸形的影响 WWE who are planning their pregnancy should have a clinician competent in the management of epilepsy take responsibility for sharing decisions around choice and dose of AEDs, based on the risk to the fetus and control of seizures. 计划怀孕的WWE应由一位临床医生负责处理其癫痫发作、控制AEDs剂量。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE should be reassured that most mothers have normal healthy babies and the risk of congenital malformations is low if they are not exposed to AEDs in the periconception period. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE，多数WWE母亲可拥有正常健康的婴儿，如果WWE在围妊娠期不接触AEDs，其后代发生先天畸形的风险很小。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:B] Women should be informed that the risk of congenital abnormalities in the fetus is dependent on the type, number and dose of AEDs. 【推荐等级：B】应告知WWE，胎儿先天畸形的风险取决于AEDs的类型、数量和剂量。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Advice on contraception should be given to young women, ideally before they become sexually active. 应向女性癫痫患者提供避孕建议，最好是在其有性生活之前。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html For most patients, reassurance can be given that, in general, the risk of epilepsy developing in the children of parents with epilepsy is low. 应告知患者，对于大多数癫痫患者而言，其后代患癫痫的风险很低。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html For women with epilepsy not receiving antiepileptic drugs and for those receiving antiepileptic drugs that do not induce hepatic enzymes (other than lamotrigine), contraceptive options are the same as those for women in general. 对于没有接受AEDs治疗或接受非酶诱导AEDs的患者，其避孕选择与一般妇女相同。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy who are not taking antiepileptic drugs, or who are taking non-enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs, including lamotrigine, can use emergency contraception as for the general population. D级推荐：没有服用AEDs的女性癫痫患者或正在服用包括LTG在内的非酶诱导性AEDs的女性癫痫患者，其避孕措施与一般人群相同。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] To minimise the risk of contraceptive failure, a woman using any combined hormonal contraception, or a combined oral contraceptive pill, or a progesterone-only pill should be prescribed an antiepileptic drug that does not induce hepatic enzymes. C级推荐：为避免将避孕失败的风险降到最低，使用联合避孕药、合用多种口服避孕药或仅服用黄体酮避孕药的妇女，应使用非肝酶诱导性AEDs。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Contraception 奥卡西平 A dibenzazepine carboxamide derivative with an anticonvulsant property. As a prodrug, oxcarbazepine is converted to its active metabolite, 10-monohydroxy. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, electrophysiological studies indicate this agent blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby stabilizing hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and decreasing the propagation of synaptic impulses. A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 28721-07-5 Trileptal Oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine-containing product 1011-Dihydro-10-oxo-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Product containing oxcarbazepine (medicinal product) Oxcarbazepinum OCBZ Oxcarbazepine (substance) Oxcarbazepina 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide 1011-dihydro-10-oxo- Timox GP 47680 Oxcarbazepine 奥利司他 A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity. A reversible active-site inhibitor of gastrointestinal lipases. Orlistat forms a covalent bond with the active serine site in gastric and pancreatic lipases, thereby inhibiting their activity and preventing dietary fat from being hydrolyzed and absorbed. (NCI04) Product containing orlistat (medicinal product) Tetrahydrolipstatin 1-((3-Hexyl-4-oxo-2-oxetanyl)methyl)dodecyl-2-formamido-4-methylvalerate THLP ORLISTAT Orlipastat Orlistat (substance) L-Leucine N-formyl- 1-((3-hexyl-4-oxo-2-oxetanyl)methyl)dodecyl ester (2S-(2alpha(R*)3beta))- Orlipastatum (-)-Tetrahydrolipstatin Orlistat-containing product Tetrahydrolipastatin Alli Xenical Orlistat 抗癫痫药物种类 Kind of antiseizure medications If she has good seizure control and presents already pregnant, there is probably little to be gained by altering her AEDs 妊娠期间尽量不要改变患者AEDs种类。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Pregnant women with epilepsy receiving hepatic enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs who require antenatal corticosteroids for the prevention of neonatal respiratory morbidity, should receive double the standard dose of betamethasone/dexamethasone (48 mg over 12–24 hours). D级推荐：妊娠期接受酶诱导AEDs治疗的女性癫痫患者，若在产前使用糖皮质激素预防新生儿呼吸系统疾病，应给予被他米松/地塞米松标准计量（48mg/12-24h）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Kind of antiseizure medications Types of antiepileptic drugs Types of antiseizure medications 致畸风险较高的抗癫痫药物 Antiseizure medications with higher risk of teratogenicity Antiepileptic drugs with higher risk of teratogenicity Antiseizure medications with higher risk of teratogenicity 促性腺激素 Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities. Heterodimeric glycoprotein Gonadotropin consists of alpha (common)/beta (unique) protein subunits. The alpha subunit is present in other heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones. The beta subunit confers biological specificity and stimulates ovarian synthesis of steroids (progesterone) to maintain pregnancy. gonadotropins Gonadotropin Substance with gonadotropin mechanism of action (substance) Gonadotropin [EPC] Gonadotropins 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫的育龄期、有怀孕计划的女性患者，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦是首选治疗方案，唑尼沙胺和托吡酯为二线治疗方案。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various antiseizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a healthy woman in her reproductive years with genetically mediated (idiopathic generalized) epilepsy who is not currently pregnant or trying to conceive but wishes to have a family someday. Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice; zonisamide and topiramate were considered second-line options. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有局灶性癫痫的育龄期、有怀孕计划的女性患者，奥卡西平为首选治疗方案，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦也是治疗选择 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice, with oxcarbazepine considered first-line treatment. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫的计划怀孕并母乳喂养的女性患者，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦是首选治疗方案，唑尼沙胺为二线治疗方案。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice; zonisamide was considered second-line therapy. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有局灶性癫痫的计划怀孕并母乳喂养的女性患者，奥卡西平为首选治疗方案，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦也是治疗选择；卡马西平、拉考沙胺、艾司利卡西平和唑尼沙胺为二线选择。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice, with oxcarbazepine considered first-line treatment. Carbamazepine, lacosamide, eslicarbazepine, and zonisamide were considered second-line options. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，首选治疗方案为拉莫三嗪，左乙拉西坦为二线治疗方案。对于唑尼沙胺、丙戊酸盐、托吡酯和拉考沙胺的治疗尚未达成共识。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various antiseizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with genetically mediated (idiopathic generalized) epilepsy. The treatment of choice was lamotrigine, while levetiracetam was considered second-line therapy. No consensus could be reached regarding treatment with zonisamide, valproate, topiramate, and lacosamide. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有局灶性癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，拉莫三嗪为首选治疗，奥卡西平和拉考沙胺也可作为一线治疗，卡马西平、艾司利卡西平、左乙拉西坦和唑尼沙胺为二线治疗。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various anti-seizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with focal (symptomatic localization related) epilepsy. Lamotrigine was the treatment of choice, oxcarbazepine and lacosamide were considered first-line therapy, and carbamazepine, eslicarbazepine, levetiracetam, and zonisamide were considered second-line therapy.Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 孕前咨询：告知患者癫痫发作及AEDs对妊娠及胎儿风险。妊娠期使用AEDs可能对癫痫女性后代智力发育造成影响，尤其是苯巴比妥和丙戊酸。目前尚无足够的证据来评估新型AEDs（加巴喷丁、左乙拉西坦、噻加宾、托吡酯、氨己烯酸）的致畸性。大剂量丙戊酸（超过800mg/天）以及联合丙戊酸的多药治疗的致畸风险明显增加；告知患者补充叶酸和维生素K的必要性。如果孕妇或者配偶有癫痫疾病，尤其是有特发性癫痫及癫痫及相关遗传病家族史者，应当进行遗传咨询。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. LVT可能渗透入母乳中（以潜在的能引起临床表现的浓度） LVT probably cross the placenta in potentially clinically important amounts (one Class I and supporting Class II studies or two or more Class II studies). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 妊娠可能导致LVT浓度下降（一项Ⅱ类研究）。 Pregnancy possibly causes a decrease in the level of LVT (one Class II study). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 可以考虑监测LVT的水平（Level C）。 Monitoring of LVT levels during pregnancy may be considered (Level C). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，首选治疗方案为拉莫三嗪，左乙拉西坦为二线治疗方案。对于唑尼沙胺、丙戊酸盐、托吡酯和拉考沙胺的治疗尚未达成共识。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various antiseizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with genetically mediated (idiopathic generalized) epilepsy. The treatment of choice was lamotrigine, while levetiracetam was considered second-line therapy. No consensus could be reached regarding treatment with zonisamide, valproate, topiramate, and lacosamide. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有局灶性癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，拉莫三嗪为首选治疗，奥卡西平和拉考沙胺也可作为一线治疗，卡马西平、艾司利卡西平、左乙拉西坦和唑尼沙胺为二线治疗。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various anti-seizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with focal (symptomatic localization related) epilepsy. Lamotrigine was the treatment of choice, oxcarbazepine and lacosamide were considered first-line therapy, and carbamazepine, eslicarbazepine, levetiracetam, and zonisamide were considered second-line therapy.Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 以下情况可能不需要在女孩和WOCP中更换或停用VPA：存在VPA替代品的禁忌证（患有严重活动性抑郁症患者不能换用左乙拉西坦，对拉莫三嗪过敏等）。 The expert panel agrees that there is a scenarios in which valproate may not need to be switched or discontinued in girls and WOCP. Cases in which suitable alternatives are contraindicated. Suitable alternatives to valproate may be contraindicated in certain cases, such as patients with severe active depression (who should not be required to switch to levetiracetam) or patients with a history of allergy to lamotrigine. In such cases, the decision to switch or discontinue valproate can be postponed. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 根据EURAP已知的MCM风险，推荐4种AEDs作为局灶性癫痫的替代物：左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪、奥卡西平、卡马西平。其中对卡马西平的剂量限制尤为重要。不推荐使用托吡酯、苯妥英和巴比妥酸盐。 Four AEDs can be recommended as alternatives for focal epilepsy based on known risks of MCMs from the EURAP registry. These are levetiracetam, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and carbamazepine. Dose restriction is especially important in carbamazepine. Topiramate, phenytoin, and barbiturates cannot be recommended due to their teratogenic potential. There are insufficient data for the remaining AEDs, but this does not mean they are safe. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. Recommendations for valproate switching and discontinuation in IGE VPA换药和停药的关键时期时青春期前、月经初潮时和怀孕前。专家小组认为，在患者10岁左右（月经初潮前）应推荐患者更换VPA为其他AEDs。对于VPA治疗有效的育龄期患者，可以停用、减量或与拉莫三嗪/左乙拉西坦联合使用，从而减少VPA用量。VPA换药应在怀孕前一年开始，换药速度应视具体情况决定。当患者体内已清除VPA（上次服药后1个月）、没有癫痫发作（基于癫痫复发风险，无发作时间为之前癫痫发作间隔的3倍）时可以考虑尝试怀孕。新的AEDs的剂量调整应基于临床特征，为了平衡有效性和药物耐受性，建议至少3个月。 Valproate switching and discontinuation generally occurs at certain relevant life stages. The three crucial periods are before puberty, at menarche, and before pregnancy. Valproate switching or discontinuation should be recommended in pre-menarche patients (around 10 years of age) after discussion of relevant issues with the patient and her parents/legal guardians. Family planning should be discussed with adult patients of childbearing potential. In patients responsive to valproate only, it could be discontinued, reduced, or combined with lamotrigine or levetiracetam, thus reducing valproate dosage. Valproate switching should ideally be started about 1 year ahead of pregnancy. The speed with which the switch is made, however, should be decided on a case-by-case basis depending on how strong the woman’s desire is to become pregnant. Following valproate discontinuation, patients should not try to conceive until (1) their body is clear of valproate (at least 1 month since last intake) and (2) they are free of seizures (based on seizure recurrence risk, three times the previous interval between seizures). Dose adjustments for the new AED should be based on clinical features; a period of at least 3 months is recommended for balancing efectiveness and tolerability. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. Recommendations for valproate switching and discontinuation in IGE 从VPA换为LTG平均需要2-3个月甚至更长的时间。应根据临床特征和血清LTG浓度进行滴定（LTG titration）。 从VPA转换到LEV更快，且通常不需要滴定。LEV目标剂量在1000-2000mg/d之间，具体取决于VPA剂量。 Switching from valproate to lamotrigine requires on average 2–3 months, but it can take much longer. Lamotrigine titration should be guided by clinical response and, where available, serum concentrations. Switching from valproate to levetiracetam is faster, as titration is not needed. The target dose for levetiracetam is between 1000 and 2000 mg/day depending on the valproate dose. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 对新生儿应观察是否出现与AEDs相关的副作用，如苯巴比妥可导致新生儿觉醒程度降低和嗜睡，丙戊酸可能与新生儿易激惹相关，拉莫三嗪可能会诱发新生儿皮疹。与透过胎盘屏障的药物浓度相比，丙戊酸、苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、托吡酯等药物在母体乳汁内的药物浓度较低，对胎儿的影响相对较小，但左乙拉西坦在乳汁内浓度较高，相关风险有待进一步临床研究证实。大部分患者在医生指导下，可进行母乳喂养。在母乳喂养过程中，如出现长时间的镇静、对喂养不感兴趣、体质量不增加等表现，则应立即停止母乳喂养。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 除拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦、奥卡西平、普瑞巴林外，其余AEDs均为妊娠期女性癫痫患者慎用药物，其中丙戊酸为禁用药物。 Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 应在妊娠期监测AEDs血药水平，其中以拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦和奥卡西平血药浓度下降最为明显，在妊娠期和产后可能需要剂量调整。 Importantly, blood drug levels should be monitored because pregnancy can have a major impact on pharmacoki-netic properties of AEDs (e.g., altered absorption,increased distribution volume and renal excretion, and induction of hepatic metabolism).Lamotrigine,levetiracetam and oxcar-bazepine serum concentrations decline most markedly, and dose adjustments may be necessary during pregnancy and postpartum. 孕妇应首选拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦，因为这两种药物致畸率最低，但对神经发育的影响尚不明确（数据有限）。推荐卡马西平为替代药物（卡马西平显示出比拉莫三嗪更高的致畸率，但对神经发育没有影响），奥卡西平也可作为替代药物（致畸率很低，但对神经发育的影响上无充分数据）。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam are first-choice treatment options in pregnant women (and women of childbearing potential) because they carry the lowest risk of major con-genital malformations and have no known impact on neu-robehavioral development (although data for levetiracetam are still limited). Carbamazepine is recommended as alternative first choice; it shows higher malformation rates than lamotrigine and levetiracetam but no impact on neu-rodevelopment. Oxcarbazepine could also be consid-ered; malformation rates are low but data on neurobehavioral development are sparse. 左乙拉西坦 A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent. A pyrrolidine with antiepileptic activity. The exact mechanism through which levetiracetam exerts its effects is unknown but does not involve inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter activity. Stereoselective binding of levetiracetam was confined to synaptic plasma membranes in the central nervous system with no binding occurring in peripheral tissue. Levetiracetam inhibits burst firing without affecting normal neuronal excitability, which suggests that it may selectively prevent hyper-synchronization of epileptiform burst firing and propagation of seizure activity. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Ucb L059 UcbL060 Etiracetam (R)- alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-1-Pyrrolidineacetamide UCB-6474 Ucb L060 UCB6474 Ucb-L060 UCB 6474 R-isomer Etiracetam alpha ethyl 2 oxo 1 Pyrrolidineacetamide Etiracetam R isomer Ucb-L059 Etiracetam Etiracetam R-isomer Levetiracetam-containing product S-isomer Etiracetam Keppra Levetiracetam (substance) (S)-alpha-Ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide Levetiracetam Levetiracetamum 1-pyrrolidineacetamide alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-(S)- Etiracetam S-isomer Levetiracetame Product containing levetiracetam (medicinal product) Etiracetam S isomer 102767-28-2 1-Pyrrolidineacetamide alpha-ethyl-2-oxo- (alphaS)- Levetiracetam 乳汁排泄率较低的抗癫痫药物 Antiseizure medications with lower M/S(备注：参考ISBN 978190910344、https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137、https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg68/、PMID: 25618222) Antiseizure medications with lower M/S 癫痫伴慢波睡眠期持续棘慢波 Epilepsy with continuous spike wave during slow-wave sleep presents clinically with infrequent nocturnal focal seizures, atypical absences related to secondary bilateral synchrony, negative myoclonia, and atonic and rare generalized tonic-clonic seizures Electrical status epilepticus of slow-wave sleep ESSS Epileptic encephalopathy with continuous diffuse spike-waves during slow-wave sleep ECSWS Epilepsy with continuous spike wave during slow-wave sleep 沙丁胺醇 A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol. A racemic mixture of the r-isomer levalbuterol and s-albuterol, a short-acting sympathomimetic agent with bronchodilator activity. Albuterol stimulates beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs, thereby activating the enzyme adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increased cAMP concentrations relax bronchial smooth muscle, relieve bronchospasms, and reduce inflammatory cell mediator release, especially from mast cells. Albuterol although to a lesser extent, also stimulates beta-1 adrenergic receptors, thereby increasing the force and rate of myocardial contraction. Salbutamol-containing product Salbutamol Salbutamolum Product containing salbutamol (medicinal product) Albuterol-containing product Salbutamol (substance) 2-t-Butylamino-1-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl)phenylethanol Albuterol 13-Benzenedimethanol alpha1-(((11-dimethylethyl)amino)methyl)-4-hydroxy- Salbutamol 癫痫的神经系统疾病抑郁量表 Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) is a short screening questionnaire developed by Gilliam et al.to detect MDD in PWE. It contains six questions, rated on a four-point Likert scale (from 1 – «never» to 4 – «always or often»); the questionnaire was translated to and underwent a linguistic and psychometric validation in 15 languages Neurological disorders depression inventory for epilepsy 诱导排卵 Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum. Ovarian Stimulations Ovarian Stimulation Stimulation Ovarian Stimulations Ovarian Ovulation induction 抗癫痫药物剂量 Daily dose of antiseizure medications As AED concentrations may fall during pregnancy, healthcare professionals need to be aware that dosing may need to be increased. 妊娠期AEDs水平可能会下降，可能需要增加药物剂量。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html For women with epilepsy who require treatment with antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy the relative risks of seizures and risks of fetal, neonatal and childhood problems should be discussed.C onsideration may be given to withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs prior to conception if circumstances are favourable. The decision should only be made if the epilepsy is in remission, the risk of recurrent seizures is low and the woman is aware of the consequences of recurrent seizures.Wherever possible, a woman should conceive on the lowest effective dose of one AED appropriate for her epilepsy syndrome. 对于需要在妊娠期间使用AEDs的女性癫痫患者，应权衡癫痫发作的风险和对后代的风险。如果条件允许（癫痫缓解、复发风险很低并且患者充分了解后果），可以考虑在怀孕前停用AEDs。如果需要在妊娠期使用AEDs，应以最低有效剂量进行治疗。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D]In pregnancy, dosing adjustment for the majority of antiepileptic drugs (with the exception of lamotrigine and levetiracetam) should only be considered if there is a change in seizure frequency or if toxicity is suspected. D级推荐：在妊娠期，只有在癫痫发作频率变化或怀疑有药物中毒可能的时候才考虑调整AEDs的剂量（除LTG和LEV外）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Daily dose of antiepileptic drugs；Dose of antiseizure medications Daily dose of antiseizure medications 二十碳五烯酸 Important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families. An essential, polyunsaturated, 20-carbon omega-3 fatty acid with anti-inflammatory and potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may activate caspase 3, resulting in apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. In addition, this agent may inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and prostaglandin-mediated inflammatory processes. Eicosapentaenoic Acid cis-delta(58111417)-Eicosapentaenoic acid EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID 05 08 11 14 17 Fatty Acid 20:5 Eicosapentaenoic acid (substance) 58111417-Eicosapentaenoic Acid Eicosapentanoic Acid (5Z8Z11Z14Z17Z)-Eicosapentaenoic acid Icosapent Icosapentaenoic Acid EPA - Eicosapentaenoic acid 58111417-Icosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid (5Z8Z11Z14Z17Z)-Icosapentaenoic acid IPA timnodonic acid omega-3-Eicosapentaenoic Acid Eicosapentaenoic acid-containing product Timnodonic Acid 58111417-eicosapentaenoic acid 58111417-Eicosapentaenoic acid all-cis-icosa-58111417-pentaenoic acid cis-58111417-eicosapentaenoic acid (5Z8Z11Z14Z17Z)-Eicosapentaenoate EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID Product containing eicosapentaenoic acid (medicinal product) all-cis-58111417-eicosapentaenoic acid Eicosapentaenoic acid Icosapento Timnodonic acid eicosapentaenoic acid omega 3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid All cis-58111417-Eicosapentaenoic Acid Icosapentum (5Z8Z11Z14Z17Z)-58111417-eicosapentaenoic acid cis-58111417-EPA EPA 58111417-Icosapentaenoic Acid (all-Z)-58111417-eicosapentaenoic acid all cis-58111417-eicosapentaenoic acid Icosapentaenoic acid Acid Eicosapentanoic all-cis-58111417-icosapentaenoic acid Eicosapentaenoic acid 神经系统共患病的诊断 A diagnosis is an assertion that a patient has nervous system comorbidities Nervous system comorbidities diagnosis Diagnosis of nervous system comorbidities 丁螺环酮 An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM. An anxiolytic agent chemically and pharmacologically unrelated to benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or other sedative/hypnotic drugs. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, buspirone may exert its anti-anxiety effects via serotonin (5-HT1A) and dopamine receptors (D2) and may indirectly affect other neurotransmitter systems. Unlike typical benzodiazepine anxiolytics, this agent does not exert anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant effects and lacks prominent sedative effects. busPIRone BUSPIRONE 8-(4-(4-(2-Pyrimidinyl)-1-piperizinyl)butyl)-8-azaspiro(45)decane-79-dione Buspirone Buspirona Product containing buspirone (medicinal product) Buspirone (substance) Buspiron Buspironum N-(4-(4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl)butyl)-1-cyclopentanediacetamide buspirone 8-Azaspiro(4.5)decane-79-dione 8-(4-(4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl)butyl)- Buspirone-containing product Bespar MJ-9022-1 PMS-Buspirone Nu Buspirone Neurosine Nu-Buspirone Buspar Anxut Busp Apo Buspirone Gen Buspirone Apo-Buspirone MJ 9022 1 Lin Buspirone PMS Buspirone Lin-Buspirone Gen-Buspirone Ratio-Buspirone Hydrochloride Buspirone MJ90221 Buspirone Hydrochloride Novo Buspirone Ratio Buspirone Novo-Buspirone Buspirone 关节炎的 Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS. An inflammatory process affecting a joint. Causes include infection, autoimmune processes, degenerative processes, and trauma. Signs and symptoms may include swelling around the affected joint and pain. Inflammatory arthritis Arthritis Arthritis inflammatory Inflammation of joint NOS Joint inflammation Arthritis (disorder) JOINT INFLAMMATION Arthritis NOS ARTHRITIS arthritis Arthritis unspecified Arthritides Arthritis 吡仑帕奈 An orally active, non-competitive, and selective alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor antagonist, with anti-epileptic activity. Although the mechanism of action through which perampanel exerts its antiepileptic effect has not been fully elucidated, this agent antagonizes the AMPA subtype of the excitatory glutamate receptor found on postsynaptic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). This antagonistic action prevents AMPA receptor activation by glutamate and results in the inhibition of neuronal excitation, repetitive neuronal firing, and the stabilization of hyper-excited neural membranes. Glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, plays an important role in various neurological disorders caused by neuronal hyperexcitation. PERAMPANEL perampanel FYCOMPA 3-(2-Cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-1-phenyl-12-dihydropyridin-2-one Perampanel Perampanelum 380917-97-5 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-1-phenyl-12-dihydropyridin-2-one E2007 benzonitrile 2-(16-dihydro-6-oxo-1-phenyl(23-bipyridin)-5-yl)- Product containing perampanel (medicinal product) Perampanel (substance) Fycompa Perampanel-containing product Benzonitrile 2-(16-Dihydro-6-oxo-1-phenyl(23-bipyridin)-5-yl)- Pérampanel Perampanel 严重程度诊断 Diagnosis and severity index:-:Pt:^Patient:- Diagnosis and severity index:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Diagnosis and severity index Severity diagnosis 多发性硬化 An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903) A progressive autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system resulting in demyelination. Patients develop physical and cognitive impairments that correspond with the affected nerve fibers. SCLEROSIS MULTIPLE Sclerosis multiple Multiple sclerosis (MS) Disseminated Sclerosis MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS Multiple sclerosis NOS SCLEROSIS MULTIPLE MS Disseminated sclerosis Sclerosis Multiple multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (disorder) DS - Disseminated sclerosis Generalized multiple sclerosis Sclerosis Disseminated Multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis disseminated sclerosis insular sclerosis MS - Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis - MS SCLEROSIS INSULAR SCLEROSIS DISSEMINATED MS (Multiple Sclerosis) Multiple sclerosis China_guidence 分娩：应当由产科医师与癫痫专科医师共同诊疗妊娠的癫痫患者。大部分癫痫产妇都能正常分娩，但是疼痛、压力、睡眠不足、过度换气等因素都增加了分娩期发作的危险；建议应当在配备有孕妇及新生儿复苏条件，以及紧急处理母亲癫痫发作的相应专业人士、设备的产科监护室内进行；分娩过程中及分娩后应该按时、按量服用AEDs，如果不能及时口服AEDs，应该通过其他途径给予足量AEDs；在分娩过程中，一旦出现癫痫发作，应该尽快采取措施终止发作，可选用地西泮或劳拉西泮静脉注射；如果发作持续，应该按照癫痫持续状态处理；同时采取措施尽快结束分娩，并作好新生儿抢救准备。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 地西泮 A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity. A benzodiazepine derivative with anti-anxiety, sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties. Diazepam potentiates the inhibitory activities of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by binding to the GABA receptor, located in the limbic system and the hypothalamus. This increases the frequency of chloride channel opening, allowing the flow of chloride ions into the neuron and ultimately leading to membrane hyperpolarization and a decrease in neuronal excitability. If there is doubt whether a seizure in labour is due to eclampsia or epilepsy, a slow intravenous bolus of 4 g magnesium sulphate over five minutes followed by 1 g/hour for 24 hours is recommended in addition to midazolam, lorazepam or diazepam. 如果不能明确分娩过程中的痫性发作是由子痫引起还是由癫痫引起，建议在米达唑仑、劳拉西泮或地西泮的基础上，5min内缓慢静注硫酸镁4g，之后1g/h，持续24h。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Diazemuls Relanium Seduxen Sibazon Apaurin Faustan Stesolid diazepam Valium Diazepam-containing product Diazepam (substance) 7-chloro-13-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-14-benzodiazepin-2-one Methyl diazepinone Product containing diazepam (medicinal product) 2H-14-Benzodiazepin-2-one 7-chloro-13-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl- Diazepam 孕激素治疗 The use of progestogens in the treatment of any disease or disorder. progesterone therapy progestin therapy Progestogen hormone therapy therapy progestin Progestogen hormone therapy (procedure) Progesterone therapy 地西泮 A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity. A benzodiazepine derivative with anti-anxiety, sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties. Diazepam potentiates the inhibitory activities of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by binding to the GABA receptor, located in the limbic system and the hypothalamus. This increases the frequency of chloride channel opening, allowing the flow of chloride ions into the neuron and ultimately leading to membrane hyperpolarization and a decrease in neuronal excitability. If there is doubt whether a seizure in labour is due to eclampsia or epilepsy, a slow intravenous bolus of 4 g magnesium sulphate over five minutes followed by 1 g/hour for 24 hours is recommended in addition to midazolam, lorazepam or diazepam. 如果不能明确分娩过程中的痫性发作是由子痫引起还是由癫痫引起，建议在米达唑仑、劳拉西泮或地西泮的基础上，5min内缓慢静注硫酸镁4g，之后1g/h，持续24h。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Diazemuls Relanium Seduxen Sibazon Apaurin Faustan Stesolid diazepam Valium Diazepam-containing product Diazepam (substance) 7-chloro-13-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-14-benzodiazepin-2-one Methyl diazepinone Product containing diazepam (medicinal product) 2H-14-Benzodiazepin-2-one 7-chloro-13-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl- Diazepam 扑痫酮 A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite. An analog of phenobarbital with antiepileptic property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, primidone probably exerts its actions, in a manner similar to phenobarbital, via activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor/chloride ionophore complex, which leads to prolonged and increased frequency of opening of the chloride channel within the receptor complex. This results in an alteration in the electrical activity of the nerve cell membrane, causing hyperpolarization and prevention of partial and tonic-clonic seizures. In addition, this agent is partially metabolized to phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA), which may also contribute to its anti-seizure properties. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html 5-Phenyl-5-ethyl-Hexahydropyrimidine-46-dione Primidonum Primidone Mysedon Primidon 2-Deoxyphenobarbital 46(1H5H)-Pyrimidinedione 5-ethyldihydro-5-phenyl- Primaclone Primidona Myidone Primidone-containing product Desoxyphenobarbital Primidone (substance) Product containing primidone (medicinal product) Mysoline Apo-Primidone Neurosyn Misodine Mysoline Mylepsinum Resimatil Liskantin Mizodin Sertan Primidon Holsten Apo Primidone Apo-Primidone Primidone 特布他林 A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. An ethanolamine derivative with bronchodilating and tocolytic activities. Terbutaline selectively binds to and activates beta-2 adrenergic receptors, leading to intracellular adenyl cyclase activation via a trimeric G protein and subsequent increase in cyclic AMP (cAMP) production. Increased cAMP levels result in relaxation of bronchial and vascular smooth muscle mediated through the activation of protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates proteins in control of muscle tone. cAMP also inhibits calcium ion release from intracellular stores, reduces calcium entry into cells and induces the sequestration of intracellular calcium all of which aids in the relaxation of airway muscles. Terbutaline also increases mucociliary clearance and reduces release of inflammatory cell mediators. Terbutalina terbutaline 13-Benzenediol 5-(2-((11-dimethylethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)- Product containing terbutaline (medicinal product) Terbutalinum Terbutalin Terbutaline (substance) Terbutaline-containing product Terbutaline 唾液 The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin. The watery fluid in the mouth made by the salivary glands. Saliva moistens food to help digestion and it helps protect the mouth against infections. Head and Neck Saliva Salivary gland secretion Portion of saliva SALIVA saliva Saliva (substance) Salivas Saliva Saliva 异丙肼 An irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase types A and B that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has also been used as an antitubercular agent, but its use is limited by its toxicity. Iprazid Iproniazid Product containing iproniazid (medicinal product) Ro 2-4572 Iproniazidum Rivivol Euphozid Iproniazida Iproniazid-containing product Iproniazid (substance) 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 2-(1-methylethyl)hydrazide 1-Isonicotinoyl-2-isopropylhydrazine Iproniazid 普罗帕酮 An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. propafenone Propafenona Product containing propafenone (medicinal product) Propafenone-containing product Propafenonum 1-(2-(2-hydroxy-3-(propylamino)propoxy)phenyl)-3-phenyl-1-propanone Fenoprain Propafenone (substance) (-)-Propafenone 2-(2-hydroxy-3-propylaminopropoxy)-ω-phenylpropiophenone 1-Propanone 1-(2-(2-hydroxy-3-(propylamino)propoxy)phenyl)-3-phenyl- Propafenone 睡眠卫生 Habits and practices conducive to getting the right amount and quality of sleep, and include responding to environmental factors that may influence one's sleep. Good Sleep Habits Sleep Hygiene Hygiene Sleep Habits Good Sleep Sleep Habits Good Good Sleep Habit Sleep Habit Good Habit Good Sleep Sleep hygiene 脑脊液检查 Cerebrospinal fluid examination (procedure) Cerebrospinal fluid examination Cerebrospinal fluid examination 冥想 A state of consciousness in which the individual eliminates environmental stimuli from awareness so that the mind can focus on a single thing, producing a state of relaxation and relief from stress. A wide variety of techniques are used to clear the mind of stressful outside interferences. It includes meditation therapy. (Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed) Meditation meditation Meditation China_expert_opinion_2015 如果妊娠期间发作控制不佳，需考虑可能与妊娠早期剧烈呕吐、依从性差等所致的血清药物浓度降低有关。应依据患者具体情况采取相应措施。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 血清 The clear portion of BLOOD that is left after BLOOD COAGULATION to remove BLOOD CELLS and clotting proteins. The clear portion of the blood that remains after the removal of the blood cells and the clotting proteins. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on current evidence, routine monitoring of serum AED levels in pregnancy is not recommended although individual circumstances may be taken into account. 【推荐等级：C】根据目前的证据，不建议常规监测妊娠期AEDs血清浓度。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Serum Portion of serum blood serum SERUM Serum Blood Serums Sera Blood serum Serum (substance) serum Blood Serum Serum 脑电图 Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. The neurophysiologic exploration of the electrical activity of the brain by the application of electrodes to the scalp. The resulting traces are known as an electroencephalogram (EEG). This test is used to assess brain damage, epilepsy and other problems. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY EEG electroencephalogram Electroencephalogram (procedure) electroencephalography Electroencephalography Electroencephalogram (EEG) Electroencephalogram EEG - Electroencephalography ELECTROENCEPHALOGR 脑电图和血药浓度有助于对患者进行管理。VPA血药浓度可以作为指导，但其个体差异很大，缺乏关于母体血药浓度与MCMs风险之间的关系的证据。建议将VPA水平根据临床反应维持在推荐治疗范围以下。脑电图并不是可靠的指标。 Patient management will vary across different national health systems. EEG recordings and plasma drug concentration measurements, for example, may be part of national epilepsy management guidelines. Plasma valproate levels may be used as a guide, but interindividual doses vary widely and defnitive data on the association between maternal plasma drug levels and MCM risks are lacking. The target valproate level can be maintained below the recommended therapeutic range, depending on clinical response. EEG recordings are not a reliable biomarker of clinical response, but they can be of help when interpreted by an epilepsy specialist. Family planning is important in patients taking AEDs. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. Recommendations for valproate switching and discontinuation in girls and WOCP with epilepsy 在更换或停用VPA之前，必须评估血浆VPA水平、患者体重、不良反应和病情严重程度。在换药期间，应加强对患者的管理，并监测/追踪（track）“轻微（minor）”发作（肌阵挛或失神发作）。如果全身性发作能够得到良好的控制，在评估了癫痫发作风险的情况下，轻微的发作可能是可以接受的。连续脑电图记录（包括重复光刺激和过度换气）对特发性全身发作是有用的。在换药期间检测到发作期间癫痫样活动增加（increased interictal epileptiform activity）或光阵发性反应的再现（reappearance of a photoparoxysmal response）表明治疗方案可能需要更改，以防止GTCS突破性发作（breakthrough GTCS）。 Plasma valproate levels, weight, adverse events, and epilepsy severity must all be assessed before switching or stopping valproate. During the switch, patient management should be intensified and “minor” seizures (myoclonic or absence seizures) tracked. Minor seizures may be acceptable when GTCS are well controlled and when the risks of having a seizure are considered (e.g., a car accident). Serial EEG recordings including repetitive photostimulation and hyperventilation maneuvers can be useful in patients with IGE. Detection of increased interictal epileptiform activity or reappearance of a photoparoxysmal response during the switching period may indicate that the treatment needs to revised to prevent breakthrough GTCS. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. Electroencephalography 二甲双胍 A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289) An agent belonging to the biguanide class of antidiabetics with antihyperglycemic activity. Metformin is associated with a very low incidence of lactic acidosis. This agent helps reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and is not associated with weight gain, and prevents the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Metformin is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Dimethylbiguanidine Dimethylbiguanid Metforminum Metformin Metformin (substance) Metformin-containing product Imidodicarbonimidic diamide NN-dimethyl- NN-dimethylbiguanide 11-Dimethylbiguanide Product containing metformin (medicinal product) Dimethylguanylguanidine Metformine NN-Dimethylimidodicarbonimidic Diamide Metformina HCl Metformin Metformin HCl Hydrochloride Metformin Glucophage Metformin Hydrochloride Metformin 氨基水杨酸 Salicylic acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Neutrogena Oil-Free Acne Wash Daily Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL CREAM [YES TO TOMATOES DAILY PORE SCRUB] SALICYLIC ACID 2.5 g in 127 g TOPICAL GEL [Biore Baking Soda Acne Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL CREAM [EVERY MAN JACK CHARCOAL FACE SCRUB] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SOLUTION [DT Exfoliating Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Up and Up Acne Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 7 mg in 354 mg TOPICAL GEL [Acne Body Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 20.6 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Charcoal Blackhead Clearing Scrub] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [Meijer oil Free Acne Wash Facial Cleanser Pink Grapefruit Acne medication] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Salicylic Face and Body Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg TOPICAL STRIP [Neutrogena Blackhead Eliminating strip to Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL CREAM [Awaken by Quality Choice Ultra Clean Daily Face Wash] salicylic acid 2 % Facial Scrub SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [Best Choice Oil-Free Acne Wash Foaming Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [Target Up and Up Oil Free Acne Wash Pink Grapefruit Foaming Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL CREAM [Oil Free Blackhead Removal Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Clarisonic Acne Daily Clarifying Cleanser] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Neutrogena Oil Free Acne Stress Control Power Clear Scrub] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Clean and Clear Advantage Acne Control 3 in 1 Foaming Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 2% TOP SOAP Salicylic Acid 2.5 g in 125 g TOPICAL LIQUID [OIL FREE ACNE SCRUB SALICYLIC ACID ACNE TREATMENT] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [OXY Volcanic Ash Acne Face Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Ultimate Daily Face Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [CVS Clarifying Body Wash Acne Treatment] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Neutrogena Oil Free Acne Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Acne Gel Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL SOLUTION [Basic Essentials Oil Free Acne Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [Neutrogena Oil Free Acne Wash Pink Grapefruit Cream Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Seacret Clear Active Clear Facial Wash] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Oil Free Acne Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL GEL [Neutrogena Acne Proofing daily scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [WALGREENS PINK GRAPEFRUIT] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL GEL [Clean and Clear acne triple clear cleanser] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SUSPENSION [Neutrogena Body Clear Body Wash - Pink Grapefruit] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [DAILY CARE FOAMING CLEANSER ACNE TREATMENT] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Alumier MD Acne Clarifying Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Acne Deep Pore Cleansing Wash] Salicylic Acid 0.02 mL in 1 mL TOPICAL SOAP [ST. IVES BODY WASH NATURALLY CLEAR SKIN GREEN TEA] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL SOAP [AXE Acne Control 2% Salicylic Acid] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL CREAM [Meijer Blackhead Clearing Scrub Acne medication] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL LIQUID Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SUSPENSION [Neutrogena Body Clear Body Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [CLARIFY BOTANICAL CLARIFYING WASH] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Hill Country Essentials] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Neutrogena Oil Free Acne Wash Pink Grapefruit Facial Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 0.02 g in 1 g TOPICAL LIQUID [Well at Walgreens Blemish and Blackhead Control Apricot] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL SOLUTION [Walgreens Oil-Free Acne Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [Neutrogena Oil Free Acne Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL CREAM [Aveeno Active naturals Clear Complexion Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SOLUTION [Dial Acne Control Deep Cleansing Body Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 2.0 mL in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Personal Care Oil-Free Acne Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [LOreal Go 360 Clean AntiBreakout Facial Cleanser] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL CREAM [CVS Oil Free Acne Cleanser Acne Treatment] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [WinCo Foods Oil Free Acne Wash with Pink Grapefruit Acne treatment] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [TARGET UP AND UP FOAMING BODY WASH ACNE TREATMENT] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL GEL [CLEAR UP Cleansing] Salicylic acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [Oil-Free Acne Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL CREAM [Blackhead Cleaning Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 0.02 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Micro Exfoliating Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Neutrogena Body Clear Body Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [WELL AT WALGREENS PINK GRAPEFRUIT] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Clean Acne] SALICYLIC ACID 3 g in 150 g TOPICAL GEL [Oil-Free Foaming Acne Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Neutrogena Blackhead Eliminating Daily Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL EMULSION [SIGNATURE CARE BLEMISH AND BLACKHEAD CONTROL] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL PASTE [Deep Pore Acne Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [ACNE PRONE] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL SOAP [CVS Pore Unclogging Scrub] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [Exfoliating Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 4 g in 200 g TOPICAL GEL [Meijer Ultimate] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL CREAM [Classic Care Apricot Scrub Blemish Control] salicylic acid 2 % Medicated Liquid Soap Salicylic acid 20.6 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [Oil Free Acne Wash] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Acne Cleanser Awaken by Quality Choice] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL LOTION [AL0076001 Alba Botanica Acnedote Deep Pore Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [CVS Clarifying Acne Body Wash-Pink Grapefruit Acne Treatment] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Neutrogena All in 1 Acne Control Daily Scrub] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Clean and Clear advantage acne control 3-in-1 foaming wash] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LOTION [Oil-Free Acne Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Neutrogena Oil-Free Acne Stress Control Power-Cream Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [CVS Oil Free Acne Facial Cleanser-Pink Grapefruit Acne Treatment] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Medicated Wash] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Rapid Action Daily Face Wash Daylogic] Salicylic acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Neutrogena Oil-Free Acne Wash Pink Grapefruit Foaming Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [KROGER DAILY FACE WASH] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL CREAM [CVS Health Blackhead Clearing Scrub Acne Medication] SALICYLIC ACID 0.02 kg in 1 kg TOPICAL LIQUID [Healthy Skin Cleanser] Salicylic Acid 0.02 mL in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Isomers Clear Skin Acne Treatment Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SOAP [Specific Beauty Clarifying Wash Acne Treatment Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [DAILY CLEANSER SALICYLIC ACID ACNE TREATMENT] SALICYLIC ACID 19.8 mg in 1 g TOPICAL GEL [Medicated Apricot Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 3.4 g in 168 g TOPICAL SOAP [Acne Control Body Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 2% SOAPTOP SALICYLIC ACID 3 g in 150 g TOPICAL GEL [Oil-Free Foaming Acne Wash Tea Tree Oil] SALICYLIC ACID 4 mg in 177 mg TOPICAL GEL [Oil-Free Foaming Acne Wash Facial Cleanser Tea Tree Oil] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Acne Defense Foaming Cleanser Merle Norman] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [ACNE DEFENSE FACE WASH] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL CREAM [MD ACNE Customized Hydrating Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SOLUTION [Aqua Plus Daily Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL EMULSION [Up and Up Blemish Controlling Apricot Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL RINSE [Perfect Purity Oil Free Acne Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [TRIDERMA PSORIASIS CONTROL BODY WASH] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Home Health Psoriasis Medicated Scalp and Body Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 2 mL in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [RITE AID RENEWAL ACNE] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [Meijer Clarifying Body Wash Acne Treatment] salicylic acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [SkinPharmacy Advanced Acne Therapy Clarifying Daily Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Skincoach CLEAN] SALICYLIC ACID 2 mL in 100 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Bioelements Amino Mask] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [Signature Care Oil Free Acne Wash Pink Grapefruit Foaming Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 19.4 mg in 1 g TOPICAL GEL [Blackhead Clearing Scrub] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [CVS Oil Free Acne Foaming Scrub-Pink Grapefruit Acne Medication] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL SOAP [Medicated Gel Cleanser -2% Salicylic Acid] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [Seacret Active Clear Facial Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Neutrogena Skin Polishing Acne Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 2 mL in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Oil Free Acne Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [PINK GRAPEFRUIT ACNE WASH] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Acne Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [TRIDERMA Acne Gel Face Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL CREAM [OXY Volcanic Clay Acne Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g Topical LIQUID [SLMD Salicylic Acid Body Wash] salicylic acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [SKIN PHARMACY ADVANCED ACNE THERAPY CLARIFYING DAILY CLEANSER] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SOLUTION [Acne Wash] salicylic acid 2 % Facial Cleanser Toner Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL GEL [Clean and Clear acne triple clear exfoliating scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL CREAM [SkinCeuticals Clarifying Exfoliating Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 5.3 g in 265 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Yes to tomatoes] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL CREAM [Clean and Clear blackhead eraser scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 4 g in 200 g TOPICAL GEL [Well at Walgreens Ultimate Daily] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LOTION/SHAMPOO [Proactiv Deep Cleansing Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Foaming Cleanser] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SOLUTION [Neutrogena Oil Free Acne Wash Redness Soothing Facial Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL CREAM [EVERY MAN JACK FACE WASH] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Acne Wash Oil-Free] SALICYLIC ACID 2.8 g in 141 g TOPICAL LIQUID [Biore Pore Unclogging Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Family Dollar Oil Free Acne Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL EMULSION [WALGREENS APRICOT SCRUB ACNE TREATMENT] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL AEROSOL FOAM [Clear Skin Days Clarifying Cleanser and Mask] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Dr. C. Tuna Acne Clear Complexion Cleanser] Salicylic acid 20.6 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LOTION [Acne Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL PASTE [EQUALINE] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SOLUTION [Clear Skin Acne Treatment Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Garnier Clean Blackhead Eliminating Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [CLINIQUE ACNE SOLUTIONS CLEANSING FOAM] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SOLUTION [Dial Acne Control Deep Cleansing Face Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Oxy Total Care Creamy Facial Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [Oil-Free Acne Wash Foaming Scrub] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Neutrogena Oil Free Acne Wash Pink Grapefruit Foaming Scrub] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Active Clear Facial Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Replenix Acne Solutions Gly-Sal 2-2 Foaming Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Tea Tree Daily Cleanser 6.4oz] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL CREAM [NELLY DEVUYST MASK BIOACNE] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [FEVANZON Amino Acid Cleanser] Salicylic Acid 0.02 mL in 1 mL TOPICAL EMULSION [ST. IVES BODY SCRUB NATURALLY CLEAR SKIN GREEN TEA] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SOLUTION [Neutrogena Body Clear Body Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL CREAM [Aveeno Clear Complexion Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [TAKE CONTROL CALMING CLEANSER] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Neutrogena Men Skin Clearing Acne Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 21 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Acne Scrub] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [Pink Grapefruit Foaming Acne Scrub daylogic] Salicylic Acid 0.02 mL in 1 mL TOPICAL SOAP [St. Ives Naturally Clear Green Tea Facial] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SOAP [CVS Clarifying Body Wash] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Acne Wash Daily Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [ACNE WASH] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Proactiv Gentle Formula Clarifying Cleanser] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL CREAM [X Out Daily Body Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 2 mL in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [Bioelements Spotless Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 0.2 mg in 100 mg TOPICAL RINSE [Blackhead clearing scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 4.3 g in 200 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Biore Blemish Fighting Ice Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Clarisonic Pore and Blemish Cleanser Acne Treatment] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [WALGREENS FOAMING BODY WASH ACNE TREATMENT] SALICYLIC ACID 0.02158 g in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [ACNE CLEANSING] SALICYLIC ACID 4 mg in 177 mg TOPICAL GEL [Oil-Free Foaming Acne Wash Facial Cleanser Grapefruit] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Quick Action] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [SIGNATURE CARE ACNE TREATMENT] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL SOLUTION [Oil-Free Acne Wash] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Proactiv Acne Body Wash] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL GEL [Neutrogena Rapid Clear Foaming Scrub] SALICYLIC ACID 2.0 g in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [PHARMA CLEAR CLEANSER] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Oil Free Daily Face Wash Awaken by Quality Choice] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL GEL [Zapzyt Acne Wash Cleanser] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Daily Face Wash CVS] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LOTION [SALICYLIC WASH] Salicylic Acid 30 mg in 1.5 mL TOPICAL LOTION [DHC Salicylic Acne Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Biore Witch Hazel Pore Clarifying Cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [START SO FRESH] Salicylic Acid 4 mL in 200 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [Glytone acne treatment facial cleanser] SALICYLIC ACID 2 mL in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [VIPER ACNE BODY WASH] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL CREAM [OXY Volcanic Ash Detox Scrub] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Neutrogena Oil Free Acne Wash Cleanser] Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL LOTION/SHAMPOO [Proactiv Deep Cleansing Body Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SOAP [CVS Daily Acne Clearing Scrub] salicylic acid 2 mL in 100 mL TOPICAL LIQUID [ACNE SOLUTIONS CLEANSING FOAM] Salicylic Acid 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL SUSPENSION [Neutrogena Body Clear Body Wash Pink Grapefruit] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL GEL [Neutrogena Acne Proofing cleanser] salicylic acid 20 MG/ML Medicated Liquid Soap Salicylic Acid 2 g in 100 mL TOPICAL GEL [Clearasil Active Deep Cleansing Face and Body Wash] SALICYLIC ACID 20 mg in 1 mL TOPICAL CREAM [Acne Cleanser W/ Salicylic Acid] SALICYLIC ACID 2 g in 100 g TOPICAL SOAP Salicylic Acid 0.02 mL in 1 mL TOPICAL SOAP [St. Ives Blemish and Blackhead Facial] Amino salicylic acid PHT可能不会渗透入母乳中或者渗透进入母乳的量不会引起临床表现 PHT probably cross the placenta in potentially clinically important amounts (one Class I and supporting Class II studies or two or more Class II studies). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 妊娠可能导致PHT清除率增加、血药浓度降低（一项Ⅰ类研究）。 Pregnancy probably causes an increase in the clearance and a decrease in the level of PHT during pregnancy (one Class I study). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 应考虑在妊娠期间监测PHT水平（Level B）。 Monitoring of PHT levels during pregnancy should be considered (Level B). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. ban she.女性患者尤其关注药物对容貌的影响，长期使用苯妥英可导致皮肤多毛症和齿龈增生，应尽可能避免长期使用。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu 抗癫痫药物与肥胖的关系：很多种AEDs，包括丙戊酸、卡马西平、苯妥英钠、加巴喷丁、氨己烯酸等都可能导致体重增加。其中丙戊酸导致的PCOS是青春期癫痫女性肥胖的重要原因。体重增加也常使癫痫患者的依从性下降或中断治疗。因此，选择AEDs需对药效和药物不良反应综合考虑。用药期间还应定期监测患者身高、体重、体质指数、血脂、血糖等指标，以指导癫痫患者体重的控制。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 根据EURAP已知的MCM风险，推荐4种AEDs作为局灶性癫痫的替代物：左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪、奥卡西平、卡马西平。其中对卡马西平的剂量限制尤为重要。不推荐使用托吡酯、苯妥英和巴比妥酸盐。 Four AEDs can be recommended as alternatives for focal epilepsy based on known risks of MCMs from the EURAP registry. These are levetiracetam, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and carbamazepine. Dose restriction is especially important in carbamazepine. Topiramate, phenytoin, and barbiturates cannot be recommended due to their teratogenic potential. There are insufficient data for the remaining AEDs, but this does not mean they are safe. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 对新生儿应观察是否出现与AEDs相关的副作用，如苯巴比妥可导致新生儿觉醒程度降低和嗜睡，丙戊酸可能与新生儿易激惹相关，拉莫三嗪可能会诱发新生儿皮疹。与透过胎盘屏障的药物浓度相比，丙戊酸、苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、托吡酯等药物在母体乳汁内的药物浓度较低，对胎儿的影响相对较小，但左乙拉西坦在乳汁内浓度较高，相关风险有待进一步临床研究证实。大部分患者在医生指导下，可进行母乳喂养。在母乳喂养过程中，如出现长时间的镇静、对喂养不感兴趣、体质量不增加等表现，则应立即停止母乳喂养。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 对于分娩期间出现剧烈呕吐无法服药的患者，可暂予注射苯妥英钠替代口服以控制发作。 对于之前已经口服苯妥英钠的患者，可予相同剂量苯妥英钠分次静脉注射；若患者之前服用其他AEDs，可给予苯妥英钠15～20mg/kg负荷剂量静脉注射后，再给予8mg／(kg·d) 的剂量分两次维持(≤25mg／min)，同时需严密监测患者发作情况。 若患者漏服AEDs>12h，应立即就诊，必要时可考虑苯妥英钠注射。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 卡马西平、奥卡西平、苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、托吡酯等肝微粒体酶诱导的AEDs，可透过胎盘促进胎儿体内维生素K1氧化降解，导致新生儿出血性疾病的风险增加。建议患者在妊娠最后一个月，每日口服20 mg维生素K1，以减少胎儿发生出血性疾病的风险。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 与GBP、LTGT和PM等新型AEDs相比，传统AEDs（PTH、PB、CBZ、VPA）并不会大量转移到母乳中（Level Ⅱ-Ⅲ）。 First-generation AEDs (PTH, PB, CBZ, and VPA) are not transferred into breast milk in clinically significant amounts, in contrast with GBP, LTG, and TPM16 (LE II-III). Experience with novel AEDs is limited. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 妊娠期AEDs水平可能会发生波动，已观察到PHT、CBZ和LTG清除率增加，且存在较大的个体差异，因此专家建议至少每季度监测一次这些AEDs血药浓度（experts recommend monitoring those levels at least quarterly）。条件允许的话，也可以对LEV和OXC的血药浓度（剂量）进行控制。 Plasma levels of AEDs can change during pregnancy. Increased clearance of PHT, CBZ, and LTG with considerable inter-individual variability is observed, so experts recommend monitoring those levels at least quarterly. Controlling plasma levels or adjusting doses of LEV and OXC is also needed when possible. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 苯妥英钠 An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The sodium salt form of phenytoin, a hydantoin derivate and non-sedative antiepileptic agent with anticonvulsant activity. Phenytoin sodium promotes sodium efflux from neurons located in the motor cortex, thereby stabilizing the neuron and inhibiting synaptic transmission. This leads to a reduction in posttetanic potentiation at synapses, an inhibition of repetitive firing of action potentials and ultimately inhibits the spread of seizure activity. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 55-Diphenyl-24-imidazolidinedione Monosodium Salt phenytoin sodium Diphenylhydantoin sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Sodium Phenytoin sodium (substance) Dilantin Sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Dihydan Diphenylhydantoin Hydantol Epanutin Difenin 55-diphenylimidazolidine-24-dione Fenitoin Antisacer 55-Diphenylhydantoin Epamin Phenytoin sodium 接纳与承诺疗法 Contextually focused form of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy that uses MINDFULNESS and behavioral activation to increase patients' psychological flexibility in areas such as ability to engage in values-based, positive behaviors while experiencing difficult thoughts, emotions, or sensations. relaxation therapy Relaxation training therapy (regime/therapy) RT - Relaxation training Relaxation program relaxation training THER RELAXATION Relaxation programme Relaxation/breathing techniques treatments and procedures RELAXATION THER Relaxation training therapy "acceptance and commitment therapy": { "key2": "Acceptance and commitment therapy" "MSH Definition": "Contextually focused form of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy that uses MINDFULNESS and behavioral activation to increase patients psychological flexibility in areas such as ability to engage in values-based positive behaviors while experiencing difficult thoughts emotions or sensations." Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Acceptance and commitment therapy (regime/therapy) Acceptance and commitment therapy 偏头痛的治疗药物 Medication for Migraine Doose综合征 A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic. Women and girls should be reassured that there is no evidence that focal[20],absence and myoclonic seizures affect the pregnancy or developing fetus adversely unless they fall and sustain an injury. [2004, amended 2012] 应该向女性患者保证，没有证据表明局灶性[20]、失神和肌阵挛发作会对妊娠或胎儿发育产生不利影响，除非她们跌倒并受伤。 [2004 年，2012 年修订] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 Epilepsy Myoclonic Myoclonic Epilepsies Myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonic Seizure Disorder Myoclonic Seizure Disorders Seizure Disorder Myoclonic Seizure Disorders Myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonus Myoclonus Epilepsies Myoclonus Epilepsy Idiopathic Myoclonic Epilepsy Epilepsies Idiopathic Myoclonic Epilepsy Idiopathic Myoclonic Idiopathic Myoclonic Epilepsies Myoclonic Epilepsies Idiopathic Myoclonic Epilepsy Idiopathic Cryptogenic Myoclonic Epilepsy Cryptogenic Myoclonic Epilepsies Epilepsies Cryptogenic Myoclonic Epilepsy Cryptogenic Myoclonic Myoclonic Epilepsies Cryptogenic Myoclonic Epilepsy Cryptogenic Myoclonic Absence Epilepsy Epilepsies Myoclonic Absence Epilepsy Myoclonic Absence Myoclonic Absence Epilepsies Epilepsy Myoclonic Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy Infantile Epilepsies Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy Infantile Myoclonic Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsies Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonic Epilepsies Infantile Myoclonic Encephalopathy Encephalopathies Myoclonic Myoclonic Encephalopathies Encephalopathy Myoclonic Symptomatic Myoclonic Epilepsy Epilepsies Symptomatic Myoclonic Epilepsy Symptomatic Myoclonic Myoclonic Epilepsies Symptomatic Myoclonic Epilepsy Symptomatic Symptomatic Myoclonic Epilepsies Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonic Epilepsy Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy Infantile Benign Epilepsy Myoclonic Infantile Benign Early Childhood Epilepsy Myoclonic Myoclonic Epilepsy Early Childhood Epilepsy Myoclonic Early Childhood Early Childhood Myoclonic Epilepsy Epilepsy Early Childhood Myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonic Infantile Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy Infantile Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy Severe Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy Severe Of Infancy Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy Infantile Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy Of Infancy Dravet Syndrome Dravet Syndromes Infantile Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy Severe Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsy Astatic Epilepsies Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsy Myoclonic Epilepsies Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsy Myoclonic Astatic Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsies Doose Syndrome Epilepsy with myoclonic atonic seizures 进行性肌阵挛癫痫 A heterogeneous group of primarily familial EPILEPSY disorders characterized by myoclonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, ataxia, progressive intellectual deterioration, and neuronal degeneration. These include LAFORA DISEASE; MERRF SYNDROME; NEURONAL CEROID-LIPOFUSCINOSIS; sialidosis (see MUCOLIPIDOSES), and UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SYNDROME. A rare group of disorders characterized by the development of myoclonic and tonic-clonic epileptic seizures associated with progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Epilepsy Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy progressive myoclonic Epilepsies Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy Progressive Myoclonus Myoclonus Epilepsies Progressive Progressive myoclonic epilepsy Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Progressive myoclonic epilepsy (disorder) Progressive myoclonus epilepsy Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies Epilepsies Progressive Myoclonic MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY PROGRESSIVE Myoclonic epilepsy progressive Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsies Myoclonic Epilepsy Progressive PME Myoclonic Epilepsies Progressive PROGRESSIVE MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY Progressive myoclonic epilepsies 游离药物浓度 The maximum concentration represented by the unbound fraction of drug, occurring at Tmax. (CDISC) CMAXUB Maximum Concentration of Unbound Drug Max Conc Unbound Drug Unbound concentration Landau-Kleffner 综合征 A syndrome characterized by the onset of isolated language dysfunction in otherwise normal children (age of onset 4-7 years) and epileptiform discharges on ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Seizures, including atypical absence (EPILEPSY, ABSENCE), complex partial (EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL), and other types may occur. The electroencephalographic abnormalities and seizures tend to resolve by puberty. The language disorder may also resolve although some individuals are left with severe language dysfunction, including APHASIA and auditory AGNOSIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp749-50; J Child Neurol 1997 Nov;12(8):489-495). A rare childhood syndrome characterized by the progressive or sudden inability to understand and use spoken language (aphasia) and paroxysmal electrical brain waves. Patients develop epileptic seizures and behavioral changes. Syndrome Landau-Kleffner Epileptiform Aphasia Acquired LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROME Acquired epileptiform aphasia Epileptic Aphasias Acquired Landau-Kleffner Acquired Epileptiform Aphasia Aphasia Acquired Epileptic Acquired Epileptiform Aphasia Acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder Landau Kleffner Syndrome Aphasia Epileptic Acquired Aphasia Acquired With Convulsive Disorder Acquired Childhoood Aphasia with Convulsive Disorder Acquired Aphasia with Convulsive Disorder Landau-Kleffner Syndrome Landau Kleffner Acquired Epileptiform Aphasia LKS Acquired Epileptic Aphasia Acquired epileptic aphasia (disorder) Epileptic Aphasia Acquired Acquired aphasia with epilepsy [Landau-Kleffner] Acquired aphasia with epilepsy Acquired Epileptic Aphasias Aphasia co-occurrent with epilepsy ACQUIRED CHILDHOOD APHASIA WITH CONVULSIVE DIS Acquired Epileptiform Aphasias Acquired epileptic aphasia Landau-Kleffner syndrome Epileptiform Aphasias Acquired Landau-Kleffner syndrome 经母乳接触PB、PRM和BZD，新生儿可能出现嗜睡和易怒以及喂养困难，需密切监测不良反应。 Regarding breastfeeding and PB, PRM, and BZD, the newborn may present drowsiness and irritability, and experience difficulty suckling, so close monitoring for adverse effects is needed. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 苯二氮卓类 A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Drugs from this chemical class are used for their central nervous system depressant properties including sedation, facilitation of sleep, seizure control, general anesthesia, anxiolytic, amnestic, and for detoxification from similar (cross tolerant) drugs [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Long-acting benzodiazepines such as clobazam can be considered if there is a very high risk of seizures in the peripartum period. 【推荐等级：D】如果WWE在围产期癫痫发作的风险很高，可以考虑服用长效苯二氮卓类药物，如氯巴占。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:CD Seizures in labour should be terminated as soon as possible to avoid maternal and fetal hypoxia and fetal acidosis. Benzodiazepines are the drugs of choice. 【推荐等级：D】应尽快终止生产过程中的癫痫发作，以避免母婴缺氧和胎儿酸中毒。首选苯二氮卓类药物。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepine (substance) Benzodiazepine-containing product Product containing benzodiazepine (product) Benzodiazepines BENZODIAZEPINE CPDS Benzodiazepine Compounds benzodiazepine benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines 罗哌卡因 An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons. 1 Propyl 26 pipecoloxylidide Product containing ropivacaine (medicinal product) Ropivacaine (substance) ropivacaine Ropivacainum Ropivacaine-containing product (-)-1-Propyl-26-pipecoloxylidide (-)-1-Propyl-26-dimethyl-2-piperidylcarboxyanilid 2-Piperidinecarboxamide N-(26-dimethylphenyl)-1-propyl- ROPIVACAINE (S)-ropivacaine Ropivacaina 1-Propyl-26-pipecoloxylidide Ropivacaine (S)-(-)-1-propyl-26-pipecoloxylidide L-N-n-propylpipecolic acid-26-xylidide Ropivacaine 运动症状起病 A generalized tonic-clinic seizure, characterized by loss of consciousness. This type of seizure may be preceded by an aura and is frequently followed by a period of confusion and lethargy (post-ictal state). Seizure Tonic Clonic Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) Tonic-Clonic Seizures Generalized Grand mal seizures Generalized tonic-clonic seizure (without specification of onset) Grand mal seizure Grand mal convulsion Seizure Generalized Tonic-Clonic Tonic-Clonic Seizure Generalized Generalised tonic-clonic seizures Generalized tonic-clonic seizure Seizures generalized tonic-clonic Tonic-Clonic Seizure Seizure grand mal Seizures Tonic-Clonic Tonic Clonic Seizures Grand mal epileptic fit Convulsion grand mal Tonic-Clonic Seizures Generalized tonic clonic seizures Tonic-clonic convulsions Generalized onset motor seizure Grand Mal Seizure Seizures clonic-tonic Seizure Tonic-Clonic Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Tonic Clonic Seizure Clonic Seizures Tonic Seizures generalized tonic-clonic (GTCS) Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures Generalized clonic-tonic seizures Generalized-onset motor seizure Clonic-tonic convulsions Tonic/ clonic convulsions Generalised tonic-clonic seizure (without specification of onset) Grand mal Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure Seizure(s) Grand Mal Grand mal seizure NOS Seizures tonic-clonic grand mal seizure Major convulsion Clonic Seizure Tonic Tonic-clonic seizures Bilateral convulsive seizures Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure Generalized convulsion Tonic - clonic seizures Grand mal seizures unspecified (with or without petit mal) Convulsions grand mal Grand mal fit Generalised tonic-clonic seizure Grand-Mal Seizure Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Tonic-clonic seizure (finding) Grand Mal Tonic-clonic seizure SEIZURE GRAND MAL Generalised-onset motor seizure Generalized tonic-clonic seizures Tonic-clonic convulsion Generalised onset motor seizure Grand Mal Seizure 维生素A Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products. A compound containing vitamin A, a natural, fat-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in a variety of physiologic processes including immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular growth and differentiation. Upon administration, the various forms of vitamin A are solubilized into micelles in the intestinal lumen and absorbed by duodenal mucosal cells. Avibon Axerophthol VIATMIN A vitamin A Vitamin A USP Lard-Factor all-trans-retinol Biosterol Vitamin A Avitol Retinol all trans- Micelle A Arovit Vitamin A1 Aquasol A Mulsal A Megadosis VITAMIN A 37-Dimethyl-9-(266-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2468-nonatetraen-1-ol Ledovit A Antixerophthalmic Vitamin Oleovitamin A Ido A 50 Vitaminum A Vitaminoftalmina Rinocusi Vitaminico Biovit-A Lard Factor Anti-Infective Vitamin Vitamin A Alcohol Vogan Del-Vi-A A 313 Idrurto A Del-VI-A Vitamin A Compound Ophthalamin Pedi-Vit-A Antixerophthalmic vitamin Axerophtholum Axerol Anti-Infective vitamin VitaminA 腹腔镜可调节胃绑带术 Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (procedure) Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding 改良电抽搐治疗 Modified electric convulsive treatment (MECT), also known as non-convulsive (NC)-ECT, is considered an important physical therapy for mental diseases with the advantages of safety, quick-acting and efficiency, albeit the mechanism of NC-ECT is not clear. ] [Synonym: non-convulsive electric convulsive treatment MECT Modified electric convulsive therapy 卡马西平 A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties. A tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine Carbamazepine (substance) TEGretol Carbamazepen Carbamazepin 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Carbamazepine 169864 Carbamazepine Anhydrous Carbamazepina 5-Carbamyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine CBZ Carbamazepinum 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine Carbamazepine-containing product Carbamazépine 298-46-4 Product containing carbamazepine (medicinal product) 5-carbamoyl-5H-dibenz[bf]azepine Epitol Finlepsin Carbamazepine Dihydrate Carbamazepine Hydrochloride Neurotol Carbamazepine L-Tartrate (4:1) Carbamazepine Acetate Carbamazepine Sulfate (2:1) Carbamazepine Phosphate Carbazepin Amizepine Carbamazepine 神经干细胞移植 Self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA. A stem cell derived from embryonic sources or found in adult neural tissue. It has the capacity to generate all the multiple cell types found in the brain and spinal cord. Neural stem cells 维拉帕米 A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. A phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocking agent. Verapamil inhibits the transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium ions into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, causing dilatation of the main coronary and systemic arteries and decreasing myocardial contractility. This agent also inhibits the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein which is overexpressed in some multi-drug resistant tumors and may improve the efficacy of some antineoplastic agents. (NCI04) Verapamilum Iproveratril alpha-[3-[[2-(34-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]methylamino]propyl]-34-dimethoxy-alpha-(1-methylethyl)benzeneacetonitrile Verapamil 52-53-9 Verapamil-containing product Verapamil (substance) Benzeneacetonitrile alpha-(3-((2-(34-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl)methylamino)propyl)-34-dimethoxy-alpha-(1-methylethyl)- Verapamil SR Vérapamil Product containing verapamil (medicinal product) Verapamilo Verapamil 运动障碍 Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. Neurological conditions resulting in abnormal voluntary or involuntary movement, which may impact the speed, fluency, quality and ease of movement. Dyskinesia Syndrome Dyskinesia syndrome MOVEMENT DISORDER Dyskinesia Syndromes Movement Disorder Movement disorder (NOS) MOVEMENT DIS MOVEMENT DISORDERS MOVEMENT DISORDER (NOS) movement disorder MOVEMENT DIS SYNDROMES DYSKINESIA SYNDROME Movement Disorder Syndromes Movement disorder NOS Abnormality of movement Movements disturbance NOS Movement disorder Unusual movement Movement Disorder Syndrome Movement disorder (disorder) Movement Disorders Movement abnormalities Unusual movements Movement disorders Movement disorders 体格检查 Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. A systemic evaluation of the body and its functions using visual inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. The purpose is to determine the presence or absence of physical signs of disease or abnormality for an individual's health assessment. assessment General Examination Physical Assessment Physical assessment (procedure) PHYSICAL EXAM Physical examination procedure PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Examination Physical assessment Physical Examination Examination - action Exams Physical physical_exam Exam Physical Examination of patient Physical PE - Physical examination Assessment General physical examination Physical Exam Examination - action (qualifier value) Physical Exams Examinations Physical physical exam EXAM PHYSICAL Clinical examination Physical examination -action Physical examination NOS physical examination Physical Examinations Physical examination Physical examination procedure (procedure) Clinical examination - action Examination Physical General physical exam Physical examination 部分性癫痫发作 A transitory alteration in movement, sensation or autonomic nerve function due to abnormal electric activity in a localized area of the cerebral cortex, usually without change in awareness or alertness. Symptoms vary with different lesion locations and may include but not limited to the motor (e.g. rhythmic muscle contractions in one area of the body), somatosensory and sensory alterations manifested by abnormal numbness, paresthesias or other hallucinations, including several types of aura; autonomic and psychic symptoms, e.g. with changes in speech, thought, personality, mood, sensation of deja vu or hallucinations. Partial seizures Seizure Focal Focal Seizure Focal onset seizure Focal-onset seizure Seizures focal Focal Seizures Partial seizure Partial seizures NOS Seizures partial afebrile FOCAL SEIZURE Seizures partial Partial Seizure Focal seizure Seizure affecting one half of brain Focal fits Focal-onset seizures Partial Seizures Convulsions local CONVULSIONS LOCAL Focal seizures Seizures Focal Seizure Partial Partial seizure 未知病因 Unknown means that the cause of the epilepsy is not yet known. There remain many patients with epilepsy for whom the cause is not known. In this category it is not possible to make a specific diagnosis apart from the basic electroclinical semiology such as frontal lobe epilepsy. The extent to which a cause can be found depends on the extent of the evaluation available to the patient. This differs across different health care settings and countries and hopefully will improve over time in resource poor countries. U Unk Not known Unknown NOS unknown unknown Unknown/Not Stated Unknown (qualifier value) ? = Unknown Not Known {Unknown} UNK UNKNOWN Unknown 导致多囊卵巢综合征的抗癫痫药物 ASMs that can increase the risks of polycystic ovarian syndrome Antiseizure medications causing polycystic ovary syndrome 神经导航术 Intraoperative computer-assisted 3D navigation and guidance system generally used in neurosurgery for tracking surgical tools and localize them with respect to the patient's 3D anatomy. The pre-operative diagnostic scan is used as a reference and is transferred onto the operative field during surgery. Stereotaxy Frameless Neuronavigation Frameless Stereotaxy Neuronavigation 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. The sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproate sodium is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, valproate sodium increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproate sodium may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 卡马西平 A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties. A tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine Carbamazepine (substance) TEGretol Carbamazepen Carbamazepin 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Carbamazepine 169864 Carbamazepine Anhydrous Carbamazepina 5-Carbamyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine CBZ Carbamazepinum 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine Carbamazepine-containing product Carbamazépine 298-46-4 Product containing carbamazepine (medicinal product) 5-carbamoyl-5H-dibenz[bf]azepine Epitol Finlepsin Carbamazepine Dihydrate Carbamazepine Hydrochloride Neurotol Carbamazepine L-Tartrate (4:1) Carbamazepine Acetate Carbamazepine Sulfate (2:1) Carbamazepine Phosphate Carbazepin Amizepine Carbamazepine 氟哌利多 A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593) A butyrophenone with anti-emetic, sedative and anti-anxiety properties. Although the exact mechanism through which droperidol exerts its effects is unknown, droperidol may block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), which may lead to its anti-emetic effect. This agent may also bind to postsynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), which increases the inhibitory effect of GABA and leads to sedative and anti-anxiety activities. Droperidol (substance) Droperidolo Product containing droperidol (medicinal product) Dropéridol 1-{1-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]-1236-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl}-23-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-one Inapsine droperidol Dehidrobenzperidol Dehydrobenzperidol 2H-Benzimidazol-2-one 1-(1-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl)-1236-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-13-dihydro- 1-(1-(3-(p-fluorobenzoyl)propyl)-1236-tetrahydro-4-pyridyl)-2-benzimidazolinone 169874 548-73-2 1-{1-[4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyl]-1236-tetrahydro-pyridin-4-yl}-13-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one 1-(1-(4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl)-1236-tetrahydro-4-pyridyl)-2-benzimidazolinone Droperidol-containing product Droperidolum Droperidol 人际关系治疗 a form of psychotherapy that focuses on relieving symptoms by improving interpersonal functioning参考PMID: 24100081 Interpersonal relationship therapy 致畸风险较低的抗癫痫药物 Antiseizure medications with lower risk of teratogenicity Antiepileptic drugs with lower risk of teratogenicity Antiseizure medications with lower risk of teratogenicity 非氨酯 A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY. A propanediol compound with anticonvulsant and antiepileptic properties. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, Felbamate may be an antagonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine-recognition site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-ionophore complex, thereby blocking the effects of the excitatory amino acids, suppressing neuronal firing, and preventing seizure activity. Felbamate also has weak inhibitory effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor binding sites which may contribute to its inhibitory effect on neuronal excitatory. Felbatol FELBAMATE Felbamate 2 Phenyl 13 propanediol dicarbamate Felbamato Product containing felbamate (medicinal product) carbamic acid 2-phenyltrimethylene ester 2-Phenyl-13-propanediol dicarbamate 13-Propanediol 2-phenyl- dicarbamate Felbamate-containing product Carbamic acid 3-carbamoyloxy-2-phenyl-propyl ester 2-Phenyl-13-propanediol Dicarbamate (3-Carbamoyloxy-2-phenyl-propyl) carbamate Carbamic Acid 2-phenyltrimethylene Ester Felbamatum felbamate 2-phenyl-13-propanediol dicarbamate Felbamate (substance) Felbamate 钙通道阻滞剂 A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes. A pharmaceutical agent that inhibits the movement of calcium across through calcium channels in the cell membrane, preventing or decreasing the amount of calcium able to enter the cell. These drugs are used for their chronotropic, antihypertensive and vasodilatory effects. Calcium Channel Blocker CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS Calcium Antagonists Exogenous EXOGENOUS CA INHIB CA BLOCK EXOGENOUS Antagonists Exogenous Calcium Exogenous Calcium Inhibitors Blockers Calcium Channel calcium antagonist CA ANTAG EXOGENOUS CA CHANNEL BLOCK Calcium Channel Blocking Drug Exogenous Calcium Blockaders Calcium Inhibitors Exogenous Calcium Inhibitor Exogenous Substance with calcium channel blocker mechanism of action (substance) EXOGENOUS CA ANTAG Calcium Channel Antagonists CHANNEL BLOCK CA Product containing calcium channel blocker (product) Calcium Channel Antagonist CCB Exogenous Calcium Antagonists Channel Blocker Calcium Calcium channel blocker-containing product Blockader Exogenous Calcium EXOGENOUS CA BLOCK CA INHIB EXOGENOUS Substance with calcium channel blocker mechanism of action Calcium Channel Blocking Drugs Exogenous Calcium Inhibitor Calcium Blockader Exogenous Calcium Channel Blocker [EPC] Channel Blockers Calcium Blocker Calcium Channel Channel Antagonist Calcium Antagonists Calcium Channel Calcium Blockaders Exogenous Antagonist Calcium Channel Exogenous Calcium Blockader Inhibitor Exogenous Calcium Calcium channel blockers 铋剂 A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209. An element with atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83, and atomic weight 208.98. BISMUTH Bismuth (substance) Bismuth-containing product Product containing bismuth (medicinal product) Bi - Bismuth Bi element Bi Bismuth Metallicum Bismuth 局灶性起源 A transitory alteration in movement, sensation or autonomic nerve function due to abnormal electric activity in a localized area of the cerebral cortex, usually without change in awareness or alertness. Symptoms vary with different lesion locations and may include but not limited to the motor (e.g. rhythmic muscle contractions in one area of the body), somatosensory and sensory alterations manifested by abnormal numbness, paresthesias or other hallucinations, including several types of aura; autonomic and psychic symptoms, e.g. with changes in speech, thought, personality, mood, sensation of deja vu or hallucinations. Women and girls should be reassured that there is no evidence that focal[20],absence and myoclonic seizures affect the pregnancy or developing fetus adversely unless they fall and sustain an injury. [2004, amended 2012] 应该向女性患者保证，没有证据表明局灶性[20]、失神和肌阵挛发作会对妊娠或胎儿发育产生不利影响，除非她们跌倒并受伤。 [2004 年，2012 年修订] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 A history of epilepsy alone is not an indication for delivery by Caesarean section. Elective Caesarean section should be considered if there have been frequent tonic-clonic or prolonged focal seizures during the third trimester of pregnancy in order to avoid adverse outcomes associated with intrapartum seizures. 癫痫病史并不是剖腹产的指征。如果在妊娠晚期有频繁的强直-阵挛发作或持续时间较长的局灶性癫痫发作，应考虑择期剖宫产，以避免产时癫痫发作带来不良后果。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Partial seizures NOS Partial seizure Focal Seizures Seizure Partial Focal-onset seizure Focal-onset seizures Seizure Focal Partial Seizure Focal fits Seizures partial Convulsions local Focal onset seizure CONVULSIONS LOCAL Focal Seizure Partial seizures Focal seizure FOCAL SEIZURE Focal seizures Seizure affecting one half of brain Seizures focal Seizures partial afebrile Partial Seizures Seizures Focal 对于患有局灶性癫痫的计划怀孕并母乳喂养的女性患者，奥卡西平为首选治疗方案，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦也是治疗选择；卡马西平、拉考沙胺、艾司利卡西平和唑尼沙胺为二线选择。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice, with oxcarbazepine considered first-line treatment. Carbamazepine, lacosamide, eslicarbazepine, and zonisamide were considered second-line options. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. Focal seizures 运动治疗 Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure. Activity that requires physical or mental exertion, especially when performed to develop or maintain fitness. Physical exercises (regime/therapy) physical conditioning physical exercise Exercises Physical Exercises Activity Physical Physical Activity Physical exercises Activities Physical Physical Activities Physical exercise (observable entity) Exercise Type Exercise Exercise Physical Exercise (observable entity) Exercise 孕前咨询：告知患者癫痫发作及AEDs对妊娠及胎儿风险。妊娠期使用AEDs可能对癫痫女性后代智力发育造成影响，尤其是苯巴比妥和丙戊酸。目前尚无足够的证据来评估新型AEDs（加巴喷丁、左乙拉西坦、噻加宾、托吡酯、氨己烯酸）的致畸性。大剂量丙戊酸（超过800mg/天）以及联合丙戊酸的多药治疗的致畸风险明显增加；告知患者补充叶酸和维生素K的必要性。如果孕妇或者配偶有癫痫疾病，尤其是有特发性癫痫及癫痫及相关遗传病家族史者，应当进行遗传咨询。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 妊娠：孕妇除定期进行产科检查外，还应定期就诊于癫痫专科医生；根据临床发作情况及时调整AEDs的剂量，尽量减少和避免发作，尤其是全面性强直-阵挛发作。孕妇也需要了解，没有证据表明局灶性、失神以及肌阵挛性发作会影响妊娠期与发育阶段的胎儿，除非患者跌倒或者受到了伤害；如果妊娠期间发作控制不佳，要充分考虑到妊娠相关因素的影响，如剧烈呕吐、依从性差等；妊娠16-20周时应该对胎儿进行详细的超声波检查，及时发现可能存在的畸形。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 分娩：应当由产科医师与癫痫专科医师共同诊疗妊娠的癫痫患者。大部分癫痫产妇都能正常分娩，但是疼痛、压力、睡眠不足、过度换气等因素都增加了分娩期发作的危险；建议应当在配备有孕妇及新生儿复苏条件，以及紧急处理母亲癫痫发作的相应专业人士、设备的产科监护室内进行；分娩过程中及分娩后应该按时、按量服用AEDs，如果不能及时口服AEDs，应该通过其他途径给予足量AEDs；在分娩过程中，一旦出现癫痫发作，应该尽快采取措施终止发作，可选用地西泮或劳拉西泮静脉注射；如果发作持续，应该按照癫痫持续状态处理；同时采取措施尽快结束分娩，并作好新生儿抢救准备。 哺乳：绝大多数AEDs可以通过乳汁分泌，但是乳汁中AEDs的浓度相对比较低；对于绝大多数服用AEDs的妇女来说，哺乳相对是安全的，应当鼓励母乳喂养；注意婴儿的不良反应，如易激惹、睡眠不良、体重减轻或镇静、肌张力降低、吸吮无力、进食困难等现象。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. What is the risk of hemorrhagic disease in neonates born to WWE taking AS5Co3HiyK6mRk9dYmmxY2D5NpfxTnLdho 结论：没有足够的证据明确服用AEDs的WWE的新生儿发生新生儿出血性疾病的风险增加（一项Ⅱ类研究） 建议：应告知妊娠期或有怀孕计划的WWE，目前没有足够的证据显示服用AEDs与新生儿出血性疾病的风险增加有关（Level U）。 Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to determine if the risk of neonatal hemorrhagic complications in the newborns of WWE taking AEDs issubstantially increased (one inadequately sensitive Class II study). Recommendation: Counseling of WWE who are pregnant or are contemplating pregnancy should reflect that there is insufficient evidence to support or refute an increased risk of hemorrhagic complications in the newborns of WWE taking AEDs (Level U). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. What is the risk of hemorrhagic disease in neonates born to WWE taking AS5Co3HiyK6mRk9dYmmxY2D5NpfxTnLdho 结论：没有足够的证据明确服用AEDs的WWE的新生儿发生新生儿出血性疾病的风险增加（一项Ⅱ类研究） 建议：应告知妊娠期或有怀孕计划的WWE，目前没有足够的证据显示服用AEDs与新生儿出血性疾病的风险增加有关（Level U）。 Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to determine if the risk of neonatal hemorrhagic complications in the newborns of WWE taking AEDs issubstantially increased (one inadequately sensitive Class II study). Recommendation: Counseling of WWE who are pregnant or are contemplating pregnancy should reflect that there is insufficient evidence to support or refute an increased risk of hemorrhagic complications in the newborns of WWE taking AEDs (Level U). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 女性癫痫患者在产后仍应继续服用AEDs。 8soCfP12Ph19mi914zQaZz2KsGGtcANVhVVfKAnmVRqM 通常建议在产后数周内，逐渐减量至妊娠前水平。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 绝经期女性癫痫患者的骨质疏松问题也不容忽视，老龄、绝经和部分AEDs的不良反应都是骨质疏松发生的原因。因此，对更年期癫痫女性推荐应用无肝酶诱导作用的AEDs。并且对长期服用AEDs的绝经期及绝经后癫痫女性常规监测骨密度，鼓励其改变生活习惯来预防和阻止骨质疏松的发展，如适度增加体育锻炼；补充钙剂及维生素D；此外二膦酸盐、降钙素、雷洛昔芬都是可能的有效选择。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 几乎所有AEDs都可通过血液进入母乳，使接受母乳喂养的婴儿间接获得AEDs。但目前普遍认为母乳喂养利大于弊，故提倡母乳喂养。母乳中AEDs浓度既受母亲血药浓度的影响，也受AEDs母乳通过率的影响，故母亲在哺乳期应服用可控制癫痫发作的AEDs最小剂量，同时应选择母乳通过率较低的药物以降低对婴儿的影响，如拉莫三嗪、氯巴占、奥卡西平等。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 生育期女性癫痫患者应向癫痫专科医生和产科医生进行孕前咨询，了解与癫痫相关的妊娠并发症和AEDs可能存在的致畸作用，以便依据个体情况对是否怀孕做出选择。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 如果患者最近两至三年均无发作，且脑电图正常，在告知癫痫复发对患者及胎儿的影响后，可以考虑逐步停药。否则，应当对病情进行综合评估，并依据患者的癫痫发作类型，选取最小剂量AEDs控制发作，并尽可能采取单药治疗方案。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 建议：(1)所有AEDs调整最好在受孕前完成；(2)尽量在癫痫发作控制稳定后开始备孕，尤其是对于全身强直阵-挛性发作患者；(3)尽可能避免使用丙戊酸、扑痢酮、苯巴比妥等；(4)尽量将AEDs调整至单药治疗的最低有效剂量。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 目前临床所使用的AEDs几乎都能透过胎盘屏障。一些AEDs如苯巴比妥、扑痫酮可在胎儿体内蓄积，可能会增加胎儿发生各类先天畸形的风险。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 妊娠早期服用AEDs对胎儿影响最大。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 女性癫痫患者在产后仍应继续服用AEDs。 8soCfP12Ph19mi914zQaZz2KsGGtcANVhVVfKAnmVRqM 通常建议在产后数周内，逐渐减量至妊娠前水平。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 与GBP、LTGT和PM等新型AEDs相比，传统AEDs（PTH、PB、CBZ、VPA）并不会大量转移到母乳中（Level Ⅱ-Ⅲ）。 First-generation AEDs (PTH, PB, CBZ, and VPA) are not transferred into breast milk in clinically significant amounts, in contrast with GBP, LTG, and TPM16 (LE II-III). Experience with novel AEDs is limited. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 如果患者生殖内分泌功能障碍与所服用的AEDs有关，应考虑更换另一种AEDs。 If the cause of the problem is associated with one AED, an alternative treatment with another AED should be designed. 妊娠期AEDs水平可能会发生波动，已观察到PHT、CBZ和LTG清除率增加，且存在较大的个体差异，因此专家建议至少每季度监测一次这些AEDs血药浓度（experts recommend monitoring those levels at least quarterly）。条件允许的话，也可以对LEV和OXC的血药浓度（剂量）进行控制。 Plasma levels of AEDs can change during pregnancy. Increased clearance of PHT, CBZ, and LTG with considerable inter-individual variability is observed, so experts recommend monitoring those levels at least quarterly. Controlling plasma levels or adjusting doses of LEV and OXC is also needed when possible. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 分娩后2-3周应检查血浆药物浓度。若妊娠期间调整了AEDs剂量，产后应再次调整剂量，尤其是需要哺乳的患者。妊娠期使用PRM、OXC和LTG的患者，应立即监测（In cases of treatment with PRM, OXC, and LTG, monitor immediately）。 Plasma levels should be checked 2 to 3 weeks after childbirth. If doses were changed during pregnancy, they should be adjusted again, especially if patient is breastfeeding. In cases of treatment with PRM, OXC, and LTC, monitor immediately. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 癫痫发作频率可能在以下3个阶段中增加：围产期（最常见）、排卵期以及黄体缺陷（无排卵）周期的后半段（in the second half of the cycle during a defective (anovulatory) luteal phase）。 Epileptic seizure frequency may be higher in any of 3 phases: perimenstrual (the most frequent), periovulatory, and in the second half of the cycle during a defective (anovulatory) luteal phase. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. the recommendations for Catamenial epilepsy 增加经前期和排卵期的AEDs剂量（Increase the AED dose during perimenstrual and ovulatory phases）。 Increase the AED dose during perimenstrual and ovulatory phases. 经前期和排卵期（perimenstrual and ovulatory phases）使用乙酰唑胺（acetazolamide）250mg/d。 Use acetazolamide dosed at 250 mg/day during the perimenstrual and ovulatory phases. 开始使用激素类避孕药；对于无排卵周期的患者，应在妇科医生的建议和监督下使用激素替代疗法（黄体酮）。 Start hormone contraceptives, and for patients with anovulatory cycles, hormone replacement therapy (progesterone), always with the supervision of a gynaecologist. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 应在妊娠期监测AEDs血药水平，其中以拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦和奥卡西平血药浓度下降最为明显，在妊娠期和产后可能需要剂量调整。 Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 抗癫痫药物 Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. Be aware of the latest data on the risks to the unborn child associated with AED therapy when prescribing for women and girls of present and future childbearing potential.[2012] 在为当前和未来有生育能力的妇女和女孩开处方时，请注意有关与 AED 治疗对胎儿风险的最新数据。[2012] Refer to the SPC and BNF for individual drug advice on the interactions between AEDs and hormonal replacement and contraception.[new 2012] 有关 AED 与激素替代或避孕之间相互作用的个别药物建议，请参阅 SPC 和 BNF。[2012 年新] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 Anticonvulsive Agent Agent, Anticonvulsive Anticonvulsive Drug Drug, Anticonvulsive Anticonvulsive Drugs Drugs, Anticonvulsive Anticonvulsant Anticonvulsant Drugs Drugs, Anticonvulsant Anticonvulsive Agents Agents, Anticonvulsive Anticonvulsant Drug Drug, Anticonvulsant Antiepileptic Agents Agents, Antiepileptic Antiepileptics Antiepileptic Drug Drug, Antiepileptic Antiepileptic Antiepileptic Agent Agent, Antiepileptic Antiepileptic Drugs Drugs, Antiepileptic Anti-epileptic Agent [TC] Anti-epileptic Agent Anti-epileptic Anti-seizure agent Anticonvulsant (substance) Anticonvulsant Agents Anticonvulsant Agent anticonvulsants Medicinal product acting as anticonvulsant agent (product) Antiseizure medications 胃旁路术 Surgical procedure in which the STOMACH is transected high on the body. The resulting small proximal gastric pouch is joined to any parts of the SMALL INTESTINE by an end-to-side SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS, depending on the amounts of intestinal surface being bypasses. This procedure is used frequently in the treatment of MORBID OBESITY by limiting the size of functional STOMACH, food intake, and food absorption. Gastric bypass NOS Bypass of stomach stomach bypass Gastric bypass Bypass of stomach (procedure) Bypass Gastric Gastric bypass 计划妊娠：对癫痫有效控制且可能减停药物的女性癫痫患者，建议在停用AEDs 6个月后可考虑计划妊娠。如果癫痫患者不可能停用药物而计划怀孕，癫痫专科医师应尽量将AEDs调整至单药治疗的低剂量，再建议患者怀孕，并告知如下风险：癫痫发作本身及AEDs均对胎儿有负面影响。如丙戊酸800 mg以上的13剂量可增加胎儿致畸的风险。推荐癫痫女性孕前3个月每天服用叶酸≤5 mg，以减少叶酸代谢相关致胎儿畸形的风险。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 应与产科医生密切合作，共同随访和监护女性癫痫孕产妇。管理的主要目标是尽量减少孕期癫痫发作和AEDs对胎儿的影响。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 建议患者在分娩前做好哺乳及照顾婴儿的准备，分娩后需及时调整AEDs剂量，尤其是妊娠中AEDs剂量较大的患者，产后AEDs的浓度上升，调整不及时将可能会导致药物中毒。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 妊娠期生理变化可影响AEDs的代谢。因此，妊娠期需定期监测AEDs血药浓度，并结合临床发作情况及药物不良反应调整AEDs剂量，尽量控制癫痫发作。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. AEDs的致畸性：在能够控制癫痫发作的情况下，尽可能避免多药治疗。在单药治疗的患者中尽可能降低药物剂量。常用AEDs中以丙戊酸和苯巴比妥的致畸率最高，应尽量避免在妊娠期妇女中使用。如果因为病情需要而必须选择丙戊酸治疗，应当使用800 mg以下日剂量的单药治疗。有证据表明，新型AEDs如拉莫三嗪等致畸率较低。其他新型AEDs尚无大规模妊娠登记。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 脑电图和血药浓度有助于对患者进行管理。VPA血药浓度可以作为指导，但其个体差异很大，缺乏关于母体血药浓度与MCMs风险之间的关系的证据。建议将VPA水平根据临床反应维持在推荐治疗范围以下。脑电图并不是可靠的指标。 Patient management will vary across diferent national health systems. EEG recordings and plasma drug concentration measurements, for example, may be part of national epilepsy management guidelines. Plasma valproate levels may be used as a guide, but interindividual doses vary widely and defnitive data on the association between maternal plasma drug levels and MCM risks are lacking. The target valproate level can be maintained below the recommended therapeutic range, depending on clinical response. EEG recordings are not a reliable biomarker of clinical response, but they can be of help when interpreted by an epilepsy specialist. Family planning is important in patients taking AEDs. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. Unplanned pregnancies in women with epilepsy on valproate 专家小组建议在计划外妊娠的任何阶段（妊娠早、中、晚期）都应对VPA的使用和剂量进行重新评估（见下表）。在服用VPA期间，妊娠WWE应尽可能考虑使用最低有效剂量VPA。妊娠早期尽量停药或减少剂量，以避免后代认知障碍。如果决定换药，左乙拉西坦比拉莫三嗪更可取。对于GTCS复发风险较高的孕妇，VPA的剂量必须保持稳定。 在服用VPA的患者发生计划外怀孕时，应对癫痫史、癫痫发作风险、致畸风险和患者偏好等因素进行评估，向患者提供MCMs的信息和相关咨询，协助她们做出最佳的决定。同时应密切监测妊娠（如，使用高分辨超声）。 Although precise data are lacking, the expert panel considers that valproate use and dosage should be reassessed at any stage of an unplanned pregnancy (first, second, or third trimester) (Table 3). As a general recommendation, a woman who becomes pregnant while on valproate should be switched to as low a dose as possible for as long as possible. The priority in the first trimester should probably be to withdraw the drug or reduce the dose to prevent cognitive impairment in the newborn. If a switch is decided, levetiracetam is preferable to lamotrigine, as it can be quickly loaded, either orally or intravenously. Valproate doses must be kept stable in pregnant women at high risk of GTCS recurrence. The following factors should all be considered in the event of an unplanned pregnancy in a patient on valproate: epilepsy history, seizure risk, teratogenic risk, and patient preferences (Table 3). The pregnancy should be closely monitored (e.g., with high-resolution ultrasound). The consequences of any MCM detected should be discussed in depth and women should be offered counselling to help them take the best possible decision regarding pregnancy termination in accordance with local laws. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 如需换药，应当保证在妊娠前达到有效的血药浓度。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 建议：(1)所有AEDs调整最好在受孕前完成；(2)尽量在癫痫发作控制稳定后开始备孕，尤其是对于全身强直阵-挛性发作患者；(3)尽可能避免使用丙戊酸、扑痢酮、苯巴比妥等；(4)尽量将AEDs调整至单药治疗的最低有效剂量。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 妊娠期间癫痫发作会对母体和胎儿产生不良影响，因此妊娠期女性患者除了常规的产前检查，还应定期就诊癫痫专科。根据临床表现和脑电图等检查，动态评估患者是否仍有癫痫发作并明确发作类型，以便及时调整药物剂量和种类。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免多药联合治疗。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 女性癫痫患者在产后仍应继续服用AEDs。 通常建议在产后数周内，逐渐减量至妊娠前水平 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 建议患者产前每两个月行一次血药浓度监测，如出现控制不佳，应及时调整AEDs剂量。中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 在整个围产期，患者应当规律服用AEDs，同时注意避免睡眠、情绪等因素的影响。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 抗癫痫药物调整 Change of type，number or dose of antiseizure medications The clinician should discuss with the woman and girl the relative benefits and risks of adjusting medication to enable her to make an informed decision. Where appropriate, the woman or girl's specialist should be consulted. [2004] 临床医生应与妇女和女孩讨论调整药物的相对益处和风险，以使她能够做出明智的决定。在适当的情况下，应咨询该女性的专科医生。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:B] The lowest effective dose of the most appropriate AED should be used. 【推荐等级：B】妊娠期WWE应选用适宜的最低有效剂量的AEDs。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ For women with epilepsy who require treatment with antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy the relative risks of seizures and risks of fetal, neonatal and childhood problems should be discussed.C onsideration may be given to withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs prior to conception if circumstances are favourable. The decision should only be made if the epilepsy is in remission, the risk of recurrent seizures is low and the woman is aware of the consequences of recurrent seizures.Wherever possible, a woman should conceive on the lowest effective dose of one AED appropriate for her epilepsy syndrome. If she has good seizure control and presents already pregnant, there is probably little to be gained by altering her AEDs 对于需要在妊娠期间使用AEDs的女性癫痫患者，应权衡癫痫发作的风险和对后代的风险。如果条件允许（癫痫缓解、复发风险很低并且患者充分了解后果），可以考虑在怀孕前停用AEDs。如果需要在妊娠期使用AEDs，应以最低有效剂量进行治疗。妊娠期间尽量不要改变患者AEDs种类。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Given the morbidity and mortality risks associated with seizures (including sudden unexpected death in epilepsy) no antiepileptic drug should be discontinued during pregnancy unless this has been discussed with an epilepsy specialist. 考虑到与癫痫发作相关的发病率和死亡率（包括SUDEP），妊娠期不应停止使用任何AEDs。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html If seizure control deteriorates during pregnancy, other factors affecting AED levels in pregnancy should be considered (for example vomiting, interactions with other medication). 如果妊娠期癫痫控制不良，应考虑任何在妊娠期可影响AEDs药物浓度的因素，如呕吐、药物相互作用等。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women with epilepsy should be reassured that antiepileptic drugs do not increase the risk of spontaneous miscarriage and stillbirth C级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者，AEDs不会增加自然流产和死产的风险。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D]In pregnancy, dosing adjustment for the majority of antiepileptic drugs (with the exception of lamotrigine and levetiracetam) should only be considered if there is a change in seizure frequency or if toxicity is suspected. D级推荐：在妊娠期，只有在癫痫发作频率变化或怀疑有药物中毒可能的时候才考虑调整AEDs的剂量（除LTG和LEV外）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Change of antiseizure medications Adjustment of antiseizure medications 免疫 Protected against infectious disease by either specific or non-specific mechanisms. Immune (qualifier value) Immune Immune 肾上腺素能β拮抗剂 Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS. Beta-2 adrenergic receptor blocker beta2-Adrenergic Antagonists Adrenergic beta2-Antagonists Adrenergic beta 2 Receptor Antagonists Adrenergic beta2 Antagonists Antagonists Adrenergic beta-2 Product containing beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist (product) Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Blockers beta 2 Adrenergic Blocking Agents Substance with beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists Adrenergic beta-2 Antagonists beta2-Antagonists Adrenergic Adrenergic beta 2 Receptor Blockers beta2 Adrenergic Antagonists beta-2 Adrenergic Blocking Agents Beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist Antagonists beta2-Adrenergic beta-2 Antagonists Adrenergic Beta-2 adrenergic receptor blocker-containing product Adrenergic beta 2 Antagonists Beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist-containing product Adrenergic beta antagonists 三唑仑 A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. A triazolobenzodiazepinederivative with sedative-hypnotic property. Triazolam interacts directly with a specific site on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A-chloride-ionophore receptor complex located on the neuronal membrane. Binding causes allosteric modification of the receptor and modulation of its affinity for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. This results in enhancement of synaptic actions of GABA and includes an increase in the frequency of chloride channel openings, increased chloride ion conductance, membrane hyperpolarization and ultimately synaptic inhibition and decreased neuronal excitability. Halcion Triazolamum 4H-(124)Triazolo(43-a)(14)benzodiazepine 8-chloro-6-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl- U-33030 clorazolam Product containing triazolam (medicinal product) Triazolam Triazolam-containing product TRIAZOLAM Songar triazolam 8-Chloro-6-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-(124)triazolo(43-a)(14)benzodiazepine Clorazolam Novidorm U 33030 U 33030 Triazolam (substance) U33030 Triazolam 动机访谈 It is a client-centered, directive method for eliciting intrinsic motivation to change using open-ended questions, reflective listening, and decisional balancing. This nonjudgmental, nonconfrontational interviewing style is designed to minimize a patient's resistance to change by creating an interaction that supports open discussion of risky or problem behavior. A directive, client-centered counseling style that helps people resolve ambivalent feelings and insecurities in order to find internal motivation and elicit behavior changes. MI Motivational interviewing Motivational Interviewing Intervention Interviewing Motivational motivational interviewing Motivational Interviewing motivational enhancement therapy motivational interview Motivational interviewing (qualifier value) motivational counseling Motivational Interview 发作年龄 The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. Age of Onset age of onset Age symptoms begin Age of onset Onset Age onset age Onset Age-at-Onset Age at Onset Age of onset 抗抑郁药物 Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. A pharmacological agent that acts on neurotransmitter signaling pathways to alleviate the symptoms of depression. Thymoanaleptics Thymoleptics Thymoleptic Thymoanaleptic Agent Antidepressive Antidepressant agent Antidepressants Drugs Antidepressant antidepressant Antidepressant Drugs Antidepressant (substance) Antidepressive Agent antidepressive agents Antidepressive Antidepressant Drug Medicinal product acting as antidepressant agent (product) Antidepressive Agent [TC] Agents Antidepressive Drug Antidepressant Antidepressants 除拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦、奥卡西平、普瑞巴林外，其余AEDs均为妊娠期女性癫痫患者慎用药物，其中丙戊酸为禁用药物。 Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 普瑞巴林 A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA. A 3-isobutyl derivative of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) with anti-convulsant, anti-epileptic, anxiolytic, and analgesic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, pregabalin selectively binds to alpha2delta (A2D) subunits of presynaptic voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) located in the central nervous system (CNS). Binding of pregabalin to VDCC A2D subunits prevents calcium influx and the subsequent calcium-dependent release of various neurotransmitters, including glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and substance P, from the presynaptic nerve terminals of hyperexcited neurons; synaptic transmission is inhibited and neuronal excitability is diminished. Pregabalin does not bind directly to GABA-A or GABA-B receptors and does not alter GABA uptake or degradation. 3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic Acid CI1008 3-(aminomethyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid Pregabalin (substance) 3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid (R-)-3-isobutyl GABA Product containing pregabalin (medicinal product) (S)-3-Isobutyl GABA CI-1008 3-Isobutyl GABA 3 isobutyl GABA 3-isobutyl GABA Pregabalin-containing product PD 144723 GABA 3-isobutyl pregabalin Pregabalina (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid PD-144723 CI 1008 (S+)-3-isobutyl GABA 1008 CI Pregabalin Lyrica PREGABALIN Pregabalin 二十二碳六烯酸 C22-unsaturated fatty acids found predominantly in FISH OILS. Acids Docosahexaenoic Acids Docosahexenoic Docosahexaenoic Acids Docosahexaenoic Acid Docosahexenoic Acids Acid Docosahexaenoic Docosahexaenoic acids 益生菌 Live microbial DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Antibiotics and other related compounds are not included in this definition. In humans, lactobacilli are commonly used as probiotics, either as single species or in mixed culture with other bacteria. Other genera that have been used are bifidobacteria and streptococci. (J. Nutr. 1995;125:1401-12) probiotic PROBIOTIC Probiotic Probiotics Probiotic 托吡酯 A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss. A sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide with anticonvulsant property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, topiramate antagonizes kainate/AMPA subtype of the glutamate receptors, which are ligand-activated cation channels that mediate the fast component of excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurons of the central nervous system. This antagonistic action results in stabilizing hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and decreasing propagation of synaptic impulses, thereby impedes seizure occurrences. In addition, this agent augments gamma-aminobenzoic acid (GABA) activity and thereby attenuating GABAnergic inhibitory transmission. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Epitomax USL255 McN 4853 McN4853 McN-4853 Topiramate Tipiramate Tipiramato 23:45-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate beta-D-Fructopyranose 23:45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)- sulfamate TPM Topamax Product containing topiramate (medicinal product) Topiramate-containing product 23:45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate Topiramato 23-45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate Topiramate (substance) Topiramatum 97240-79-4 Topiramate 氯硝西泮 An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses. A synthetic benzodiazepine derivative used for myotonic or atonic seizures, absence seizures, and photosensitive epilepsy, anticonvulsant Clonazepam appears to enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor responses, although its mechanism of action is not clearly understood. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. (NCI04) Clonazepam 2H-14-Benzodiazepin-2-one 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-13-dihydro-7-nitro- clonazepam 5-(2-chloro-phenyl)-7-nitro-13-dihydro-benzo[e][14]diazepin-2-one Clonazepam-containing product CLONAZEPAM clonazePAM Clonazepam (substance) Clonazepamum Product containing clonazepam (medicinal product) 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-1H-benzo[e][14]diazepin-2(3H)-one 13-dihydro-7-nitro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-2H-14.benzodiazepin-2-one 5-(o-chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-13-dihydro-2H-14-benzodiazepin-2-one Klonopin Rivotril Ro 54023 Antelepsin Ro 5-4023 Clonazepam 对于患有局灶性癫痫的计划怀孕并母乳喂养的女性患者，奥卡西平为首选治疗方案，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦也是治疗选择；卡马西平、拉考沙胺、艾司利卡西平和唑尼沙胺为二线选择。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice, with oxcarbazepine considered first-line treatment. Carbamazepine, lacosamide, eslicarbazepine, and zonisamide were considered second-line options. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，首选治疗方案为拉莫三嗪，左乙拉西坦为二线治疗方案。对于唑尼沙胺、丙戊酸盐、托吡酯和拉考沙胺的治疗尚未达成共识。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various antiseizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with genetically mediated (idiopathic generalized) epilepsy. The treatment of choice was lamotrigine, while levetiracetam was considered second-line therapy. No consensus could be reached regarding treatment with zonisamide, valproate, topiramate, and lacosamide. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有局灶性癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，拉莫三嗪为首选治疗，奥卡西平和拉考沙胺也可作为一线治疗，卡马西平、艾司利卡西平、左乙拉西坦和唑尼沙胺为二线治疗。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various anti-seizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with focal (symptomatic localization related) epilepsy. Lamotrigine was the treatment of choice, oxcarbazepine and lacosamide were considered first-line therapy, and carbamazepine, eslicarbazepine, levetiracetam, and zonisamide were considered second-line therapy.Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 拉考酰胺 An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES. A functionalized amino acid compound specifically synthesized as an anticonvulsive drug to use as add-on therapy for partial-onset seizures with antinociceptive and neuroprotective activities. Lacosamide selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels without affecting fast inactivation, thereby stabilizing hyperexcitabe neuronal membranes. Furthermore, this agent binds to collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2; DPYSL2), a cytosolic phosphoprotein expressed in most tissues. In the nervous system, CRMP2 acts as a mediator of growth cone collapse as well as modifies axon number, length, and neuronal polarity. Lacosamide-containing product 2-(acetylamino)-3-methoxy-N-(phenylmethyl)- (2R)- Harkoseride Lacosamide (2R)-2-(Acetylamino)-N-benzyl-3-methoxypropanamide LACOSAMIDE Lacosamide (substance) 175481-36-4 lacosamide harkoseride N benzyl AcMeOPrNH2 ADD 234037 N-benzyl-AcMeOPrNH2 Lacosamida N benzyl 2 acetamido 3 methoxypropionamide N-benzyl-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide Propanamide 2-(acetylamino)-3-methoxy-N-(phenylmethyl)- (2R)- Product containing lacosamide (medicinal product) SPM 927 SPM-927 Vimpat ADD-234037 Erlosamide Lacosamide 胆胰分流并十二指肠转位术 biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch 癫痫发作类型 Classification of seizure type take into account the results of investigations such as electroencephalography (EEG) and neuroimaging studies together with other studies exploring the underlying etiology of the epilepsy. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women should be aware that their seizure pattern may change around the menopause. D级推荐：女性癫痫患者的痫发作模式可能在更年期前后发生变化。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html GEFS+2 GEFSP2 GENERALIZED EPILEPSY WITH FEBRILE SEIZURES PLUS TYPE 2 Generalized Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures Plus Type 2 GEFS Type 2 GEFS+ TYPE 2 Seizure types Seizure type 氯卡色林 (1R)-8-chloro-1-methyl-2345-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine Lorcaserin Lorcaserin (substance) Lorcaserin 体位治疗 posture respiratory therapy posture change Posture therapy 5-HT及去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂 Drugs that selectively block or suppress the plasma membrane transport of SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE into axon terminals and are used as ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS. NRIs and SSRIs Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors Serotonin and Norepinephrine Uptake Inhibitors Serotonin and Noradrenaline Uptake Inhibitors SNRI Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) SSRIs and NRIs SNRIs Serotonin and Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. The sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproate sodium is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, valproate sodium increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproate sodium may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect. Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 曲唑酮 A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309) A synthetic triazolopyridine derivative, antidepressant and sedative Trazodone acts as a serotonin uptake inhibitor, chemically unrelated to tricyclic, tetracyclic, or other antidepressants. It is effective in patients with schizoaffective disorders; major depressive disorders; and depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. (NCI04) trazodone 2-(3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl)[124]triazolo[43-a]pyridin-3(2H)-one 124-Triazolo(43-a)pyridin-3(2H)-one 2-(3-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl)propyl)- Product containing trazodone (medicinal product) Tradozone Trazodone (substance) traZODone Trazodone Trazodonum TRAZODONE Trazodona Trazodone-containing product Trazodone 文拉法辛 A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT. A synthetic phenethylamine bicyclic derivative with antidepressant activity. Venlafaxine and its active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV), are potent inhibitors of neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and weak dopamine reuptake inhibitors. This agent may reduce hormone-related vasomotor symptoms. (NCI04) 1-(2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)cyclohexanol Effexor venlafaxine Venlafaxinum Venlafaxina VENLAFAXINE 93413-69-5 Venlafaxine-containing product Product containing venlafaxine (medicinal product) Venlafaxine Venlafaxine (substance) VNF Cyclohexanol 1-(2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)- hydrochloride Wy-45030 Wy 45030 Sila-Venlafaxine Efexor Vandral Hydrochloride Venlafaxine Wy45030 1-(2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)cyclohexanol HCl Dobupal Sila Venlafaxine Trevilor Venlafaxine 左乙拉西坦 A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent. A pyrrolidine with antiepileptic activity. The exact mechanism through which levetiracetam exerts its effects is unknown but does not involve inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter activity. Stereoselective binding of levetiracetam was confined to synaptic plasma membranes in the central nervous system with no binding occurring in peripheral tissue. Levetiracetam inhibits burst firing without affecting normal neuronal excitability, which suggests that it may selectively prevent hyper-synchronization of epileptiform burst firing and propagation of seizure activity. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Ucb L059 UcbL060 Etiracetam (R)- alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-1-Pyrrolidineacetamide UCB-6474 Ucb L060 UCB6474 Ucb-L060 UCB 6474 R-isomer Etiracetam alpha ethyl 2 oxo 1 Pyrrolidineacetamide Etiracetam R isomer Ucb-L059 Etiracetam Etiracetam R-isomer Levetiracetam-containing product S-isomer Etiracetam Keppra Levetiracetam (substance) (S)-alpha-Ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide Levetiracetam Levetiracetamum 1-pyrrolidineacetamide alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-(S)- Etiracetam S-isomer Levetiracetame Product containing levetiracetam (medicinal product) Etiracetam S isomer 102767-28-2 1-Pyrrolidineacetamide alpha-ethyl-2-oxo- (alphaS)- Levetiracetam 利物浦癫痫严重程度量表 The Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale (LSSS) is a valid and reliable test for quantifying seizure severity that may also be used to detect changes in seizure severity over time. The Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale is composed of 12 items and is scored on a Likert scale. Previously, the use of the LSSS in clinical trials yielded promising data. In addition, a modification has been made to the LSSS as well as the scoring system to make it more clinically reliable and user-friendly. The validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the revised LSSS also have been demonstrated(备注：参考PMID: 24440688) Liverpool seizure severity scale 抗癫痫药物调整 Change of type，number or dose of antiseizure medications Change of antiseizure medications Adjustment of antiseizure medications 认知行为治疗 A directive form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior. A type of psychotherapy utilized to treat different forms of mental disorders.The treatment involves the identification of unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking and behaviors and the subsequent replacement with behaviors that are beneficial and constructive. Behavioral Therapies Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Cognitive Behavioral Therapies Therapies Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Behavior Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Therapy Behavior Therapy Cognitive Behavior Therapies Cognitive Cognitive Behavior Therapies Therapies Cognitive Behavior Cognitive Psychotherapy Cognitive Psychotherapies Psychotherapies Cognitive Psychotherapy Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Cognitive Therapies Therapies Cognitive Cognition Therapy Therapy Cognition Cognition Therapies Therapies Cognition COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THER cognitive behavior modification THER COGNITION Cognitive-behaviour therapy CBT COGNITION THER Cognitive therapy approach BEHAVIOR THER COGNITIVE Cognitive behavioral therapy Psychotherapy - cognitive (regime/therapy) CBT - cognitive and behavioral therapy Cognitive approach CBT - cognitive and behavioural therapy THER COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR Cognitive and behavioral therapy COGNITIVE PSYCHOTHER Cognitive therapy (regime/therapy) Cognitive behavioural therapy Cognitive-behavior therapy PSYCHOTHER COGNITIVE CT Cognitive and behavioral therapy (regime/therapy) THER COGNITIVE COGNITIVE THER Psychotherapy - cognitive Cognitive and behavioural therapy Cognitive behavior therapy 美托洛尔 A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS. A cardioselective competitive beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist with antihypertensive properties and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Metoprolol antagonizes beta 1-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium, thereby reducing the rate and force of myocardial contraction leading to a reduction in cardiac output. This agent may also reduce the secretion of renin with subsequent reduction in levels of angiotensin II thereby preventing vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion. (RS)-Metoprolol Product containing metoprolol (medicinal product) Metoprolol 2-Propanol 1-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy)-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)- (+-)- 1-(isopropylamino)-3-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy]propan-2-ol DL-metoprolol Metoprolol-containing product Metoprolol (substance) Metoprolol 尿液检查 Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. Laboratory analysis of urine, commonly used to aid in the diagnosis of disease or to detect the presence of a specific substance. It involves examination of the urine by physical or chemical means as well as microscopic examination that helps to screen for urinary tract infections, renal disease, and diseases of other organs, that result in abnormal metabolites (break-down products) appearing in the urine. Urinalysis Urinalyses urine analysis UA Urine Test Urine examination Urinalysis (procedure) urinalysis Urine Analysis Urine examination (procedure) Urinalysis studies Urine analysis Urinalysis procedure Urinalysis 来曲唑 A triazole and benzonitrile derivative that is a selective non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor, similar to ANASTROZOLE. It is used in the treatment of metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. A nonsteroidal inhibitor of estrogen synthesis with antineoplastic activity. As a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, letrozole selectively and reversibly inhibits aromatase, which may result in growth inhibition of estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Aromatase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and found in many tissues including those of the premenopausal ovary, liver, and breast, catalyzes the aromatization of androstenedione and testosterone into estrone and estradiol, the final step in estrogen biosynthesis. LTZ Product containing letrozole (medicinal product) Letrozole-containing product 44-(1H-124triazol-1-ylmethylene)dibenzonitrile letrozole 44-(1H-124-triazol-1-yl-methylene)-bis(benzonitrile) Femara Benzonitrile 44-(1H-124-triazol-1-ylmethylene)bis- Fémara CGS 20267 Letrozole (substance) Femara® CGS-20267 112809-51-5 CGS20267 Letrozol 719345 Letrozole 皮下埋植剂 Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug. A solid intended for insertion securely within the body. The progestogen[23]implant is not recommended in women and girls taking enzyme-inducing AEDs.[2004, amended 2012] 不建议正在服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药的女性和女孩采用埋植孕激素的方法[23]。[2004 年，2012 年修订] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women should be counselled that the efficacy of oral contraceptives (combined hormonal contraception, progestogen-only pills), transdermal patches, vaginal ring and progestogen-only implants may be affected if they are taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine and eslicarbazepine). 【推荐等级：C】如果WWE正在服用酶诱导AEDs，应告知患者口服避孕药（联合激素类避孕药、仅含孕激素的药片）、透皮贴片（transdermal patches）、阴道环和仅含孕激素皮下埋植（progestogen-only implants）的疗效会受到影响。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Imp Drug Implants Implant Dosage Form Drug Implant Implant Dose Form Implant Drug Implants Drug Implant (basic dose form) IMP IMPLANT Implant Drug Implants 第二代抗癫痫药物 Drugs introduced after 1985 are known as second generation antiseizure medications Second generation antiseizure medication 格列奈类 Glinide [EPC] Glinides [EXT] Glinide Glinides Glinide-class Agent Glinides 扑痫酮 A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite. An analog of phenobarbital with antiepileptic property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, primidone probably exerts its actions, in a manner similar to phenobarbital, via activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor/chloride ionophore complex, which leads to prolonged and increased frequency of opening of the chloride channel within the receptor complex. This results in an alteration in the electrical activity of the nerve cell membrane, causing hyperpolarization and prevention of partial and tonic-clonic seizures. In addition, this agent is partially metabolized to phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA), which may also contribute to its anti-seizure properties. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html 5-Phenyl-5-ethyl-Hexahydropyrimidine-46-dione Primidonum Primidone Mysedon Primidon 2-Deoxyphenobarbital 46(1H5H)-Pyrimidinedione 5-ethyldihydro-5-phenyl- Primaclone Primidona Myidone Primidone-containing product Desoxyphenobarbital Primidone (substance) Product containing primidone (medicinal product) Mysoline Apo-Primidone Neurosyn Misodine Mysoline Mylepsinum Resimatil Liskantin Mizodin Sertan Primidon Holsten Apo Primidone Apo-Primidone Primidone 癫痫女性发生内分泌紊乱、多囊卵巢综合征的机率增加，尤其在服用丙戊酸时尤为明显，进而可能导致体重增加、月经紊乱、不育、性功能减退等，使用时应慎重。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 生育期：重视癫痫女性的生育机能是提高患者生活质量的重要环节之一。对于尚未生育的患者应尽量避免使用可能影响生育功能的药物，如丙戊酸类药物；建议准备生育的患者在医生的指导下计划妊娠。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 孕前咨询：告知患者癫痫发作及AEDs对妊娠及胎儿风险。妊娠期使用AEDs可能对癫痫女性后代智力发育造成影响，尤其是苯巴比妥和丙戊酸。目前尚无足够的证据来评估新型AEDs（加巴喷丁、左乙拉西坦、噻加宾、托吡酯、氨己烯酸）的致畸性。大剂量丙戊酸（超过800mg/天）以及联合丙戊酸的多药治疗的致畸风险明显增加；告知患者补充叶酸和维生素K的必要性。如果孕妇或者配偶有癫痫疾病，尤其是有特发性癫痫及癫痫及相关遗传病家族史者，应当进行遗传咨询。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 由于女性癫痫患者特殊的生理特点，治疗措施应该充分考虑到生殖、妊娠及分娩等多方面情况。例如：持续应用丙戊酸对于胎儿可能造成的风险，应当警惕大剂量丙戊酸（超过800mg/天）以及联合丙戊酸的多药治疗，可能造成比较大的风险。有关新型抗癫痫药物对于胎儿可能造成的风险的相关数据报道还比较有限。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. VPA可能不会渗透入母乳中或者渗透进入母乳的量不会引起临床表现 VPA probably cross the placenta in potentially clinically important amounts (one Class I and supporting Class II studies or two or more Class II studies). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 尚无证据证明VPA在妊娠期间血药浓度发生变化。 Evidence for a change in clearance or level of VPA during pregnancy is inadequate to reach a conclusion. Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 没有足够的证据支持对VPA的水平进行监测（Level U）。 There is insufficient evidence to support or refute a change in VPA levels related to pregnancy (Level U), and this lack of evidence should not discourage monitoring levels of these AEDs during pregnancy. Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 抗癫痫治疗与性激素的关系：在女性癫痫患者治疗中应注意避免使用影响月经周期、使PCOS发生率增加的药物，让患者获得长期满意的疗效。（临床上广泛应用的AEDs，如苯妥英钠、苯巴比妥、丙戊酸、卡马西平、扑痫酮等均可能干扰下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴，从而导致卵巢雌、孕激素分泌功能失调。） "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 抗癫痫药物与肥胖的关系：很多种AEDs，包括丙戊酸、卡马西平、苯妥英钠、加巴喷丁、氨己烯酸等都可能导致体重增加。其中丙戊酸导致的PCOS是青春期癫痫女性肥胖的重要原因。体重增加也常使癫痫患者的依从性下降或中断治疗。因此，选择AEDs需对药效和药物不良反应综合考虑。用药期间还应定期监测患者身高、体重、体质指数、血脂、血糖等指标，以指导癫痫患者体重的控制。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 计划妊娠：对癫痫有效控制且可能减停药物的女性癫痫患者，建议在停用AEDs 6个月后可考虑计划妊娠。如果癫痫患者不可能停用药物而计划怀孕，癫痫专科医师应尽量将AEDs调整至单药治疗的低剂量，再建议患者怀孕，并告知如下风险：癫痫发作本身及AEDs均对胎儿有负面影响。如丙戊酸800 mg以上的13剂量可增加胎儿致畸的风险。推荐癫痫女性孕前3个月每天服用叶酸≤5 mg，以减少叶酸代谢相关致胎儿畸形的风险。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. AEDs对后代认知功能的影响：研究发现胎儿期暴露于丙戊酸的后代智力可能受负面影响，且与剂量相关。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. AEDs的致畸性：在能够控制癫痫发作的情况下，尽可能避免多药治疗。在单药治疗的患者中尽可能降低药物剂量。常用AEDs中以丙戊酸和苯巴比妥的致畸率最高，应尽量避免在妊娠期妇女中使用。如果因为病情需要而必须选择丙戊酸治疗，应当使用800 mg以下日剂量的单药治疗。有证据表明，新型AEDs如拉莫三嗪等致畸率较低。其他新型AEDs尚无大规模妊娠登记。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. WOCP指处于月经初潮和更年期之间的女性，这些女性具有生育能力。专家小组认为，丙戊酸不应作为WOCP的一线治疗。 不推荐在月经初潮前开始服用丙戊酸，但在某些特殊情况下可以接受（如：丙戊酸盐可以最为潜在的自限性癫痫综合征的一线治疗药物，包括伴有中央颞部棘波的局灶性癫痫、儿童期失神发作、婴儿良性肌阵挛癫痫）。对于慢性的儿童期发作、可能持续到青春期和成年期的癫痫综合征患者而言（如，Jeavons综合症），丙戊酸不应作为首选治疗。总的来说，专家小组不建议将丙戊酸作为10岁以上女性任何类型癫痫的一线治疗。 The panel considered that there are no clinical situations in which valproate should be started as first-line therapy in WOCP.Initiation of valproate before menarche is not recommended, although there are circumstances when it might be acceptable. Valproate can be prescribed as first-line therapy for potentially self-limited epilepsy syndromes, such as focal epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, childhood absence epilepsy, and benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. It should not be the first choice in patients with chronic childhood-onset epilepsy syndromes likely to remain active into adolescence and adulthood (e.g., Jeavons syndrome). Overall, the panel does not recommend starting valproate as first-line treatment for epilepsy of any type in girls older than 10 years. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 当考虑在WOCP中更换或停用丙戊酸时，主要需要考虑的临床因素是癫痫发作类型、雨后和年龄。关于“何时”和“如何”，应根据患者的具体情况进行个体化治疗。某些癫痫综合征全身性癫痫发作的风险随着年龄的增长而降低，因此，在符合pregnancy prevention program（PPP）的条件下，如果短期内没有怀孕计划，那么可以推迟停用丙戊酸。下表显示了停用丙戊酸需要考虑的因素。 The main clinical factors that should be considered when contemplating switching or stopping valproate in WOCP are type of epilepsy, prognosis, and age (Table 2). Specifc decisions regarding the “when” and“how” must be individualized. For example, the risk of generalized seizures in certain epilepsy syndromes decreases with age and, therefore, the decision to discontinue valproate can be postponed if no pregnancy is planned in the short term when the conditions of the PPP are met. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 以下四种情况可能不需要在女孩和WOCP中更换或停用VPA：1）暂时性用药、治疗自限性综合症、癫痫手术前用药和生命末期、姑息状态下。但即便在这些情况下，也必须满足PPP要求。2）在癫痫控制良好的病例中，更换或停用VPA具有中-高风险导致双侧强直-阵挛发作或癫痫持续状态（风险由专业临床医生、患者及其家属在适当情况下进行评估）。3）VPA是某些难治性癫痫的唯一有效治疗方法。对于某些耐药性特发性全面性癫痫患者，应始终考虑VPA的替代品；如果替代品无效，应使用最低有效剂量的VPA进行治疗，并且戈恩据临床特征（如EEG）进行剂量调整。建议的剂量为600mg/d，具体计量根据个体情况调整。4）存在VPA替代品的禁忌证（患有严重活动性抑郁症患者不能换用左乙拉西坦，对拉莫三嗪过敏等）。 The expert panel agrees that there are four scenarios in which valproate may not need to be switched or discontinued in girls and WOCP. 1. Cases in which valproate use is likely to be temporary, self-limited syndromes, candidacy for curative epilepsy surgery, and end-of-life or palliative situations (e.g., glioblastomas). Even in these settings, however, the conditions of the PPP must be met. 2. Cases of well-controlled epilepsy in which valproate switching or discontinuation would result in a moderate–high risk of bilateral tonic–clonic seizures or status epilepticus. It is difcult to accurately stratify risk in such cases and the evaluation should be made jointly by the clinician, the patient, and, where appropriate, her partner. 3. Treatment-resistant epilepsy for which valproate is the only efective treatment. Alternatives to valproate should always be considered in women with drug-resistant IGE. However, if these prove inefective, the minimum efective dose of valproate should be prescribed and dose adjustments during treatment should be guided by clinical features. Occurrence of myoclonic or absence seizures is the best indication that treatment needs to be adjusted to prevent bilateral tonic–clonic seizure recurrence. Prescribers familiar with electroencephalogram (EEG) testing can use serial EEG monitoring to slowly taper valproate doses. A target dose of 600 mg/day is proposed as a general recommendation, but the exact dose will depend on the individual. 4. Cases in which suitable alternatives are contraindicated. Suitable alternatives to valproate may be contraindicated in certain cases, such as patients with severe active depression (who should not be required to switch to levetiracetam) or patients with a history of allergy to lamotrigine. In such cases, the decision to switch or discontinue valproate can be postponed. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 使用VPA的WOCP应至少选用一种有效的避孕方法（preferably user-independent method such as an intrauterine device or implant）或两种方法联用包括屏障方法。当AEDs有变化，就应重新评估避孕措施。 Family planning is important in patients taking AEDs. WOCP on valproate should use at least one efective method of contraception (preferably a user-independent method such as an intrauterine device or implant) or two complementary methods including a barrier method. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 脑电图和血药浓度有助于对患者进行管理。VPA血药浓度可以作为指导，但其个体差异很大，缺乏关于母体血药浓度与MCMs风险之间的关系的证据。建议将VPA水平根据临床反应维持在推荐治疗范围以下。脑电图并不是可靠的指标。 Patient management will vary across diferent national health systems. EEG recordings and plasma drug concentration measurements, for example, may be part of national epilepsy management guidelines. Plasma valproate levels may be used as a guide, but interindividual doses vary widely and defnitive data on the association between maternal plasma drug levels and MCM risks are lacking. The target valproate level can be maintained below the recommended therapeutic range, depending on clinical response. EEG recordings are not a reliable biomarker of clinical response, but they can be of help when interpreted by an epilepsy specialist. Family planning is important in patients taking AEDs. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 在更换或停用VPA之前，必须评估血浆VPA水平、患者体重、不良反应和病情严重程度。在换药期间，应加强对患者的管理，并监测/追踪（track）“轻微（minor）”发作（肌阵挛或失神发作）。如果全身性发作能够得到良好的控制，在评估了癫痫发作风险的情况下，轻微的发作可能是可以接受的。连续脑电图记录（包括重复光刺激和过度换气）对特发性全身发作是有用的。在换药期间检测到发作期间癫痫样活动增加（increased interictal epileptiform activity）或光阵发性反应的再现（reappearance of a photoparoxysmal response）表明治疗方案可能需要更改，以防止GTCS突破性发作（breakthrough GTCS）。 Plasma valproate levels, weight, adverse events, and epilepsy severity must all be assessed before switching or stopping valproate. During the switch, patient management should be intensifed and “minor” seizures (myoclonic or absence seizures) tracked. Minor seizures may be acceptable when GTCS are well controlled and when the risks of having a seizure are considered (e.g., a car accident). Serial EEG recordings including repetitive photostimulation and hyperventilation maneuvers can be useful in patients with IGE. Detection of increased interictal epileptiform activity or reappearance of a photoparoxysmal response during the switching period may indicate that the treatment needs to revised to prevent breakthrough GTCS. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 专家建议，应提前一年对怀孕进行计划，以便有足够的时间安全地停用VPA并找到有效地替代品。更换VPA为其他AEDs的最短期限为3个月。停用VPA至少需要4-8周的down-titration period，之后是至少1个月的full-body clearance（目前尚无VPA完全清除的证据）。建议在停用VPA后，应保证3个月的避孕措施以确保VPA完全清楚并留出时间适应新的AEDs。 The subject of pregnancy planning should be broached at every visit and a more in-depth discussion held if the woman’s circumstances change (e.g., cohabitation with a partner). The expert panel considered that pregnancy should be planned approximately 1 year in advance to allow sufficient time to safely withdraw valproate and find an effective alternative. The minimum period recommended for switching from valproate to any other AED is 3 months. Valproate withdrawal requires a down-titration period of at least 4–8 weeks followed by at least 1 month of full-body clearance. The experts agreed on this last point by consensus, as evidence on the full clearance profile of valproate is lacking. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 专家小组建议在计划外妊娠的任何阶段（妊娠早、中、晚期）都应对VPA的使用和剂量进行重新评估（见下表）。在服用VPA期间，妊娠WWE应尽可能考虑使用最低有效剂量VPA。妊娠早期尽量停药或减少剂量，以避免后代认知障碍。如果决定换药，左乙拉西坦比拉莫三嗪更可取。对于GTCS复发风险较高的孕妇，VPA的剂量必须保持稳定。 在服用VPA的患者发生计划外怀孕时，应对癫痫史、癫痫发作风险、致畸风险和患者偏好等因素进行评估，向患者提供MCMs的信息和相关咨询，协助她们做出最佳的决定。同时应密切监测妊娠（如，使用高分辨超声）。 Although precise data are lacking, the expert panel considers that valproate use and dosage should be reassessed at any stage of an unplanned pregnancy (first, second, or third trimester) (Table 3). As a general recommendation, a woman who becomes pregnant while on valproate should be switched to as low a dose as possible for as long as possible. The priority in the first trimester should probably be to withdraw the drug or reduce the dose to prevent cognitive impairment in the newborn. If a switch is decided, levetiracetam is preferable to lamotrigine, as it can be quickly loaded, either orally or intravenously. Valproate doses must be kept stable in pregnant women at high risk of GTCS recurrence. The following factors should all be considered in the event of an unplanned pregnancy in a patient on valproate: epilepsy history, seizure risk, teratogenic risk, and patient preferences (Table 3). The pregnancy should be closely monitored (e.g., with high-resolution ultrasound). The consequences of any MCM detected should be discussed in depth and women should be offered counselling to help them take the best possible decision regarding pregnancy termination in accordance with local laws. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 应告知患者产后癫痫发作的风险，如果患者在分娩时没有进行治疗，应在分娩期间或产后立即开始治疗。VPA静脉负荷（intravenous valproate loading）可能是必要的。只有在VPA是唯一合适的选择并且没有再次妊娠的计划的情况下，才应该重新采用VPA作为长期治疗。 专家小组建议进行母乳喂养，但应权衡婴儿不良反应，同时应监测婴儿的不良反应（如嗜睡、喂养困难、呕吐和瘀斑）。 新生儿出生时和1岁以下应仔细筛查MCMs，宫内暴露于VPA的儿童也应评估是否存在发育迟缓，并建议早期干预。 Women should be informed of the risk of post-partum seizures. If a patient is not on treatment at the time of delivery, treatment should be initiated during delivery or in the immediate post-partum period to reduce the risk of seizure. Intravenous valproate loading may be necessary. Valproate should only be reintroduced as long-term therapy, if it is the only suitable option and no further pregnancies are planned. Breastfeeding is recommended, but its compatibility with treatment must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The benefits of breastfeeding during valproate treatment should be weighed against the slight risk of undesirable effects in the infant. Check-up visits to monitor for such effects (e.g., drowsiness, difficulty feeding, vomiting, and petechiae) are essential. Newborns should be carefully screened for MCMs at birth and up to 1 year of age. Children exposed to valproate in utero should also be assessed for developmental delay and referred for early intervention. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. VPA在治疗局灶性癫痫方面并未显示出优势，因此并不能作为局灶性癫痫发作的一线治疗。只有在确定VPA在患者身上曾实现了良好的癫痫控制时才可考虑重新使用VPA。 对于自限性的儿童局灶性癫痫综合征，VPA的治疗应在患者达到生育年龄之前开始和停止。 对于至少有两种AEDs（非VPA）和最多四种单药或多药治疗方案失败，且曾使用VPA良好控制癫痫的患者，可以考虑重新使用VPA。 根据EURAP已知的MCM风险，推荐4种AEDs作为局灶性癫痫的替代物：左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪、奥卡西平、卡马西平。其中对卡马西平的剂量限制尤为重要。不推荐使用托吡酯、苯妥英和巴比妥酸盐。 Valproate has not been shown to be superior to other AEDs for focal onset epilepsy. It should, therefore, be seen as one of the last treatment options for WOCP with this condition and only be restarted if it is known for certain that it achieved good seizure control in the past. For self-limited focal childhood epilepsy syndromes, valproate should be both started and stopped before the patient reaches reproductive age. The expert panel was of the opinion that in certain situations, clinicians could consider restarting valproate in patients with a history of good control on valproate in whom at least two other AEDs and up to four mono- or polytherapy regimens have failed (Fig. 1). Four AEDs can be recommended as alternatives for focal epilepsy based on known risks of MCMs from the EURAP registry. These are levetiracetam, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and carbamazepine. Dose restriction is especially important in carbamazepine. Topiramate, phenytoin, and barbiturates cannot be recommended due to their teratogenic potential. There are insufficient data for the remaining AEDs, but this does not mean they are safe. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. VPA换药和停药的关键时期时青春期前、月经初潮时和怀孕前。专家小组认为，在患者10岁左右（月经初潮前）应推荐患者更换VPA为其他AEDs。对于VPA治疗有效的育龄期患者，可以停用、减量或与拉莫三嗪/左乙拉西坦联合使用，从而减少VPA用量。VPA换药应在怀孕前一年开始，换药速度应视具体情况决定。当患者体内已清除VPA（上次服药后1个月）、没有癫痫发作（基于癫痫复发风险，无发作时间为之前癫痫发作间隔的3倍）时可以考虑尝试怀孕。新的AEDs的剂量调整应基于临床特征，为了平衡有效性和药物耐受性，建议至少3个月。 Valproate switching and discontinuation generally occurs at certain relevant life stages. The three crucial periods are before puberty, at menarche, and before pregnancy. Valproate switching or discontinuation should be recommended in pre-menarche patients (around 10 years of age) after discussion of relevant issues with the patient and her parents/legal guardians. Family planning should be discussed with adult patients of childbearing potential. In patients responsive to valproate only, it could be discontinued, reduced, or combined with lamotrigine or levetiracetam, thus reducing valproate dosage. Valproate switching should ideally be started about 1 year ahead of pregnancy. The speed with which the switch is made, however, should be decided on a case-by-case basis depending on how strong the woman’s desire is to become pregnant. Following valproate discontinuation, patients should not try to conceive until (1) their body is clear of valproate (at least 1 month since last intake) and (2) they are free of seizures (based on seizure recurrence risk, three times the previous interval between seizures). Dose adjustments for the new AED should be based on clinical features; a period of at least 3 months is recommended for balancing efectiveness and tolerability. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 从VPA换为LTG平均需要2-3个月甚至更长的时间。应根据临床特征和血清LTG浓度进行滴定（LTG titration）。 从VPA转换到LEV更快，且通常不需要滴定。LEV目标剂量在1000-2000mg/d之间，具体取决于VPA剂量。 Switching from valproate to lamotrigine requires on average 2–3 months, but it can take much longer. Lamotrigine titration should be guided by clinical response and, where available, serum concentrations. Switching from valproate to levetiracetam is faster, as titration is not needed. The target dose for levetiracetam is between 1000 and 2000 mg/day depending on the valproate dose. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 相对其它AEDs而言，丙戊酸单药或联合用药时，尤其当药物总剂量>1000mg/d时，胎儿罹患神经管缺损、脊柱裂、泌尿生殖系统先天畸形的概率相对较高。因此，对于服用该类AEDs的患者，即便其适用于患者的发作类型，也应建议由临床医生重新评估并选用其他药物替代后再考虑妊娠。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 建议：(1)所有AEDs调整最好在受孕前完成；(2)尽量在癫痫发作控制稳定后开始备孕，尤其是对于全身强直阵-挛性发作患者；(3)尽可能避免使用丙戊酸、扑痢酮、苯巴比妥等；(4)尽量将AEDs调整至单药治疗的最低有效剂量。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 对新生儿应观察是否出现与AEDs相关的副作用，如苯巴比妥可导致新生儿觉醒程度降低和嗜睡，丙戊酸可能与新生儿易激惹相关，拉莫三嗪可能会诱发新生儿皮疹。与透过胎盘屏障的药物浓度相比，丙戊酸、苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、托吡酯等药物在母体乳汁内的药物浓度较低，对胎儿的影响相对较小，但左乙拉西坦在乳汁内浓度较高，相关风险有待进一步临床研究证实。大部分患者在医生指导下，可进行母乳喂养。在母乳喂养过程中，如出现长时间的镇静、对喂养不感兴趣、体质量不增加等表现，则应立即停止母乳喂养。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 与GBP、LTGT和PM等新型AEDs相比，传统AEDs（PTH、PB、CBZ、VPA）并不会大量转移到母乳中（Level Ⅱ-Ⅲ）。 First-generation AEDs (PTH, PB, CBZ, and VPA) are not transferred into breast milk in clinically significant amounts, in contrast with GBP, LTG, and TPM16 (LE II-III). Experience with novel AEDs is limited. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 对于需要接受VPA治疗的妊娠期WWE，应使用分次服用低剂量VPA（＜800mg）（use the lowest amount possible divided in several doses）。VPA剂量＜700mg的致畸风险与400-1000mg CBZ、PB＜150mg和LTG＞300mg的风险相似（Level Ⅲ）。 If the patient needs to be treated with VPA despite this risk, we should try to use the lowest amount possible (<800 mg) divided in several doses. VPA at doses lower than 700 mg presents a risk similar to that of CBZ dosed at 400 to 1000 mg, PB < 150 mg, and LTG> 300 mg11 (LE III). Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 妊娠期接触AEDs会增加胎儿先天畸形的风险，并可能影响胎儿生长发育和认知发育。妊娠期接受VPA、PB、综合疗法以及GTCS发作次数≥5次于WWE后代认知障碍风险增高相关。 Treatment with VPA, PB, polytherapy, and a history of 5 or more GTCS during pregnancy is associated with the highest risk of cognitive disorders for children of WWE. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 除拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦、奥卡西平、普瑞巴林外，其余AEDs均为妊娠期女性癫痫患者慎用药物，其中丙戊酸为禁用药物。无论是何种类型的癫痫，还是初始用药还是加用药物，《比利时建议》均指出不应对具有生育潜能的女性癫痫患者使用丙戊酸。 Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 如果丙戊酸是唯一的选择（更可能是全身性癫痫），应尽可能使用低剂量丙戊酸（因为丙戊酸致畸率是剂量依赖性的，剂量＜650mg/d的丙戊酸致畸率与大剂量卡马西平或拉莫三嗪相当）。 If valproate is the only efective treatment (which is more likely when treating generalized epilepsies), the dose should be kept as low as possible, because malformation rate is dose-dependent. The malformation rate with a daily dose<650 mg is comparable to that with high doses of carbamazepine or lamotrigine. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 在具有生育潜力的女性癫痫患者中，丙戊酸盐只有在满足新的怀孕预防计划的条件下才能使用。 Valproate is now contraindicated in pregnant women unless there is no other efective treatment available. In girls and women of childbearing potential, valproate can only be used if conditions of a new pregnancy prevention program are met. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 除了在不得不使用丙戊酸盐的情况下，欧盟委员会禁止对孕妇使用丙戊酸盐。 The European Commission issued new legally binding measures in 2018 to avoid in utero exposure to valproate. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 如果丙戊酸是唯一的选择（更可能是全身性癫痫），应尽可能使用低剂量丙戊酸（因为丙戊酸致畸率是剂量依赖性的，剂量＜650mg/d的丙戊酸致畸率与大剂量卡马西平或拉莫三嗪相当）。 If valproate is the only efective treatment (which is more likely when treating generalized epilepsies), the dose should be kept as low as possible, because malformation rate is dose-dependent. The malformation rate with a daily dose<650 mg is comparable to that with high doses of carbamazepine or lamotrigine. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. The sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproate sodium is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, valproate sodium increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproate sodium may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect. Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 苯巴比妥 A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. A long-acting barbituric acid derivative with antipsychotic property. Phenobarbital binds to and activates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor, thereby mimicking the inhibitory actions of GABA in the brain. The activation effects of the phenobarbital-receptor-ionophore complex include increased frequency of chloride channel openings, membrane hyperpolarization and ultimately synaptic inhibition and decreased neuronal excitability. In addition, this agent inhibits glutamate induced depolarization Do not routinely monitor AED levels during pregnancy. If seizures increase or are likely to increase, monitoring AED levels (particularly levels of lamotrigine and phenytoin, which may be particularly affected in pregnancy) may be useful when making dose adjustments. [new 2012] 怀孕期间不要常规监测抗癫痫药物水平。如果癫痫发作增加或可能增加，监测 AED 水平（尤其是拉莫三嗪和苯妥英的水平，其在怀孕期间可能受到特别影响）在调整剂量时可能有用。 [2012年新] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Phenobarbital (substance) 5-Phenyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid Acid Phenylethylbarbituric Phenylethylmalonylurea Phenemal Phenylethylbarbiturate Phenobarbital Phenobarbitol 5-Ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidine-246-trione Phenyläthylbarbitursäure 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-246(1H3H5H)-pyrimidinetrione 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-246(1H3H5H)-pyrimidinetrione 246(1H3H5H)-Pyrimidinetrione 5-ethyl-5-phenyl- Phenobarbital-containing product PHENOBARBITAL 128143 Phenobarbitone PHENO phenobarbital Phenylethylbarbitursäure 5-ethyl-5-phenylpyrimidine-246(1H3H5H)-trione PHENobarbital Fenobarbital Phenobarbituric Acid 9848 Phenylbarbital Product containing phenobarbital (medicinal product) 50-06-6 Phenylethylbarbituric Acid Phenobarbital Monosodium Salt Phenobarbital Sodium Gardenal Monosodium Salt Phenobarbital Sodium Phenobarbital Luminal Hysteps Phenobarbital 度洛西汀 A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA. N-methyl-3-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-3-(2-thiophene)propanamide Duloxetine duloxetine Duloxetine (substance) N-methyl-3-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-2-thiophenepropanamine Product containing duloxetine (medicinal product) Duloxetine-containing product DULoxetine DULOXETINE Duloxetina LY227942 LY-227942 LY248686 Hydrochloride Duloxetine Duloxetine (+)-isomer Cymbalta Duloxetine HCl LY 248686 LY-248686 LY 227942 Duloxetine Ethanedioate (1:1) (+-)-isomer - T353987 HCl Duloxetine Duloxetine 短暂性脑缺血发作 Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6) A brief attack (from a few minutes to an hour) of cerebral dysfunction of vascular origin, with no persistent neurological deficit. TIAs (Transient Ischemic Attack) Transient cerebral ischaemia Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) Transient Ischemic Attack Transient cerebral ischemia Transient ischemic attack - TIA TIA Brain Temporary cerebral vascular dysfunction TIA TIA - Transient ischaemic attack TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS transient ischemic attack Transient cerebral ischaemic attack unspecified Ischemic Attack Transient Transient ischaemic attacks Transient Ischemic Attacks Transient ischemic attack (disorder) Transient ischemic attack TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK Attack Transient Ischemic Transient cerebral ischemic attack unspecified Ischemic Attacks Transient Transient ischemic attacks Brain TIA STROKE TEMPORARY transient cerebral ischemic attack Attacks Transient Ischemic Transient ischaemic attack TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack) Transient ischemic attacks 戒烟 Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING. Discontinuation of the habit of smoking. Giving Up Smoking Smokings Giving Up Cessation Smoking Smoking Quitting Smoking Stopping Stopping Smoking Quitting Smoking Smoking Giving Up Cessation of smoking Smoking cessation Smoking Cessations Up Smoking Giving Smoking Cessation 单胺氧化酶抑制剂 A chemically heterogeneous group of drugs that have in common the ability to block oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. (From Gilman, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p414) Any substance that inhibits monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of monoamines and plays a role in the inactivation of neurotransmitters. MAO inhibitor monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAO INHIB MAOI MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIB Inhibitors MAO Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI) MAO inhibitors Inhibitors Monoamine Oxidase Monoamine oxidase inhibitor Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor [EPC] Monoamine oxidase inhibitor-containing product Substance with monoamine oxidase inhibitor mechanism of action (substance) Inhibitor MAO Product containing monoamine oxidase inhibitor (product) Inhibitor Monoamine Oxidase Substance with monoamine oxidase inhibitor mechanism of action Reversible Inhibitor of Monoamine Oxidase Reversible Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase RIMA (Reversible Inhibitor of Monoamine Oxidase A) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 阴茎套 A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. condom Condom (physical object) Condoms Condoms Unspecified Manufacture, Condom Condoms, External Condoms, Male Contraceptive supply, condom, male, each Male Condoms Male condom Prophylactics Prophylactic Rubber Sheath Condom 有研究显示癫痫女性的绝经期时间较健康女性提前。在癫痫的长程管理策略中，应加强对癫痫女性的更年期卫生教育，使其认识到绝经周期可能出现的变化，鼓励她们参加体育运动和社会锻炼，适当补充维生素B、维生素E。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 维生素E A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS. A natural fat-soluble antioxidant with potential chemopreventive activity. Also known as tocopherol, vitamin E ameliorates free-radical damage to biological membranes, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) within membrane phospholipids and within circulating lipoproteins. Peroxyl radicals react 1000-fold faster with vitamin E than with PUFA. In the case of oxygen free radical-mediated tumorigenesis, vitamin E may be chemopreventive. (NCI04) alpha-tocopherol VIT-E 1406-18-4 34-dihydro-2578-tetramethyl-2-(4812-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol 578-Trimethyltocol Vitamin E alpha tocopherol 59-02-9 vitamin E VIT E vitamin-E 34-Dihydro-2578-tetramethyl-2-(4812-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol 2578-tetramethyl-2-(4812-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol Vitamin E Compound E Vitamin 20812 E vitamin 578-trimethyltocol VITAMIN E VitaminE 服用非酶诱导型抗癫痫药的女性的避孕选择 Choices for women taking non-enzyme-inducing antiseizure medications 参考ISBN 978190910344、https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137、https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg68/、PMID: 25618222 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] All methods of contraception may be offered to women taking non-enzyme-inducing AEDs (e.g. sodium valproate, levetiracetam, gabapentin, vigabatrin, tiagabine and pregabalin). 【推荐等级：C】所有避孕方法都适用于服用非酶诱导AEDs的WWE（丙戊酸钠、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、氨己烯酸、替加宾、普瑞巴林）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy who are not taking antiepileptic drugs, or who are taking non-enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs, including lamotrigine, can use emergency contraception as for the general population. D级推荐：没有服用AEDs的女性癫痫患者或正在服用包括LTG在内的非酶诱导性AEDs的女性癫痫患者，其避孕措施与一般人群相同。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Choices for women taking non-enzyme-inducing antiseizure medications 妊娠：孕妇除定期进行产科检查外，还应定期就诊于癫痫专科医生；根据临床发作情况及时调整AEDs的剂量，尽量减少和避免发作，尤其是全面性强直-阵挛发作。孕妇也需要了解，没有证据表明局灶性、失神以及肌阵挛性发作会影响妊娠期与发育阶段的胎儿，除非患者跌倒或者受到了伤害；如果妊娠期间发作控制不佳，要充分考虑到妊娠相关因素的影响，如剧烈呕吐、依从性差等；妊娠16-20周时应该对胎儿进行详细的超声波检查，及时发现可能存在的畸形。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 肌阵挛发作 A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic. Women and girls should be reassured that there is no evidence that focal[20],absence and myoclonic seizures affect the pregnancy or developing fetus adversely unless they fall and sustain an injury. [2004, amended 2012] 应该向女性患者保证，没有证据表明局灶性[20]、失神和肌阵挛发作会对妊娠或胎儿发育产生不利影响，除非她们跌倒并受伤。 [2004 年，2012 年修订] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 Seizure Myoclonic Myoclonic epilepsy MYOCLONIC SEIZURE DIS Myoclonic Seizures Epilepsies Myoclonic Myoclonus Epilepsies Myoclonic seizure Myoclonus epilepsy Myoclonic seizure NOS Myoclonus Epilepsy Myoclonic Seizure Disorders Myoclonic seizure (disorder) myoclonic seizure Myoclonic Seizure Myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonic Seizure Disorder MYOCLONIC SEIZURE myoclonia epileptica Seizure Disorder Myoclonic Myoclonic Epilepsies Seizure Disorders Myoclonic Epileptic seizures myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonic myoclonus epilepsy Myoclonic seizures MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY Seizures myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonus Myoclonic seizures 奎尼丁 An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission. An alkaloid extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree with class 1A antiarrhythmic and antimalarial effects. Quinidine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by binding to and inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby inhibiting the sodium influx required for the initiation and conduction of impulses resulting in an increase of the threshold for excitation and decreased depolarization during phase 0 of the action potential. In addition, the effective refractory period (ERP), action potential duration (APD), and ERP/APD ratios are increased, resulting in decreased conduction velocity of nerve impulses. Quinidine exerts its antimalarial activity by acting primarily as an intra-erythrocytic schizonticide through association with the heme polymer (hemazoin) in the acidic food vacuole of the parasite thereby preventing further polymerization by heme polymerase enzyme. This results in accumulation of toxic heme and death of the parasite. quinidine Chinidinum 56-54-2 Chinidin 6-methoxy-α-(5-vinyl-2-quinuclidinyl)-4-quinolinemethanol Product containing quinidine (medicinal product) β-quinine CIN-QUIN Quinidine-containing product (S)-(6-Methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((2R5R)-5-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl)methanol beta-Quinine (8R9S)-Quinidine Cinchonan-9-ol 6-methoxy- (9S)- Quinidina (+)-quinidine (S)-(6-Methoxy-quinolin-4-yl)-((2R5R)-5-vinyl-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yl)-methanol (R)-(6-Methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((3S4R7S)-3-vinylquinuclidin-7-yl)methanol α-(6-methoxy-4-quinolyl)-5-vinyl-2-quinuclidinemethanol Quinidine (substance) Quinidine 膳食营养 Guidelines and objectives pertaining to food supply and nutrition including recommendations for healthy diet. PhenX domain - Nutrition and dietary supplements:-:Point in time:^Patient:-:PhenX PhenX domain - Nutrition and dietary supplements:-:Pt:^Patient:-:PhenX PhenX domain - Nutrition and dietary supplements Domain - Nutrition DS Nutrition Policies Nutrition Guideline Policies Food Dietary Guideline Guideline Dietary Guidelines Dietary Food Policy Food Policies Policy Food Guidelines Nutrition Dietary Guidelines Policy Nutrition Policies Nutrition Nutrition Guidelines Guideline Nutrition Dietary nutrition 癫痫患者的生活质量-89 QOLIE-89 (Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory with 89 items) is a self-report inventory which evaluates life satisfaction in four scales and 17 subscales. Its psychometric properties have been reviewed in several countries. In the American sample, internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) of this questionnaire had a range from 0.87 to 0.92. The test retest reliability for the 17 subscales had a range of 0.85 to 0.86. Furthermore, there was a statistical significant correlation between all the scores of QOLIE-89 and profile of mood states (POMS). Quality of life in epilepsy-89 儿童良性癫痫伴中央颞区棘波 A neurological disorder of childhood characterized by partial seizures consisting of twitching, numbness, or tingling of the face or tongue that often progress to secondary generalized seizures. Rolandic Epilepsy Benign Benign Childhood Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes Benign Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes Epilepsy Centrotemporal Temporal-Central Focal Epilepsy Benign Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes BENIGN ROLANDIC EPILEPSY BRE Benign rolandic epilepsy Centrotemporal Epilepsies Temporal Central Focal Epilepsy Centrotemporal epilepsy Benign Childhood Epilepsy With Centro-Temporal Spikes CENTRALOPATHIC EPILEPSY TEMPORAL-CENTRAL FOCAL EPILEPSY ECT Epilepsy Benign Rolandic BENIGN EPILEPSY OF CHILDHOOD WITH CENTROTEMPORAL SPIKES Benign Rolandic epilepsy Epilepsies Centrotemporal Temporal-Central Focal Epilepsies Centralopathic Epilepsies Epilepsy Temporal-Central Focal Focal Epilepsies Temporal-Central Benign Childhood Epilepsy With Centro Temporal Spikes Benign Rolandic Epilepsy Epilepsies Centralopathic Benign Rolandic Epilepsy of Childhood CENTROTEMPORAL EPILEPSY Centralopathic Epilepsy BCECTS Centralopathic epilepsy BECTS Benign Epilepsy Of Childhood With Centrotemporal Spikes Benign Rolandic epilepsy (disorder) Epilepsies Temporal-Central Focal Focal Epilepsy Temporal-Central Epilepsy Centralopathic Temporal-central focal epilepsy Centrotemporal Epilepsy Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes 五氟利多 One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS. Penfluridol (substance) R 16341 Penfluridol MCN-JR-16341 4-Piperidinol 1-(44-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl)-4-(4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- Penfluridol 音乐治疗 The use of music as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders. Music Therapy Therapy Music Music therapy (regime/therapy) MUSIC THER THER MUSIC Music therapy 精神共患病的诊断 A diagnosis is an assertion that a patient has psychiatric comorbidities psychiatric comorbiditiesdiagnosis Diagnosis of psychiatric comorbidities AES_concensus: PRM可能渗透入母乳中（以潜在的能引起临床表现的浓度） PRM probably cross the placenta in potentially clinically important amounts (one Class I and supporting Class II studies or two or more Class II studies). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. AES_concensus: 尚无证据证明PRM在妊娠期间血药浓度发生变化。 Evidence for a change in clearance or level of PRM during pregnancy is inadequate to reach a conclusion. Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. AES_concensus: 没有足够的证据支持对PRM的水平进行监测（Level U）。 There is insufficient evidence to support or refute a change in PRM levels related to pregnancy (Level U), and this lack of evidence should not discourage monitoring levels of these AEDs during pregnancy. Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 抗癫痫治疗与性激素的关系：在女性癫痫患者治疗中应注意避免使用影响月经周期、使PCOS发生率增加的药物，让患者获得长期满意的疗效。（临床上广泛应用的AEDs，如苯妥英钠、苯巴比妥、丙戊酸、卡马西平、扑痫酮等均可能干扰下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴，从而导致卵巢雌、孕激素分泌功能失调。） "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. China_expert_opinion_2015 建议：(1)所有AEDs调整最好在受孕前完成；(2)尽量在癫痫发作控制稳定后开始备孕，尤其是对于全身强直阵-挛性发作患者；(3)尽可能避免使用丙戊酸、扑痢酮、苯巴比妥等；(4)尽量将AEDs调整至单药治疗的最低有效剂量。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 目前临床所使用的AEDs几乎都能透过胎盘屏障。一些AEDs如苯巴比妥、扑痫酮可在胎儿体内蓄积，可能会增加胎儿发生各类先天畸形的风险。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971 经母乳接触PB、PRM和BZD，新生儿可能出现嗜睡和易怒以及喂养困难，需密切监测不良反应。 Regarding breastfeeding and PB, PRM, and BZD, the newborn may present drowsiness and irritability, and experience difficulty suckling, so close monitoring for adverse effects is needed. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 分娩后2-3周应检查血浆药物浓度。若妊娠期间调整了AEDs剂量，产后 应再次调整剂量，尤其是需要哺乳的患者。妊娠期使用PRM、OXC和LTG的患者，应立即监测（In cases of treatment with PRM, OXC, and LTG, monitor immediately）。 Plasma levels should be checked 2 to 3 weeks after childbirth. If doses were changed during pregnancy, they should be adjusted again, especially if patient is breastfeeding. In cases of treatment with PRM, OXC, and LTC, monitor immediately. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 扑痫酮 A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite. An analog of phenobarbital with antiepileptic property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, primidone probably exerts its actions, in a manner similar to phenobarbital, via activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor/chloride ionophore complex, which leads to prolonged and increased frequency of opening of the chloride channel within the receptor complex. This results in an alteration in the electrical activity of the nerve cell membrane, causing hyperpolarization and prevention of partial and tonic-clonic seizures. In addition, this agent is partially metabolized to phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA), which may also contribute to its anti-seizure properties. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html 5-Phenyl-5-ethyl-Hexahydropyrimidine-46-dione Primidonum Primidone Mysedon Primidon 2-Deoxyphenobarbital 46(1H5H)-Pyrimidinedione 5-ethyldihydro-5-phenyl- Primaclone Primidona Myidone Primidone-containing product Desoxyphenobarbital Primidone (substance) Product containing primidone (medicinal product) Mysoline Apo-Primidone Neurosyn Misodine Mysoline Mylepsinum Resimatil Liskantin Mizodin Sertan Primidon Holsten Apo Primidone Apo-Primidone Primidone 布立西坦 An orally bioavailable levetiracetam derivative, with anticonvulsant activity. Although the exact mechanism through which brivaracetam exerts its effects is not fully known, this agent targets and binds to synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) in the brain. This prevents synaptic vesicle exocytosis and the synaptic release of certain, as of yet not fully known, excitatory neurotransmitters. This may inhibit impulse conduction across synapses, decrease neuronal (hyper-)excitability, and may modulate epileptogenesis. SV2A, a membrane glycoprotein present in neuronal synaptic vesicles, plays a key role in action potential-induced neurotransmitter release in the brain. UCB34714 Product containing brivaracetam (medicinal product) brivaracetam 1-Pyrrolidineacetamide alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-4-propyl- (alphaS4R)- 1-pyrrolidineacetamide alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-4-propyl- (alphaS4R)- (2S)-2-((4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide BRIVARACETAM Brivaracetam (substance) Brivaracetam Brivaracetam-containing product UCB-34714 Briviact 2-(2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide UCB 34714 Brivaracetam 矫形术 A specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures. The branch of surgery broadly concerned with the skeletal system (bones and joints). Orthopedic Orthopaedics orthopedics Orthopedic Surgery Orthopedic Surgical Profession Orthopedics 正电子发射断层扫描 An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. It has been useful in study of soft tissues such as CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and brain. SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY is closely related to positron emission tomography, but uses isotopes with longer half-lives and resolution is lower. A technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radionuclide attached to a metabolically active substance (for example, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), which is similar to a naturally occurring sugar, glucose, with the addition of a radioactive fluorine atom). When living tissue containing the positron emitter is bombarded by electrons, gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons is detected by a scanner, revealing in fine detail the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered. Imaging Positron-Emission Tomography PET proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging Positron Emission Tomography Scan Positron-Emission Tomography Imagings Positron-Emission Tomography Imaging Tomography Imaging Positron-Emission POSITRON EMISS TOMOGR Tomography Positron-Emission PET - Positron emission tomography tomography emission computed TOMOGR POSITRON EMISS PET Imagings Positron emission tomographic imaging PETT Positron emission tomography PET Scans Positron emission tomographic imaging - action (qualifier value) Positron emission tomogram PET Scan Positron Emission Tomography Imaging PET SCAN Positron emission tomography (procedure) Imaging PET positron emission tomography scan pet Tomography Positron Emission PET Imaging PET imaging Scan PET PET/CT scan Medical Imaging Positron Emission Tomography PET scan Positron Emission Tomography Positron-Emission Tomography Positron emission tomographic imaging - action positron emission tomography Positron emission tomography 单光子发射计算机断层扫描 A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image. A type of tomography in which gamma photon-emitting radionuclides are administered to the patient and then detected by one or more gamma cameras rotated around the patient. From the series of two-dimensional images produced, a three-dimensional image can be created by computer reconstruction. SPECT SCAN Medical Imaging Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Single photon emission computerized tomography CT Scan Single-Photon Emission Single Photon Emission Computer Assisted Tomography Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Single photon emission computed tomography - action (qualifier value) Tomography Single-Photon Emission-Computed EMISS CT SINGLE PHOTON Single photon emission computerised tomography SPET SPECT Tomography Single-Photon Emission-Computed Single-Photon Emission Computerized Tomography Single Photon Emission CT Scan CT SINGLE PHOTON EMISS Single-Photon Emission-Computed Tomography Emission-Computed Tomography Single-Photon CAT Scan Single Photon Emission single photon emission computed tomography SPET - Single photon emission computed tomography Single-Photon Emission CT Scan Single Photon Emission Tomography Single photon emission computerised tomogram RADIONUCLIDE TOMOGR SINGLE PHOTON EMISS CT Scan Single Photon Emission Single photon emission computerized tomogram SINGLE PHOTON EMISS CT single-photon emission computed tomography Single-Photon Emission Computer-Assisted Tomography Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography CAT Scan Single-Photon Emission Radionuclide Tomography Single-Photon Emission-Computed tomography emission computed single photon SPECT imaging Radionuclide Tomography Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Emission-Computed Single-Photon Single photon emission computerized tomography (procedure) Single photon emission computed tomography - action Single photon emission computed tomography Single photon emission computed tomography 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. The sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproate sodium is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, valproate sodium increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproate sodium may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect. Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 终止癫痫发作 Intervention of seizures Intervention of seizures Termination of seizures 吗茚酮 An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283) Molindone (substance) molindone 4H-Indol-4-one 3-ethyl-1567-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5-(4-morpholinylmethyl)- Molindonum (+/-)-molindone Molindone-containing product Product containing molindone (medicinal product) Molindona Molindone 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. The sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproate sodium is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, valproate sodium increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproate sodium may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect. Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 紧急避孕 If emergency contraception is required for women and girls taking enzyme-inducing AEDs, the type and dose of emergency contraception should be in line with the SPC and current edition of the BNF.[2004, amended 2012] 如果服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药的女性需要紧急避孕，紧急避孕的类型和剂量应符合 SPC 和 BNF 的当前版本。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 WWE taking AEDs who become unexpectedly pregnant should be able to discuss therapy with an epilepsy specialist on an urgent basis. It is never recommended to stop or change AEDs abruptly without an informed discussion. 服用AEDs的WWE如果发生意外怀孕，应与癫痫专家讨论紧急避孕的方法，不建议在未经评估和讨论的情况下突然停止或更换AEDs。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy who require emergency contraception while using enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs, or who have stopped taking these within the last 28 days: D级推荐：正在使用酶诱导AEDs或在过去28天内停用酶诱导AEDs的女性癫痫患者若需要紧急避孕： should be prescribed a single dose of levonorgestrel 3 mg (as opposed to 1.5 mg), ideally as soon as possible, and within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse 单次服用左炔诺孕酮3mg（注意不是1.5mg），越快越好，并且最好是在无保护性交后72h内服用； should not be offered ulipristal acetate (ellaOne®) because of a risk of reduced efficacy 不应采用醋酸利培酮（ulipristal acetate，ellaOne®），因其可降低疗效； may be offered insertion of a non-hormonal intrauterine device within 5 days of intercourse as an alternative option. 可在性交后5天内使用非荷尔蒙宫内节育器作为替代选择。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Emergency contraception Emergency contraception (finding) Emergency Contraception Contraception Emergency Emergency contraception 加拿大衰老-癫痫算法的纵向研究 Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) is a Canada-wide prospective cohort study that will follow 50,000 participants, aged 45–85 years at baseline, for at least 20 years. The CLSA's stated aim is to investigate biologic, social, and psychological aspects of Canada's aging population. Like most large-scale population-based cohort studies, the CLSA relies on a single, self-report question to identify cases of epilepsy: “Has a doctor ever told you that you have epilepsy?” which is asked of all 50,000 participants during their baseline assessment(备注：参考PMID: 25312856) CLSA-EA Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging-Epilepsy Algorithm 肠道疾病 Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS. A spectrum of small and large bowel inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology. It includes Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and colitis of indeterminate type. BOWEL DIS INFLAMM Inflammatory bowel diseases INFLAMM BOWEL DIS inflammatory bowel disease INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE Autoimmune Bowel Disorder Inflammatory Bowel Disease Inflammatory bowel disease NOS IBD - Inflammatory bowel disease IBD Inflammatory bowel disease Inflammatory bowel disease (disorder) Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Bowel Diseases Inflammatory Bowel disease 二肽基肽酶4抑制剂 Compounds that suppress the degradation of INCRETINS by blocking the action of DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV. This helps to correct the defective INSULIN and GLUCAGON secretion characteristic of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS by stimulating insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon release. Any inhibitor of the proline-specific serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. DPP-4 inhibitors bind to DPP-4 and inhibit the breakdown of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). This prolongs incretin activity, increases postprandial insulin release, decreases glucagon release, delays gastric emptying and lowers blood glucose levels. The risk for hypoglycemia is negligible with the use of DPP-4 inhibitors. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Inhibitor Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor Product containing dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor (product) DPP-4 Inhibitors DPP IV Inhibitors DPP4 Inhibitors DPP 4 Inhibitor DPP4 Inhibitor Substance with dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor mechanism of action (substance) Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors Gliptin Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor DPP-IV Inhibitor Gliptins Inhibitor DPP4 Inhibitor DPP-4 DPP 4 Inhibitors Inhibitor DPP-IV Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor DPP-IV Inhibitors DPP IV Inhibitor Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor [EPC] DPP-4 Inhibitor Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor-containing product Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitor Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 4 Inhibitors Inhibitor Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 4 Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 4 Inhibitor Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor 抑郁障碍的诊断 Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders. A melancholy feeling of sadness and despair. Depression psychic DEPRESSION MENTAL DEPRESSION PSYCHIC depression (emotion) Depressive state NOS monopolar depression Depressed state Depressions DEPRESSION depression DEPRESSED STATE Depressive state Depression Monopolar depression NOS Depression NOS Depression mental Mental Depression depression (disease) Depression 钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂 Sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) 2 is specifically expressed in the kidney, while SGLT1 is present in the kidneys and small intestine. SGLT2 inhibitors are a class of oral antidiabetic drugs that lower elevated plasma glucose levels by promoting the urinary excretion of excess glucose through the inhibition of renal glucose reuptake SGLT2 Sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 inhibitor WWE在生育和性行为方面主要面临着更高的不孕不育率和性功能障碍率。 Higher rates of infertility and sexual dysfunction. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 性功能障碍 Disturbances in sexual desire or performance. sexual dysfunction Sexual function abnormal Sexual dysfunction NOS Sexual Dysfunction SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION Abnormal sexual function Abnormal sexual function (finding) Sexual dysfunction unspecified Sexual dysfunction WOCP指处于月经初潮和更年期之间的女性，这些女性具有生育能力。专家小组认为，丙戊酸不应作为WOCP的一线治疗。 不推荐在月经初潮前开始服用丙戊酸，但在某些特殊情况下可以接受（如：丙戊酸盐可以最为潜在的自限性癫痫综合征的一线治疗药物，包括伴有中央颞部棘波的局灶性癫痫、儿童期失神发作、婴儿良性肌阵挛癫痫）。对于慢性的儿童期发作、可能持续到青春期和成年期的癫痫综合征患者而言（如，Jeavons综合症），丙戊酸不应作为首选治疗。总的来说，专家小组不建议将丙戊酸作为10岁以上女性任何类型癫痫的一线治疗。 The panel considered that there are no clinical situations in which valproate should be started as first-line therapy in WOCP.Initiation of valproate before menarche is not recommended, although there are circumstances when it might be acceptable. Valproate can be prescribed as first-line therapy for potentially self-limited epilepsy syndromes, such as focal epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, childhood absence epilepsy, and benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. It should not be the first choice in patients with chronic childhood-onset epilepsy syndromes likely to remain active into adolescence and adulthood (e.g., Jeavons syndrome). Overall, the panel does not recommend starting valproate as first-line treatment for epilepsy of any type in girls older than 10 years. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 良性婴儿肌阵挛性癫痫 Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy Myoclonic Epilepsy Benign Infantile Epilepsy Myoclonic Infantile Benign Myoclonic Epilepsy Infantile Benign Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (disorder) Neonatal myoclonic epilepsy Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy 安非他酮 A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE. An aminoketone with antidepressant activity. The molecular mechanism of the antidepressant effect of bupropion is unknown. This agent does not inhibit monoamine oxidase and, compared to classical tricyclic antidepressants, is a weak blocker of the neuronal uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Buproprion also weakly inhibits the neuronal re-uptake of dopamine. Amfebutamone 1-Propanone 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-((11-dimethylethyl)amino)- BUPROPION (+-)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-((11-dimethylethyl)amino)-1-propanone Amfebutamon Bupropion-containing product Bupropion (substance) Product containing bupropion (medicinal product) Bupropion 苯妥英钠 An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The sodium salt form of phenytoin, a hydantoin derivate and non-sedative antiepileptic agent with anticonvulsant activity. Phenytoin sodium promotes sodium efflux from neurons located in the motor cortex, thereby stabilizing the neuron and inhibiting synaptic transmission. This leads to a reduction in posttetanic potentiation at synapses, an inhibition of repetitive firing of action potentials and ultimately inhibits the spread of seizure activity. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 55-Diphenyl-24-imidazolidinedione Monosodium Salt phenytoin sodium Diphenylhydantoin sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Sodium Phenytoin sodium (substance) Dilantin Sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Dihydan Diphenylhydantoin Hydantol Epanutin Difenin 55-diphenylimidazolidine-24-dione Fenitoin Antisacer 55-Diphenylhydantoin Epamin Phenytoin sodium 硫糖铝 A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. A nonabsorbable, aluminum salt of sucrose orasulfate with anti-ulcer, mucosa-protective and potentially anti-mucositis activity. Negatively charged sucralfate binds, through ionic bond formation, to positively charged proteins on mucosal surfaces, thereby creating a protective coating and physical barrier. This agent may also enhance the production of prostaglandin E2 locally, thereby promoting mucus production, increasing mucosal blood flow and stimulating epithelial proliferation and may contribute to the healing of damaged mucosa. Sucralfate Aluminum hexadeca-mu-hydroxytetracosahydroxy(mu8-(1346-tetra-O-sulfo-beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside tetrakis(hydrogen sulfato)(8-)))hexadeca- Product containing sucralfate (medicinal product) Hexadeca-μ-hydroxytetracosahydroxy[μ8-[1346-tetra-O-sulfo-β-Dfructofuranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside tetrakis(hydrogen sulfato)8-)]]hexadecaaluminum Basic aluminum sucrose sulfate Sucralfate (substance) Basic aluminium sucrose sulphate Carafate Aluminum Sucrose Sulfate Sulfate Aluminum Sucrose Sucralfato Sucralfatum Sucralfate-containing product Sucralfat Sucralfate 奋乃静 An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. A phenothiazine derivative and a dopamine antagonist with antiemetic and antipsychotic properties. Perphenazine blocks postsynaptic dopamine 2(D2) receptors in the mesolimbic and medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), thereby preventing the excess of dopamine in the brain. This leads to reduction in psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. Perphenazine appears to exert its antiemetic activity by blocking the dopamine and histamine-1 receptor in the CTZ thereby relieving nausea and vomiting in the brain. In addition, perphenazine binds to alpha-adrenergic receptors. 2-chloro-10-(3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propyl)phenothiazine 4-[3-(2-chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl]-1-piperazineethanol Perphenazin 1-Piperazineethanol 4-(3-(2-chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl)- Perphenazine-containing product Etaperazine Perfenazina Product containing perphenazine (medicinal product) perphenazine Perphenazinum Perphenazine (substance) Etaperazin γ-(4-(β-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propyl-2-chlorophenothiazine Chlorpiprazine Perfenazine Perphénazine Ethaperazine 4-[3-(2-chlorophenothiazin-10-yl)propyl]-1-piperazineethanol 2-(4-[3-(2-chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl]-1-piperazinyl)ethanol Perphenazine 正念疗法 A psychological state of awareness, the practices that promote this awareness, a mode of processing information and a character trait. As a therapy mindfulness is defined as a moment-to-moment awareness of one's experience without judgment and as a state and not a trait. mindfulness Mindfulness 阵挛发作 A convulsion marked by alternating contracting and relaxing of the muscles. Clonic convulsions Clonic convulsion Seizure Clonic Convulsion Clonic Seizures Clonic Clonic Seizures Clonic seizures Seizures clonic Clonic Seizure Clonic seizure (finding) Clonic Convulsion Clonic seizure Clonic seizures 全面性癫痫发作 Generalized Seizures Seizure Generalized Primary generalized seizure Generalized onset seizure Generalised-onset seizure Generalized seizure (finding) Generalised convulsion Generalized fit Generalised onset seizure Generalised seizure Convulsions generalized Seizures generalized Generalised fit generalized seizure Generalized-onset seizures Seizures Generalized Generalized-onset seizure Convulsions generalised GENERALIZED SEIZURE Generalized seizure Generalized Seizure Generalized convulsion Generalized seizures Generalized seizure 导致性功能障碍的抗癫痫药物 Antiseizure medications causing sexual dysunction参考ISBN9787117158626 Antiseizure medications causing sexual dysunction 生物反馈治疗 The therapy technique of providing the status of one's own AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM function (e.g., skin temperature, heartbeats, brain waves) as visual or auditory feedback in order to self-control related conditions (e.g., hypertension, migraine headaches). A training technique in which various bodily functions, such as heart rate, skin temperature, muscle tension, and brain activity are monitored so that people can learn to control them voluntarily so as to improve their health and physical performance. Biofeedbacks (Psychology) Biofeedback (Psychology) Biofeedback technique Biofeedback therapy biofeedback (psychology) Biofeedback Psychology Feedback Psychophysiologic Biofeedback Feedback Psychophysiological Psychology Biofeedback FEEDBACK PSYCHOPHYSIOL Psychology Biofeedbacks Mental Health @ None @ Biofeedback @ Other Biofeedback @ None @ None @ None Biofeedback procedure BIOFEEDBACK PSYCHOL Biofeedbacks PSYCHOPHYSIOL FEEDBACK Biofeedbacks Psychology Psychophysiologic Feedback Biofeedback procedure (regime/therapy) biofeedback Biofeedback 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫的育龄期、有怀孕计划的女性患者，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦是首选治疗方案，唑尼沙胺和托吡酯为二线治疗方案。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various antiseizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a healthy woman in her reproductive years with genetically mediated (idiopathic generalized) epilepsy who is not currently pregnant or trying to conceive but wishes to have a family someday. Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice; zonisamide and topiramate were considered second-line options. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，首选治疗方案为拉莫三嗪，左乙拉西坦为二线治疗方案。对于唑尼沙胺、丙戊酸盐、托吡酯和拉考沙胺的治疗尚未达成共识。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various antiseizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with genetically mediated (idiopathic generalized) epilepsy. The treatment of choice was lamotrigine, while levetiracetam was considered second-line therapy. No consensus could be reached regarding treatment with zonisamide, valproate, topiramate, and lacosamide. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 根据EURAP已知的MCM风险，推荐4种AEDs作为局灶性癫痫的替代物：左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪、奥卡西平、卡马西平。其中对卡马西平的剂量限制尤为重要。不推荐使用托吡酯、苯妥英和巴比妥酸盐。 Four AEDs can be recommended as alternatives for focal epilepsy based on known risks of MCMs from the EURAP registry. These are levetiracetam, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and carbamazepine. Dose restriction is especially important in carbamazepine. Topiramate, phenytoin, and barbiturates cannot be recommended due to their teratogenic potential. There are insufficient data for the remaining AEDs, but this does not mean they are safe. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 孕前咨询：告知患者癫痫发作及AEDs对妊娠及胎儿风险。妊娠期使用AEDs可能对癫痫女性后代智力发育造成影响，尤其是苯巴比妥和丙戊酸。目前尚无足够的证据来评估新型AEDs（加巴喷丁、左乙拉西坦、噻加宾、托吡酯、氨己烯酸）的致畸性。大剂量丙戊酸（超过800mg/天）以及联合丙戊酸的多药治疗的致畸风险明显增加；告知患者补充叶酸和维生素K的必要性。如果孕妇或者配偶有癫痫疾病，尤其是有特发性癫痫及癫痫及相关遗传病家族史者，应当进行遗传咨询。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. TPM可能渗透入母乳中（以潜在的能引起临床表现的浓度） TPM possibly cross the placenta in potentially clinically important amounts (at least one Class II study for each). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 临床医生应充分告知患者服用AEDs可能存在的致畸风险。目前比较明确的是，托吡酯在孕早期的单药治疗可引起肢端骨骼异常、先天性心脏病、唇腭裂等畸形。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 卡马西平、奥卡西平、苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、托吡酯等肝微粒体酶诱导的AEDs，可透过胎盘促进胎儿体内维生素K1氧化降解，导致新生儿出血性疾病的风险增加。建议患者在妊娠最后一个月，每日口服20 mg维生素K1，以减少胎儿发生出血性疾病的风险。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 托吡酯 A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss. A sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide with anticonvulsant property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, topiramate antagonizes kainate/AMPA subtype of the glutamate receptors, which are ligand-activated cation channels that mediate the fast component of excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurons of the central nervous system. This antagonistic action results in stabilizing hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and decreasing propagation of synaptic impulses, thereby impedes seizure occurrences. In addition, this agent augments gamma-aminobenzoic acid (GABA) activity and thereby attenuating GABAnergic inhibitory transmission. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Epitomax USL255 McN 4853 McN4853 McN-4853 Topiramate Tipiramate Tipiramato 23:45-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate beta-D-Fructopyranose 23:45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)- sulfamate TPM Topamax Product containing topiramate (medicinal product) Topiramate-containing product 23:45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate Topiramato 23-45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate Topiramate (substance) Topiramatum 97240-79-4 Topiramate 复方短效口服避孕药 A hormonal contraceptive that utilizes a combination of estrogen and progestin (synthetic progesterone) to prevent ovulation and pregnancy [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women should be counselled that the efficacy of oral contraceptives (combined hormonal contraception, progestogen-only pills), transdermal patches, vaginal ring and progestogen-only implants may be affected if they are taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine and eslicarbazepine). 【推荐等级：C】如果WWE正在服用酶诱导AEDs，应告知患者口服避孕药（联合激素类避孕药、仅含孕激素的药片）、透皮贴片（transdermal patches）、阴道环和仅含孕激素皮下埋植（progestogen-only implants）的疗效会受到影响。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Progestin and Estrogen Combination Estrogen/Progestin Hormonal Contraception Combination oral contraception 诱发癫痫发作的麻醉药 Anesthetics that can induce epileptic seizures What are the recommended methods of analgesia in labour for WWE? WWE分娩镇痛的推荐方法 Pain relief in labour should be prioritised in WWE, with options including transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), nitrous oxide and oxygen (Entonox®), and regional analgesia. 对于WWE的分娩，应优先考虑分娩镇痛，包括经皮神经电刺激、一氧化二氮和氧气以及区域镇痛（Pain relief in labour should be prioritized in WWE, with options including transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), nitrous oxide and oxygen (Entonox ®), and regional analgesia.）。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Pethidine should be used with caution in WWE for analgesia in labour. Diamorphine should be used in preference to pethidine.（Pethidine is metabolised to norpethidine, which is known to be epileptogenic when administered in high doses to patients with normal renal function. If general anaesthesia becomes necessary, it is prudent to avoid anaesthetic agents such as pethidine, ketamine and sevoflurane. The first two are known to lower seizure threshold and the third may have epileptogenic potential.） 【推荐等级：D】WWE分娩镇痛时慎用哌替啶，二氢吗啡应优先于哌替啶使用。（哌替啶可被代谢为去甲哌替啶，后者在肾功能正常的患者中可引起癫痫发作（大剂量）。全麻时避免使用哌替啶、氯胺酮和七氟醚等麻醉剂，前两种药物可降低癫痫发作阈值，第三种可致痫。） https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ anaesthetics inducing epileptic seizures anesthetic drug inducing epileptic seizures Anaesthetic inducing epileptic seizures 血液 The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS. A liquid tissue; its major function is to transport oxygen throughout the body. It also supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection. Several hormones also travel in the blood. Issues relating to AED blood level monitoring must be discussed with the patient. 与AEDs血药浓度监测相关的问题必须与患者讨论。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Blood Sanguis portion of blood peripheral blood BLOOD Reticuloendothelial System Blood Haema blood Peripheral Blood Blood (substance) Portion of blood Whole Blood Blood 孕前咨询：告知患者癫痫发作及AEDs对妊娠及胎儿风险。妊娠期使用AEDs可能对癫痫女性后代智力发育造成影响，尤其是苯巴比妥和丙戊酸。目前尚无足够的证据来评估新型AEDs（加巴喷丁、左乙拉西坦、噻加宾、托吡酯、氨己烯酸）的致畸性。大剂量丙戊酸（超过800mg/天）以及联合丙戊酸的多药治疗的致畸风险明显增加；告知患者补充叶酸和维生素K的必要性。如果孕妇或者配偶有癫痫疾病，尤其是有特发性癫痫及癫痫及相关遗传病家族史者，应当进行遗传咨询。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 抗癫痫药物与肥胖的关系：很多种AEDs，包括丙戊酸、卡马西平、苯妥英钠、加巴喷丁、氨己烯酸等都可能导致体重增加。其中丙戊酸导致的PCOS是青春期癫痫女性肥胖的重要原因。体重增加也常使癫痫患者的依从性下降或中断治疗。因此，选择AEDs需对药效和药物不良反应综合考虑。用药期间还应定期监测患者身高、体重、体质指数、血脂、血糖等指标，以指导癫痫患者体重的控制。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 氨己烯酸 An analogue of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and is used as an anticonvulsant. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed) gamma-Vinyl-GABA Vigabatrin gamma vinyl gaba Product containing vigabatrin (medicinal product) Gamma vinyl gamma aminobutyric acid Vinyl Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 4-Amino-5-hexenoic Acid gamma-Vinyl-gamma-Aminobutyric Acid MDL 71754 gamma-Vinyl GABA Vigabatrine RMI-71754 Vigabatrinum 5-Hexenoic Acid 4-Amino- GVG Vigabatrina Vigabatrin (substance) MDL-71754 Vigabatrin-containing product Sabril Sabrilex Vigabatrin 慢性丘脑刺激术 Chronic cerebellar electrical stimulation is to stimulate the thalamic to reduce seizures定义参考PMID: 33128504 Chronic thalamic stimulation 口服避孕药 Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both. An agent taken orally to prevent conception. The progestogen[23]-only pill is not recommended as reliable contraception in women and girls taking enzyme-inducing AEDs.[2004, amended 2012] 不建议将仅含孕激素 [23] 的药作为服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药的妇女和女孩的可靠避孕方法。[2004 年，2012 年修订] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women should be counselled that the efficacy of oral contraceptives (combined hormonal contraception, progestogen-only pills), transdermal patches, vaginal ring and progestogen-only implants may be affected if they are taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine and eslicarbazepine). 【推荐等级：C】如果WWE正在服用酶诱导AEDs，应告知患者口服避孕药（联合激素类避孕药、仅含孕激素的药片）、透皮贴片（transdermal patches）、阴道环和仅含孕激素皮下埋植（progestogen-only implants）的疗效会受到影响。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Progesterone-only oral contraception, which is often the contraceptive method of choice in women who are breastfeeding, is contraindicated postpartum in women with epilepsy taking hepatic enzyme-inducing AEDs as these increase progesterone metabolism. 纯黄体酮口服避孕药通常是哺乳期妇女首选的避孕方法，但使用酶诱导AEDs的癫痫患者产后禁忌使用这种避孕药。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] To minimise the risk of contraceptive failure, a woman using any combined hormonal contraception, or a combined oral contraceptive pill, or a progesterone-only pill should be prescribed an antiepileptic drug that does not induce hepatic enzymes. C级推荐：为避免将避孕失败的风险降到最低，使用联合避孕药、合用多种口服避孕药或仅服用黄体酮避孕药的妇女，应使用非肝酶诱导性AEDs。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Contraceptive pills for birth control Contraceptive Oral Birth control pills Oral Contraceptives Pill Contraceptives Oral Contraceptive pills for bc Oral Contraceptive birth control pills Oral contraceptives 脑磁图 Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a functional neuroimaging technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain, using very sensitive magnetometers. Magnetoencephalograms Magnetoencephalogram Magnetoencephalography (procedure) magnetoencephalography MAGNETOENCEPHALOGR MEG - Magnetoencephalography MEG Scan MEG Magnetoencephalogram 非运动症状起病 focal non-motor seizure Focal seizure without motor onset Partial seizure without motor onset Focal non-motor seizure 溃疡性结肠炎 Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN. An inflammatory bowel disease involving the mucosal surface of the large intestine and rectum. It may present with an acute or slow onset and follows an intermittent or continuous course. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, weight loss, and intestinal hemorrhage. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (CROHN DISEASE) 1 Crohns Enteritis REGIONAL ENTERITIS CD - Crohns disease granulomatous enteritis RE - regional enteritis CROHN DIS Crohns enteritis Granulomatous enteritis and colitis Crohns disease Crohns disease (disorder) Crohns disease NOS Crohns IBD1 Crohn disease Crohn Disease Crohn disease unspecified DISEASE CROHNS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE REGIONAL ENTERITIS Inflammatory Bowel Disease 1 Regional Enteritis Crohns disease unspecified CROHN DISEASE Crohn disease [regional enteritis] CROHNS DIS enteritis (regional) eleocolitis CROHNS DISEASE Disease Crohns Granulomatous enteritis Crohns Disease Morbus Crohn Crohns disease regional enteritis Crohns disease [regional enteritis] Crohns Disease Crohns regional enteritis Regional enteritis Ulcerative Colitis Ulcerative colitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease Ulcerative Colitis Type Ulcerative calcitis UC Ulcerative colitis unspecified Ulcerative colitis as main diagnosis for the colon Colitis gravis Colitis Ulcerative Idiopathic Proctocolitis Colitis Ulcerative Colitis Gravis ulcerative colitis UC - Ulcerative colitis ULCERATIVE COLITIS Colitis ulcerosa COLITIS ULCERATIVE Ulceratve colitis unspcf INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE ULCERATIVE COLITIS ULCERATIVE CALCITIS COLITIS ULCERATIVE Colitis ulcerative Ulcerative colitis (disorder) Ulcerative colitis as reason for lower g.i. examination Ulcerative colitis 代谢 metabolic Metabolic Metabolic 缺氧缺血性脑病 Ischemic brain damage in which the entire brain is deprived of oxygen. It may be fatal or lead to long term disabilities including developmental delays, intellectual disability, and seizures. Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathies Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Anoxic encephalopathy Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy unspecified Hypoxic ischemic brain injury Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) Hypoxc-ischem enceph NOS Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy [HIE] Encephalopathy Hypoxic Ischemic Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy Ischemic-Hypoxic Encephalopathy ENCEPH HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy Encephalopathy Ischemic-Hypoxic Encephalopathies Hypoxic-Ischemic Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy Ischemic Hypoxic Encephalopathy Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (disorder) Ischemic-Hypoxic Encephalopathies HIE HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPH Hypoxic ischaemic brain injury Encephalopathy Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathies Ischemic-Hypoxic ISCHEMIC HYPOXIC ENCEPH hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy [HIE] unspecified Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy 终止分娩 cesarean section or calf-puller What are the effects of induction of labour on WWE and do AEDs affect induction agents? 引产对WWE的影响是什么？AEDs是否会对诱导剂产生影响？ There are no known contraindications to use of any induction agents in WWE taking AEDs. 目前并没有WWE使用引产药物的禁忌证。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ In women with epilepsy, induction of labour should be offered for standard obstetric indications. 应为符合引产标准的女性癫痫患者进行引产。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html cesarean section Termination of delivery 支气管哮喘 A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL). A chronic respiratory disease manifested as difficulty breathing due to the narrowing of bronchial passageways. Airway hyperreactivity Asthma Bronchial ASTHMA Asthma (disorder) ASTHMA BRONCHIAL Asthma Asthma bronchial Asthma unspecified ASTHMA BRONCHIAL Asthma NOS Bronchial Asthma Asthmas Unspecified asthma Bronchial asthma BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Br. asthma Asthmatic Bronchitic asthma asthma Bronchial asthma 舍曲林 A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. Sertralinum sertraline Sertraline (substance) (+)-Sertraline cis-(+)-sertraline Sertraline-containing product Sertralina 1-Naphthalenamine1234-tetrahydro-4-(34-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl- (1S-cis)- SERTRALINE Product containing sertraline (medicinal product) (1S-cis)-1234-tetrahydro-4-(34-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl-1-naphthalenamine Sertraline (1S4S)-sertraline Aremis Zoloft Novo-Sertraline Rhoxal sertraline Gen Sertraline Apo Sertraline Hydrochloride Sertraline Sealdin Besitran Apo-Sertraline Sertraline Hydrochloride Gen-Sertraline Altruline Lustral Sertraline Hydrochloride (1S-cis)-Isomer ratio-Sertraline Gladem ratio Sertraline Novo Sertraline Rhoxal-sertraline Sertraline 睡眠障碍 Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187) A change from the patient's baseline sleeping pattern, in the hours slept and/or an alteration/dysfunction in the stages of sleep. Sleep Disorder Sleep disorder unspecified sleep disorders parasomnia Sleep disorders Sleep disturbances Sleep disorders and disturbances sleep disturbances Sleep disturbance Disorder sleep Sleep disorder Sleep Disorders SLEEP DISORDER Disorder Sleep Sleep disorder NOS Disorders Sleep SLEEP DISORDER (NOS) disorders sleep Sleep Dysfunction Sleep disorder (disorder) Sleep Disturbance sleep disorder Sleep disorder (NOS) Unspecified sleep disturbance DISORDER SLEEP Sleep disturbances (incl subtypes) SLEEP DIS disturbances sleep Sleep disturbances (including subtypes) Sleep disorders 卡马西平 A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties. A tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine Carbamazepine (substance) TEGretol Carbamazepen Carbamazepin 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Carbamazepine 169864 Carbamazepine Anhydrous Carbamazepina 5-Carbamyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine CBZ Carbamazepinum 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine Carbamazepine-containing product Carbamazépine 298-46-4 Product containing carbamazepine (medicinal product) 5-carbamoyl-5H-dibenz[bf]azepine Epitol Finlepsin Carbamazepine Dihydrate Carbamazepine Hydrochloride Neurotol Carbamazepine L-Tartrate (4:1) Carbamazepine Acetate Carbamazepine Sulfate (2:1) Carbamazepine Phosphate Carbazepin Amizepine Carbamazepine 外伤 Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity. TRAUMA trauma traumatic disorders Trauma Trauma NOS Trauma 抗癫痫药物数量 Number of antiseizure medications Number of antiepileptic drugs Number of antiseizure medications Lennox-Gastaut综合征 A childhood-onset epilepsy syndrome. A syndrome characterized by frequent episodes of epilepsy during childhood. The epileptic episodes may be tonic, atonic, myoclonic, or absence seizures. It may be accompanied by mental retardation and behavioral problems. LGS Gastaut syndrome Lennox Gastaut Syndromes Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (disorder) Childhood Epileptic Encephalopathy with Diffuse Slow Spikes and Waves Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Epileptic encephalopathy Lennox-Gastaut type LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME Encephalopathy of childhood Lennox Gastaut Syndrome Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Lennox Gastaut syndrome Epileptic encephalopathy Lennox-Gastaut type Lennox-Gastaut syndrome 卡马西平 A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties. A tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine Carbamazepine (substance) TEGretol Carbamazepen Carbamazepin 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Carbamazepine 169864 Carbamazepine Anhydrous Carbamazepina 5-Carbamyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine CBZ Carbamazepinum 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine Carbamazepine-containing product Carbamazépine 298-46-4 Product containing carbamazepine (medicinal product) 5-carbamoyl-5H-dibenz[bf]azepine Epitol Finlepsin Carbamazepine Dihydrate Carbamazepine Hydrochloride Neurotol Carbamazepine L-Tartrate (4:1) Carbamazepine Acetate Carbamazepine Sulfate (2:1) Carbamazepine Phosphate Carbazepin Amizepine Carbamazepine 线粒体肌病 Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes. Mitochondrial Disorders Mitochondrial Disorder MITOCHONDRIAL DIS mitochondrial disorder Mitochondrial disease Mitochondrial Diseases Mitochondrial Disease mitochondrial disease/disorder Disorders Mitochondrial mitochondrial disease Disorder Mitochondrial Disease Mitochondrial Mitochondrial disease 国立医院癫痫严重程度量表 The National Hospital Seizure Severity Scale (NHS3) is presented as a refined version of the Chalfont Seizure Severity Scale. The principal advantages of the new version are that it is quicker and simpler to apply, the limits of reliability are now clearly defined, and construct validity for the scale is available. The scale is administered by a health professional during an interview with a patient and a witness to the seizures. It contains seven seizure-related factors and generates a score from 1 to 27. An intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.90 was obtained during interobserver and test-retest reliability assessment, suggesting that the scale is sufficiently reliable for group studies. Scores for an individual patient should be interpreted with caution in light of the limits of agreement obtained. Validation experiments indicate that NHS3 measures seizure severity in a manner compatible with the subjective impression of people with epilepsy. We suggest that the NHS3 is a valid, easily applicable measure of seizure severity that is acceptably reliable for use in trials of novel ASMs National Hospital seizure severity scale 氟哌啶醇 A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279) A phenylbutylpiperadine derivative with antipsychotic, neuroleptic, and antiemetic activities. Haloperidol competitively blocks postsynaptic dopamine (D2) receptors in the mesolimbic system of the brain, thereby eliminating dopamine neurotransmission and leading to antidelusionary and antihallucinagenic effects. Antagonistic activity mediated through D2 dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptive trigger zone (CTZ) accounts for its antiemetic activity. Haloperido 沙美特罗 A highly selective, long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist with bronchodilatory activity. Salmeterol's benzene moiety resembles the structure of catecholamines, and occupies the active site of beta-2 adrenergic receptor, while the long, lipophilic side chain of salmeterol, binds to the so called 'exosite' near the beta-2 adrenergic receptors. The binding at the exosite allows the active portion of the molecule to remain at the receptor site and continually engage and disengage with the receptor, therefore providing a long duration of action. This agent stimulates intracellular adenyl cyclase to catalyze the conversion of adenosine triphosphate to cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increased cAMP levels result in relaxation of bronchiolar smooth muscle, bronchodilation and increased bronchial airflow. Product containing salmeterol (medicinal product) salmeterol Salmeterolum Salmaterol Salmeterol-containing product Salmeterol (substance) Salmeterol 帕罗西汀 A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. Piperidine 3-((13-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)- (3S-trans)- paroxetine (-)-(3S4R)-4-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-((34-(methylenedioxy)phenoxy)methyl)piperidine PARoxetine Paroxetine-containing product Paroxetinum BRL 29060 Product containing paroxetine (medicinal product) (-)-trans-4-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-((34-(methylenedioxy)phenoxy)methyl)piperidine Paroxetina (-)-(3S4R)-4-(p-Fluorophenyl)-3-((34-(methylenedioxy)phenoxy)methyl)piperidine Paroxetine (3S-trans)-3-((13-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidine BRL29060 PAROXETINE Paroxetine (substance) BRL-29060 Paroxetine Maleate Paroxetine cis-(+)-Isomer FG-7051 FG 7051 Paroxetine Hydrochloride Anhydrous Paroxetine Hydrochloride Hemihydrate Paxil Aropax Paroxetine Hydrochloride Paroxetine trans-(+)-Isomer Paroxetine cis-(-)-Isomer Paroxetine Acetate FG7051 Seroxat Paroxetine 降钙素 A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. thyrocalcitonin Calcitonin (substance) CALCITONIN CT - Calcitonin Calcitrin Product containing calcitonin (medicinal product) Calcitonin-containing product Calcitonin(1-32) Ciba 47175-BA Ciba 47175 BA Eel Calcitonin Ciba 47175BA Calcitonin Eel Calcitonin 早期肌阵挛脑病 A neurologic disorder characterized by frequently recurring myoclonic seizures and other seizure types presenting within the first months of life. Early myoclonic encephalopathy Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy EME Symptomatic early myoclonic encephalopathy DEVELOPMENTAL AND EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 3 EIEE3 Myoclonic Epilepsy Neonatal With Suppression-Burst Pattern Epileptic Encephalopathy Early Infantile 3 Myoclonic encephalopathy of infants DEE3 Early myoclonic encephalopathy (disorder) EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY EARLY INFANTILE 3 Early myoclonic encephalopathy 畸形 Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero. Any abnormality, anatomical or biochemical, evident at birth or during the neonatal period. CONGENITAL DEFECT/DEFORMITY Defect Birth ABNORM CONGEN Developmental disturbance Congenital Anomaly or Birth Defect SCONG malformations Malformation CONGEN DEFECTS Congenital abnormality Fetal malformation Birth Defect DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITY dysgenesis Abnormalities CONGENITAL ANOMALY Developmental malformation Congenital anomaly Congenital abnormality NOS Congenital deformity (morphologic abnormality) Congenital malformation (disorder) Abnormal development Fetal developmental abnormality Congenital Defect CONGENITAL ANOMALIES Dysgenesis ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT Defects Congenital ANOMALY ANOMALY CONGEN birth defects congenital malformation Anomaly anomaly congen DEFECT/DEFORMITY CONGENITAL Birth defects ANOMALY CONGENITAL cong malf Congenital Anomaly Defect Congenital Congenital deformity (disorder) Deformities Congenital Abnormality Congenital Malformations Developmental abnormality Congenital malformation Congenital Anomalies of Fetus Abnormalities Congenital birth defect congenital anomaly CONGENITAL ANOMALY NOS congenital defects Congenital Malformation Congenital deformity NOS Congenital Abnormalities Congenital Defects Congenital deformity Congenital Anatomical Abnormality BIRTH DEFECTS Congenital Defect/Deformity Congenital anomaly unspecified Congenital anomalies Congenital Anatomic Abnormality Developmental defect Congenital anomaly NOS Congenital malformation unspecified malformation Developmental anomaly Developmental anomaly (morphologic abnormality) CONGENITAL ANOMALY NOS Foetal developmental abnormality Birth Defects CONGEN ABNORM Anomalous formation DEFECTS CONGEN Congenital Deformity Anomaly congenital deformity Foetal malformation Abnormality Congenital Deformity CM - Congenital malformation Congenital Abnormality 氯氮平 A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. A synthetic dibenzo-diazepine derivative, atypical antipsychotic Clozapine blocks several neurotransmitter receptors in the brain (dopamine type 4, serotonin type 2, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and histamine receptors). Unlike traditional antipsychotic agents, it weakly blocks dopamine type 2 receptors. It relieves schizophrenic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, dementia). (NCI04) Clozapina cloZAPine 5H-Dibenzo(be)(14)diazepine 8-chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)- CLOZAPINE (SANDOZ) Clozapine (substance) Clozapinum CLOZAPINE (MAYNE) Product containing clozapine (medicinal product) Clozapin 8-Chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo(be)(14)diazepine Clozapine-containing product CLOZAPINE (GOLDEN STATE) Clozapine 氨己烯酸 An analogue of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and is used as an anticonvulsant. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed) gamma-Vinyl-GABA Vigabatrin gamma vinyl gaba Product containing vigabatrin (medicinal product) Gamma vinyl gamma aminobutyric acid Vinyl Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 4-Amino-5-hexenoic Acid gamma-Vinyl-gamma-Aminobutyric Acid MDL 71754 gamma-Vinyl GABA Vigabatrine RMI-71754 Vigabatrinum 5-Hexenoic Acid 4-Amino- GVG Vigabatrina Vigabatrin (substance) MDL-71754 Vigabatrin-containing product Sabril Sabrilex Vigabatrin 布地奈德 A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS. A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Upon administration, budesonide binds to intracellular glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and induces the expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes that encode for anti-inflammatory mediators, such as certain anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 10 (IL-10), and lipocortins. Lipocortins inhibit phospholipase A2, thereby blocking the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, both mediators of inflammation. In addition, budesonide prevents the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from epithelial cells and macrophages, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon-beta (IFNb), and inhibits nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) activation thereby decreasing NF-kB-mediated inflammation. Pulmicort Turbuhaler Budecort Product containing budesonide (medicinal product) (RS)-11beta16alpha1721-Tetrahydroxypregna-14-diene-320-dione cyclic 1617-acetal w/ Butyraldehyde Budesonide Budesonide-containing product Butacort Pulmicort Turbohaler (11β16α)-1617-(Butylidenebis(oxy))-1121-dihydroxypregna-14-diene-320-dione Pulmicort Budesonide (substance) Rhinocort Budesónida Eltair Preferid Pregna-14-diene-320-dione1617-(butylidenebis(oxy))-1121-dihydroxy- (11beta16alpha)- Nasocort Budesonide 拉莫三嗪 A phenyltriazine compound, sodium and calcium channel blocker that is used for the treatment of SEIZURES and BIPOLAR DISORDER. A synthetic phenyltriazine with antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Lamotrigine enhances the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which may result in a reduction of pain-related transmission of signals along nerve fibers. This agent may also inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels, suppress glutamate release, and inhibit serotonin reuptake. (NCI04) Discuss with women and girls who are taking lamotrigine that the simultaneous use of any oestrogen-based contraceptive can result in a significant reduction of lamotrigine levels and lead to loss of seizure control. When a woman or girl starts or stops taking these contraceptives, the dose of lamotrigine may need to be adjusted.[new 2012] 应当告知使用拉莫三嗪的女性，任何基于雌激素的避孕药的同时使用都可能使拉莫三嗪水平的显著下降，导致癫痫发作失控。当其开始或停止使用此类避孕药时，拉莫三嗪的剂量或需调整。 Do not routinely monitor AED levels during pregnancy. If seizures increase or are likely to increase, monitoring AED levels (particularly levels of lamotrigine and phenytoin, which may be particularly affected in pregnancy) may be useful when making dose adjustments. [new 2012] 怀孕期间不要常规监测抗癫痫药物水平。如果癫痫发作增加或可能增加，监测 AED 水平（尤其是拉莫三嗪和苯妥英的水平，其在怀孕期间可能受到特别影响）在调整剂量时可能有用。 [2012年新] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking lamotrigine monotherapy and oestrogen-containing contraceptives should be informed of the potential increase in seizures due to a fall in the levels of lamotrigine. 【推荐等级：C】应告知同时服用拉莫三嗪（单一疗法）和含雌激素避孕药的WWE，由于拉莫三嗪水平的下降，癫痫发作的风险增加。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Healthcare professionals should be aware that the dose of lamotrigine may need to be increased during pregnancy. To avoid postpartum neurotoxicity, the lamotrigine dose should be reduced early in the puerperium. D级推荐：妊娠期可能需要增加LTG剂量，产褥期早期应减少LTG剂量以避免产后神经毒性。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy receiving lamotrigine: D级推荐：对于接受LTG治疗的妇女： can use progestogen-only contraceptives without restriction. These women should be made aware of signs and symptoms of lamotrigine toxicity, and have the lamotrigine dose reduced if these occur. 可不受限制地使用仅含有孕激素的避孕药（但应注意LTG中毒的临床表现，若中毒，应减少LTG剂量）； and combined hormonal contraceptives should be counselled about the reduction in circulating lamotrigine concentrations and the potential for, and consequences of, increased seizure activity. The healthcare professional should also discuss the possibility of increasing the lamotrigine dose with the patient. 若联合使用激素类避孕药，可能会降低血浆LTG浓度，可能导致癫痫发作次数增加，需要增加LTG剂量； and combined hormonal contraceptives should be warned about signs and symptoms of lamotrigine toxicity if the contraceptive is withdrawn. A reduction in lamotrigine dosing may be necessary at this time. 联合使用LTG和组合避孕药，应警惕LTG中毒症状，此时可能需要降低LTG剂量。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Lamictal Lamotrigine 35-diamino-6-(23-dichlorophenyl)-124-triazine Lamiktal 124-Triazine-35-diamine 6-(23-dichlorophenyl)- Lamotrigina Lamotrigine-containing product Product containing lamotrigine (medicinal product) Lamotrigine (substance) Lamotriginum 35-Diamino-6-(23-dichlorophenyl)-as-triazine Labileno BW430C BW 430C Crisomet BW-430C Lamotrigine Dravet综合征 A severe form of epilepsy that presents in early childhood and is characterized by frequent, prolonged febrile or myoclonic seizures that may progress to status epilepticus and poor development of language, motor, and socialization skills. SMEI Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (disorder) Dravet Syndromes Myoclonic Epilepsy Severe Infantile Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI) Myoclonic Epilepsy Severe Of Infancy Dravet syndrome Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy Of Infancy Dravet Syndrome Severe Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy Epilepsy Myoclonic Infantile Severe DS Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy Myoclonic Epilepsy Infantile Severe Myoclonic epilepsy severe of infancy Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy Infantile SME Severe myoclonus epilepsy of infancy Infantile Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy Dravet syndrome NOS Dravet syndrome 影响抗心律失常药物的抗癫痫药物 Traditional ASMs interact with a myriad of AADs, most often inducing their metabolism: as such, several AADs may have their metabolism induced and their efficacy reduced. The AADs may also interactwith ASMs, mainly by inhibiting their metabolism and increasing therisk of toxicity.(备注：参考：PMID31279643) Antiseizure medications affecting antiarrhythmic drugs 加巴喷丁 A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME. A synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid with anticonvulsant activity. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, gabapentin appears to inhibit excitatory neuron activity. This agent also exhibits analgesic properties. (NCI04) [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Convalis Gabapentino 60142-96-3 Neurontin gabapentin Product containing gabapentin (medicinal product) 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic Acid Gabapentinum Gabapentina Gabapentin-containing product Gabapentin (substance) Gralise Gabapentine Apo-Gabapentin ApoGabapentin Gabapentin Hexal Apo Gabapentin Novo Gabapentin Novo-Gabapentin Gabapentin Ratiopharm NovoGabapentin Gabapentin-Ratiopharm Gabapentin Stada PMS-Gabapentin Gabapentin 总药物浓度 Measurement of total haemoglobin concentration Measurement of total hemoglobin concentration Measurement of total hemoglobin concentration (procedure) Total concentration 左乙拉西坦 A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent. A pyrrolidine with antiepileptic activity. The exact mechanism through which levetiracetam exerts its effects is unknown but does not involve inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter activity. Stereoselective binding of levetiracetam was confined to synaptic plasma membranes in the central nervous system with no binding occurring in peripheral tissue. Levetiracetam inhibits burst firing without affecting normal neuronal excitability, which suggests that it may selectively prevent hyper-synchronization of epileptiform burst firing and propagation of seizure activity. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Ucb L059 UcbL060 Etiracetam (R)- alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-1-Pyrrolidineacetamide UCB-6474 Ucb L060 UCB6474 Ucb-L060 UCB 6474 R-isomer Etiracetam alpha ethyl 2 oxo 1 Pyrrolidineacetamide Etiracetam R isomer Ucb-L059 Etiracetam Etiracetam R-isomer Levetiracetam-containing product S-isomer Etiracetam Keppra Levetiracetam (substance) (S)-alpha-Ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide Levetiracetam Levetiracetamum 1-pyrrolidineacetamide alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-(S)- Etiracetam S-isomer Levetiracetame Product containing levetiracetam (medicinal product) Etiracetam S isomer 102767-28-2 1-Pyrrolidineacetamide alpha-ethyl-2-oxo- (alphaS)- Levetiracetam Rasmussen综合征 Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. Brain Inflammation Inflammation Brain Brain Inflammations Rasmussen Syndrome Rasmussen Encephalitis Rasmussens Syndrome Encephalitis Rasmussen Rasmussen syndroms 芬特明 A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity. A natural monoamine alkaloid derivative and a sympathomimetic stimulant with appetite suppressant property. Phentermine, which was part of the Fen-Phen anti-obesity medication, stimulates hypothalamic release of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter involved in stress responses (fight-or-flight reactions), and reduces hunger sensation. Phentermine also causes the release of epinephrine or adrenaline outside of the brain, resulting in breakdown of stored fat. Phenyl-tertiary-butylamine 11-Dimethyl-2-phenylethylamine Phentermine Fentermina Benzeneethanamine alphaalpha-dimethyl- Product containing phentermine (medicinal product) Phentermine-containing product 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane Phentermine (substance) 2-Phenyl-tert-butylamine alphaalpha-Dimethylphenethylamine Phenterminum Phentermine WWE同样也有更高的多囊卵巢综合征患病率，即使是在没有服用AEDs的WWE中也是如此；在接受VPA治疗的WWE中，多囊卵巢综合征的患病率会增加，尤其是在20岁之前即开始接受治疗的患者中。 A higher prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome, even in women not taking AEDs. This prevalence increases in patients treated with VPA, especially when treatment onset is before the age of 20. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 多囊卵巢综合征 A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading. A disorder that manifests as multiple cysts on the ovaries. It results in hormonal imbalances and leads to irregular and abnormal menstrual periods, excess growth of hair, acne eruptions and obesity. polycystic ovary disorder Polycystic ovary disease Stein-Leventhal Syndrome Stein Leventhal Syndrome PCO1 Polycystic ovary syndrome Stein-Leventhal syndrome POYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Syndrome Stein-Leventhal PCOS Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome polycystic ovary Ovarian Syndrome Polycystic STEIN LEVENTHAL SYNDROME Multicystic ovaries Ovary Syndrome Polycystic Polycystic Ovary Syndrome POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME 1 Sclerocystic Ovary Syndrome POLYCYSTIC OVARY DISEASE Sclerocystic ovary syndrome PCOS1 PCO BILATERAL POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME Ovarian Degeneration Sclerocystic Polycystic Ovarian Disease PCOS- polycystic ovary syndrome Polycystic ovary Polycystic ovaries Syndrome Polycystic Ovary polycystic ovary syndrome Stein Lenventhal syndrome STEIN-LEVENTHAL SYNDROME Polycystic ovary syndrome (disorder) HYPERTHECOSIS OVARIAN Sclerocystic Ovarian Degeneration Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 1 polycystic ovary disease Polycystic ovarian syndrome SCLEROCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME Polycystic ovary syndrome 羊膜穿刺术 Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions. A prenatal diagnostic procedure in which a small sample of amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus by a needle inserted into the abdomen. This procedure is used to detect various genetic abnormalities in the fetus and/or the sex of the fetus. Amniocentesis Diagnostic amniocentesis amniocentesis Amniocenteses AC - Amniocentesis Incision and drainage of amnion Diagnostic amniocentesis (procedure) Amniocentesis (procedure) Amniocentesis 晕厥 A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9) A spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood supply to the brain. Syncope symptom Syncope attack syncope Faint Faintness Syncopal attack Syncope and collapse (disorder) Falling out FAINTING EPISODES Syncopes Fainting spell syncope / fainting Collapse fleeting Syncope/Fainting Fainting spells Syncope and collapse Passed out Syncope (disorder) Syncope Collapse transient Fainting Fainting/syncope Syncope and collapse (R55) Swooning Blackout fainting SYNCOPE Syncope symptom (finding) FAINTING Syncope 阴道润滑剂 A vaginal lubricant containing a mixture of polyethylene glycols, glycerol and caprylic/capric triglyceride used to relieve discomfort due to vaginal dryness when applied intravaginally LUBRICANTVAGINAL LUBRICANT VAGINAL PATIENT lubrin Vaginal lubricant Vaginal lubricant (physical object) Vaginal lubricant 决奈达隆 A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA. Dronedarona dronedarone Product containing dronedarone (medicinal product) N-(2-butyl-3-(p-(3-(dibutylamino)propoxy)benzoyl)-5-benzofuranyl)methanesulfonamide Methanesulfonamide N-(2-butyl-3-(4-(3-(dibutylamino)propoxy)benzoyl)-5-benzofuranyl)- Dronedarone-containing product N-(2-butyl-3-(4-(3-(dibutylamino)propoxy)benzoyl)-5-benzofuranyl)-methanesulfonamide Dronedarone (substance) Dronedarone 托吡酯 A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss. A sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide with anticonvulsant property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, topiramate antagonizes kainate/AMPA subtype of the glutamate receptors, which are ligand-activated cation channels that mediate the fast component of excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurons of the central nervous system. This antagonistic action results in stabilizing hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and decreasing propagation of synaptic impulses, thereby impedes seizure occurrences. In addition, this agent augments gamma-aminobenzoic acid (GABA) activity and thereby attenuating GABAnergic inhibitory transmission. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Epitomax USL255 McN 4853 McN4853 McN-4853 Topiramate Tipiramate Tipiramato 23:45-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate beta-D-Fructopyranose 23:45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)- sulfamate TPM Topamax Product containing topiramate (medicinal product) Topiramate-containing product 23:45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate Topiramato 23-45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate Topiramate (substance) Topiramatum 97240-79-4 Topiramate 噻唑烷二酮类 24-thiazolidinedione 24 thiazolidinedione thiazolidinedione Thiazolidinedione 麦角胺类 A series of structurally-related alkaloids containing the ergotaman backbone structure. Ergotamines 基质 matrix Matrix substance Matrix 长效避孕针 Injectable contraceptives are used to prevent conception along with convenience, privacy, safe and efficient protection to women. Depo medroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA) is currently used by reproductive women of 130 countries The use of additional barrier methods should be discussed with women and girls taking enzyme-inducing AEDs and oral contraception or having depot injections of progestogen[23].[2004, amended 2012] 应将额外的外用避孕方法的用途告知与服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药和口服避孕药或长期注射孕激素的女性[23]。[2004 年，2012 年修订] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 injectable contraceptive Contraception injection 匹莫齐特 A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403) A diphenylbutylpiperidine derivative and a dopamine antagonist with antipsychotic property. Pimozide selectively inhibits type 2 dopaminergic receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby decreasing dopamine neurotransmission and reducing the occurrence of motor and vocal tics and delusions of parasitosis. In addition, this agent antagonizes alpha-adrenergic and 5-HT2 receptors. Product containing pimozide (medicinal product) Pimozida 2H-Benzimidazol-2-one 1-(1-(44-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl)-4-piperidinyl)-13-dihydro- Orap Pimozidum Pimozide Pimozide-containing product Orap forte Opiran Pimozide (substance) Pimozide 纳曲酮 Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. A noroxymorphone derivative with competitive opioid antagonistic property. Naltrexone reverses the effects of opioid analgesics by binding to the various opioid receptors in the central nervous system, including the mu-, kappa- and gamma-opioid receptors. This leads to an inhibition of the typical actions of opioid analgesics, including analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia, and physical dependence. Naltrexone is longer-acting and more potent compared to naloxone. Naltrexone-containing product vivitrol 17-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-45α-epoxy-314-dihydroxymorphinan-6-one Naltrexone Morphinan-6-one 17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-45-epoxy-314-dihydroxy- (5alpha)- Naltrexon N-Cyclopropylmethylnoroxymorphone Naltrexonum 17-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-45-epoxy-314-dihydroxymorphinan-6-one Naltrexone (substance) N-Cyclopropylmethyl-14-hydroxydihydromorphinone Naltrexona Product containing naltrexone (medicinal product) Naltrexone 光照治疗 Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. The treatment of a disorder by exposure to light, including ultraviolet and infrared radiation. (Bartleby.com) Photoradiation Therapy THER PHOTORAD Phototherapies Photoradiation Therapies Mental Health @ None @ Light Therapy @ None @ None @ None @ None Light therapy Therapy Photoradiation phototherapy Therapies Light Light therapy (procedure) Therapies Photoradiation Therapy Light Actinotherapy PHOTOTHER Bright Light Therapy PHOTORAD THER Light Therapies Phototherapy 抗生素 Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. Substances naturally produced by microorganisms or their derivatives that selectively target microorganisms not humans. Antibiotics kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms by targeting components of the microbial cell absent from human cells, including bacterial cell walls, cell membrane, and 30S or 50S ribosomal subunits. These substances are used in the treatment of bacterial and other microbial infections. Antibiotic Drugs antimicrobial Antibiotic Antibiotic Therapy Antibiotic Agents antibiotics Antibiotic (product) Antimicrobial Agent Antibiotic China_expert_opinion_2013 月经期癫痫的常规治疗方案应首先确定癫痫发作与月经周期的关系，在每月癫痫发作可能加重的前2-3 d临时增加AEDs剂量，直至癫痫发作情况缓解后2 d再逐渐减至维持剂量；或在此期间加用氯硝西泮。 黄体酮也可作为月经期癫痫的添加治疗。据报道，在每次月经周期的后半阶段肌内注射黄体酮对控制癫痫有一定疗效，而口服无效。如每隔2周连续肌内注射醋酸甲羟孕酮200 mg，共3次，癫痫发作频率可明显减少。但对女性癫痫患者是否接受激素治疗需由生殖、内分泌或妇科专家进行评估。注意接受有肝酶诱导作用的AEDs治疗的癫痫患者需适当增加激素剂量；较大剂量的黄体酮可能影响肝酶对AEDs的代谢。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 如果WWE存在生殖内分泌功能异常，医生应考虑检查患者激素水平、盆腔超声或垂体神经成像（pituitary neuroimaging scan）。 If anomalies are detected, doctors should consider hormone level measurements, a pelvic ultrasound study, or a pituitary neuroimaging scan. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222 患者应定期随访，记录其临床特征，包括月经周期、不孕不育、体重增加、多毛、溢乳和性功能障碍的情况。 Patients should be asked routinely about their menstrualcycles and any infertility, excessive weight gain, hirsutism, galactorrhoea, or sexual dysfunction. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 月经周期调整 Adjustment of menstrual cycle to regular routine 参考ISBN9787117158626 Adjustment of menstrual cycle 慢性阻塞性肺疾病的治疗药物 Medication for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 短效复方口服避孕药 If a woman or girl taking enzyme-inducing AEDs chooses to take the combined oral contraceptive pill, guidance about dosage should be sought from the SPC and current edition of the BNF.[2004, amended 2012] 如果有服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药的女性决定使用短效复方口服避孕药，则应从 SPC 和当前版本的 BNF 寻求有关剂量的指导 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 Combined oral contraceptive pills Combined oral contraceptive pills 体重管理 Weight control Weight maintenance regimen Weight maintenance regimen (regime/therapy) Weight Management Weight management 影响生育力的躯体共患病 A diagnosis is an assertion that a patient has somatic comorbidities affecting fertility Diagnosis of somatic comorbidities affecting fertility 艾司洛尔 Methyl 4-(2-hydroxy-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)propoxy)benzenepropanoate 103598-03-4 ESMOLOL 3-[4-(2-Hydroxy-3-isopropylamino-propoxy)-phenyl]-propionic acid methyl ester (±)-methyl p-(2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy)hydrocinnamate Esmolol (substance) Esmolol-containing product Product containing esmolol (medicinal product) (±)-esmolol methyl p-(2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy)hydrocinnamate Esmolol 生活方式调整 Discussion about changes in lifestyle 胰岛素 A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1). Insulin soluble Regular Insulin Insulin Regular insulin (substance) Insulin 氯米帕明 A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. A tricyclic antidepressant that acts by reducing the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in the central nervous system, thereby enhancing the effects of these neurotransmitters. This drug also binds to alpha-adrenergic, histaminergic, and cholinergic receptors which are responsible for the many side effects seen with this agent. Chlomipramine Chlorimipramine CLOMIPRAMINE 3-(3-chloro-5H-dibenzo[bF]azepin-5-yl)-NN-dimethylpropan-1-amine 3-(3-chloro-1011-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[bf]azepin-5-yl)-NN-dimethyl-1-propanamine 3-Chloro-5-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1011-dihydro-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine Clomipramine-containing product 3-Chloroimipramine Product containing clomipramine (medicinal product) Monochlorimipramine Clomipramina Clomipraminum Clomipramine (substance) Clomipramine 替马西泮 A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent. A benzodiazepine derivative with antidepressant, sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties. Temazepam potentiates the inhibitory activities of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by binding to the GABA receptor, located in the limbic, neocortical and mesencephalic reticular system. This increases the frequency of chloride channel opening events, allowing the flow of chloride ions into the neuron leading to membrane hyperpolarization and decreases neuronal excitability. Product containing temazepam (medicinal product) 2H-14-Benzodiazepin-2-one 7-chloro-13-dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-phenyl- temazepam Ro55345 TEMAZEPAM Ro 5 5345 Temazepam (substance) 3 Hydroxydiazepam Oxydiazepam Methyloxazepam Ro 5-5345 Ro-5-5345 Hydroxydiazepam Temazepam 3-Hydroxydiazepam Temazepam-containing product 10-chloro-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-phenyl-36-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-281012-tetraen-5-one Temazepam 钠通道阻滞剂 A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity. Channel Inhibitors Sodium Channel Blockers Sodium Sodium Channel Inhibitors sodium channel blocker Sodium Channel Blockers Inhibitor Sodium Channel Channel Blocker Sodium CHANNEL BLOCK NA Blocker Sodium Channel Substance with sodium channel blocker mechanism of action (substance) Inhibitors Sodium Channel Sodium channel blocker-containing product Product containing sodium channel blocker (product) Sodium Channel Inhibitor Channel Inhibitor Sodium NA CHANNEL BLOCK Sodium channel blockers 二甲双胍 A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289) An agent belonging to the biguanide class of antidiabetics with antihyperglycemic activity. Metformin is associated with a very low incidence of lactic acidosis. This agent helps reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and is not associated with weight gain, and prevents the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Metformin is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Dimethylbiguanidine Dimethylbiguanid Metforminum Metformin Metformin (substance) Metformin-containing product Imidodicarbonimidic diamide NN-dimethyl- NN-dimethylbiguanide 11-Dimethylbiguanide Product containing metformin (medicinal product) Dimethylguanylguanidine Metformine NN-Dimethylimidodicarbonimidic Diamide Metformina HCl Metformin Metformin HCl Hydrochloride Metformin Glucophage Metformin Hydrochloride Metformin 异丙托溴铵 The bromide salt form of ipratropium, a synthetic derivative of the alkaloid atropine with anticholinergic properties. Ipratropium antagonizes the actions of acetylcholine at parasympathetic, postganglionic, effector-cell junctions. When inhaled, ipratropium binds competitively to cholinergic receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle thereby blocking the bronchoconstrictor actions of the acetylcholine mediated vagal impulses. Inhibition of the vagal tone leads to dilation of the large central airways resulting in bronchodilation. Ipratropium bromide (substance) Ipratropium bromide Atrovent bromuro de ipratropio Ipratropium Bromide Monohydrate Ipratropium Bromide Hydrate Atrovent HFA (8R)-3alpha-Hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alpha H5alphaH-tropanium Bromide (+-)-tropate Monohydrate Ipratropium bromide 坦度螺酮 SM 3997 3a477a-hexahydro-2-(4-(4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl)butyl)-47-methano-1H-isoindole-13(2H)-dione SM-3997 Tandospirone 共患病诊断 The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. A diagnosis is an assertion that a patient has comorbidities comorbidities diagnosis co-morbidity comorbidities comorbidity Intercurrent illness Comorbidities α-糖苷酶抑制剂 Alpha-glycosidase inhibitor (AGIs) inhibit the enzyme α-glucosidase at the brush border of the intestinal epithelium, thus blocking the absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine. They are administered with the first bite of a carbohydrate-containing meal and limit postprandial hyperglycemia without causing hypoglycemia. Their use has been limited by frequent GI complaints, the need to administer the drugs at the beginning of each meal, only modest reduction in HbA1c levels, and limited effect on fasting glucose levels AGIs Alpha-glycosidase inhibitor 激素避孕 Contraceptive methods that utilize HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS. The birth control method that utilizes external source of sex hormones to prevent pregnancy by interfering with the ovulation, fertilization or implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking lamotrigine monotherapy and oestrogen-containing contraceptives should be informed of the potential increase in seizures due to a fall in the levels of lamotrigine. 【推荐等级：C】应告知同时服用拉莫三嗪（单一疗法）和含雌激素避孕药的WWE，由于拉莫三嗪水平的下降，癫痫发作的风险增加。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] To minimise the risk of contraceptive failure, a woman using any combined hormonal contraception, or a combined oral contraceptive pill, or a progesterone-only pill should be prescribed an antiepileptic drug that does not induce hepatic enzymes. C级推荐：为避免将避孕失败的风险降到最低，使用联合避孕药、合用多种口服避孕药或仅服用黄体酮避孕药的妇女，应使用非肝酶诱导性AEDs。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html hormonal contraceptive type hormonal_contraceptive_type Hormonal Contraception Contraception Hormonal Hormonal contraception Hormonal Birth Control Hormonal contraception 哺乳：绝大多数AEDs可以通过乳汁分泌，但是乳汁中AEDs的浓度相对比较低；对于绝大多数服用AEDs的妇女来说，哺乳相对是安全的，应当鼓励母乳喂养；注意婴儿的不良反应，如易激惹、睡眠不良、体重减轻或镇静、肌张力降低、吸吮无力、进食困难等现象。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 孕前咨询：告知患者癫痫发作及AEDs对妊娠及胎儿风险。妊娠期使用AEDs可能对癫痫女性后代智力发育造成影响，尤其是苯巴比妥和丙戊酸。目前尚无足够的证据来评估新型AEDs（加巴喷丁、左乙拉西坦、噻加宾、托吡酯、氨己烯酸）的致畸性。大剂量丙戊酸（超过800mg/天）以及联合丙戊酸的多药治疗的致畸风险明显增加；告知患者补充叶酸和维生素K的必要性。如果孕妇或者配偶有癫痫疾病，尤其是有特发性癫痫及癫痫及相关遗传病家族史者，应当进行遗传咨询。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 噻加宾 A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES. Tiagabine Hydrochloride Gabitril NO 328 NO-328 NO 329 (R)-(44-bis(3-Methyl-2-thienyl)-3-butenyl)-3-piperidinecarboxylic acid Hydrochloride Tiagabine (S)-isomer NO-329 tiagabine N-(44-di(3-Methylthien-2-yl)but-3-enyl)nipecotic acid Tiagabine-containing product Tiagabine (substance) Tiagabina Product containing tiagabine (medicinal product) Tiagabinum 3-Piperidinecarboxylic acid 1-(44-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)-3-buten-1-yl)- (3R)- Tiagabine 心理咨询 psychological counseling Psychological counseling (procedure) psychological counseling therapy Psychological counselling Psychological counseling 抗生素 Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. Substances naturally produced by microorganisms or their derivatives that selectively target microorganisms not humans. Antibiotics kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms by targeting components of the microbial cell absent from human cells, including bacterial cell walls, cell membrane, and 30S or 50S ribosomal subunits. These substances are used in the treatment of bacterial and other microbial infections. Antibiotic Drugs antimicrobial Antibiotic Antibiotic Therapy Antibiotic Agents antibiotics Antibiotic (product) Antimicrobial Agent Antibiotic 孕前咨询：告知患者癫痫发作及AEDs对妊娠及胎儿风险。妊娠期使用AEDs可能对癫痫女性后代智力发育造成影响，尤其是苯巴比妥和丙戊酸。目前尚无足够的证据来评估新型AEDs（加巴喷丁、左乙拉西坦、噻加宾、托吡酯、氨己烯酸）的致畸性。大剂量丙戊酸（超过800mg/天）以及联合丙戊酸的多药治疗的致畸风险明显增加；告知患者补充叶酸和维生素K的必要性。如果孕妇或者配偶有癫痫疾病，尤其是有特发性癫痫及癫痫及相关遗传病家族史者，应当进行遗传咨询。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. Does preconceptional folic acid supplementation reduce the risk of birth defects in neonates of WWE taking AEDs？（孕前补充叶酸对于暴露于AEDs的新生儿是否可降低出生缺陷的风险？） 结论：补充叶酸可能会降低WWE后代MCMs的风险（两项Ⅲ类研究）。数据不足以证明补充叶酸在WWE中有效，但同时也没有证据证明其有害。 建议：孕前补充叶酸可降低MCMs风险（Level C）。建议孕前和妊娠期补充至少0.4mg/d叶酸。 Conclusion: The risk of MCMs in the offspring of WWE is possibly decreased by folic acid supplementation (two adequately sensitive Class III studies). Recommendation: Preconceptional folic acid supplementation in WWE may be considered to reduce the risk of MCMs (Level C). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 叶酸对于神经管缺陷的保护作用仍存在争议，但建议不管是否使用VPA，在怀孕前至少1个月开始补充叶酸。对服用AEDs的患者，叶酸推荐剂量为4-5mg/d（此剂量高于低风险女性的推荐剂量）。需要注意的是，低剂量的叶酸可能与神经管缺陷有关，而过量的叶酸（＞10mg/d）可能是有毒的。 As a general recommendation, contraception should be maintained for 3 months after valproate discontinuation to ensure full clearance and allow time to adapt to the new AED. Although the protective effect of folic acid against neural tube defects is still under debate, folic acid supplementation is recommended for at least 1 month before conception, regardless of valproate treatment [31]. The recommended dose for patients taking AEDs is 4–5 mg/day, which is higher than doses recommended for women at low risk. It should be noted that low folic acid doses may be associated with neural tube defects and that excessive doses (>10 mg/day) can be toxic. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 在妊娠前一个月和早期妊娠阶段，口服5mg/d大剂量叶酸，可在一定程度上降低胎儿发生先天畸形的风险。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 计划妊娠：对癫痫有效控制且可能减停药物的女性癫痫患者，建议在停用AEDs 6个月后可考虑计划妊娠。如果癫痫患者不可能停用药物而计划怀孕，癫痫专科医师应尽量将AEDs调整至单药治疗的低剂量，再建议患者怀孕，并告知如下风险：癫痫发作本身及AEDs均对胎儿有负面影响。如丙戊酸800 mg以上的13剂量可增加胎儿致畸的风险。推荐癫痫女性孕前3个月每天服用叶酸≤5 mg，以减少叶酸代谢相关致胎儿畸形的风险。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 妊娠期和哺乳期补充叶酸对后代6年后的结果积极影响 Treatment with folic acid during pregnancy and breastfeeding has a positive impact on results at 6 years. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 叶酸 A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. A collective term for pteroylglutamic acids and their oligoglutamic acid conjugates. As a natural water-soluble substance, folic acid is involved in carbon transfer reactions of amino acid metabolism, in addition to purine and pyrimidine synthesis, and is essential for hematopoiesis and red blood cell production. (NCI05) All women and girls on AEDs should be offered 5 mg per day of folic acid before any possibility of pregnancy.[2004] 所有服用抗癫痫药物的女性在任何可能怀孕的机会前都应每日补充5mg的叶酸。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 All WWE should be advised to take 5 mg/day of folic acid prior to conception and to continue the intake until at least the end of the first trimester to reduce the incidence of major congenital malformation. 建议所有WWE在孕前补充叶酸5mg/d，至少持续到妊娠早期，以减少MCMs发生率。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Prepregnancy folic acid 5 mg/day may be helpful in reducing the risk of AED-related cognitive deficits. 【推荐等级：C】孕前补充5mg/d叶酸可能可以降低AEDs相关认知障碍的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Folic acid dosing: [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:A]400 micrograms daily for:women with epilepsy not receiving antiepileptic drug treatment [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D]5mg daily for:women with epilepsy receiving antiepileptic drug treatment [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:A]5mg daily for:women with epilepsy not on antiepileptic drug treatment, but with a family history of or a previous child with a neural tube defect [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:A]5mg daily for:women with epilepsy not on antiepileptic drug treatment, but with a BMI >30. 关于叶酸剂量：未接受AEDs治疗的女性癫痫患者补充400ug/d（A级推荐）；接受AEDs治疗的女性癫痫患者补充5mg/d（D级推荐）；没有接受AEDs治疗但有神经管缺陷家族史或曾有孩子出现神经管缺陷的女性癫痫患者补充5mg/d（A级推荐）；没有接受AEDs治疗但BMI＞30的女性癫痫患者（A级推荐）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women with epilepsy trying to conceive or who present in the first trimester should be advised to take folic acid during this time to reduce the risk of major congenital malformations. C级推荐：女性癫痫患者在妊娠早期应服用叶酸以降低MCMs风险。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women receiving sodium valproate should be advised that folic acid supplementation may reduce the rate of spontaneous miscarriage. D级推荐：接受VPA治疗的妇女补充叶酸可降低自然流产率。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Vitamin M Pteroyl-L-glutamate pteroylmonoglutamic acid L-Glutamic acid N-(4-(((2-amino-14-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)- Folic acid Vitamin B9 Folic Acid N-[4-[[(2-Amino-14-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic Acid Folic acid (substance) Lactobacillus casei factor vitamin M Vitamin Bc Pteroylmonoglutamic acid FA - Folic acid Acidum folicum Pteroylglutamic acid Pteroyl-L-glutamic acid B9 Vitamin FOLIC ACID folic acid Acide folique ácido fólico Pteroylglutamic Acid folacin PGA PteGlu Vitamin B>c< vitamin Bc folicin Vitamin B c Folic acid-containing product FA N-(4-(((2-Amino-14-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid N-pteroyl-L-glutamic acid Pteroylmonoglutamic Acid 2-[4-[(2-amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]aminopentanedioic acid Folacin Product containing folic acid (medicinal product) N-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-14-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid Pteroyl-L-monoglutamic acid Folsäure Folic acid 米索前列醇 A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties. SC 29333 Methyl (11alpha13E)-1116-Dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate Misoprostolum misoprostol Misoprostol (substance) Misoprostol-containing product Cytotec (11alpha13E)-(+-)-1116-Dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxo-prost-13-en-1-oic Acid Methyl Ester Prost-13-en-1-oic acid 1116-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxo- methyl ester (11alpha13E)- Product containing misoprostol (medicinal product) SC29333 SC-29333 Misoprostol 曲坦类 Decarboxylated monoamine derivatives of TRYPTOPHAN. Triptan Indolylethylamines Triptans Triptans WOCP指处于月经初潮和更年期之间的女性，这些女性具有生育能力。专家小组认为，丙戊酸不应作为WOCP的一线治疗。 不推荐在月经初潮前开始服用丙戊酸，但在某些特殊情况下可以接受（如：丙戊酸盐可以最为潜在的自限性癫痫综合征的一线治疗药物，包括伴有中央颞部棘波的局灶性癫痫、儿童期失神发作、婴儿良性肌阵挛癫痫）。对于慢性的儿童期发作、可能持续到青春期和成年期的癫痫综合征患者而言（如，Jeavons综合症），丙戊酸不应作为首选治疗。总的来说，专家小组不建议将丙戊酸作为10岁以上女性任何类型癫痫的一线治疗。 The panel considered that there are no clinical situations in which valproate should be started as first-line therapy in WOCP.Initiation of valproate before menarche is not recommended, although there are circumstances when it might be acceptable. Valproate can be prescribed as first-line therapy for potentially self-limited epilepsy syndromes, such as focal epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, childhood absence epilepsy, and benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. It should not be the first choice in patients with chronic childhood-onset epilepsy syndromes likely to remain active into adolescence and adulthood (e.g., Jeavons syndrome). Overall, the panel does not recommend starting valproate as first-line treatment for epilepsy of any type in girls older than 10 years. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 儿童失神癫痫 A common generalized epilepsy syndrome occurring in children, characterized by absence seizures of short duration. The cause of the syndrome is presumed to be genetic. Genes which are associated with the condition are GABRB3, GABRG2, GABRA1, CACNA1H, GABRA1, and GABRA5. Childhood Absence Epilepsy Childhood absence epilepsy Childhood absence epilepsy 炔诺酮 A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION. A synthetic progestational substance with some anabolic, estrogenic, and androgenic properties. Norethindrone binds to the progesterone intracellular receptors in the reproductive system and the resultant activated complex interacts with specific DNA sites. This leads to an alteration in protein synthesis and results in an inhibition of LH release. Consequently, it inhibits ovulation and changes the normal cycle of cervical mucus and endometrium. 17α-ethinyl-19-nortestosterone 17α-ethinylestra-4-en-17β-ol-3-one Norethisteron 19-Norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one 17-hydroxy- (17alpha)- 17α-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one Norethisteronum 19-nor-17-α-ethynyltestosterone 17-α-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one (17alpha)-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxyestra-48(14)9-trien-3-one 19-Nor-17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one 17β-hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one Norethisterone-containing product Norpregneninolone 17-α-ethynyl-4-estren-17-ol-3-one 17α-ethynyl-19-nor-4-androsten-17β-ol-3-one 17-β-hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one Ethinylnortestosterone Norethindrone-containing product Noréthistérone 19-norethisterone 19-nor-17-α-ethynylandrosten-17-β-ol-3-one Product containing norethisterone (medicinal product) 17-α-ethynyl-19-norandrost-4-en-17-β-ol-3-one 19-nor-ethindrone 19-nor-17-α-ethynyl-17-β-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one Norethindrone Camila 17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone 17α-ethynyl-19-norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 17-hydroxy-19-nor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one 17-hydroxy-19-nor-17-α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one Micronor 4-estren-17α-ethynyl-17β-ol-3-one Norlutate 19-nor-17α-ethynylandrosten-17β-ol-3-one Errin Noretisterona 17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-one Norlutin Norethisterone (substance) 19-nor-17α-ethynyltestosterone 17α-ethynyl-4-estren-17-ol-3-one 17-α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone 19-nor-17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one Norethisterone Norethisterone 有意识 The act of \"taking account\" of an object or state of affairs. It does not imply assessment of, nor attention to the qualities or nature of the object. Knowing that something exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thing; having special interest in or experience of something and so being well informed of what is happening in that subject at the present time. Awarenesses Situation Awareness Situation Awareness Situational Awarenesses Awarenesses Situational Cognitive function: awareness Cognitive function: awareness (observable entity) Situation Awarenesses Situation Awareness Situational Awarenesses Situational Awareness Aware awareness Awareness Awareness 神经影像学检查 Non-invasive methods of visualizing the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities. The use of various techniques to directly or indirectly image the anatomy and function of the central nervous system. Brain Imaging brain imaging Neuroimaging neuroimaging Imaging Brain brain visualization Imaging of brain (procedure) Imaging of brain Neuroimaging 腹腔镜卵巢打孔术 Laparoscopic ovarian drilling has been widely accepted as the second line of choice for induction of ovulation in CC-resistant PCOS women in preference to gonadotrophin therapy. In addition to its proven efficacy, LOD offers several advantages over gonadotrophins such as avoiding multiple pregnancies and OHSS. Using a monopolar needle applied at right angle to the antimesentric surface of the ovary with penetration of the ovary to a depth of 7–8 mm at four points with a power setting of 30 W for 5 s per puncture seems to be an optimum approach that maximises effectiveness and safety. PCOS women could expect 50–60 % pregnancy rates during 12 months following LOD. The role of LOD before ART remains to be adequately investigated. In addition to the short term benefits of LOD, about one third women undergoing this surgery will continue to benefit for several years Laparoscopic ovarian drilling 大田原综合征 A neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures presenting within the first three months of life and progressive cerebral dysfunction. X-linked infantile spasms EIEE Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy X-linked infantile spasm syndrome Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 肌阵挛失神癫痫 Epilepsy Myoclonic Absence Epilepsies Myoclonic Absence Myoclonic Absence Epilepsies Myoclonic absence epilepsy Myoclonic absence epilepsy (disorder) Epilepsy with myoclonic absences Myoclonic Absence Epilepsy Epilepsy with myoclonic absences 文法拉辛 A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT. A synthetic phenethylamine bicyclic derivative with antidepressant activity. Venlafaxine and its active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV), are potent inhibitors of neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and weak dopamine reuptake inhibitors. This agent may reduce hormone-related vasomotor symptoms. (NCI04) 1-(2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)cyclohexanol Effexor venlafaxine Venlafaxinum Venlafaxina VENLAFAXINE 93413-69-5 Venlafaxine-containing product Product containing venlafaxine (medicinal product) Venlafaxine Venlafaxine (substance) VNF Cyclohexanol 1-(2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)- hydrochloride Wy-45030 Wy 45030 Sila-Venlafaxine Efexor Vandral Hydrochloride Venlafaxine Wy45030 1-(2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)cyclohexanol HCl Dobupal Sila Venlafaxine Trevilor Venlafaxine 背部疾病 The rear surface of an upright primate from the shoulders to the hip, or the dorsal surface of tetrapods. The dorsal area between the base of the neck and the sacrum. back of trunk BACK Set of regions of back trunk back Dorsum of trunk Dorsum Back NOS Regiones dorsales back back (body region) set of regions of back Back Regions of back Back of trunk dorsum of trunk Back 甲状腺素补充 The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism. A hormone synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland containing four iodine atoms and is converted to triiodothyronine (T3) in the body, influencing metabolism and organ function. T AAB THYROID HORMONE 004 3535 tetraiodothyronine L-355-tetraiodothyronine Levothyroxin O-(4-Hydroxy-35-diiodophenyl)-35-diiodotyrosine O-(4-Hydroxy-35-diiodophenyl)-35-diiodo-L-tyrosine 3535-Tetraiodo-L-thyronine 3535-Tetraiodothyronine thyroxin O-(4-Hydroxy-35-diidophenyl)-35-diiodo-L-tyrosine Tyrosine O-(4-hydroxy-35-diiodophenyl)-35-diiodo- T>4< T4 Thyroid Hormone 4-(4-Hydroxy-35-diiodophenoxy)-35-diiodo-L-phenylalanine LT4 thyroxine Thyroid Hormone T4 L-T4 Thyroxine (substance) L-Thyroxine Levothyroxine T4 T4 - thyroxine 3355-Tetraiodo-L-thyronine Thyroxine 舍曲林 A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. Sertralinum sertraline Sertraline (substance) (+)-Sertraline cis-(+)-sertraline Sertraline-containing product Sertralina 1-Naphthalenamine1234-tetrahydro-4-(34-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl- (1S-cis)- SERTRALINE Product containing sertraline (medicinal product) (1S-cis)-1234-tetrahydro-4-(34-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl-1-naphthalenamine Sertraline (1S4S)-sertraline Aremis Zoloft Novo-Sertraline Rhoxal sertraline Gen Sertraline Apo Sertraline Hydrochloride Sertraline Sealdin Besitran Apo-Sertraline Sertraline Hydrochloride Gen-Sertraline Altruline Lustral Sertraline Hydrochloride (1S-cis)-Isomer ratio-Sertraline Gladem ratio Sertraline Novo Sertraline Rhoxal-sertraline Sertraline 惊厥型癫痫病人筛查诊断问卷 A screening questionnaire used to screen for convulsive epilepsy(备注：参考刘佳. 四川农村地区惊厥性癫痫现状及治疗缺口调查.四川大学,2007.) Screening diagnostic questionnaire for patients with convulsive epilepsy 喹硫平 A dibenzothiazepine derivative with antipsychotic property. Quetiapine fumarate antagonizes serotonin activity mediated by 5-HT 1A and 5-HT2 receptors. With a lower affinity, this agent also reversibly binds to dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas of the brain leading to decreased psychotic effects, such as hallucinations and delusions. In addition, quetiapine also binds to other alpha-1, alpha-2 adrenergic and histamine H1 receptors. Quetiapine (substance) 2-(2-(4-dibenzo(bf)(14)thiazepine-11-yl-1-piperazinyl)ethoxy)ethanol 2-[2-(4-Dibenzo[bf][14]thiazepin-11-yl-1-piperazinyl)ethoxy]ethanol Quétiapine QUEtiapine Quetiapinum Quetiapine-containing product Quetiapina Product containing quetiapine (medicinal product) Quetiapine H2受体阻断药 Histamine H2 Blockers Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists [MoA] H2 Receptor Blockers Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists Histamine H2 Antagonists H2 Receptor Antagonists H2 receptor blockers 迷走神经刺激术 An adjunctive treatment for PARTIAL EPILEPSY and refractory DEPRESSION that delivers electrical impulses to the brain via the VAGUS NERVE. A battery implanted under the skin supplies the energy. Stimulation Vagal Nerve Stimulations Vagal Nerve Vagus Nerve Stimulation Vagus Nerve Stimulations Vagal Nerve Stimulation Nerve Stimulations Vagal Nerve Stimulation Vagal Stimulations Vagus Nerve Nerve Stimulations Vagus Nerve Stimulation Vagus Stimulation Vagus Nerve Vagal Nerve Stimulations Vagus nerve stimulation 氨茶碱 A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. A methylxanthine and derivative of theophylline. Aminophylline relaxes smooth muscles, particularly bronchial muscles. This xanthine most likely exerts its effect by inhibiting cAMP or cGMP phosphodiesterases, thereby increasing levels of the second messenger cAMP or cGMP intracellularly. Other mode of actions include an adenosine antagonistic effect on the activity of CD4 lymphocytes and mediator release from mast cells thereby decreasing lung sensitivity to allergens and other substances that cause inflammation. Aminophylline also acts as a CNS stimulant and exerts a positive chronotropic and inotropic effect on the heart. Theophyline ethylenediamine Theophyllamine Aminofilina Phyllocontin aminophylline Theophylline Ethylenediamine Aminophylline (substance) Aminophyllinum 1H-Purine-26-dione 37-dihydro-13-dimethyl- compd. with 12-ethanediamine (2:1) Ammophyllin Product containing aminophylline (medicinal product) 317-34-0 7919 Truphylline 1H-Purine-26-dione 37-dihydro-13-dimethyl- compound with 12-Ethanediamine(2:1) Aminophylline-containing product Ethylenediamine Theophylline Aminophylline 血液检查 Tests used in the analysis of the hemic system. Hematology - general hematologic test Hematological Test Blood Tests TESTS HEMATOL Blood test (procedure) Hematology test (procedure) Haematology - general Blood test Blood Test Test Blood Tests Blood Hematologic Test HEMATOL TEST HEMATOL TESTS Tests Hematologic TEST HEMATOL Test Hematological Hematologic Tests Haematology test Hematology test Hematological Tests Tests Hematological blood test Blood test NOS Test Hematologic Hematologic tests 二甲双胍 A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289) An agent belonging to the biguanide class of antidiabetics with antihyperglycemic activity. Metformin is associated with a very low incidence of lactic acidosis. This agent helps reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and is not associated with weight gain, and prevents the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Metformin is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Dimethylbiguanidine Dimethylbiguanid Metforminum Metformin Metformin (substance) Metformin-containing product Imidodicarbonimidic diamide NN-dimethyl- NN-dimethylbiguanide 11-Dimethylbiguanide Product containing metformin (medicinal product) Dimethylguanylguanidine Metformine NN-Dimethylimidodicarbonimidic Diamide Metformina HCl Metformin Metformin HCl Hydrochloride Metformin Glucophage Metformin Hydrochloride Metformin 磁共振波谱成像 Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING). Detection and measurement of the resonant spectra of molecular species in a tissue or sample. MR Spectroscopy NMR Spectroscopy Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (procedure) Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Magnetic resonance spectroscopy spectro MRS - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY Spectroscopy NMR Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopies Spectroscopy MR Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy Resonance Spectroscopy Magnetic Spectroscopy Magnetic Resonance Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 药物浓度 The quantity of a substance per unit volume or weight; a measure of the amount of substance present in a unit amount of mixture, particularly, the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. The amounts can be expressed as moles, masses, volumes, or parts. Concentration concentration Concentration measurement Concentration (quantity) CONC Concentration 阿普唑仑 A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238) A triazolobenzodiazepine agent with anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic and anticonvulsant activities. Alprazolam binds to a specific site distinct from the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binding site on the benzodiazepine-GABA-A-chloride ionophore receptor complex located in the limbic, thalamic and hypothalamic regions of the central nervous system (CNS). This binding causes an allosteric modification of the receptor and enhances the affinity of GABA to the receptor leading to an increase in the frequency of chloride-channel opening events. This leads to an increase in chloride ion conductance, neuronal hyperpolarization, inhibition of the action potential and leads to a decrease in neuronal excitability. 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo(43-a)(14)benzodiazepine 4H-(124)Triazolo(43-a)(14)benzodiazepine 8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl- 28981-97-7 Alprazolam ALPRAZolam Alprazolam-containing product Xanax Product containing alprazolam (medicinal product) alprazolam Alprazolam (substance) Nu Alpraz Apo-Alpzar Alprazolan ALPRAZOLAM Nu-Alpraz Kalma D65MT U-31889 U31889 Alprox Cassadan Esparon Apo Alpraz Novo-Alprazol Tafil D-65MT Ralozam Alprazolam 实用定义 Epilepsy is a disease of the brain defined by any of the following conditions1. At least two unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring >24 h apart2. One unprovoked (or reflex) seizure and a probability of further seizures similar to the general recurrence risk (at least 60%) after two unprovoked seizures, occurring over the next 10 years3. Diagnosis of an epilepsy syndromeEpilepsy is considered to be resolved for individuals who had an age-dependent epilepsy syndrome but are now past the applicable age or those who have remained seizure-free for the last 10 years, with no seizure medicines for the last 5 years.参考PMID: 24730690 Practical clinical definition 重复神经电刺激 Repetitive nerve stimulation (procedure) Repetitive nerve stimulation Repetitive nerve stimulation 非甾体抗炎药 Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects. A pharmacological agent that is not a steroid and has potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-platelet activities. Most nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) act by inhibiting the conversion of arachidonic acid to the precursors of prostaglandin and thromboxane by cyclooxygenase enzymes. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agent Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Drug NSAIA Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Agent Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (substance) NSAID medications Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug [EPC] Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug ANTIINFLAMM AGENTS NON STEROIDAL Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (product) ANTI INFLAMM AGENTS NONSTEROIDAL Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Anti-Inflammatory Agents Non-Steroidal NON STEROIDAL ANTI INFLAMM AGENTS AIANS NSAID - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Nonsteroidal anti-Inflammatory agent 西酞普兰 A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia. A bicyclic phthalene derivative and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), with antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. Citalopram selectively inhibits the neuronal reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) in presynaptic cells in the central nervous system, thereby increasing levels of 5-HT within the synaptic cleft and enhancing the actions of serotonin on its receptors. Increased serotonergic neurotransmission results in antidepressive and anxiolytic effects. 5-Isobenzofurancarbonitrile 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-13-dihydro- citalopram Lu10171 Citalopram (substance) Lu 10-171 Citalopram Nitalapram Citalopram-containing product Cipram Cytalopram Lu-10-171 CITALOPRAM Citalopramum Product containing citalopram (medicinal product) 13-Dihydro-1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-isobenzofurancarbonitrile Escitalopram Escitalopram Oxalate Cytalopram Lu10171 Celexa Seropram Citalopram Hydrobromide Lexapro Citalopram 脑皮质切术 Focal cortical resection Focal cortical resection 哌甲酯 A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE. A synthetic central nervous system stimulant. Methylphenidate appears to activate the brain stem arousal system and cortex to produce its stimulant effect and, in some clinical settings, may improve cognitive function. Metilfenidato Methylphenidan 2-Piperidineacetic acid alpha-phenyl- methyl ester Daytrana methylphenidate alpha-phenyl-2-piperidineacetic acid methyl ester Methylphenidatum Methyl phenidylacetate methyl α-phenyl-α-2-piperidinylacetate methyl α-phenyl-α-(2-piperidyl)acetate α-phenyl-2-piperidineacetic acid methyl ester d-methylphenidate MPH Methylphenidate (substance) methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate Methylphenidate-containing product Product containing methylphenidate (medicinal product) Methylphenidate 生育期：重视癫痫女性的生育机能是提高患者生活质量的重要环节之一。对于尚未生育的患者应尽量避免使用可能影响生育功能的药物，如丙戊酸类药物；建议准备生育的患者在医生的指导下计划妊娠。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 妊娠：孕妇除定期进行产科检查外，还应定期就诊于癫痫专科医生；根据临床发作情况及时调整AEDs的剂量，尽量减少和避免发作，尤其是全面性强直-阵挛发作。孕妇也需要了解，没有证据表明局灶性、失神以及肌阵挛性发作会影响妊娠期与发育阶段的胎儿，除非患者跌倒或者受到了伤害；如果妊娠期间发作控制不佳，要充分考虑到妊娠相关因素的影响，如剧烈呕吐、依从性差等；妊娠16-20周时应该对胎儿进行详细的超声波检查，及时发现可能存在的畸形。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 大部分癫痫产妇都能正常分娩，但疼痛、压力、情绪过度紧张、睡眠不足、过度换气等因素均可增加分娩期癫痫发作的危险，建议患者到有条件的医院生产。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. Recommendations for delivery, post-partum, and breastfeeding 应告知患者产后癫痫发作的风险，如果患者在分娩时没有进行治疗，应在分娩期间或产后立即开始治疗。VPA静脉负荷（intravenous valproate loading）可能是必要的。只有在VPA是唯一合适的选择并且没有再次妊娠的计划的情况下，才应该重新采用VPA作为长期治疗。 专家小组建议进行母乳喂养，但应权衡婴儿不良反应，同时应监测婴儿的不良反应（如嗜睡、喂养困难、呕吐和瘀斑）。 新生儿出生时和1岁以下应仔细筛查MCMs，宫内暴露于VPA的儿童也应评估是否存在发育迟缓，并建议早期干预。 Women should be informed of the risk of post-partum seizures. If a patient is not on treatment at the time of delivery, treatment should be initiated during delivery or in the immediate post-partum period to reduce the risk of seizure. Intravenous valproate loading may be necessary. Valproate should only be reintroduced as long-term therapy, if it is the only suitable option and no further pregnancies are planned. Breastfeeding is recommended, but its compatibility with treatment must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The benefits of breastfeeding during valproate treatment should be weighed against the slight risk of undesirable effects in the infant. Check-up visits to monitor for such effects (e.g., drowsiness, difficulty feeding, vomiting, and petechiae) are essential. Newborns should be carefully screened for MCMs at birth and up to 1 year of age. Children exposed to valproate in utero should also be assessed for developmental delay and referred for early intervention. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. Recommendations for valproate switching and discontinuation in IGE VPA换药和停药的关键时期时青春期前、月经初潮时和怀孕前。专家小组认为，在患者10岁左右（月经初潮前）应推荐患者更换VPA为其他AEDs。对于VPA治疗有效的育龄期患者，可以停用、减量或与拉莫三嗪/左乙拉西坦联合使用，从而减少VPA用量。VPA换药应在怀孕前一年开始，换药速度应视具体情况决定。当患者体内已清除VPA（上次服药后1个月）、没有癫痫发作（基于癫痫复发风险，无发作时间为之前癫痫发作间隔的3倍）时可以考虑尝试怀孕。新的AEDs的剂量调整应基于临床特征，为了平衡有效性和药物耐受性，建议至少3个月。 Valproate switching and discontinuation generally occurs at certain relevant life stages. The three crucial periods are before puberty, at menarche, and before pregnancy. Valproate switching or discontinuation should be recommended in pre-menarche patients (around 10 years of age) after discussion of relevant issues with the patient and her parents/legal guardians. Family planning should be discussed with adult patients of childbearing potential. In patients responsive to valproate only, it could be discontinued, reduced, or combined with lamotrigine or levetiracetam, thus reducing valproate dosage. Valproate switching should ideally be started about 1 year ahead of pregnancy. The speed with which the switch is made, however, should be decided on a case-by-case basis depending on how strong the woman’s desire is to become pregnant. Following valproate discontinuation, patients should not try to conceive until (1) their body is clear of valproate (at least 1 month since last intake) and (2) they are free of seizures (based on seizure recurrence risk, three times the previous interval between seizures). Dose adjustments for the new AED should be based on clinical features; a period of at least 3 months is recommended for balancing efectiveness and tolerability. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 在妊娠前，应保证至少最近半年无癫痫发作。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 如果患者最近两至三年均无发作，且脑电图正常，在告知癫痫复发对患者及胎儿的影响后，可以考虑逐步停药。否则，应当对病情进行综合评估，并依据患者的癫痫发作类型，选取最小剂量AEDs控制发作，并尽可能采取单药治疗方案。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 强直-阵挛性发作可导致胎儿心动过缓、缺氧甚至流产。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 女性癫痫患者发生毒血症、重度子痫、胎盘出血、早产等并发症的概率是正常女性的3倍，围产儿死亡率可升高2倍。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 对于分娩期间出现剧烈呕吐无法服药的患者，可暂予注射苯妥英钠替代口服以控制发作。 对于之前已经口服苯妥英钠的患者，可予相同剂量苯妥英钠分次静脉注射；若患者之前服用其他AEDs，可给予苯妥英钠15～20mg/kg负荷剂量静脉注射后，再给予8mg／(kg·d) 的剂量分两次维持(≤25mg／min)，同时需严密监测患者发作情况。 若患者漏服AEDs>12h，应立即就诊，必要时可考虑苯妥英钠注射。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 绝大多数女性癫痫患者可经阴道顺产。 约2％-4％的女性患者在分娩过程中或分娩后24h内会出现强直-阵挛性发作，从而导致母体和胎儿缺氧，应立即予10～20mg安定缓慢静脉注射终止发作，必要时按癫痫持续状态处理。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 多数WWE可经历健康的妊娠和分娩并拥有健康的生产结局，其癫痫发作的频率通常在妊娠期和产褥期保持不变（Level Ⅱ）。 Most WWE experience uneventful pregnancies and normal deliveries of healthy offspring. Frequency of ES usually remains unchanged during pregnancy, childbirth, or puerperium (LE II). Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 推荐阴道分娩。 Vaginal delivery is recommended. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 若患者发生GTCS的风险较高（1%-3%）或者复杂部分性发作时间过长/过于频繁导致难产，可以考虑剖腹产。 Caesarean delivery can be considered in cases of high risk of GTCS (1%-3%), or if prolonged or frequent CPS make it difficult for the woman to labour. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 可以实施硬膜外麻醉。 Epidural anaesthesia can be administered. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 不需禁止使用前列腺素。 Using prostaglandins is not contraindicated. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 分娩后2-3周应检查血浆药物浓度。若妊娠期间调整了AEDs剂量，产后应再次调整剂量，尤其是需要哺乳的患者。妊娠期使用PRM、OXC和LTG的患者，应立即监测（In cases of treatment with PRM, OXC, and LTG, monitor immediately）。 Plasma levels should be checked 2 to 3 weeks after childbirth. If doses were changed during pregnancy, they should be adjusted again, especially if patient is breastfeeding. In cases of treatment with PRM, OXC, and LTC, monitor immediately. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 提供关于睡眠卫生（sleep hygiene）的建议。 Advice on sleep hygiene. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 妊娠期抗癫痫治疗 The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. The state or condition of having a developing embryo or fetus in the body (uterus), after union of an ovum and spermatozoon, during the period from conception to birth. The clinician should discuss with the woman and girl the relative benefits and risks of adjusting medication to enable her to make an informed decision. Where appropriate, the woman or girl's specialist should be consulted. [2004] 临床医生应与女性癫痫患者讨论调整药物的相对益处和风险，以使她能够做出明智的决定。在适当的情况下，应咨询该女性的专科医生。 Women and girls should be reassured that an increase in seizure frequency is generally unlikely in pregnancy or in the first few months after birth. [2004] 应该让女性患者放心，在怀孕期间或分娩后的最初几个月，癫痫发作频率通常不太可能增加。 [2004] Care of pregnant women and girls should be shared between the obstetrician and the specialist. [2004] 孕妇的护理应由产科医生和专科医生共同承担。 [2004] Pregnant women and girls who are taking AEDs should be offered a high-resolution ultrasound scan to screen for structural anomalies. This scan should be performed at 18–20 weeks' gestation by an appropriately trained ultrasonographer, but earlier scanning may allow major malformations to be detected sooner. [2004] 应为服用 抗癫痫药物的女性提供高分辨率超声扫描以筛查结构异常。该扫描应由受过规范培训的超声医师在妊娠 18-20 周时进行，但早期扫描可以更快地发现主要畸形。 [2004] Aim for seizure freedom before conception and during pregnancy (particularly for women and girls with generalised tonic–clonic seizures) but consider the risk of adverse effects of AEDs and use the lowest effective dose of each AED,avoiding polytherapy if possible. [new 2012] 应以在受孕前和怀孕期间无癫痫发作为目标（特别是对于全面强直-阵挛发作的女性），但要考虑抗癫痫药物的不良反应风险，并使用每种抗癫痫药物的最低有效剂量，以尽可能避免多药治疗。 [2012年新] All women and girls on AEDs should be offered 5 mg per day of folic acid before any possibility of pregnancy.[2004] 所有服用抗癫痫药物的女性在任何可能怀孕的机会前都应每日补充5mg的叶酸。 Do not routinely monitor AED levels during pregnancy. If seizures increase or are likely to increase, monitoring AED levels (particularly levels of lamotrigine and phenytoin, which may be particularly affected in pregnancy) may be useful when making dose adjustments. [new 2012] 怀孕期间不要常规监测抗癫痫药物水平。如果癫痫发作增加或可能增加，监测 AED 水平（尤其是拉莫三嗪和苯妥英的水平，其在怀孕期间可能受到特别影响）在调整剂量时可能有用。 [2012年新] Women and girls with epilepsy should be informed that although they are likely to have healthy pregnancies, their risk of complications during pregnancy and labour is higher than for women and girls without epilepsy. [2004] 应告知女性癫痫患者，尽管她们的妊娠可能是正常的，但她们在怀孕和分娩期间发生并发症的风险高于未患癫痫的其他女性。 [2004] All pregnant women and girls with epilepsy should be encouraged to notify their pregnancy, or allow their clinician to notify the pregnancy, to the UK Epilepsyand Pregnancy Register. [2004] 应鼓励所有患有癫痫症的孕妇和女孩向英国癫痫和妊娠登记处报告怀孕，或允许其临床医生向英国癫痫和妊娠登记处报告怀孕。 Women and girls with epilepsy need accurate information during pregnancy,and the possibility of status epilepticus and SUDEP should be discussed with all women and girls who plan to stop AED therapy (see section 1.9.18). [2004] 女性癫痫患者在怀孕期间需要准确的信息，也应当告知所有计划停止抗癫痫药物治疗的女性有关持续癫痫与癫痫猝死的可能性。 Generally, women and girls may be reassured that the risk of a tonic–clonic seizure during the labour and the 24 hours after birth is low (1–4%). [2004] 一般来说，女性患者可以放心，在分娩期间和孩子出生后 24 小时内发生强直-阵挛性发作的风险很低（1-4%）。 [2004] Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 How should risks be communicated to WWE? 如何向WWE交代风险？ WWE should be provided with verbal and written information on prenatal screening and its implications, the risks of self-discontinuation of AEDs and the effects of seizures and AEDs on the fetus and on the pregnancy, breastfeeding and contraception. 应向WWE提供有关产前筛查的相关信息和自行停用AEDs、癫痫发作的风险以及AEDs对胎儿、怀孕、哺乳和避孕的影响，这之中应包括口头和书面信息。 WWE should be informed that the introduction of a few safety precautions may significantly reduce the risk of accidents and minimise anxiety. 应告知WWE，引入一些安全预防措施可以显著降低事故风险和孕产妇焦虑. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Healthcare professionals should acknowledge the concerns of WWE and be aware of the effect of such concerns on their adherence to AEDs. 【推荐等级：D】医护人员应认识到WWE的担忧，这种担忧可能影响WWE的依从性。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ How should women with non-epileptic attack disorder be counselled in pregnancy and how should their non-epileptic seizures be managed? 患有非痫性发作障碍（non-epileptic attack disorder）的妇女在妊娠期应如何处理 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Inappropriate medical intervention, including AED administration and iatrogenic early delivery, should be avoided when there is a firm diagnosis of non-epileptic attack disorder. 【推荐等级：D】对于确诊非痫性发作障碍时，应避免不适当的医疗干预，包括AEDs和医源性早产。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ To what extent can congenital abnormalities be minimised in WWE? 先天畸形的发生在WWE后代中可以控制到什么程度？ All WWE should be advised to take 5 mg/day of folic acid prior to conception and to continue the intake until at least the end of the first trimester to reduce the incidence of major congenital malformation. 建议所有WWE在孕前补充叶酸5mg/d，至少持续到妊娠早期，以减少MCMs发生率。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Prepregnancy folic acid 5 mg/day may be helpful in reducing the risk of AED-related cognitive deficits. 【推荐等级：C】孕前补充5mg/d叶酸可能可以降低AEDs相关认知障碍的风险。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:B] The lowest effective dose of the most appropriate AED should be used. 【推荐等级：B】妊娠期WWE应选用适宜的最低有效剂量的AEDs。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What are the adverse effects of AEDs in pregnancy on the mother and how can they be minimised? 妊娠期使用AEDs对母亲的不利影响是什么？如何控制？ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Healthcare professionals should be alert to signs of depression, anxiety and any neuropsychiatric symptoms in mothers exposed to AEDs. 【推荐等级：D】医务人员应警惕用药过程中WWE出现的抑郁、焦虑和任何神经精神症状。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What are the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of exposure to AEDs and maternal seizure in infants born to WWE? 宫内暴露于AEDs对胎儿长期神经发育的影响 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What are the recommended models for antenatal care of WWE and what are the benefits of joint obstetrics and neurology clinics? WWE产前护理推荐模式 Pregnant WWE should have access to regular planned antenatal care with a designated epilepsy care team. 妊娠期WWE应与指定的癫痫护理小组共同制定定期的产前护理计划。 All pregnant WWE should be provided with information about the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register and invited to register. 建议所有妊娠期WWE进行登记。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What are the risks of congenital malformations in the fetus of pregnant women with epilepsy (WWE) exposed and not exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)? 宫内暴露于AEDs对胎儿先天畸形的影响 WWE who are planning their pregnancy should have a clinician competent in the management of epilepsy take responsibility for sharing decisions around choice and dose of AEDs, based on the risk to the fetus and control of seizures. 计划怀孕的WWE应由一位临床医生负责处理其癫痫发作、控制AEDs剂量。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE should be reassured that most mothers have normal healthy babies and the risk of congenital malformations is low if they are not exposed to AEDs in the periconception period. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE，多数WWE母亲可拥有正常健康的婴儿，如果WWE在围妊娠期不接触AEDs，其后代发生先天畸形的风险很小。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:B] Women should be informed that the risk of congenital abnormalities in the fetus is dependent on the type, number and dose of AEDs. 【推荐等级：B】应告知WWE，胎儿先天畸形的风险取决于AEDs的类型、数量和剂量。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What are the risks of obstetric complications in pregnant WWE, including those taking AEDs? 妊娠期WWE（包括服用AEDs者）发生产科并发症的风险 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:B] Healthcare professionals need to be aware of the small but significant increase in obstetric risks to WWE and those exposed to AEDs, and to incorporate this in the counselling of women and the planning of management. 【推荐等级：B】WWE和暴露于AEDs的患者发生产科并发症的风险增加（small but significant），应将这些风险考虑到患者咨询和管理计划中。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What is the effect of pregnancy on seizures in WWE? 对于WWE而言，妊娠对于癫痫发作有何影响？ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE should be informed that two-thirds will not have seizure deterioration in pregnancy. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE，2/3的患者在妊娠期不会出现癫痫发作恶化。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Pregnant women who have experienced seizures in the year prior to conception require close monitoring for their epilepsy.（evidence level 2-：In women who were seizure free for at least 9 months to 1 year prior to pregnancy, 74–92% continued to be seizure free in pregnancy.） 【推荐等级：D】在孕前1年内有癫痫发作的孕妇需要在妊娠期密切监测其癫痫发作情况。（2-证据显示，在孕前至少9个月到1年没有癫痫发作的妇女中，74%-92%的妇女在妊娠期没有癫痫发作） https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What is the optimal timing and mode of delivery for WWE based on seizure control? WWE最佳生产方式和时机是什么？ WWE should be reassured that most will have an uncomplicated labour and delivery. 应告知WWE，多数WWE都可经历顺利的分娩过程（uncomplicated labour and delivery）。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] The diagnosis of epilepsy per se is not an indication for planned caesarean section or induction of labour. 【推荐等级：D】癫痫并不是择期剖腹产或引产的适应症。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What is the optimum method and timing of screening for detection of fetal abnormalities? 筛查胎儿先天畸形的最佳方法和时机 Early pregnancy can be an opportunity to screen for structural abnormalities. The fetal anomaly scan at 18+0–20+6 weeks of gestation can identify major cardiac defects in addition to neural tube defects. 早期妊娠（early pregnancy）是筛查胎儿结构异常的机会。妊娠18+0-20+6周除了可发现胎儿神经管缺损外，还可发现心脏缺损。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] All WWE should be offered a detailed ultrasound in line with the National Health Service Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme standards. 【推荐等级：D】应向所有WWE提供符合国家卫生服务胎儿异常筛查计划标准（National Health Service Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme standards）的详细超声检查。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What may affect the driving entitlements of WWE who are pregnant? 1.1影响妊娠期WWE驾驶的因素 WWE should be informed of the effect of changing the dose of AED on seizures and its impact on driving privileges. 1.1.1应告知WWE改变AEDs剂量对其癫痫发作的影响和对驾驶的影响。（妊娠期减少AEDs剂量可能会导致癫痫发作恶化，这对其是否能够驾驶会产生不利影响。） https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What other conditions in pregnancy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of epileptic seizures? 癫痫的鉴别诊断在妊娠期需要考虑什么？ In pregnant women presenting with seizures in the second half of pregnancy which cannot be clearly attributed to epilepsy, immediate treatment should follow existing protocols for eclampsia management until a definitive diagnosis is made by a full neurological assessment. 对于在妊娠后半段出现痫性发作且无法归因于癫痫的孕妇，应立即按照子痫进行紧急处理，直到有全面的神经病学评估作出明确诊断。 Other cardiac, metabolic and intracranial conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Neuropsychiatric conditions including non-epileptic attack disorder should also be considered. 鉴别诊断时应考虑心脏、代谢和颅内疾病以及神经精神疾病（包括非痫性发作在内）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Where required, what dose of antenatal corticosteroids should be given to WWE on enzyme-inducing AEDs? 对于服用酶诱导AEDs的WWE，在需要的情况下，应在产前如何给予皮质类固醇？ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] In WWE taking enzyme-inducing AEDs who are at risk of preterm delivery, doubling of the antenatal corticosteroid dose for prophylaxis against respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn is not recommended. 【推荐等级：D】对于有早产风险的服用酶诱导AEDs的WWE，不建议增加产前用于预防新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的皮质类固醇剂量。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Women with a history of epilepsy who are not considered to have a high risk of unprovoked seizures can be managed as low-risk women in pregnancy. 对于有癫痫病史的妇女，如果不具有非诱发性癫痫发作（unprovoked seizures）的高风险，可以作为低风险病例进行妊娠期的管理。 The rates of seizure deterioration in pregnancy may be associated with the type of seizure.Uncontrolled tonic-clonic seizures are the strongest risk factor for SUDEP, which are the main cause of death in pregnant WWE.（SUDEP is defined as ‘sudden, unexpected, witnessed or unwitnessed, nontraumatic and nondrowning death in patients with epilepsy, with or without evidence for a seizure and excluding documented status epilepticus, in which postmortem examination does not reveal a toxicologic or anatomic cause for death.） 妊娠期癫痫发作恶化的比例与癫痫发作类型有关。GTCS是SUDEP的最大危险因素，是妊娠期WWE死亡的主要原因。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ A detailed assessment of fetal anatomy to detect fetal congenital abnormalities should be offered to all pregnant women with epilepsy at 18–20 weeks gestation. 所有妊娠18-20周的女性癫痫患者都应进行详细的胎儿解剖学（fetal anatomy）评估以发现胎儿先天异常。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Any woman with epilepsy who has given birth to a child with a congenital malformation while taking an antiepileptic drug should be offered review by an obstetrician and an epilepsy specialist before any future pregnancy. 对于任何女性癫痫患者，如果在服用AEDs时生下了患有先天畸形的孩子，在未来怀孕之前应由产科医师和癫痫专家进行评估。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html For most patients, reassurance can be given that, in general, the risk of epilepsy developing in the children of parents with epilepsy is low. 应告知患者，对于大多数癫痫患者而言，其后代患癫痫的风险很低。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Given the morbidity and mortality risks associated with seizures (including sudden unexpected death in epilepsy) no antiepileptic drug should be discontinued during pregnancy unless this has been discussed with an epilepsy specialist. 考虑到与癫痫发作相关的发病率和死亡率（包括SUDEP），妊娠期不应停止使用任何AEDs。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Women with epilepsy who are pregnant or who have recently been pregnant and who require hospital admission should not be placed in a single room. 住院的妊娠期女性癫痫患者不应被安置在单间病房中。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:B] Women with epilepsy should: receive prepregnancy counselling at the time of diagnosis and at regular intervals during their management, especially if they are taking antiepileptic drug treatment. B级推荐：女性癫痫患者在确诊时和治疗期间应定期接受孕前咨询，尤其是在接受AEDs治疗时。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] be reassured that most will have a normal pregnancy and delivery D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者，多数都可经历正常的妊娠和分娩。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] have their diagnosis and treatment, if appropriate, reviewed by specialist services before conception; a concerted effort should be made to optimise seizure control and rationalise antiepileptic drug therapy prior to conception C级推荐：在适当的情况下，在受孕前应由相关领域的专家再次评估其诊断和治疗的准确性和合理性；受孕前应优化治疗以控制癫痫发作。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] be well informed about pregnancy and epilepsy-related issues, including smoking cessation,before conception. D级推荐：女性癫痫患者在怀孕前应充分了解怀孕和癫痫相关的问题，并戒烟。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women with epilepsy trying to conceive or who present in the first trimester should be advised to take folic acid during this time to reduce the risk of major congenital malformations. C级推荐：女性癫痫患者在妊娠早期应服用叶酸以降低MCMs风险。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women receiving sodium valproate should be advised that folic acid supplementation may reduce the rate of spontaneous miscarriage. D级推荐：接受VPA治疗的妇女补充叶酸可降低自然流产率。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] All infants of women with epilepsy should be offered vitamin K1,1 mg intramuscularly at birth,unless there are contraindications. D级推荐：在没有禁忌证的情况下，所有女性癫痫患者的产儿在出生时都应肌肉注射注射1mg VitK1。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] As good seizure control during pregnancy is more likely in women whose seizures are controlled prior to becoming pregnant an effort should be made to optimise seizure control prior to pregnancy(particularly for generalised tonic-clonic seizures). D级推荐：在怀孕前即控制癫痫发作的女性癫痫患者更可能在妊娠期达到控制癫痫发作，所以应在怀孕前优化治疗（尤其是对于全身强直-阵挛发作）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Pregnant women with epilepsy should be made aware of the risks of uncontrolled seizures both to themselves and to their developing fetus. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者不受控制的癫痫发作对患者和发育中的胎儿都有危险。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Pregnancy 教育干预 Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. Health information provided to individuals or communities designed to reduce ill health and enhance good health by influencing beliefs, attitudes and behavior. Health education HEALTH EDUC Health Education Education Health EDUC HEALTH health education Health education 生活质量 A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral, social environment as well as health and disease. The subjective measurement of an individual's sense of well-being and ability to enjoy life. The concept holds varying meanings for different people and may evolve over time. For some individuals it implies autonomy, empowerment, capability, and choice; for others, security, social integration, or freedom from stress or illness. QOL Quality of life satisfaction (observable entity) quality of life Quality-of-Life Quality of Life Perceived quality of life quality of life (QoL) Quality of life satisfaction Quality of life Life Quality Quality of Life 普鲁卡因胺 A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE. p-Amino-N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)benzamide p-Aminobenzoic Diethylaminoethylamide Procanamide Procainamida PROCAINAMIDE Procainamidum Procainamide-containing product Amide Procaine Product containing procainamide (medicinal product) Procainamide (substance) Novocaine Amide Procaine Amide Benzamide 4-amino-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)- Benzamide p-amino-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)- Procainamide 炔雌醇 A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES. A semisynthetic estrogen. Ethinyl estradiol binds to the estrogen receptor complex and enters the nucleus, activating DNA transcription of genes involved in estrogenic cellular responses. This agent also inhibits 5-alpha reductase in epididymal tissue, which lowers testosterone levels and may delay progression of prostatic cancer. In addition to its antineoplastic effects, ethinyl estradiol protects against osteoporosis. In animal models, short-term therapy with this agent has been shown to provide long-term protection against breast cancer, mimicking the antitumor effects of pregnancy. (NCI04)" 19-Norpregna-135(10)-trien-20-yne-317-diol (17alpha)- EE Estradiol Ethinyl 17α-ethynylestradiol Etinilestradiol 17-ethinyl-317-oestradiol Diogyn-E Ethynyl estradiol Feminone (17alpha)-19-Norpregna-135(10)-trien-20-yne-317-diol Eticylol Ethinyl estradiol-containing product Lynoral 57-63-6 17-ethinyl-317-estradiol 7259 Ethinoral Ethinylestradiolum 17-ethinylestradiol 10973 ethinyl estradiol Estradiol Ethynyl Diogyn E Inestra Ethinylestradiol (substance) Ethinyloestradiol Estinyl Ethinylestradiol Ethinylestradiol-containing product 17alpha-Ethinyl estradiol Orestralyn ethynylestradiol Product containing ethinylestradiol (medicinal product) Ethinylestradiol Engle分级 The Engel classification was used to evaluate operation effectiveness. Engel classification Engle 心脏电复律 The conversion of one cardiac rhythm or electrical pattern to another, almost always from an abnormal to a normal one, by pharmacologic means using medications or by electrical cardioversion using a defibrillator. Cardioversion (procedure) Cardioversion Cardioverter Procedure Conversion of cardiac rhythm Cardioversion 睡眠障碍 Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187) A change from the patient's baseline sleeping pattern, in the hours slept and/or an alteration/dysfunction in the stages of sleep. Sleep Disorder Sleep disorder unspecified sleep disorders parasomnia Sleep disorders Sleep disturbances Sleep disorders and disturbances sleep disturbances Sleep disturbance Disorder sleep Sleep disorder Sleep Disorders SLEEP DISORDER Disorder Sleep Sleep disorder NOS Disorders Sleep SLEEP DISORDER (NOS) disorders sleep Sleep Dysfunction Sleep disorder (disorder) Sleep Disturbance sleep disorder Sleep disorder (NOS) Unspecified sleep disturbance DISORDER SLEEP Sleep disturbances (incl subtypes) SLEEP DIS disturbances sleep Sleep disturbances (including subtypes) Sleep disorder 利培酮 A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA. A benzisoxazole derivative with antipsychotic property. Risperidone selectively antagonizes serotonin (5-HT) effects via cortical 5-HT2 receptor, and, to a lesser extent, competes with dopamine at the limbic dopamine D2 receptor. The antagonism leads to decreased psychotic effects, such as hallucinations and delusions. In addition, risperidone has low to moderate affinity for histamine H1, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1C, and 5-HT1D receptors, while it has weak affinity for dopamine D1 and haloperidol-sensitive sigma site receptors. Risperidone (substance) Product containing risperidone (medicinal product) risperidone 4H-Pyrido(12-a)pyrimidin-4-one 3-(2-(4-(6-fluoro-12-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl)ethyl)-6 789-tetrahydro-2-methyl- Risperidone-containing product Risperidona Risperidonum Rispéridone Risperidone 肝功能不全 Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION. The inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic functions. Liver Insufficiency Liver Failure Hepatic Insufficiency Hepatic Failure Hepatic insufficiency Insufficiency Liver Insufficiency Hepatic Liver insufficiency 艾司唑仑 A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM. A triazolo-benzodiazepine with anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. Estazolam binds to the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor at a site distinct from the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA binding site in the limbic system of the central nervous system (CNS). This binding leads to an opening of the chloride channels, which allows the flow of chloride ions into the neuron, hyperpolarizes the neuronal membrane, inhibits neuronal firing, and leads to a decrease in neuronal excitability. Estazolam (substance) 4H-(124)Triazolo(43-a)(14)benzodiazepine 8-chloro-6-phenyl- Product containing estazolam (medicinal product) Estazolam-containing product Esilgan ProSom Estazolam Estazolamum 8-chloro-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo(43-a)(14)benzodiazepine 8-Chloro-6-phenyl-4H-(124)triazolo-(43-a)(14)benzodiazepine Estazolam (substance) 4H-(124)Triazolo(43-a)(14)benzodiazepine 8-chloro-6-phenyl- Product containing estazolam (medicinal product) Estazolam-containing product Esilgan ProSom Estazolam Estazolamum ESTAZOLAM 8-chloro-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo(43-a)(14)benzodiazepine estazolam 8-Chloro-6-phenyl-4H-(124)triazolo-(43-a)(14)benzodiazepine Estazolam 加巴喷丁 A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME. A synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid with anticonvulsant activity. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, gabapentin appears to inhibit excitatory neuron activity. This agent also exhibits analgesic properties. (NCI04) [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] All methods of contraception may be offered to women taking non-enzyme-inducing AEDs (e.g. sodium valproate, levetiracetam, gabapentin, vigabatrin, tiagabine and pregabalin). 【推荐等级：C】所有避孕方法都适用于服用非酶诱导AEDs的WWE（丙戊酸钠、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、氨己烯酸、替加宾、普瑞巴林）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Convalis Gabapentino 60142-96-3 Neurontin gabapentin Product containing gabapentin (medicinal product) 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic Acid Gabapentinum Gabapentina Gabapentin-containing product Gabapentin (substance) Gralise Gabapentine Apo-Gabapentin ApoGabapentin Gabapentin Hexal Apo Gabapentin Novo Gabapentin Novo-Gabapentin Gabapentin Ratiopharm NovoGabapentin Gabapentin-Ratiopharm Gabapentin Stada PMS-Gabapentin Gabapentin 左炔诺孕酮 A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. The levorotatory form of norgestrel and synthetic progestogen with progestational and androgenic activity. Levonorgestrel binds to the progesterone receptor in the nucleus of target cells, thereby stimulating the resulting hormone-receptor complex, initiating transcription, and increasing the synthesis of certain proteins. This results in a suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) activity and an inhibition of ovulation, as well as an alteration in the cervical mucus and endometrium. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE taking enzyme-inducing AEDs should be informed that a copper IUD is the preferred choice for emergency contraception. Emergency contraception pills with levonorgestrel and ulipristal acetate are affected by enzyme-inducing AEDs. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导AEDs的WWE，铜质宫内节育器是紧急避孕的首选，含左炔诺孕酮和醋酸乌利司他的紧急避孕药会受到酶诱导AEDs的影响。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 17alpha-Ethynyl-13beta-ethyl-3-oxo-4-estren-17beta-ol 797-63-7 Microval Norplant (8R9S10R13S14S17R)-13-ethyl-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxy- 12678910111213141516 17- tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a] phenanthren-3-one Product containing levonorgestrel (medicinal product) Levonorgestrel-containing product l Norgestrel 17-alpha-Ethynyl-13-ethyl-19-nortestosterone Levonorgestrel l-Norgestrel 1819-dinorpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one 13-ethyl-17-hydroxy- (17alpha)-(-)- D-Norgestrel Lèvonorgestrel 13-beta-Ethyl-17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one Plan B (17Alpha)-13-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1819-dinorpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one LEVONORGESTREL 13-Ethyl-17-alpha-ethynyl-17-beta-hydroxy-4-gonen-3-one Levonorgestrelum 18-Methyl-17-alpha-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone L-norgestrel 13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-1819-dinor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (-)-13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-1819-dinor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one Mirena 797-63-7 (levo isomer) D Norgestrel D-(-)-Norgestrel d(-)-Norgestrel 17alpha-Ethynyl-17-hydroxy-18-methylestr-4-en-3-one levonorgestrel NORGESTREL L 17alpha-Ethynyl-18-homo-19-nortestosterone Levonorgestrel (substance) 18-Methylnorethisterone 13-Ethyl-17-alpha-ethynylgon-4-en-17-beta-ol-3-one Cerazet 17-Ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone 17-alpha-Ethinyl-13-beta-ethyl-17-beta-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one Levonorgestrel 消化性溃疡的治疗药物 Medication for Peptic ulcer 手术治疗 The branch of medical science that treats disease or injury by operative procedures. Surgery specialty Surgery Surgery General Surgery 阿芬太尼 A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients. A synthetic short-acting opioid with analgesic and local anesthesia enhancing activity. Alfentanil primarily binds to mu-opioid receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor, thereby mimicking the actions of morphine, the prototypical mu receptor agonist. This agent induces anti-nociception responses mediated through inhibiting the release of various neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline; in addition, the release of vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin and glucagon are also inhibited. alfentanil Product containing alfentanil (medicinal product) Alfentanilum Alfentanil (substance) Alfentanyl Propanamide N-(1-(2-(4-ethyl-45-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(methoxymethyl)-4-piperidinyl)-N-phenyl- Alfentanilo N-(1-(2-(4-Ethyl-5-oxo-2-tetrazolin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(methoxymethyl)-4-piperidyl)propionanilide Alfentanil-containing product Alfentanil ALFENTANIL Alfentanil 甲氨蝶呤 An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. An antimetabolite and antifolate agent with antineoplastic and immunosuppressant activities. Methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Methotrexate also exhibits potent immunosuppressant activity although the mechanism(s) of actions is unclear. 4-Amino-4-deoxy-10-methylpteroyl-L-glutamic Acid MTX - methotrexate Metrotex 740 Amethopterin Folex PFS Tremetex WR-19039 CL 14377 methotrexate Farmitrexat Ledertrexate Methotrexate LPF Texate L-Glutamic acid N-(4-(((24-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)methylamino)benzoyl)- Novatrex CL-14377 Mexate alpha-methopterin 4-amino-10-methylfolic acid Metex Trexall Mexate-AQ Lumexon Product containing methotrexate (medicinal product) Lantarel Methoblastin Brimexate Maxtrex methotrexate methylaminopterin Rheumatrex Methotrexate-containing product 7723 4291 1959/5/2 4-amino-N(10)-methylpteroylglutamic acid Trexeron Medsatrexate Emthexate Méthotrexate Abitrexate Methotrexat methylaminopterin N-[4-[[(24-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]methylamino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid Emtexate MTX Trixilem Metotrexato Methotrexatum Folex Fauldexato Methotrexate (substance) Emthexat Methotrexate 吗氯贝胺 A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties. Benzamide 4-Chloro-N-(2-(4-Morpholinyl)Ethyl)- Moclobemid MOCLOBEMIDE Moclobemidum Moclobemide (substance) RO 11-1163/000 P-Chloro-N-(2-Morpholinoethyl)Benzamide Moclobemida 4-Chlor-N-(2-morpholinoethyl)benzamid Moclobemide-containing product Product containing moclobemide (medicinal product) Moclobamide Moclobemide 阴道套 A soft, loose-fitting polyurethane sheath, closed at one end, with flexible rings at both ends. The device is inserted into the vagina by compressing the inner ring and pushing it in. Properly positioned, the ring at the closed end covers the cervix, and the sheath lines the walls of the vagina. The outer ring remains outside the vagina, covering the labia. (Med Lett Drugs Ther 1993 Dec 24;35(12):123) Condoms Internal Vaginal Condoms Single-Use Internal Internal Condom Single-Use Internal Condoms Vaginal Vaginal Internal Condoms Vaginal CONDOMFEMALE Single-Use Internal Condoms Single-Use Internal Condom POUCH INTRAVAGINAL Female Condom Condoms Female Female condom Contraceptive supply condom female each Female Condoms Internal Condoms Single-Use Single Use Internal Condom Condom Single-Use Internal Condom Female Female condom 地昔帕明 A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. An active metabolite of imipramine, a tertiary amine and a synthetic tricyclic derivative of the antidepressant. Desipramine enhances monoamine neurotransmission in certain areas of the brain by inhibiting the re-uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin at the noradrenergic and serotoninergic nerve endings, respectively. It also induces sedation through histamine 1 receptor blockage and hypotension through beta-adrenergic blockage. DESIPRAMINE 5-(γ-methylaminopropyl)iminodibenzyl Desipraminum Desipramina desmethylimipramine Monodemethylimipramine N-(3-methylaminopropyl)iminobibenzyl Product containing desipramine (medicinal product) Desipramine-containing product 5-(gamma-methylaminopropyl)iminodibenzyl Désipramine Desipramine (substance) Desipramin Déméthylimipramine 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-propanamine 1011-dihydro-N-methyl- DMI Demethylimipramine Norimipramine Desipramine 炔雌醚 The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011) quinestrol Quinestrol ETHINYL ESTRADIOL CYCLOPENTYL ETHER 03 17-alpha-Ethinylestradiol 3-cyclopentyl ether Estrovis Product containing quinestrol (medicinal product) Estradiol-17-beta 3-cyclopentyl ether Ethinyl Estradiol 3-Cyclopentyl Ether 19-Norpregna-135(10)-trien-20-yn-17-ol 3-(cyclopentyloxy)- (17alpha)- QUINESTROL Ethinyl Estradiol 3 Cyclopentyl Ether Quinestrol-containing product Quinestrolo 17alpha-Ethynylestradiol 3-cyclopentyl ether Quinestrol (substance) Quinestrolum Quinestrol 放射治疗 The use of IONIZING RADIATION to treat malignant NEOPLASMS and some benign conditions. Treatment of a disease by means of exposure of the target or the whole body to radiation. Radiation therapy is often used as part of curative therapy and occasionally as a component of palliative treatment for cancer. Other uses include total body irradiation prior to transplantation. Radiation Therapies Radiation Therapy NOS Irradiate RADIATION therapy radiation RT Radiotherapeutics Therapeutic radiology procedure Radiotherapy NOS irradiated ENERGY_TYPE Radiation oncology AND/OR radiotherapy Radiation therapy Treatment Radiation RADIOTHER Radiotherapies irradiation Irradiation Therapies Radiation Radiation Treatment Therapy Radiation RADIATION THERAPY Radiotherapy RADIOTHERAPY Cancer Radiotherapy radiotherapy Radiation Treatments Radiation Therapy Radiation radiation therapy RT - Radiotherapy Radiation oncology AND/OR radiotherapy (procedure) Irradiated Radiation Therapy (Procedure) Radiotherapy 抗双相情感障碍药物 Anti-bipolar disorder Drugs 氯丙嗪 The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. A phenothiazine and traditional antipsychotic agent with anti-emetic activity. Chlorpromazine exerts its antipsychotic effect by blocking postsynaptic dopamine receptors in cortical and limbic areas of the brain, thereby preventing the excess of dopamine in the brain. This leads to a reduction in psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. Chlorpromazine appears to exert its anti-emetic activity by blocking the dopamine receptors in the chemical trigger zone (CTZ) in the brain, thereby relieving nausea and vomiting. CHLORPROMAZINE 2-Chloro-10-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)phenothiazine Chlor-PZ Chlorpromazine (substance) 3-(2-chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-NN-dimethyl-1-propanamine Chlorpromazine-containing product 10H-Phenothiazine-10-propanamine 2-chloro-NN-dimethyl- Chlorpromazinum CPZ 167745 50-53-3 Product containing chlorpromazine (medicinal product) Thorazine 3-(2-chlorophenothiazin-10-yl)-NN-dimethyl-propan-1-amine N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-chlorophenothiazine Clorpromazina Chlorpromazine 腹腔镜胃袖状切除术 Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (procedure) Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy 抗精神病性障碍药物 Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. A drug product that contains one or more active and/or inactive ingredients; it is intended to treat, prevent or alleviate the symptoms of disease. This term does not refer to the individual ingredients that make up the product. Anti-psychotics disorders Drugs 磺脲类 Sulfonylureas are a group of medicines used to treat type 2 diabetes Sulfonylureas for blood glucose lowering Sulfonylureas 胰高糖素样肽-1受体激动剂 Substance with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist mechanism of action (substance) GLP-1 receptor agonist Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist 如果患者生殖内分泌功能障碍与所服用的AEDs有关，应考虑更换另一种AEDs If the cause of the problem is associated with one AED, an alternative treatment with another AED should be designed. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 治疗方案调整 As AED concentrations may fall during pregnancy, healthcare professionals need to be aware that dosing may need to be increased. 妊娠期AEDs水平可能会下降，可能需要增加药物剂量。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Physician supervision of a patient under a medicare-approved hospice (patient not present) requiring complex and multidisciplinary care modalities involving regular physician development and/or revision of care plans review of subsequent reports of patient status review of laboratory and other studies communication (including telephone calls) with other health care professionals involved in the patients care integration of new information into the medical treatment plan and/or adjustment of medical therapy within a calendar month 30 minutes or more Hospice care supervision Adjustment of treatment plan 癫痫患者的生活质量-31 The 31-item quality of life in epilepsy (QOLIE) inventory—QOLIE-31—is one instrument developed to assess the QOLIE, yielding a composite score from 0 to 100 that represents a person with epilepsy (PWE)'s overall wellness including cognitive impact and social functioning. A higher score indicates a higher self-reported QOLIE. The QOLIE-31 inventory has been translated and validated in various languages spanning many continents. Quality of life in epilepsy-31 注意缺陷与多动障碍 A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V) ADHD Hyperkinetic syndrome childhood hyperkinetic syndrome Attention deficits Overactive child syndrome ADHD - Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity Hyperkinetic synd NOS Hyperkinetic disorders Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity Hyperkinetic disorder Unspecified hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorders Attention Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder unspecified type Hyperactivity Disorder NOS Hyperkinetic syndrome NOS Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder NOS Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Hyperactive child syndrome Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DIS Syndrome hyperkinetic Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder ADDH Disorder Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity ATTENTION DEFICIT DIS WITH HYPERACTIVITY Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (disorder) attention deficit syndrome with hyperactivity Disorders Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Attention deficit disorder Attention Deficit Disorders Deficit Disorder Attention Deficit Disorders Attention Disorder Attention Deficit Disorders Attention Deficit Brain Dysfunction Minimal Dysfunction Minimal Brain Minimal Brain Dysfunction attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders ADD Attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) Attention deficit Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Attention HYPERACTIVITY OF CHILDHOOD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly hyperactive impulsive type (disorder) Hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood Attention Deficit Disorders with Hyperactivity ADHD predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type Attention-Deficit Disorder Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly hyperactive impulsive type Unspecified hyperkinetic syndrome Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type Attn deficit w hyperact Syndromes Hyperkinetic Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder hyperactive impulsive type Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorders Hyperkinetic disorder unspecified Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder NOS Attention deficit disorder of childhood with hyperactivity Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder 海马多处横切术 Multiple hippocampal transection (MHT) is a novel surgical procedure in which the longitudinal fibers responsible for seizure propagation are transected at several points along the length of the hippocampus without resecting the hippocampus. MHT preserves the hippocampus and the stem cells within it and decreases the probability of affecting the hippocampal functions Multiple hippocampal transection 病因 The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors. The cause of a disease or abnormal condition. etiology disease cause etiology Causality Science of Etiology disease etiology Cause disorder by cause disease/disorder etiology Causation disease causation Causalities disorder etiology Etiology (attribute) Aetiology Etiology 托吡酯 A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss. A sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide with anticonvulsant property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, topiramate antagonizes kainate/AMPA subtype of the glutamate receptors, which are ligand-activated cation channels that mediate the fast component of excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurons of the central nervous system. This antagonistic action results in stabilizing hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and decreasing propagation of synaptic impulses, thereby impedes seizure occurrences. In addition, this agent augments gamma-aminobenzoic acid (GABA) activity and thereby attenuating GABAnergic inhibitory transmission. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Epitomax USL255 McN 4853 McN4853 McN-4853 Topiramate Tipiramate Tipiramato 23:45-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate beta-D-Fructopyranose 23:45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)- sulfamate TPM Topamax Product containing topiramate (medicinal product) Topiramate-containing product 23:45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate Topiramato 23-45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate Topiramate (substance) Topiramatum 97240-79-4 Topiramate 利多卡因 A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE. A synthetic aminoethylamide with local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic properties. Lidocaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by binding to and inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses and effecting local anesthesia. Lidocaine 2-(diethylamino)-N-(26-dimethylphenyl)acetamide Lidocaine-containing product α-diethylamino-26-dimethylacetanilide 2-2EtN-2MePhAcN alpha-diethylamino-26-dimethylacetanilide 2-diethylamino-26-acetoxylidide .omega.-Diethylamino-26-dimethylacetanilide 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(26-Dimethylphenyl)Acetamide lidocaine Omega-diethylamino-26-dimethylacetanilide Duncaine Acetamide 2-(diethylamino)-N-(26-dimethylphenyl)- Lidocaína Leostesin 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(26-dimethylphenyl)acetamide Lidothesin 2-(Diethylamino)-26-acetoxylidide Rucaina Cuivasil 137-58-6 Lidocaine (substance) 40030 2-Diethylamino-26-acetoxylidide omega-diethylamino-26-dimethylacetanilide LIDOCAINE Lidocainum Lidocaina Lignocaine Product containing lidocaine (medicinal product) Lidocaine Monoacetate Lidocaine Carbonate Lidocaine Monohydrochloride Xyloneural Xylocaine Lidocaine Sulfate (1:1) Lidocaine Hydrocarbonate Xylocitin Xylesthesin Lidocaine Carbonate (2:1) Octocaine Lidocaine Monohydrochloride Monohydrate Dalcaine Lidocaine Hydrochloride Lidocaine 韦氏智力测验 Tests designed to measure intellectual functioning in children and adults. Intelligence Scales Wechsler Wechsler Scales Wechsler Intelligence Scales Psychologic test Wechsler memory scale (procedure) Wechsler scales Psychologic test Wechsler memory scale Wechsler scales 七氟烷 A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION. A fluorinated isopropyl ether with general anesthetic property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, sevoflurane may act by interfering with the release and re-uptake of neurotransmitters at post-synaptic terminals, and/or alter ionic conductance following receptor activation by a neurotransmitter. Sevoflurane may also interact directly with lipid matrix of neuronal membranes, thereby affecting gating properties of ion channels. In addition, this agent may activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors hyperpolarizing cell membranes. This results in a general anesthetic effect, a decrease in myocardial contractility and mean arterial pressure as well as an increased respiratory rate. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Pethidine should be used with caution in WWE for analgesia in labour. Diamorphine should be used in preference to pethidine.（Pethidine is metabolised to norpethidine, which is known to be epileptogenic when administered in high doses to patients with normal renal function. If general anaesthesia becomes necessary, it is prudent to avoid anaesthetic agents such as pethidine, ketamine and sevoflurane. The first two are known to lower seizure threshold and the third may have epileptogenic potential.） 【推荐等级：D】WWE分娩镇痛时慎用哌替啶，二氢吗啡应优先于哌替啶使用。（哌替啶可被代谢为去甲哌替啶，后者在肾功能正常的患者中可引起癫痫发作（大剂量）。全麻时避免使用哌替啶、氯胺酮和七氟醚等麻醉剂，前两种药物可降低癫痫发作阈值，第三种可致痫。） https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ sevoflurane Fluoromethyl Hexafluoroisopropyl Ether Sevofluran Ether Fluoromethyl 222-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl- Product containing sevoflurane (medicinal product) Propane 111333-hexafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)- Sevoflurane-containing product Sevoflurane (substance) Ultane Sevoflurano Fluoromethyl-222-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl Ether 28523-86-6 SEVOFLURANE Sevoflurane 111333-Hexafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)propane Sevorane Fluoromethyl 222-trifluoro-1-(trifluromethyl)ethyl ether Sevofluranum Sevoflurane 鉴别诊断 Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. What other conditions in pregnancy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of epileptic seizures? 癫痫的鉴别诊断在妊娠期需要考虑什么？ In pregnant women presenting with seizures in the second half of pregnancy which cannot be clearly attributed to epilepsy, immediate treatment should follow existing protocols for eclampsia management until a definitive diagnosis is made by a full neurological assessment. 对于在妊娠后半段出现痫性发作且无法归因于癫痫的孕妇，应立即按照子痫进行紧急处理，直到有全面的神经病学评估作出明确诊断。 Other cardiac, metabolic and intracranial conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Neuropsychiatric conditions including non-epileptic attack disorder should also be considered. 鉴别诊断时应考虑心脏、代谢和颅内疾病以及神经精神疾病（包括非痫性发作在内）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ differential diagnosis Differential diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Differential dx Diagnosis Differential rule out diagnosis Differential diagnosis (contextual qualifier) rule in diagnosis DIAG DIFFER DIAG DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAG Differential Diagnoses Diagnoses Differential DIFFER DIAG Differential diagnosis (contextual qualifier) (qualifier value) Differential diagnosis 功能核磁共振 The principle of functional MRI imaging is to take a series of images of an organ in quick succession and to statistically analyze the images for differences among them. Most commonly used in studies of brain function. Functional MRI FUNCTIONAL MRI Functional MRIs functional magnetic resonance imaging MRIs Functional functional MRI fMRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging Functional MRI Functional Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Functional magnetic resonance imaging 失张力发作 Atonic Seizure Hypotonic seizure Drop seizures atonic seizure Astatic seizure Atonic Seizures Atonic seizure Hypotonic seizures Epileptic drop attack (disorder) Astatic seizures Epileptic drop attack Seizure Atonic Atonic seizure (disorder) Drop attacks Seizures atonic Atonic seizures Atonic seizures 奥利司他 A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity. A reversible active-site inhibitor of gastrointestinal lipases. Orlistat forms a covalent bond with the active serine site in gastric and pancreatic lipases, thereby inhibiting their activity and preventing dietary fat from being hydrolyzed and absorbed. (NCI04) Product containing orlistat (medicinal product) Tetrahydrolipstatin 1-((3-Hexyl-4-oxo-2-oxetanyl)methyl)dodecyl-2-formamido-4-methylvalerate THLP ORLISTAT Orlipastat Orlistat (substance) L-Leucine N-formyl- 1-((3-hexyl-4-oxo-2-oxetanyl)methyl)dodecyl ester (2S-(2alpha(R*)3beta))- Orlipastatum (-)-Tetrahydrolipstatin Orlistat-containing product Tetrahydrolipastatin Alli Xenical Orlistat 芬特明 A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity. A natural monoamine alkaloid derivative and a sympathomimetic stimulant with appetite suppressant property. Phentermine, which was part of the Fen-Phen anti-obesity medication, stimulates hypothalamic release of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter involved in stress responses (fight-or-flight reactions), and reduces hunger sensation. Phentermine also causes the release of epinephrine or adrenaline outside of the brain, resulting in breakdown of stored fat. Phenyl-tertiary-butylamine 11-Dimethyl-2-phenylethylamine Phentermine Fentermina Benzeneethanamine alphaalpha-dimethyl- Product containing phentermine (medicinal product) Phentermine-containing product 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane Phentermine (substance) 2-Phenyl-tert-butylamine alphaalpha-Dimethylphenethylamine Phenterminum Phentermine 氯普噻吨 A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. Chlorprotixen CHLORPROTHIXENE Chlorprothixene-containing product Chlorprotixene Chlothixen Product containing chlorprothixene (medicinal product) 1-Propanamine 3-(2-chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-ylidene)-NN-dimethyl- (Z)- Chlorprothixen Chlorprotixine Chlorprothixine Alpha-Chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene (substance) Chlorprothixene 慢性小脑刺激术 Chronic cerebellar electrical stimulation is to stimulate the cerebellum to have a significant inhibitory effect on the nerve activity of the brain, medulla oblongata and spinal cord(备注：参考PMID: 33887658) Chronic cerebellar stimulation 地尔硫卓 A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions. A benzothiazepine derivative with anti-hypertensive, antiarrhythmic properties. Diltiazem blocks voltage-sensitive calcium channels in the blood vessels, by inhibiting the ion-control gating mechanisms, thereby preventing calcium levels increase by other revenues. Alternatively, it has been suggested that this agent also interferes with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across both the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes. The overall low calcium levels leads to dilatation of the main coronary and systemic arteries and decreasing myocardial contractility, decreased peripheral arterial resistance, improved oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, and decreased cardiac output. 15-Benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one 3-(acetyloxy)-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-23-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)- (2S-cis)- Diltiazem (substance) (2S3S)-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2345-tetrahydrobenzo[b][14]thiazepin-3-yl acetate Acetic acid (2S3S)-5-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-4-oxo-2345-tetrahydro-benzo[b][14]thiazepin-3-yl ester (+)-cis-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-23-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-15-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one acetate ester diltiazem (2S-cis)-3-(acetyloxy)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-23-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-15-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one Diltiazemum d-cis-diltiazem Product containing diltiazem (medicinal product) Diltiazem-containing product Diltiazem 利培酮 A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA. A benzisoxazole derivative with antipsychotic property. Risperidone selectively antagonizes serotonin (5-HT) effects via cortical 5-HT2 receptor, and, to a lesser extent, competes with dopamine at the limbic dopamine D2 receptor. The antagonism leads to decreased psychotic effects, such as hallucinations and delusions. In addition, risperidone has low to moderate affinity for histamine H1, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1C, and 5-HT1D receptors, while it has weak affinity for dopamine D1 and haloperidol-sensitive sigma site receptors. Risperidone (substance) Product containing risperidone (medicinal product) risperidone 4H-Pyrido(12-a)pyrimidin-4-one 3-(2-(4-(6-fluoro-12-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl)ethyl)-6 789-tetrahydro-2-methyl- Risperidone-containing product Risperidona Risperidonum Rispéridone Risperidone 卟啉病 A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues. A group of genetic or acquired metabolic disorders characterized by defects in the enzymes that are involved in the heme synthesis. porphyria disorders of porphyrin metabolism Porphyria Disorder Porphyrin Hematoporphyria Disorders Porphyrin Porphyrinopathy Porphyrias Porphyria (disorder) Porphyrin Disorders Porphyrinopathy (disorder) Porphyria NOS Unspecified porphyria Disorder of porphyrin and heme metabolism porphyrin disorder Disorders of porphyrin metabolism Porphyrin metabolism disorder NOS Disorder of porphyrin metabolism Disorders of Porphyrin Metabolism Disorder of porphyrin metabolism (disorder) Dis porphyrin metabolism Porphyrin metabolism disorder PORPHYRIA Porphyrin Disorder Disorder of porphyrin and haem metabolism disorder of porphyrin metabolism Porphyria Gastaut综合征 A childhood-onset epilepsy syndrome. A syndrome characterized by frequent episodes of epilepsy during childhood. The epileptic episodes may be tonic, atonic, myoclonic, or absence seizures. It may be accompanied by mental retardation and behavioral problems. Lennox Gastaut syndrome LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME LGS Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (disorder) Lennox Gastaut Syndrome Epileptic encephalopathy Lennox-Gastaut type Encephalopathy of childhood Lennox Gastaut Syndromes Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Gastaut syndrome Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Childhood Epileptic Encephalopathy with Diffuse Slow Spikes and Waves Epileptic encephalopathy Lennox-Gastaut type Gastaut syndrome 第三代抗癫痫药物 Drugs developed after 2000 are known as third generation antiseizure medications Third generation antiseizure medication 诊断 The determination of the nature of a disease or condition, or the distinguishing of one disease or condition from another. Assessment may be made through physical examination, laboratory tests, or the likes. Computerized programs may be used to enhance the decision-making process. The investigation, analysis and recognition of the presence and nature of disease, condition, or injury from expressed signs and symptoms; also, the scientific determination of any kind; the concise results of such an investigation. In order to enable informed decisions and choice, and to reduce misunderstandings, women and girls with epilepsy and their partners, as appropriate, must be given accurate information and counselling about contraception, conception, pregnancy, caring for children and breastfeeding,and menopause.[2004] 为减少误解并做出明智决策，需酌情向患有癫痫的女士与其伴侣提供关于避孕、受孕、怀孕、照顾孩子与哺乳的正确信息与咨询。 Information about contraception, conception, pregnancy, or menopause should be given to women and girls in advance of sexual activity, pregnancy or menopause, and the information should be tailored to their individual needs.This information should also be given, as needed, to people who are closely involved with women and girls with epilepsy. These may include her family and/or carers.[2004] 关于避孕、受孕、怀孕、与停经的信息，需应依女性个人需求，在性行为、怀孕或停经发生前即被传达。同时，这些信息也应根据需要提供给与这些癫痫女性患者关系密切的人，如家人或其照料者。 All healthcare professionals who treat, care for, or support women and girls with epilepsy should be familiar with relevant information and the availability of counselling.[2004] 所有治疗、照顾或支持癫痫女性患者的医疗保健专业人员都应熟悉相关信息以及咨询的可行性。 Genetic counselling should be considered if one partner has epilepsy,particularly if the partner has idiopathic epilepsy and a positive family history of epilepsy. [2004] 如果其中一方患有癫痫，特别是如果伴侣患有特发性癫痫且有阳性癫痫家族史，则应考虑进行遗传咨询。 [2004] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 What aspects of diagnosis are specific to pregnancy and the puerperium, including the definition of seizures for the obstetrician? 哪些方面的诊断是专门针对妊娠和产褥期的？ The diagnosis of epilepsy and epileptiform seizures should be made by a medical practitioner with expertise in epilepsy, usually a neurologist. 癫痫和痫性发作的诊断应由具有癫痫专业知识的神经科医师作出。 Women with a history of epilepsy who are not considered to have a high risk of unprovoked seizures can be managed as low-risk women in pregnancy. 对于有癫痫病史的妇女，如果不具有非诱发性癫痫发作（unprovoked seizures）的高风险，可以作为低风险病例进行妊娠期的管理。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ DIAG Dx dx Diagnose Diagnosed Diagnosis (observable entity) DIAGNOSIS diagnoses Diagnostic Diagnosis Diagnoses diagnosis {Diagnosis} Diagnosis 血浆置换 Removal of plasma and replacement with various fluids, e.g., fresh frozen plasma, plasma protein fractions (PPF), albumin preparations, dextran solutions, saline. Used in treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune complex diseases, diseases of excess plasma factors, and other conditions. A procedure that collects plasma from the peripheral blood while returning the rest to the donor. therapeutic plasmapheresis Plasmapheresis therapeutic plasma exchange Exchanges Plasma Therapeutic plasma exchange plasmapheresis Plasma Exchanges Therapeutic Plasmapheresis Plasma exchange Therapeutic plasmapheresis using plasma as the major replacement fluid Exchange Plasma Therapeutic Plasma Exchange PE - Plasma exchange Px - Plasma exchange Therapeutic plasma exchange (procedure) plasma exchange Therapeutic plasmapheresis using plasma as the major replacement fluid (procedure) Plasma Exchange Plasma exchange 症状 Subjective evidence of disease perceived by the patient. Symptom Symptoms SYMPTOM general manifestation of disorders symptom SYMPTOMS Symptom Panayiotopoulos综合征 Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317) Partial Epilepsy Seizure Disorder Partial Epilepsy Focal Epilepsies Focal Focal Epilepsies Focal Epilepsy Partial Seizure Disorder Disorders Partial Seizure Partial Seizure Disorders Seizure Disorders Partial Epilepsy Localization-Related Epilepsies Localization-Related Localization-Related Epilepsies Localization-Related Epilepsy Focal Seizure Disorder Disorders Focal Seizure Focal Seizure Disorders Seizure Disorders Focal Seizure Disorder Focal Epilepsy Partial Partial Epilepsies Benign Focal Epilepsy Childhood Childhood Benign Focal Epilepsy Childhood Benign Occipital Epilepsy Benign Occipital Epilepsy Childhood Epilepsy Simple Partial Epilepsies Simple Partial Partial Epilepsies Simple Simple Partial Epilepsies Gelastic Epilepsy Epilepsies Gelastic Gelastic Epilepsies Occipital Lobe Epilepsy Epilepsies Occipital Lobe Lobe Epilepsy Occipital Occipital Lobe Epilepsies Abdominal Epilepsy Abdominal Epilepsies Epilepsies Abdominal Epilepsy Abdominal Digestive Epilepsy Digestive Epilepsies Epilepsies Digestive Subclinical Seizure Seizure Subclinical Seizures Subclinical Subclinical Seizures Uncinate Seizures Seizure Uncinate Seizures Uncinate Uncinate Seizure Benign Occipital Epilepsy Benign Occipital Epilepsies Epilepsies Benign Occipital Occipital Epilepsies Benign Occipital Epilepsy Benign Epilepsy Benign Occipital Amygdalo-Hippocampal Epilepsy Amygdalo-Hippocampal Epilepsies Epilepsies Amygdalo-Hippocampal Rhinencephalic Epilepsy Epilepsies Rhinencephalic Rhinencephalic Epilepsies Panayiotopoulos syndroms 苯巴比妥 A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. A long-acting barbituric acid derivative with antipsychotic property. Phenobarbital binds to and activates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor, thereby mimicking the inhibitory actions of GABA in the brain. The activation effects of the phenobarbital-receptor-ionophore complex include increased frequency of chloride channel openings, membrane hyperpolarization and ultimately synaptic inhibition and decreased neuronal excitability. In addition, this agent inhibits glutamate induced depolarization. Do not routinely monitor AED levels during pregnancy. If seizures increase or are likely to increase, monitoring AED levels (particularly levels of lamotrigine and phenytoin, which may be particularly affected in pregnancy) may be useful when making dose adjustments. [new 2012] 怀孕期间不要常规监测抗癫痫药物水平。如果癫痫发作增加或可能增加，监测 AED 水平（尤其是拉莫三嗪和苯妥英的水平，其在怀孕期间可能受到特别影响）在调整剂量时可能有用。 [2012年新] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Phenobarbital (substance) 5-Phenyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid Acid Phenylethylbarbituric Phenylethylmalonylurea Phenemal Phenylethylbarbiturate Phenobarbital Phenobarbitol 5-Ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidine-246-trione Phenyläthylbarbitursäure 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-246(1H3H5H)-pyrimidinetrione 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-246(1H3H5H)-pyrimidinetrione 246(1H3H5H)-Pyrimidinetrione 5-ethyl-5-phenyl- Phenobarbital-containing product PHENOBARBITAL 128143 Phenobarbitone PHENO phenobarbital Phenylethylbarbitursäure 5-ethyl-5-phenylpyrimidine-246(1H3H5H)-trione PHENobarbital Fenobarbital Phenobarbituric Acid 9848 Phenylbarbital Product containing phenobarbital (medicinal product) 50-06-6 Phenylethylbarbituric Acid Phenobarbital Monosodium Salt Phenobarbital Sodium Gardenal Monosodium Salt Phenobarbital Sodium Phenobarbital Luminal Hysteps Phenobarbital 深部脑刺激 Therapy for MOVEMENT DISORDERS, especially PARKINSON DISEASE, that applies electricity via stereotactic implantation of ELECTRODES in specific areas of the BRAIN such as the THALAMUS. The electrodes are attached to a neurostimulator placed subcutaneously. A highly invasive form of electroanalgesia mainly used in the management of debilitating chronic pain syndromes after all other less invasive therapeutic modalities (including SCS) have failed. (White, Li, and Chiu) Deep Brain Stimulations Deep Brain Stimulation Deep brain stimulation (procedure) Stimulation Deep Brain Stimulations Deep Brain Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy DBS Brain Stimulations Deep Brain Stimulation Deep DBS - Deep brain stimulation Electrical Stimulation of the Brain Deep brain stimulation 钙剂 A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. An element with atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40.08. Calcium-40 Ca element Minerals - Calcium CALCIUM Calcium-containing product Blood Coagulation Factor IV Coagulation Factor IV Factor IV Calcio Ca++ element Kalzium Factor IV Coagulation Ca - Calcium Calcium elemental Elemental calcium Ca COAG FACTOR IV Calcium (NOS) BLOOD COAG FACTOR IV Calcium 40 Product containing calcium (medicinal product) Calcium (substance) Calcium 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. The sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproate sodium is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, valproate sodium increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproate sodium may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 良性家族性新生儿癫痫 Benign neonatal familial convulsions Familial neonatal epilepsy Benign familial neonatal seizures CONVULSIONS BENIGN FAMILIAL INFANTILE 1 BFIC BFIS1 Benign Familial Infantile Convulsions Benign Familial Infantile Convulsions Syndrome Benign infantile familial convulsions Benign familial infantile convulsions syndrome BFNC - Benign familial neonatal convulsions Seizures Benign Familial Neonatal-Infantile Benign familial infantile epilepsy Benign neonatal-infantile epilepsy Benign familial infantile convulsions Benign familial infantile seizures Benign neonatal epilepsy BFIE BFNIS Convulsions Benign Neonatal Familial Convulsions benign familial neonatal Familial benign neonatal epilepsy BFIS Seizures Benign Familial Infantile 1 Epilepsy benign neonatal-infantile Benign familial neonatal epilepsy Benign familial neonatal convulsions Familial Benign Neonatal Convulsions Benign Familial Neonatal Convulsions Benign Familial Neonatal-Infantile Seizures Benign Familial Neonatal Epilepsy SEIZURES BENIGN FAMILIAL INFANTILE 1 Familial Benign Neonatal Epilepsy Familial neonatal seizures Benign Familial Neonatal Infantile Seizures Convulsions benign familial infantile 1 Seizures Benign Familial Neonatal Infantile Seizures benign familial infantile 1 BFIC1 Benign neonatal familial convulsions (disorder) Benign Infantile Familial Convulsions Convulsions Benign Familial Infantile 1 Familial neonatal seizures (disorder) Epilepsy Benign Neonatal Familial Convulsions Benign Familial Neonatal Benign familial neonatal epilepsy 心理治疗 A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. A method of treating disease, esp. psychic disorders, by mental rather than pharmacological means (e.g., suggestion, re-education, hypnotism, and psychoanalysis). (Taber's) talk therapy Psychotherapy (regime/therapy) psychotherapeutic technique Psychotherapy Psychotherapies Psychotherapy 瑞芬太尼 A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care. Remifentanil Remifentanilo 1-Piperidinepropanoic acid 4-(methoxy-carbonyl)-4-((1-oxopropyl)phenylamino)- methyl ester Remifentanyl REMIFENTANIL Product containing remifentanil (medicinal product) remifentanil Remifentanil (substance) 3-(4-Methoxycarbonyl-4-((1-oxopropyl)phenylamino)-1-piperidine)propanoic Acid Methyl Ester Remifentanil-containing product Remifentani 偏头痛持续状态治疗 For severe intractable migraine attacks, or status migrainosus (ie, a debilitating attack lasting for more than 72 hours参考doi10.7507/2096-0247.20190054) Status migrainosus 强直发作 A generalized tonic-clinic seizure, characterized by loss of consciousness. This type of seizure may be preceded by an aura and is frequently followed by a period of confusion and lethargy (post-ictal state). Generalised tonic-clonic seizure (without specification of onset) Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure Generalised-onset motor seizure Generalized-onset motor seizure grand mal seizure Tonic-Clonic Seizure Generalized Grand mal seizure NOS Tonic-clonic seizure Generalized onset motor seizure Seizures generalized tonic-clonic Seizure grand mal Grand mal seizures Grand mal convulsion Generalized tonic clonic seizures Grand mal epileptic fit Seizures tonic-clonic SEIZURE GRAND MAL Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure Tonic Clonic Tonic-clonic seizure (finding) Grand Mal Tonic Clonic Seizures Convulsions grand mal Tonic-Clonic Seizures Tonic-clonic seizures Seizure Tonic-Clonic Clonic Seizure Tonic Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) Seizures Tonic-Clonic Tonic/ clonic convulsions Seizures clonic-tonic Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure Clonic Seizures Tonic Bilateral convulsive seizures Grand-Mal Seizure Tonic-clonic convulsion Grand mal seizure Generalised onset motor seizure Tonic-Clonic Seizure Seizures generalized tonic-clonic (GTCS) Generalized tonic-clonic seizure Grand mal seizures unspecified (with or without petit mal) Major convulsion Tonic-Clonic Seizures Generalized Generalised tonic-clonic seizure Generalized tonic-clonic seizures Seizure(s) Grand Mal Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Grand mal Tonic - clonic seizures Tonic Clonic Seizure Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures Generalised tonic-clonic seizures Tonic-clonic convulsions Grand mal fit Generalized convulsion Generalized clonic-tonic seizures Clonic-tonic convulsions Convulsion grand mal Grand Mal Seizure Generalized tonic-clonic seizure (without specification of onset) Seizure Generalized Tonic-Clonic Tonic seizures 非酶诱导型抗癫痫药 Non-Enzyme-inducing antiseizure medications (EI-ASMs) are not associated with enhanced cytochrome-P450-mediated metabolism and enhanced P-glycoprotein-mediated transport Non-enzyme-inducing antiseizure medications 氯硝西泮 An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses. A synthetic benzodiazepine derivative used for myotonic or atonic seizures, absence seizures, and photosensitive epilepsy, anticonvulsant Clonazepam appears to enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor responses, although its mechanism of action is not clearly understood. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. (NCI04) Clonazepam 2H-14-Benzodiazepin-2-one 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-13-dihydro-7-nitro- clonazepam 5-(2-chloro-phenyl)-7-nitro-13-dihydro-benzo[e][14]diazepin-2-one Clonazepam-containing product CLONAZEPAM clonazePAM Clonazepam (substance) Clonazepamum Product containing clonazepam (medicinal product) 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-1H-benzo[e][14]diazepin-2(3H)-one 13-dihydro-7-nitro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-2H-14.benzodiazepin-2-one 5-(o-chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-13-dihydro-2H-14-benzodiazepin-2-one Klonopin Rivotril Ro 54023 Antelepsin Ro 5-4023 Clonazepam 纤维肌痛 A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95) A chronic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by pain, stiffness, and tenderness in the muscles of neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, and legs. Other signs and symptoms include headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and painful menstruation. Myofascial Pain Syndrome Diffuse Fibromyalgia Syndrome Fibromyalgia Fibromyositis Syndrome Syndromes Fibromyalgia-Fibromyositis RHEUMATISM TENSION Syndrome Fibromyositis-Fibromyalgia Myofascial trigger point syndrome Fibrositis Fibromyositis Fibromyalgia Syndrome MPS - myofascial pain syndrome Fibromyositis-Fibromyalgia Syndromes MPD syndrome muscular rheumatism Muscular rheumatism (disorder) myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome Fibromyositis-Fibromyalgia Syndrome Myofascial pain syndrome Fibromyalgia-Fibromyositis Syndrome FMS Muscular rheumatism Fibrositis (disorder) Syndrome Fibromyalgia-Fibromyositis Syndromes Fibromyositis-Fibromyalgia Fibromyalgia syndrome Fibro FIBROSITIS Muscular Rheumatism Fibromyalgia fibromyositis fibromyalgia syndrome Fibromyalgia-Fibromyositis Syndromes Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome Fibromyositis fibrositis Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome fibromyalgia Fibromyalgia (disorder) Fibrositides Fibromyalgias FIBROMYALGIA Rheumatism Muscular Myofascial pain syndrome (disorder) Fibromyalgia 疗效 Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series. Outcome, Treatment Patient-Relevant Outcome Outcome, Patient-Relevant Outcomes, Patient-Relevant Patient Relevant Outcome Patient-Relevant Outcomes Clinical Effectiveness Effectiveness, Clinical Treatment Effectiveness Effectiveness, Treatment Rehabilitation Outcome Outcome, Rehabilitation Treatment Efficacy Efficacy, Treatment Clinical Efficacy Efficacy, Clinical Treatment outcome 艾斯西酞普兰 S-enantiomer of citalopram. The active S-stereoisomer of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram with antidepressant, anti-obsessive-compulsive and antibulimic properties. Escitalopram inhibits the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) at the serotonin reuptake pump of the neuronal membrane of the presynaptic cell, thereby increasing levels of 5-HT within the synaptic cleft and enhancing the actions of serotonin on 5HT1A autoreceptors. Unlike other SSRIs, escitalopram appears to not only bind to a primary high-affinity site on the serotonin transporter protein but also to a secondary lower-affinity allosteric site that is considered to stabilize and prolong drug binding. ESCITALOPRAM Product containing escitalopram (medicinal product) escitalopram Escitalopram (substance) (+)-Citalopram S-(+)-Citalopram Seroplex Escitalopram Escitalopramum S(+)-Citalopram (S)-Citalopram Escitalopram-containing product Escitalopram Oxalate Cytalopram Lu-10-171 Lu10171 Celexa Seropram Citalopram Hydrobromide Lexapro Escitalopram 海牙癫痫发作严重程度量表 A sclale to assess seizure severity(备注：参考PMID: 29069568) Hague seizure severity scale 经颅直流电刺激 A technique of brain electric stimulation therapy which uses constant, low current delivered via ELECTRODES placed on various locations on the scalp. A noninvasive technique to alter cortical brain activity by direct current polarization. This technique is being applied in human for modification of perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral functions. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Transcranial direct current stimulation 中风 A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810) A sudden loss of neurological function secondary to hemorrhage or ischemia in the brain parenchyma due to a vascular event. Stroke 高强度聚焦超声消融 The use of focused, high-frequency sound waves to destroy tissue. It is sometimes used in conjunction with but is distinct from INTERVENTIONAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY. A non-invasive treatment which uses an high-energy ultrasound transducer to generate sound waves to destroy diseased tissue. high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation High intensity focused ultrasound High intensity focused ultrasound ablation High intensity focused ultrasound (qualifier value) HIFU high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy High intensity focused ultrasound ablation (procedure) HIFU - High intensity focused ultrasound High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation 枸橼酸氯米酚 A triphenyl ethylene stilbene derivative which is an estrogen agonist or antagonist depending on the target tissue. Note that ENCLOMIPHENE and ZUCLOMIPHENE are the (E) and (Z) isomers of Clomiphene respectively. A triphenylethylene nonsteroidal ovulatory stimulant evaluated for antineoplastic activity against breast cancer. Clomiphene has both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities that compete with estrogen for binding at estrogen receptor sites in target tissues. This agent causes the release of the pituitary gonadotropins follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), leading to ovulation. (NCI04) CLOMIPHENE 2-[p-(2-Chloro-12-diphenylvinyl)phenoxy]triethylamine Clomiphene-containing product Clomifene 2-(4-(2-chloro-12-diphenylethenyl)phenoxy)-NN-diethylethanamine 2-(p-(β-chloro-α-phenylstyryl)phenoxy)triethylamine Clomifenum Clomifene-containing product Product containing clomifene (medicinal product) 2-(p-(2-chloro-12-diphenylvinyl)phenoxy)triethylamine Chloramiphene Clomifeno Ethanamine 2-(4-(2-chloro-12-diphenylethenyl)phenoxy)-NN-diethyl- Clomifene (substance) Clomifen Clomiphene 多非利特 A sulfonamide class III antiarrhythmic agent and potassium channel blocker. Dofetilide selectively blocks cardiac ion channels of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current Ikr. This antiarrhythmic agent prolongs cardiac action potential duration and effective refractory period due to delayed repolarization without affecting conduction velocity. This results in a normal sinus rhythm. Dofetilide is used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and flutter. dofetilide Methanesulfonamide N-(4-(2-(methyl(2-(4-((methylsulfonyl)amino)phenoxy)ethyl)amino)ethyl)phenyl)- Dofetilide-containing product Tikosyn beta-((p-Methanesulfonamidophenethyl)methylamino)methanesulfono-p-phenetidide 1-MSPMPE Dofetilide (substance) Product containing dofetilide (medicinal product) 1-(4-methanesulfonamidophenoxy)-2-(N-(4-methanesulfonamidophenethyl)-N-methylamine)ethane Dofetilida Dofetilidum Dofetilide 苯妥英钠 An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The sodium salt form of phenytoin, a hydantoin derivate and non-sedative antiepileptic agent with anticonvulsant activity. Phenytoin sodium promotes sodium efflux from neurons located in the motor cortex, thereby stabilizing the neuron and inhibiting synaptic transmission. This leads to a reduction in posttetanic potentiation at synapses, an inhibition of repetitive firing of action potentials and ultimately inhibits the spread of seizure activity. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 55-Diphenyl-24-imidazolidinedione Monosodium Salt phenytoin sodium Diphenylhydantoin sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Sodium Phenytoin sodium (substance) Dilantin Sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Dihydan Diphenylhydantoin Hydantol Epanutin Difenin 55-diphenylimidazolidine-24-dione Fenitoin Antisacer 55-Diphenylhydantoin Epamin Phenytoin sodium 2017国际抗癫痫联盟分类 The 2017 ILAE classification originates from a draft document submitted for public comments in 2013 which was revised to incorporate extensive feedback from the international epilepsy community over several rounds of consultation. It presents three levels, starting with seizure type where it assumes that the patient is having epileptic seizures as defined by the new 2017 ILAE Seizure Classification. After diagnosis of the seizure type, the next step is diagnosis of epilepsy type, including focal epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, combined generalized and focal epilepsy, and also an unknown epilepsy group. The third level is that of epilepsy syndrome where a specific syndromic diagnosis can be made. The new classification incorporates etiology along each stage, emphasizing the need to consider etiology at each step of diagnosis as it often carries significant treatment implications. Etiology is broken into six subgroups, selected because of their potential therapeutic consequences. New terminology is introduced such as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. The term benign is replaced by the terms self-limited and pharmacoresponsive, to be used where appropriate.(备注：参考PMID：28276062) 2017 ILAE classification 免疫治疗 Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. Therapy designed to induce changes in a patient's immune status in order to treat disease. Immunological Therapy Immunotherapy (procedure) Immunological care Immunotherapies Immunotherapy Immunologically Directed Therapy Immunological IMMUNOTHER Immunological therapy IMMUNOTHERAPY immunotherapy Biological response modifier therapy Immunotherapy 心律失常 Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction. Any variation from the normal rate or rhythm (which may include the origin of the impulse and/or its subsequent propagation) in the heart. Cardiac Arrhythmia Arrhythmia (NOS) Cardiac arrhythmia Arrhythmia (cardiac) NOS dysrhythmia Cardiac Dysrhythmia Arrythmia Cardiac dysrhythmia HEART: RHYTHM Arrhythmia NOS Arrhythmia Cardiac DEFECT CONDUCTION (NOS) CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA Cardiac dysrhythmia unspecified Arrhythmias Arrhythmias Cardiac Irregular heart beat Dysrhythmias Cardiac arrhythmia NOS cardiac arrhythmia cardiac rhythm disturbance Cardiac arrhythmia unspecified Cardiac arrhythmia (disorder) ARRHYTHMIA CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA (NOS) Arrhythmia arrhythmia CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA IRREGULAR PULSE Ectopic beats all types Irregular heartbeat Cardiac rhythm disturbances Heart Arrhythmias ARRHYTHMIA CARDIAC (NOS) Cardiac dysrhythmia NOS Heart rhythm disorders Cardiac arrhythmias Cardiac arrhythmia (NOS) Disorder of heart rhythm Dysrhythmia Cardiac Arrhythmia cardiac (NOS) Cardiac Arrhythmias DYSRHYTHMIA Cardiac dysrhythmias Arrhythmia 对于患有局灶性癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，拉莫三嗪为首选治疗，奥卡西平和拉考沙胺也可作为一线治疗，卡马西平、艾司利卡西平、左乙拉西坦和唑尼沙胺为二线治疗。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various anti-seizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with focal (symptomatic localization related) epilepsy. Lamotrigine was the treatment of choice, oxcarbazepine and lacosamide were considered first-line therapy, and carbamazepine, eslicarbazepine, levetiracetam, and zonisamide were considered second-line therapy.Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 抗癫痫治疗与性激素的关系：在女性癫痫患者治疗中应注意避免使用影响月经周期、使PCOS发生率增加的药物，让患者获得长期满意的疗效。（临床上广泛应用的AEDs，如苯妥英钠、苯巴比妥、丙戊酸、卡马西平、扑痫酮等均可能干扰下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴，从而导致卵巢雌、孕激素分泌功能失调。） "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. CBZ可能不会渗透入母乳中或者渗透进入母乳的量不会引起临床表现 CBZ probably cross the placenta in potentially clinically important amounts (one Class I and supporting Class II studies or two or more Class II studies). 妊娠可能导致CBZ浓度轻度下降（一项Ⅰ类研究）。 Pregnancy probably causes a small decrease in concentration of CBZ (9% in second trimester and 12% in third trimester) (one Class I study). 应考虑在妊娠期间监测CBZ水平（Level B）。 Monitoring of CBZ levels during pregnancy should be considered (Level B). 孕妇应首选拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦，因为这两种药物致畸率最低，但对神经发育的影响尚不明确（数据有限）。推荐卡马西平为替代药物（卡马西平显示出比拉莫三嗪更高的致畸率，但对神经发育没有影响），奥卡西平也可作为替代药物（致畸率很低，但对神经发育的影响上无充分数据）。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam are first-choice treatment options in pregnant women (and women of childbearing potential) because they carry the lowest risk of major con-genital malformations and have no known impact on neu-robehavioral development (although data for levetiracetam are still limited). Carbamazepine is recommended as alternative first choice; it shows higher malformation rates than lamotrigine and levetiracetam but no impact on neu-rodevelopment. Oxcarbazepine could also be consid-ered; malformation rates are low but data on neurobehavioral development are sparse. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 抗癫痫药物与肥胖的关系：很多种AEDs，包括丙戊酸、卡马西平、苯妥英钠、加巴喷丁、氨己烯酸等都可能导致体重增加。其中丙戊酸导致的PCOS是青春期癫痫女性肥胖的重要原因。体重增加也常使癫痫患者的依从性下降或中断治疗。因此，选择AEDs需对药效和药物不良反应综合考虑。用药期间还应定期监测患者身高、体重、体质指数、血脂、血糖等指标，以指导癫痫患者体重的控制。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 根据EURAP已知的MCM风险，推荐4种AEDs作为局灶性癫痫的替代物：左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪、奥卡西平、卡马西平。其中对卡马西平的剂量限制尤为重要。不推荐使用托吡酯、苯妥英和巴比妥酸盐。 Four AEDs can be recommended as alternatives for focal epilepsy based on known risks of MCMs from the EURAP registry. These are levetiracetam, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and carbamazepine. Dose restriction is especially important in carbamazepine. Topiramate, phenytoin, and barbiturates cannot be recommended due to their teratogenic potential. There are insufficient data for the remaining AEDs, but this does not mean they are safe. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 与GBP、LTGT和PM等新型AEDs相比，传统AEDs（PTH、PB、CBZ、VPA）并不会大量转移到母乳中（Level Ⅱ-Ⅲ）。 First-generation AEDs (PTH, PB, CBZ, and VPA) are not transferred into breast milk in clinically significant amounts, in contrast with GBP, LTG, and TPM16 (LE II-III). Experience with novel AEDs is limited. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 妊娠期AEDs水平可能会发生波动，已观察到PHT、CBZ和LTG清除率增加，且存在较大的个体差异，因此专家建议至少每季度监测一次这些AEDs血药浓度（experts recommend monitoring those levels at least quarterly）。条件允许的话，也可以对LEV和OXC的血药浓度（剂量）进行控制。 Plasma levels of AEDs can change during pregnancy. Increased clearance of PHT, CBZ, and LTG with considerable inter-individual variability is observed, so experts recommend monitoring those levels at least quarterly. Controlling plasma levels or adjusting doses of LEV and OXC is also needed when possible. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 卡马西平 A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties. A tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine Carbamazepine (substance) TEGretol Carbamazepen Carbamazepin 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Carbamazepine 169864 Carbamazepine Anhydrous Carbamazepina 5-Carbamyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine CBZ Carbamazepinum 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine Carbamazepine-containing product Carbamazépine 298-46-4 Product containing carbamazepine (medicinal product) 5-carbamoyl-5H-dibenz[bf]azepine Epitol Finlepsin Carbamazepine Dihydrate Carbamazepine Hydrochloride Neurotol Carbamazepine L-Tartrate (4:1) Carbamazepine Acetate Carbamazepine Sulfate (2:1) Carbamazepine Phosphate Carbazepin Amizepine Carbamazepine 多导睡眠图 Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of several parameters during sleep to study normal and abnormal sleep. The study includes monitoring of brain waves, to assess sleep stages, and other physiological variables such as breathing, eye movements, and blood oxygen levels which exhibit a disrupted pattern with sleep disturbances. A group of tests taken during sleep to capture and record brain wave changes, eye movements, breathing rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and the electrical activity of the heart and other muscles. POLYSOMNOGR PSG SOMNOGR Polysomnogram Somnographies Sleep studies Somnography Polysomnography POLYSOMNOGRAPHY Sleep study Polysomnographies sleep study Full sleep study Sleep studies (procedure) Monitoring Sleep Sleep recording polysomnography Polysomnography (procedure) sleep measurement Sleep Monitoring Polysomnography 妊娠：孕妇除定期进行产科检查外，还应定期就诊于癫痫专科医生；根据临床发作情况及时调整AEDs的剂量，尽量减少和避免发作，尤其是全面性强直-阵挛发作。孕妇也需要了解，没有证据表明局灶性、失神以及肌阵挛性发作会影响妊娠期与发育阶段的胎儿，除非患者跌倒或者受到了伤害；如果妊娠期间发作控制不佳，要充分考虑到妊娠相关因素的影响，如剧烈呕吐、依从性差等；妊娠16-20周时应该对胎儿进行详细的超声波检查，及时发现可能存在的畸形。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 强直-阵挛性发作可导致胎儿心动过缓、缺氧甚至流产。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. China_expert_opinion_2015 绝大多数女性癫痫患者可经阴道顺产。 约2％-4％的女性患者在分娩过程中或分娩后24h内会出现强直-阵挛性发作，从而导致母体和胎儿缺氧，应立即予10～20mg安定缓慢静脉注射终止发作，必要时按癫痫持续状态处理。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 若患者发生GTCS的风险较高（1%-3%）或者复杂部分性发作时间过长/过于频繁导致难产，可以考虑剖腹产。 Caesarean delivery can be considered in cases of high risk of GTCS (1%-3%), or if prolonged or frequent CPS make it difficult for the woman to labour. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 全面强直阵挛发作 A generalized tonic-clinic seizure, characterized by loss of consciousness. This type of seizure may be preceded by an aura and is frequently followed by a period of confusion and lethargy (post-ictal state). Generally, women and girls may be reassured that the risk of a tonic–clonic seizure during the labour and the 24 hours after birth is low (1–4%). [2004]（pregnancy） 一般来说，女性患者可以放心，在分娩期间和孩子出生后 24 小时内发生强直-阵挛性发作的风险很低（1-4%）。 [2004] Women and girls with generalised tonic–clonic seizures should be informed that the fetus may be at relatively higher risk of harm during a seizure, although the absolute risk remains very low, and the level of risk may depend on seizure frequency. [2004] 应告知患有全面强直-阵挛发作的女性，尽管绝对风险仍然非常低，但胎儿在癫痫发作期间可能处于相对较高的伤害风险中，并且风险水平可能取决于癫痫发作频率。 [2004] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 The rates of seizure deterioration in pregnancy may be associated with the type of seizure.Uncontrolled tonic-clonic seizures are the strongest risk factor for SUDEP, which are the main cause of death in pregnant WWE.（SUDEP is defined as ‘sudden, unexpected, witnessed or unwitnessed, nontraumatic and nondrowning death in patients with epilepsy, with or without evidence for a seizure and excluding documented status epilepticus, in which postmortem examination does not reveal a toxicologic or anatomic cause for death.） 妊娠期癫痫发作恶化的比例与癫痫发作类型有关。GTCS是SUDEP的最大危险因素，是妊娠期WWE死亡的主要原因。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ A history of epilepsy alone is not an indication for delivery by Caesarean section. Elective Caesarean section should be considered if there have been frequent tonic-clonic or prolonged focal seizures during the third trimester of pregnancy in order to avoid adverse outcomes associated with intrapartum seizures. 癫痫病史并不是剖腹产的指征。如果在妊娠晚期有频繁的强直-阵挛发作或持续时间较长的局灶性癫痫发作，应考虑择期剖宫产，以避免产时癫痫发作带来不良后果。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Following a generalised tonic-clonic seizure during labour (irrespective of aetiology) delivery should be expedited once the maternal condition is stable. Neonatal expertise should be available. 无论有何病因，在分娩期间若出现全身强直-阵挛发作，一旦产妇病情稳定，应尽快分娩。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] As good seizure control during pregnancy is more likely in women whose seizures are controlled prior to becoming pregnant an effort should be made to optimise seizure control prior to pregnancy(particularly for generalised tonic-clonic seizures). D级推荐：在怀孕前即控制癫痫发作的女性癫痫患者更可能在妊娠期达到控制癫痫发作，所以应在怀孕前优化治疗（尤其是对于全身强直-阵挛发作）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Intrapartum generalised tonic-clonic seizures that are not due to eclampsia should be terminated as soon as possible.If the seizure persists, this should be managed as for status epilepticus. D级推荐：应尽快终止非子痫引起的全身强直-阵挛发作；如果痫性发作持续，应按照癫痫持续状态处理。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Generalised tonic-clonic seizure (without specification of onset) Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure Generalised-onset motor seizure Generalized-onset motor seizure grand mal seizure Tonic-Clonic Seizure Generalized Grand mal seizure NOS Tonic-clonic seizure Generalized onset motor seizure Seizures generalized tonic-clonic Seizure grand mal Grand mal seizures Grand mal convulsion Generalized tonic clonic seizures Grand mal epileptic fit Seizures tonic-clonic SEIZURE GRAND MAL Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure Tonic Clonic Tonic-clonic seizure (finding) Grand Mal Tonic Clonic Seizures Convulsions grand mal Tonic-Clonic Seizures Tonic-clonic seizures Seizure Tonic-Clonic Clonic Seizure Tonic Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) Seizures Tonic-Clonic Tonic/ clonic convulsions Seizures clonic-tonic Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure Clonic Seizures Tonic Bilateral convulsive seizures Grand-Mal Seizure Tonic-clonic convulsion Grand mal seizure Generalised onset motor seizure Tonic-Clonic Seizure Seizures generalized tonic-clonic (GTCS) Generalized tonic-clonic seizure Grand mal seizures unspecified (with or without petit mal) Major convulsion Tonic-Clonic Seizures Generalized Generalised tonic-clonic seizure Generalized tonic-clonic seizures Seizure(s) Grand Mal Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Grand mal Tonic - clonic seizures Tonic Clonic Seizure Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures Generalised tonic-clonic seizures Tonic-clonic convulsions Grand mal fit Generalized convulsion Generalized clonic-tonic seizures Clonic-tonic convulsions Convulsion grand mal Grand Mal Seizure Generalized tonic-clonic seizure (without specification of onset) Seizure Generalized Tonic-Clonic Generalized Tonic-clonic seizures 苯巴比妥 A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. A long-acting barbituric acid derivative with antipsychotic property. Phenobarbital binds to and activates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor, thereby mimicking the inhibitory actions of GABA in the brain. The activation effects of the phenobarbital-receptor-ionophore complex include increased frequency of chloride channel openings, membrane hyperpolarization and ultimately synaptic inhibition and decreased neuronal excitability. In addition, this agent inhibits glutamate induced depolarization. Do not routinely monitor AED levels during pregnancy. If seizures increase or are likely to increase, monitoring AED levels (particularly levels of lamotrigine and phenytoin, which may be particularly affected in pregnancy) may be useful when making dose adjustments. [new 2012] 怀孕期间不要常规监测抗癫痫药物水平。如果癫痫发作增加或可能增加，监测 AED 水平（尤其是拉莫三嗪和苯妥英的水平，其在怀孕期间可能受到特别影响）在调整剂量时可能有用。 [2012年新] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Phenobarbital (substance) 5-Phenyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid Acid Phenylethylbarbituric Phenylethylmalonylurea Phenemal Phenylethylbarbiturate Phenobarbital Phenobarbitol 5-Ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidine-246-trione Phenyläthylbarbitursäure 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-246(1H3H5H)-pyrimidinetrione 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-246(1H3H5H)-pyrimidinetrione 246(1H3H5H)-Pyrimidinetrione 5-ethyl-5-phenyl- Phenobarbital-containing product PHENOBARBITAL 128143 Phenobarbitone PHENO phenobarbital Phenylethylbarbitursäure 5-ethyl-5-phenylpyrimidine-246(1H3H5H)-trione PHENobarbital Fenobarbital Phenobarbituric Acid 9848 Phenylbarbital Product containing phenobarbital (medicinal product) 50-06-6 Phenylethylbarbituric Acid Phenobarbital Monosodium Salt Phenobarbital Sodium Gardenal Monosodium Salt Phenobarbital Sodium Phenobarbital Luminal Hysteps Phenobarbital 精神动力学治疗 Agent Antidepressive Antidepressant agent Antidepressants Drugs Antidepressant antidepressant Antidepressant Drugs Antidepressant (substance) Antidepressive Agent antidepressive agents Antidepressive ANTIDEPRESSANTS Antidepressant Drug antidepressants Medicinal product acting as antidepressant agent (product) Antidepressive Agents Antidepressant Antidepressive Agent [TC] Agents Antidepressive Drug Antidepressant Antidepressant Agent Thymoanaleptics Antidepressant Antidepressants Thymoleptics Drugs Antidepressant Thymoleptic Agents Antidepressive Antidepressant Drugs Antidepressant Drug Drug Antidepressant Agent Antidepressive Antidepressive Agent Thymoanaleptic psychodynamic therapy Psychodynamic therapy 立体定向术 Strereotaxic techniques 体征 Objective evidence of disease perceptible to the examining healthcare provider. Sign (finding) Physical finding Physical findings Sign Physical sign SIGNS Sign 病史 A record of a patient's background regarding health and the occurrence of disease events of the individual. In addition, personal medical history may be a variable in epidemiologic studies. personal history Past Medical History History of clinical finding in subject (situation) personal health record Past medical history MEDICAL_HISTORY General Medical History History of clinical finding in subject Personal History PMH Medical History History medical history Past history of clinical finding personal medical history PMH - past medical history Medical history H&P.HX Personal Medical History Medical history 选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂 Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. serotonin inhibitor UPTAKE INHIB 5 HT UPTAKE INHIB 5 HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE Substance with serotonin uptake inhibitor mechanism of action (substance) HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS 05 HT 05 UPTAKE INHIBITORS Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors INHIB 5 HT UPTAKE INHIB SREOTONIN REUPTAKE INHIB 5 HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE UPTAKE SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIB REUPTAKE INHIB SEROTONIN 5 HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE UPTAKE INHIB Product containing serotonin uptake inhibitor (product) UPTAKE INHIB SEROTONIN 5 HT UPTAKE INHIB Serotonin uptake inhibitor-containing product INHIB SEROTONIN UPTAKE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIB Serotonin uptake inhibitors 哺乳：绝大多数AEDs可以通过乳汁分泌，但是乳汁中AEDs的浓度相对比较低；对于绝大多数服用AEDs的妇女来说，哺乳相对是安全的，应当鼓励母乳喂养；注意婴儿的不良反应，如易激惹、睡眠不良、体重减轻或镇静、肌张力降低、吸吮无力、进食困难等现象。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 哺乳期抗癫痫治疗 Prescribers should consult individual drug advice in the SPC and the BNF[24]when prescribing AEDs for women and girls who are breastfeeding. The decision regarding AED therapy and breastfeeding should be made between the woman or girl and the prescriber, and be based on the risks and benefits of breastfeeding against the potential risks of the drug affecting the child. [2004,amended 2012] 在为母乳喂养者开处抗癫痫药物时，处方者应咨询 SPC 和 BNF[24] 中的个别药物建议。关于抗癫痫药物治疗和母乳喂养的决定应基于母乳喂养的风险和益处以及药物影响儿童的潜在风险，由女性患者与开药者共同做出。 [2004 年，2012 年修订] All women and girls with epilepsy should be encouraged to breastfeed, except in very rare circumstances. Breastfeeding for most women and girls taking AEDs is generally safe and should be encouraged. However, each mother needs to be supported in the choice of feeding method that bests suits her and her family.[2004] 除极少数情况外，应鼓励所有女性癫痫患者进行母乳喂养。对于大多数服用抗癫痫药物的女性来说，母乳喂养通常是安全的，应予以鼓励。当然，每位母亲都应被支持以选择最适合她和她的家人的喂养方法。[2004] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 How should depression be screened for in the postpartum period? 产后如何筛查抑郁症 WWE should be screened for depressive disorder in the puerperium. Mothers should be informed about the symptoms and provided with contact details for any assistance. 在产褥期应对WWE筛查产后抑郁，同时应提供相应的咨询和处理。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Postpartum safety advice and strategies should be part of the antenatal and postnatal discussions with the mother alongside breastfeeding, seizure deterioration and AED intake.(Safety strategies include nursing the baby on the floor, using very shallow baby baths, laying the baby down if there is a warning aura, not bathing the baby unaccompanied, wearing identification tags, and avoiding sleep deprivation, and alcohol if prone to myoclonic jerks. Women should ensure that family and friends have knowledge of first aid and emergency contact procedures.) 应在产前和产后与WWE共同讨论产后安全建议和策略、母乳喂养、癫痫恶化的风险和AEDs治疗计划。（安全策略包括在平地上喂养婴儿，使用浅的婴儿浴池，不要在无人陪伴的情况下给婴儿洗澡，佩戴身份标签，避免睡眠剥夺，了解急救和紧急联系程序等。） Postnatal mothers with epilepsy at reasonable risk of seizures should be accommodated in single rooms only when there is provision for continuous observation by a carer, partner or nursing staff. 只有在看护者、伴侣或护理人员可以持续监护的情况下才能允许有癫痫发作风险的WWE在产后入住单人病房。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What are the effects of AED exposure on the newborn through placental transfer and from breast milk? How should babies of WWE taking AEDs be monitored? 经胎盘和母乳暴露于AEDs会对新生儿产生什么影响？应如何监测暴露于AEDs的新生儿？ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Neonates born to WWE taking AEDs should be monitored for adverse effects associated with AED exposure in utero.(Babies born to mothers taking AEDs may have adverse effects such as lethargy, difficulty in feeding, excessive sedation and withdrawal symptoms with inconsolable crying;serum levels of AEDs in the baby should be checked where appropriate.) 【推荐等级：D】应监测服用AEDs的WWE所生新生儿的不良反应（与宫内暴露于AEDs有关的不良反应）。（可能的不良反应有嗜睡、喂养困难、过度镇静、停药症状和哭闹等；应在适当时候监测新生儿/婴儿血清AEDs水平。） [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE who are taking AEDs in pregnancy should be encouraged to breastfeed. 【推荐等级：C】鼓励妊娠期使用AEDs的WWE在哺乳期进行母乳喂养。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on current evidence, mothers should be informed that the risk of adverse cognitive outcomes is not increased in children exposed to AEDs through breast milk. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE，根据目前的证据，经母乳接触AEDs不会增加儿童认知发育障碍的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Advice should be given to new parents/child carers on safety, particularly in relation to breastfeeding and caring for the child. 临床工作者应向女性癫痫患者及其伴侣提供安全方面的建议，尤其是在母乳喂养和照顾儿童方面。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html All mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed and receive support from their health visitor, midwife and GP. 鼓励母乳喂养。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Progesterone-only oral contraception, which is often the contraceptive method of choice in women who are breastfeeding, is contraindicated postpartum in women with epilepsy taking hepatic enzyme-inducing AEDs as these increase progesterone metabolism. 纯黄体酮口服避孕药通常是哺乳期妇女首选的避孕方法，但使用酶诱导AEDs的癫痫患者产后禁忌使用这种避孕药。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Breast-feeding 铜制宫内节育器 Intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE taking enzyme-inducing AEDs should be informed that a copper IUD is the preferred choice for emergency contraception. Emergency contraception pills with levonorgestrel and ulipristal acetate are affected by enzyme-inducing AEDs. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导AEDs的WWE，铜质宫内节育器是紧急避孕的首选，含左炔诺孕酮和醋酸乌利司他的紧急避孕药会受到酶诱导AEDs的影响。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Copper intrauterine devices (IUDs), the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and medroxyprogesterone acetate injections should be promoted as reliable methods of contraception that are not affected by enzyme-inducing AEDs. 【推荐等级：D】不被酶诱导AEDs影响的避孕措施包括：铜质宫内节育器（Copper intrauterine devices，IUDs）、左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统（levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system，LNG-IUS）和醋酸甲羟孕酮注射液（medroxyprogesterone acetate）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ IUD copper Copper-containing Intrauterine Device Devices Copper Intrauterine Copper-Releasing IUDs Copper-containing intrauterine device (product) Copper-containing IUD Copper-containing Intrauterine Device [EPC] IUD Copper Releasing Intrauterine Devices Copper Copper-containing Intrauterine Device (IUD) Copper Releasing IUD IUD Copper-Releasing IUDs Copper-Releasing Intrauterine Device Copper Copper-Releasing IUD COPPER IUD Copper Intrauterine Devices Device Copper Intrauterine Copper Intrauterine Device Copper intrauterine devices 饮食治疗 Adjusting the quantity and quality of food intake to improve health status of an individual. This term does not include the methods of food intake (NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT). Diet therapy ActClassDiet Therapy Diet THER DIET Diet DIET THER Diet Therapies Diet therapy 氯氮卓 An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal. A long-acting benzodiazepine with anxiolytic, sedative and hypnotic activity. Chlordiazepoxide exerts its effect by binding to the benzodiazepine site at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-chloride ionophore complex in the central nervous system (CNS). This leads to an increase in the opening of chloride channels, membrane hyperpolarization and increases the inhibitory effect of GABA on the CNS. Chloradiazepoxide Libritabs methaminodiazepoxide 7-Chloro-2-methylamino-5-phenyl-3H-14-benzodiazepine-4-oxide 7-Chloro-N-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-14-benzodiazepin-2-amine 4-oxide chlordiazePOXIDE Methaminodiazepoxide 3H-14-Benzodiazepin-2-amine 7-chloro-N-methyl-5-phenyl- 4-oxide Clordiazepóxido 7 Chloro N methyl 5 phenyl 3H 14 benzodiazepin 2 amine 4 oxide Product containing chlordiazepoxide (medicinal product) 7 Chloro 2 methylamino 5 phenyl 3H 14 benzodiazepine 4 oxide chlordiazepoxide 7-chloro-2-methylamino-5-phenyl-3H-14-benzodiazepin-4-oxide Chlordiazepoxide-containing product 3H-14-Benzodiazepin-2-amine 7-chloro-N-methyl-5-phenyl 4-oxide Librelease CDP Chlordiazepoxide (substance) CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE Chlordiazepoxidum Chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide 颞叶癫痫 A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321). A focal seizure disorder affecting the temporal lobe. It is the most common form of partial epilepsy and may be more often seen in patients who have a history of febrile seizures. EPILEPSY TEMPORAL LOBE CONVULSION PSYCHOMOTOR Temporal Lobe Epilepsies Seizures temporal lobe Temporal lobe epilepsy Convulsion psychomotor Psychomotor seizures Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Epilepsy temporal lobe Temporal lobe seizures CONVULSION PSYCHOMOTOR temporal lobe epilepsy EPILEPSY TEMPORAL LOBE Temporal lobe epilepsy (disorder) Epilepsy Temporal Lobe TLE Psychomotor seizure TLE - Temporal lobe epilepsy Epilepsies Temporal Lobe PSYCHOMOTOR EQUIVALENT Epilepsy temporal lobe Temporal lobe epilepsies 电子计算机断层扫描 Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image. A method of examining structures within the body by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis. Computerized Tomography X Ray Computerized tomography Computer-assisted transaxial tomography Computerized tomograph scan computed axial tomography Tomographies Computed X-Ray Computed X Ray Tomography X-Ray Computed Tomography computerized tomography CT SCAN tomography Tomodensitometry CT scan Computerized transaxial tomography Computed X-Ray Tomography Tomography X Ray Computed CTT scan CTT computed tomography CT X Ray X-Ray Computerized Tomography Computed axial tomography computed x-ray tomography Computerised axial tomography C.A.T. scan NOS TOMOGRAPHY TRANSM COMPUTED Computed Tomography X Ray CT XRAY CAT Scan X Ray Scan X-Ray CT Scan X-Ray CAT Computerized Tomography X-Ray Computed Tomography Scans X-Ray CT X Ray Computer Assisted Tomography CAT Scans X-Ray Computer Assisted Tomography Computerised transaxial tomography Transmission Computed Tomography CT Scan CAT Scan X-Ray CT - Computerized tomography X Ray Computerized Tomography Computerized Axial Tomography Computerized transverse axial tomogram Computerised transverse axial tomography computer assisted tomography Tomography X-Ray Computed Computerised tomograph scan CT - Computerised tomography computerized axial tomography Computerized tomogram Computerized axial tomogram X-Ray CT Scans Computed Tomography X-Ray Tomography Xray Computed X-Ray CAT Scans X-Ray CAT Scan tomography computed X Ray Tomography Computed CAT Scans X-Ray X Ray CT Xray Computed Tomography CAT Scan Tomography X Ray Computer Assisted CAT scan Computerized axial tomography (procedure) Tomography X Ray Computerized Tomography Computed X-Ray X Rays CT CAT - Computerized axial tomography Computed Tomography Xray CT Scans Computerised tomogram Computerized axial tomography CT Scan X-Ray X-Ray Tomography Computed Scans X-Ray CAT CAT CT Scans X-Ray Computerized transverse axial tomography Computerised transverse axial tomogram CAT - Computerised axial tomography CT Scan X Ray Tomography X-Ray Computer Assisted Computed Tomography Transmission Computerized Tomography X-Ray CT Scan Tomography Transmission Computed CT CT X Rays Computerised axial tomogram EMI scan Computerised tomography Tomography X-Ray Computerized Computerized tomography 持续正压通气疗法 A technique of respiratory therapy, in either spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated patients, in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure throughout the respiratory cycle by pressurization of the ventilatory circuit. (On-Line Medical Dictionary [Internet]. Newcastle upon Tyne(UK): The University Dept. of Medical Oncology: The CancerWEB Project; c1997-2003 [cited 2003 Apr 17]. Available from: http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/) A form of non-invasive mechanical pressure support ventilation that uses a continuous positive airway pressure level to support spontaneous breathing activity. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy 巯嘌呤 An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia. A thiopurine-derivative antimetabolite with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. Produced through the metabolism of mercaptopurine by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), mercaptopurine metabolites 6-thioguanosine-5'-phosphate (6-thioGMP) and 6-thioinosine monophosphate (T-IMP) inhibit nucleotide interconversions and de novo purine synthesis, thereby blocking the formation of purine nucleotides and inhibiting DNA synthesis. This agent is also incorporated into DNA in the form of deoxythioguanosine, which results in the disruption of DNA replication. In addition, mercaptopurine is converted to 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (MMPR) by 6-thiopurine methyltransferase; MMPRs are also potent inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis. (NCI04) Xaluprine MERCAPTOPURINE 24850 7-Mercapto-1346-tetrazaindene 6-thioxopurine 17-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione Bw 57-323H MERCAPTOPURINE A 06 Purine-6-thiol (8CI) 6 Thiohypoxanthine Azathiopurine Purine-6-thiol Monohydrate Purine 6-mercapto- 6 Thiopurine Purinethiol Mercaleukim WR-2785 MP Mercaleukin 6-Thiopurine Mercapto-6-purine Alti-Mercaptopurine U-4748 6-mercaptopurine monohydrate 755 6-mercaptopurine BW 57 323H Leukerin Ismipur Mern 6-Purinethiol Flocofil 6 MP 1226 Purimethol 6H-Purine-6-thione 17-dihydro- (9CI) 6H-Purine-6-thione 17-dihydro- Leupurin Product containing mercaptopurine (medicinal product) Purinethol 6MP Mercaptopurina 6-Thiohypoxanthine Mercaptopurine (substance) 6112-76-1 (monohydrate) Mercaptopurinum 50-44-2 6 Mercaptopurine 6-MP BW 57323H 17 dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione monohydrate Mercaptopurine-containing product Mercaptina Puri-Nethol Purixan 17-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione Monohydrate 6 Mercaptopurine Monohydrate Mercapurin 3H purine-6-thiol NCI-C04886 3H-Purine-6-thiol Mercaptopurine 与避孕药物有相互作用的抗癫痫药物 Antiseizure medications that have drug interactions with oral contraceptives(备注：参考ISBN 978190910344、https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137、https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg68/、PMID: 25618222) [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] For women receiving hepatic enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs: D级推荐：对于正在接受肝酶诱导AEDs治疗的妇女： if the antiepileptic drug is withdrawn, it is important to note that enzyme induction persists for up to four weeks. Contraceptive cover should be ensured during this time. 如果停用AEDs，应注意酶诱导作用将持续4周，在这期间应确保避孕措施的有效性。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Antiseizure medications that have drug interactions with oral contraceptives 多塞平 A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors. A dibenzoxepin derivative and tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) with antipruritic, antidepressive and anxiolytic activities. Doxepin blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin (5-HT) into presynaptic terminals thereby prolonging the availability of the monoaminergic neurotransmitters within the synaptic cleft and enhancing their neurotransmission. Doxepin also has antagonistic effects on histamine H1, 5-HT2, alpha-1 adrenergic, and muscarinic receptors. The antipruritic effect of this agent is mediated through inhibition of histamine receptors. Doxepin (substance) Silenor Doxepin-containing product 1-Propanamine 3-dibenz(be)oxepin-11(6H)-ylidene-NN-dimethyl- DOXEPIN Product containing doxepin (medicinal product) Doxepinum Doxepina Doxepin 感染 Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases. The invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents and their multiplication, as well as the reaction by the host to these organisms and/or toxins that the organisms produce. Infection NOS Infestation and Infection Infection infection infect Infections and Infestations Infestations and Infections Infections INFECTION Infection and Infestation INFECT Infection 益生元 Non-digestible food ingredients mostly of a carbohydrate base that improve human health by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of existing BACTERIA in the COLON. Prebiotic Prebiotics Prebiotics 导管射频消融 Catheter Ablation Radiofrequency CATH ABLATION RADIOFREQUENCY RADIOFREQUENCY CATH ABLATION Ablation Radiofrequency Catheter Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Radiofrequency catheter ablation 脑叶切除术 Surgical removal of a lobe of the brain. Lobectomy of brain (procedure) Lobectomy of brain Excision of brain lobe Brain lobectomy Resection of brain lobe Lobectomy (brain) Brain lobectomy 环丙孕酮 An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. The acetate salt of a synthetic steroidal antiandrogen with weak progestational and antineoplastic activities. Cyproterone binds the androgen receptor (AR), thereby preventing androgen-induced receptor activation in target tissues and inhibiting the growth of testosterone-sensitive tumor cells. This agent also exerts progestational agonist properties at the level of the pituitary that reduce luteinizing hormone (LH), resulting in reductions in testicular androgen secretion and serum testosterone levels. Treatment with cyproterone alone results in incomplete suppression of serum testosterone levels. CyPat SH-714 3H-Cyclopropa(12)pregna-146-triene-320-dione 17-(acetyloxy)-6-chloro-12-dihydro- (1beta2beta)- cyproterone 6-Chloro-1b2b-dihydro-17a-hydroxy-3H-cyclopropa[12]pregna-146-triene-320-dione Acetate Cyproterone acetate (substance) cyproterone acetate Cyprostat 6-chloro-1b2b-dihydro-17a-hydroxy-3H-cyclopropa[12]pregna-146-triene-320-dione Acetate Chloro-6-hydroxy-17 Alpha Methylene-1 Alpha 2 Alpha Pregnadiene-46 Dione-3 20 Acetate Andro-Diane CPTR Androcur Cyproteronazetat Cyprone SH 714 3H-Cyclopropa(12)pregna-146-triene-320-dione 17-(Acetyloxy)-6-chloro-12-dihydro- (1beta2beta)- chloro-6-hydroxy-17 alpha methylene-1 alpha 2 alpha pregnadiene-46 dione-3 20 acetate Diane Cyproterone 17-O-acetate Cyproteroni Acetas Cyproterone Acetate Dianette CYPROTERONE ACETATE 3H-cyclopropa(12)pregna-146-triene-320-dione 17-(acetyloxy)-6-chloro-12-dihydro- (1beta2beta)- Cyproterone acetate Cyproterone acetate 生酮饮食 A course of food intake that is high in FATS and low in CARBOHYDRATES. This diet provides sufficient PROTEINS for growth but insufficient amount of carbohydrates for the energy needs of the body. A ketogenic diet generates 80-90% of caloric requirements from fats and the remainder from proteins. Ketogenic Diets Diets Ketogenic Ketogenic Diet Ketogenic diet 抗心律失常药物 Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade. Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias; they may effect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti Arrhythmia Agents Anti-Arrhythmia Drugs Anti-Arrhythmia Drug Anti-Arrhythmia Agents Drugs Antiarrhythmic antiarrhythmia Drug Antiarrhythmia Antiarrhythmic Agent Antiarrhythmia Drug Anti Arrhythmics Antiarrhythmic Drugs Anti Arrhythmia Drug Agents Anti-Arrhythmia Anti-arrhythmic Agent [TC] Antiarrhythmia Agents Anti Arrhythmia Agent Antiarrhythmic agent (substance) Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs Antiarrhythmia Antiarrhythmia Agent Medicinal product acting as antiarrhythmic agent (product) Antiarrhythmics Anti-Arrhythmia Agent Agent Antiarrhythmia anti-arrhythimia agents Cardiac Depressant Agent Anti-Arrhythmia Agents Antiarrhythmia Anti Arrhythmia Drugs Drugs Anti-Arrhythmia Antiarrhythmia Drugs Antiarrhythmic Anti-Arrhythmics Drug Anti-Arrhythmia Drug Antiarrhythmic Antiarrhythmic Drug Anti Arrhythmic Anti-arrhythmic Agent Antiarrhythmic drugs 复方长效口服避孕药 Long-Acting Hormonal Contraception(备注：参考ISBN 978190910344、https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137、https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg68/、PMID: 25618222) [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women should be counselled that the efficacy of oral contraceptives (combined hormonal contraception, progestogen-only pills), transdermal patches, vaginal ring and progestogen-only implants may be affected if they are taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine and eslicarbazepine). 【推荐等级：C】如果WWE正在服用酶诱导AEDs，应告知患者口服避孕药（联合激素类避孕药、仅含孕激素的药片）、透皮贴片（transdermal patches）、阴道环和仅含孕激素皮下埋植（progestogen-only implants）的疗效会受到影响。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Compound long-acting oral contraceptiv PB可能不会渗透入母乳中或者渗透进入母乳的量不会引起临床表现 PB probably cross the placenta in potentially clinically important amounts (one Class I and supporting Class II studies or two or more Class II studies). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 尚无证据证明PB在妊娠期间血药浓度发生变化。 Evidence for a change in clearance or level of PB during pregnancy is inadequate to reach a conclusion. Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 没有足够的证据支持对PB的水平进行监测（Level U）。 There is insufficient evidence to support or refute a change in PB levels related to pregnancy (Level U), and this lack of evidence should not discourage monitoring levels of these AEDs during pregnancy. Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 抗癫痫治疗与性激素的关系：在女性癫痫患者治疗中应注意避免使用影响月经周期、使PCOS发生率增加的药物，让患者获得长期满意的疗效。（临床上广泛应用的AEDs，如苯妥英钠、苯巴比妥、丙戊酸、卡马西平、扑痫酮等均可能干扰下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴，从而导致卵巢雌、孕激素分泌功能失调。） "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. China_expert_opinion_2013 AEDs的致畸性：在能够控制癫痫发作的情况下，尽可能避免多药治疗。在单药治疗的患者中尽可能降低药物剂量。常用AEDs中以丙戊酸和苯巴比妥的致畸率最高，应尽量避免在妊娠期妇女中使用。如果因为病情需要而必须选择丙戊酸治疗，应当使用800 mg以下日剂量的单药治疗。有证据表明，新型AEDs如拉莫三嗪等致畸率较低。其他新型AEDs尚无大规模妊娠登记。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 根据EURAP已知的MCM风险，推荐4种AEDs作为局灶性癫痫的替代物：左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪、奥卡西平、卡马西平。其中对卡马西平的剂量限制尤为重要。不推荐使用托吡酯、苯妥英和巴比妥酸盐。 Four AEDs can be recommended as alternatives for focal epilepsy based on known risks of MCMs from the EURAP registry. These are levetiracetam, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and carbamazepine. Dose restriction is especially important in carbamazepine. Topiramate, phenytoin, and barbiturates cannot be recommended due to their teratogenic potential. There are insufficient data for the remaining AEDs, but this does not mean they are safe. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 建议：(1)所有AEDs调整最好在受孕前完成；(2)尽量在癫痫发作控制稳定后开始备孕，尤其是对于全身强直阵-挛性发作患者；(3)尽可能避免使用丙戊酸、扑痢酮、苯巴比妥等；(4)尽量将AEDs调整至单药治疗的最低有效剂量。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 目前临床所使用的AEDs几乎都能透过胎盘屏障。一些AEDs如苯巴比妥、扑痫酮可在胎儿体内蓄积，可能会增加胎儿发生各类先天畸形的风险。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 对新生儿应观察是否出现与AEDs相关的副作用，如苯巴比妥可导致新生儿觉醒程度降低和嗜睡，丙戊酸可能与新生儿易激惹相关，拉莫三嗪可能会诱发新生儿皮疹。与透过胎盘屏障的药物浓度相比，丙戊酸、苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、托吡酯等药物在母体乳汁内的药物浓度较低，对胎儿的影响相对较小，但左乙拉西坦在乳汁内浓度较高，相关风险有待进一步临床研究证实。大部分患者在医生指导下，可进行母乳喂养。在母乳喂养过程中，如出现长时间的镇静、对喂养不感兴趣、体质量不增加等表现，则应立即停止母乳喂养。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 卡马西平、奥卡西平、苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、托吡酯等肝微粒体酶诱导的AEDs，可透过胎盘促进胎儿体内维生素K1氧化降解，导致新生儿出血性疾病的风险增加。建议患者在妊娠最后一个月，每日口服20 mg维生素K1，以减少胎儿发生出血性疾病的风险。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 经母乳接触PB、PRM和BZD，新生儿可能出现嗜睡和易怒以及喂养困难，需密切监测不良反应。 Regarding breastfeeding and PB, PRM, and BZD, the newborn may present drowsiness and irritability, and experience difficulty suckling, so close monitoring for adverse effects is needed. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 与GBP、LTGT和PM等新型AEDs相比，传统AEDs（PTH、PB、CBZ、VPA）并不会大量转移到母乳中（Level Ⅱ-Ⅲ）。 First-generation AEDs (PTH, PB, CBZ, and VPA) are not transferred into breast milk in clinically significant amounts, in contrast with GBP, LTG, and TPM16 (LE II-III). Experience with novel AEDs is limited. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 妊娠期接触AEDs会增加胎儿先天畸形的风险，并可能影响胎儿生长发育和认知发育。妊娠期接受VPA、PB、综合疗法以及GTCS发作次数≥5次于WWE后代认知障碍风险增高相关。 Treatment with VPA, PB, polytherapy, and a history of 5 or more GTCS during pregnancy is associated with the highest risk of cognitive disorders for children of WWE. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 苯巴比妥 A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. A long-acting barbituric acid derivative with antipsychotic property. Phenobarbital binds to and activates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor, thereby mimicking the inhibitory actions of GABA in the brain. The activation effects of the phenobarbital-receptor-ionophore complex include increased frequency of chloride channel openings, membrane hyperpolarization and ultimately synaptic inhibition and decreased neuronal excitability. In addition, this agent inhibits glutamate induced depolarization. Do not routinely monitor AED levels during pregnancy. If seizures increase or are likely to increase, monitoring AED levels (particularly levels of lamotrigine and phenytoin, which may be particularly affected in pregnancy) may be useful when making dose adjustments. [new 2012] 怀孕期间不要常规监测抗癫痫药物水平。如果癫痫发作增加或可能增加，在调整剂量时监测 AED 水平（尤其是拉莫三嗪和苯妥英的水平，其在怀孕期间可能受到特别影响）可能有用。 [2012年新] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Phenobarbital (substance) 5-Phenyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid Acid Phenylethylbarbituric Phenylethylmalonylurea Phenemal Phenylethylbarbiturate Phenobarbital Phenobarbitol 5-Ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidine-246-trione Phenyläthylbarbitursäure 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-246(1H3H5H)-pyrimidinetrione 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-246(1H3H5H)-pyrimidinetrione 246(1H3H5H)-Pyrimidinetrione 5-ethyl-5-phenyl- Phenobarbital-containing product PHENOBARBITAL 128143 Phenobarbitone PHENO phenobarbital Phenylethylbarbitursäure 5-ethyl-5-phenylpyrimidine-246(1H3H5H)-trione PHENobarbital Fenobarbital Phenobarbituric Acid 9848 Phenylbarbital Product containing phenobarbital (medicinal product) 50-06-6 Phenylethylbarbituric Acid Phenobarbital Monosodium Salt Phenobarbital Sodium Gardenal Monosodium Salt Phenobarbital Sodium Phenobarbital Luminal Hysteps Phenobarbital 癫痫 A diagnosis is an assertion that a patient has epilepsy epilepsy diagnosis Epilepsies Seizure Disorder Seizure Disorders Awakening Epilepsy Epilepsy, Awakening Epilepsy, Cryptogenic Cryptogenic Epilepsies Cryptogenic Epilepsy Epilepsies, Cryptogenic Aura Auras EP - Epilepsy epilepsia Epilepsy (disorder) Epilepsy all types Epilepsy NOS Epilepsy, unspecified epilepsy Epileptic attack Epileptic convulsions NOS Epileptic convulsion Epileptic disorder Epileptic fits NOS Epileptic fit Epileptic seizure (finding) Epileptic seizures NOS Epileptic Seizures epileptic seizure Epileptic Seizure disorder (disorder) Seizure disorder NOS SEIZURE DIS Seizure, Epileptic Seizures, Epileptic Epilepsy 利物浦组合评估量表 The Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale (LSSS) is a valid and reliable test for quantifying seizure severity that may also be used to detect changes in seizure severity over time. The Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale is composed of 12 items and is scored on a Likert scale . Liverpool assessment battery 口服降糖药物 Poisoning by adverse effect of and underdosing of insulin and oral hypoglycemic [antidiabetic] drugs Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs Oral hypoglycemic drugs 第一代抗癫痫药物 Drugs introduced before 1985 are known as second generation antiseizure medications First generation antiseizure medication 孕前咨询：告知患者癫痫发作及AEDs对妊娠及胎儿风险。妊娠期使用AEDs可能对癫痫女性后代智力发育造成影响，尤其是苯巴比妥和丙戊酸。目前尚无足够的证据来评估新型AEDs（加巴喷丁、左乙拉西坦、噻加宾、托吡酯、氨己烯酸）的致畸性。大剂量丙戊酸（超过800mg/天）以及联合丙戊酸的多药治疗的致畸风险明显增加；告知患者补充叶酸和维生素K的必要性。如果孕妇或者配偶有癫痫疾病，尤其是有特发性癫痫及癫痫及相关遗传病家族史者，应当进行遗传咨询。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 妊娠：孕妇除定期进行产科检查外，还应定期就诊于癫痫专科医生；根据临床发作情况及时调整AEDs的剂量，尽量减少和避免发作，尤其是全面性强直-阵挛发作。孕妇也需要了解，没有证据表明局灶性、失神以及肌阵挛性发作会影响妊娠期与发育阶段的胎儿，除非患者跌倒或者受到了伤害；如果妊娠期间发作控制不佳，要充分考虑到妊娠相关因素的影响，如剧烈呕吐、依从性差等；妊娠16-20周时应该对胎儿进行详细的超声波检查，及时发现可能存在的畸形。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 计划妊娠：对癫痫有效控制且可能减停药物的女性癫痫患者，建议在停用AEDs 6个月后可考虑计划妊娠。如果癫痫患者不可能停用药物而计划怀孕，癫痫专科医师应尽量将AEDs调整至单药治疗的低剂量，再建议患者怀孕，并告知如下风险：癫痫发作本身及AEDs均对胎儿有负面影响。如丙戊酸800 mg以上的13剂量可增加胎儿致畸的风险。推荐癫痫女性孕前3个月每天服用叶酸≤5 mg，以减少叶酸代谢相关致胎儿畸形的风险。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. AEDs的致畸性：在能够控制癫痫发作的情况下，尽可能避免多药治疗。在单药治疗的患者中尽可能降低药物剂量。常用AEDs中以丙戊酸和苯巴比妥的致畸率最高，应尽量避免在妊娠期妇女中使用。如果因为病情需要而必须选择丙戊酸治疗，应当使用800 mg以下日剂量的单药治疗。有证据表明，新型AEDs如拉莫三嗪等致畸率较低。其他新型AEDs尚无大规模妊娠登记。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 临床医生应充分告知患者服用AEDs可能存在的致畸风险。目前比较明确的是，托吡酯在孕早期的单药治疗可引起肢端骨骼异常、先天性心脏病、唇腭裂等畸形。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 生育期女性癫痫患者应向癫痫专科医生和产科医生进行孕前咨询，了解与癫痫相关的妊娠并发症和AEDs可能存在的致畸作用，以便依据个体情况对是否怀孕做出选择。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. China_expert_opinion_2015 在妊娠前一个月和早期妊娠阶段，口服5mg/d大剂量叶酸，可在一定程度上降低胎儿发生先天畸形的风险。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 目前临床所使用的AEDs几乎都能透过胎盘屏障。一些AEDs如苯巴比妥、扑痫酮可在胎儿体内蓄积，可能会增加胎儿发生各类先天畸形的风险。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 妊娠早期服用AEDs对胎儿影响最大。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 在妊娠18-20周期间，患者应在产科医生指导下对胎儿进行超声检查，及时发现心脏、颅面骨、神经管等可能存在的先天畸形。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 目前尚无新型AEDs致畸的可靠数据。 There is currently no reliable data on the more novel AEDs, although some have been on the market for more than 10 years. Few articles have addressed this subject and the number of patients on monotherapy is also low. A larger number of cases will be needed to examine any differences regarding such specific malformations as cleft palate and ventricular septal defect, and less frequent ones such as anencephaly. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 妊娠期接触AEDs会增加胎儿先天畸形的风险，并可能影响胎儿生长发育和认知发育。妊娠期接受VPA、PB、综合疗法以及GTCS发作次数≥5次于WWE后代认知障碍风险增高相关。 Treatment with VPA, PB, polytherapy, and a history of 5 or more GTCS during pregnancy is associated with the highest risk of cognitive disorders for children of WWE. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 孕妇应首选拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦，因为这两种药物致畸率最低，但对神经发育的影响尚不明确（数据有限）。推荐卡马西平为替代药物（卡马西平显示出比拉莫三嗪更高的致畸率，但对神经发育没有影响），奥卡西平也可作为替代药物（致畸率很低，但对神经发育的影响上无充分数据）。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam are first-choice treatment options in pregnant women (and women of childbearing potential) because they carry the lowest risk of major con-genital malformations and have no known impact on neu-robehavioral development (although data for levetiracetam are still limited). Carbamazepine is recommended as alternative first choice; it shows higher malformation rates than lamotrigine and levetiracetam but no impact on neu-rodevelopment. Oxcarbazepine could also be consid-ered; malformation rates are low but data on neurobehavioral development are sparse. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 致畸性 The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES. The result of processes that negatively affect a developing fetus. Any woman with epilepsy who has given birth to a child with a congenital malformation while taking an antiepileptic drug should be offered review by an obstetrician and an epilepsy specialist before any future pregnancy. 对于任何女性癫痫患者，如果在服用AEDs时生下了患有先天畸形的孩子，在未来怀孕之前应由产科医师和癫痫专家进行评估。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Teratogenicity 选择性5-HT和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂 Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which include venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, and milnacipran, inhibit reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin SNRIs Selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor 催眠治疗 A state of increased receptivity to suggestion and direction, initially induced by the influence of another person. Mesmerism Hypnotism Hypnoanalysis Hypnotherapies Hypnotherapy Hypnotherapy 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫的育龄期、有怀孕计划的女性患者，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦是首选治疗方案，唑尼沙胺和托吡酯为二线治疗方案。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various antiseizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a healthy woman in her reproductive years with genetically mediated (idiopathic generalized) epilepsy who is not currently pregnant or trying to conceive but wishes to have a family someday. Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice; zonisamide and topiramate were considered second-line options. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有局灶性癫痫的育龄期、有怀孕计划的女性患者，奥卡西平为首选治疗方案，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦也是治疗选择 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice, with oxcarbazepine considered first-line treatment. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫的计划怀孕并母乳喂养的女性患者，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦是首选治疗方案，唑尼沙胺为二线治疗方案。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice; zonisamide was considered second-line therapy. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有局灶性癫痫的计划怀孕并母乳喂养的女性患者，奥卡西平为首选治疗方案，拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦也是治疗选择；卡马西平、拉考沙胺、艾司利卡西平和唑尼沙胺为二线选择。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the treatments of choice, with oxcarbazepine considered first-line treatment. Carbamazepine, lacosamide, eslicarbazepine, and zonisamide were considered second-line options. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 对于患有遗传性（特发性全身性）癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，首选治疗方案为拉莫三嗪，左乙拉西坦为二线治疗方案。对于唑尼沙胺、丙戊酸盐、托吡酯和拉考沙胺的治疗尚未达成共识。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various antiseizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with genetically mediated (idiopathic generalized) epilepsy. The treatment of choice was lamotrigine, while levetiracetam was considered second-line therapy. No consensus could be reached regarding treatment with zonisamide, valproate, topiramate, and lacosamide. Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. LTG可能渗透入母乳中（以潜在的能引起临床表现的浓度） LTG possibly cross the placenta in potentially clinically important amounts (at least one Class II study for each). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 妊娠可能导致LTG清除率增加、血药浓度降低，LTG水平降低与癫痫发作频率增加有关（一项Ⅰ类研究和两项Ⅱ类研究）。 Pregnancy probably causes an increase in the clearance and a decrease in the level of LTG during pregnancy. The decrease in LTG level is associated with an increase in seizure frequency (one Class I and two Class II studies). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 应考虑在妊娠期间监测LTG水平（Level B）。 Monitoring of LTG levels during pregnancy should be considered (Level B). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 几乎所有AEDs都可通过血液进入母乳，使接受母乳喂养的婴儿间接获得AEDs。但目前普遍认为母乳喂养利大于弊，故提倡母乳喂养。母乳中AEDs浓度既受母亲血药浓度的影响，也受AEDs母乳通过率的影响，故母亲在哺乳期应服用可控制癫痫发作的AEDs最小剂量，同时应选择母乳通过率较低的药物以降低对婴儿的影响，如拉莫三嗪、氯巴占、奥卡西平等。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 以下情况可能不需要在女孩和WOCP中更换或停用VPA：存在VPA替代品的禁忌证（患有严重活动性抑郁症患者不能换用左乙拉西坦，对拉莫三嗪过敏等）。 The expert panel agrees that there is a scenarios in which valproate may not need to be switched or discontinued in girls and WOCP. Cases in which suitable alternatives are contraindicated. Suitable alternatives to valproate may be contraindicated in certain cases, such as patients with severe active depression (who should not be required to switch to levetiracetam) or patients with a history of allergy to lamotrigine. In such cases, the decision to switch or discontinue valproate can be postponed. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. European_expert_opinion 根据EURAP已知的MCM风险，推荐4种AEDs作为局灶性癫痫的替代物：左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪、奥卡西平、卡马西平。其中对卡马西平的剂量限制尤为重要。不推荐使用托吡酯、苯妥英和巴比妥酸盐。 Four AEDs can be recommended as alternatives for focal epilepsy based on known risks of MCMs from the EURAP registry. These are levetiracetam, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and carbamazepine. Dose restriction is especially important in carbamazepine. Topiramate, phenytoin, and barbiturates cannot be recommended due to their teratogenic potential. There are insufficient data for the remaining AEDs, but this does not mean they are safe. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. Recommendations for valproate switching and discontinuation in IGE VPA换药和停药的关键时期时青春期前、月经初潮时和怀孕前。专家小组认为，在患者10岁左右（月经初潮前）应推荐患者更换VPA为其他AEDs。对于VPA治疗有效的育龄期患者，可以停用、减量或与拉莫三嗪/左乙拉西坦联合使用，从而减少VPA用量。VPA换药应在怀孕前一年开始，换药速度应视具体情况决定。当患者体内已清除VPA（上次服药后1个月）、没有癫痫发作（基于癫痫复发风险，无发作时间为之前癫痫发作间隔的3倍）时可以考虑尝试怀孕。新的AEDs的剂量调整应基于临床特征，为了平衡有效性和药物耐受性，建议至少3个月。 Valproate switching and discontinuation generally occurs at certain relevant life stages. The three crucial periods are before puberty, at menarche, and before pregnancy. Valproate switching or discontinuation should be recommended in pre-menarche patients (around 10 years of age) after discussion of relevant issues with the patient and her parents/legal guardians. Family planning should be discussed with adult patients of childbearing potential. In patients responsive to valproate only, it could be discontinued, reduced, or combined with lamotrigine or levetiracetam, thus reducing valproate dosage. Valproate switching should ideally be started about 1 year ahead of pregnancy. The speed with which the switch is made, however, should be decided on a case-by-case basis depending on how strong the woman’s desire is to become pregnant. Following valproate discontinuation, patients should not try to conceive until (1) their body is clear of valproate (at least 1 month since last intake) and (2) they are free of seizures (based on seizure recurrence risk, three times the previous interval between seizures). Dose adjustments for the new AED should be based on clinical features; a period of at least 3 months is recommended for balancing efectiveness and tolerability. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. Recommendations for valproate switching and discontinuation in IGE 从VPA换为LTG平均需要2-3个月甚至更长的时间。应根据临床特征和血清LTG浓度进行滴定（LTG titration）。 从VPA转换到LEV更快，且通常不需要滴定。LEV目标剂量在1000-2000mg/d之间，具体取决于VPA剂量。 Switching from valproate to lamotrigine requires on average 2–3 months, but it can take much longer. Lamotrigine titration should be guided by clinical response and, where available, serum concentrations. Switching from valproate to levetiracetam is faster, as titration is not needed. The target dose for levetiracetam is between 1000 and 2000 mg/day depending on the valproate dose. Toledo M, Mostacci B, Bosak M, Jedrzejzak J, Thomas RH, Salas-Puig J, Biraben A, Schmitz B. Expert opinion: use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with epilepsy: recommendations and alternatives based on a review of the literature and clinical experience-a European perspective. J Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09809-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32239268. 对新生儿应观察是否出现与AEDs相关的副作用，如苯巴比妥可导致新生儿觉醒程度降低和嗜睡，丙戊酸可能与新生儿易激惹相关，拉莫三嗪可能会诱发新生儿皮疹。与透过胎盘屏障的药物浓度相比，丙戊酸、苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、托吡酯等药物在母体乳汁内的药物浓度较低，对胎儿的影响相对较小，但左乙拉西坦在乳汁内浓度较高，相关风险有待进一步临床研究证实。大部分患者在医生指导下，可进行母乳喂养。在母乳喂养过程中，如出现长时间的镇静、对喂养不感兴趣、体质量不增加等表现，则应立即停止母乳喂养。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 与GBP、LTGT和PM等新型AEDs相比，传统AEDs（PTH、PB、CBZ、VPA）并不会大量转移到母乳中（Level Ⅱ-Ⅲ）。 First-generation AEDs (PTH, PB, CBZ, and VPA) are not transferred into breast milk in clinically significant amounts, in contrast with GBP, LTG, and TPM16 (LE II-III). Experience with novel AEDs is limited. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 妊娠期AEDs水平可能会发生波动，已观察到PHT、CBZ和LTG清除率增加，且存在较大的个体差异，因此专家建议至少每季度监测一次这些AEDs血药浓度（experts recommend monitoring those levels at least quarterly）。条件允许的话，也可以对LEV和OXC的血药浓度（剂量）进行控制。 Plasma levels of AEDs can change during pregnancy. Increased clearance of PHT, CBZ, and LTG with considerable inter-individual variability is observed, so experts recommend monitoring those levels at least quarterly. Controlling plasma levels or adjusting doses of LEV and OXC is also needed when possible. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 分娩后2-3周应检查血浆药物浓度。若妊娠期间调整了AEDs剂量，产后应再次调整剂量，尤其是需要哺乳的患者。妊娠期使用PRM、OXC和LTG的患者，应立即监测（In cases of treatment with PRM, OXC, and LTG, monitor immediately）。 Plasma levels should be checked 2 to 3 weeks after childbirth. If doses were changed during pregnancy, they should be adjusted again, especially if patient is breastfeeding. In cases of treatment with PRM, OXC, and LTC, monitor immediately. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 除拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦、奥卡西平、普瑞巴林外，其余AEDs均为妊娠期女性癫痫患者慎用药物，其中丙戊酸为禁用药物。 Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 应在妊娠期监测AEDs血药水平，其中以拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦和奥卡西平血药浓度下降最为明显，在妊娠期和产后可能需要剂量调整。 Importantly, blood drug levels should be monitored because pregnancy can have a major impact on pharmacoki-netic properties of AEDs (e.g., altered absorption,increased distribution volume and renal excretion, and induction of hepatic metabolism).Lamotrigine,levetiracetam and oxcar-bazepine serum concentrations decline most markedly, and dose adjustments may be necessary during pregnancy and postpartum. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 孕妇应首选拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦，因为这两种药物致畸率最低，但对神经发育的影响尚不明确（数据有限）。推荐卡马西平为替代药物（卡马西平显示出比拉莫三嗪更高的致畸率，但对神经发育没有影响），奥卡西平也可作为替代药物（致畸率很低，但对神经发育的影响上无充分数据）。 Lamotrigine and levetiracetam are first-choice treatment options in pregnant women (and women of childbearing potential) because they carry the lowest risk of major con-genital malformations and have no known impact on neu-robehavioral development (although data for levetiracetam are still limited). Carbamazepine is recommended as alternative first choice; it shows higher malformation rates than lamotrigine and levetiracetam but no impact on neu-rodevelopment. Oxcarbazepine could also be consid-ered; malformation rates are low but data on neurobehavioral development are sparse. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 拉莫三嗪 A phenyltriazine compound, sodium and calcium channel blocker that is used for the treatment of SEIZURES and BIPOLAR DISORDER. A synthetic phenyltriazine with antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Lamotrigine enhances the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which may result in a reduction of pain-related transmission of signals along nerve fibers. This agent may also inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels, suppress glutamate release, and inhibit serotonin reuptake. (NCI04) Discuss with women and girls who are taking lamotrigine that the simultaneous use of any oestrogen-based contraceptive can result in a significant reduction of lamotrigine levels and lead to loss of seizure control. When a woman or girl starts or stops taking these contraceptives, the dose of lamotrigine may need to be adjusted.[new 2012] 应当告知使用拉莫三嗪的女性，任何基于雌激素的避孕药的同时使用都可能使拉莫三嗪水平的显著下降，导致癫痫发作失控。当其开始或停止使用此类避孕药时，拉莫三嗪的剂量或需调整。 Do not routinely monitor AED levels during pregnancy. If seizures increase or are likely to increase, monitoring AED levels (particularly levels of lamotrigine and phenytoin, which may be particularly affected in pregnancy) may be useful when making dose adjustments. [new 2012] 怀孕期间不要常规监测抗癫痫药物水平。如果癫痫发作增加或可能增加，监测 AED 水平（尤其是拉莫三嗪和苯妥英的水平，其在怀孕期间可能受到特别影响）在调整剂量时可能有用。 [2012年新] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking lamotrigine monotherapy and oestrogen-containing contraceptives should be informed of the potential increase in seizures due to a fall in the levels of lamotrigine. 【推荐等级：C】应告知同时服用拉莫三嗪（单一疗法）和含雌激素避孕药的WWE，由于拉莫三嗪水平的下降，癫痫发作的风险增加。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy receiving lamotrigine: D级推荐：对于接受LTG治疗的妇女： can use progestogen-only contraceptives without restriction. These women should be made aware of signs and symptoms of lamotrigine toxicity, and have the lamotrigine dose reduced if these occur. 可不受限制地使用仅含有孕激素的避孕药（但应注意LTG中毒的临床表现，若中毒，应减少LTG剂量）； and combined hormonal contraceptives should be counselled about the reduction in circulating lamotrigine concentrations and the potential for, and consequences of, increased seizure activity. The healthcare professional should also discuss the possibility of increasing the lamotrigine dose with the patient. 若联合使用激素类避孕药，可能会降低血浆LTG浓度，可能导致癫痫发作次数增加，需要增加LTG剂量； and combined hormonal contraceptives should be warned about signs and symptoms of lamotrigine toxicity if the contraceptive is withdrawn. A reduction in lamotrigine dosing may be necessary at this time. 联合使用LTG和组合避孕药，应警惕LTG中毒症状，此时可能需要降低LTG剂量。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Lamictal Lamotrigine 35-diamino-6-(23-dichlorophenyl)-124-triazine Lamiktal 124-Triazine-35-diamine 6-(23-dichlorophenyl)- Lamotrigina Lamotrigine-containing product Product containing lamotrigine (medicinal product) Lamotrigine (substance) Lamotriginum 35-Diamino-6-(23-dichlorophenyl)-as-triazine Labileno BW430C BW 430C Crisomet BW-430C Lamotrigine 对于患有局灶性癫痫合并抑郁症（服用或未服用抗抑郁药）的女性患者，拉莫三嗪为首选治疗，奥卡西平和拉考沙胺也可作为一线治疗，卡马西平、艾司利卡西平、左乙拉西坦和唑尼沙胺为二线治疗。 The experts were asked to rank the appropriateness of various anti-seizure drugs or interventions as monotherapy in a woman with depression (who may or may not be on an antidepressant) with focal (symptomatic localization related) epilepsy. Lamotrigine was the treatment of choice, oxcarbazepine and lacosamide were considered first-line therapy, and carbamazepine, eslicarbazepine, levetiracetam, and zonisamide were considered second-line therapy.Shih JJ, Whitlock JB, Chimato N, Vargas E, Karceski SC, Frank RD. Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Apr;69:186-222. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.018. Epub 2017 Feb 23. PMID: 28237319. 醋酸艾司利卡西平 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ ESL BIA 2-093 BIA-2-093 (10S)-10-acetoxy-1011-dihydro-5H-dibenz[bf]azepine-5-carboxamide eslicarbazepine acetate 5H-Dibenz(bf)Azepine-5-Carboxamide 10-(Acetyloxy)-1011-Dihydro- (10S)- (10S)-5-Carbamoyl-1011-Dihydro-5H-Dibenzo(BF)Azepin-10-yl Acetate SEP-0002093 (10S)-5-carbamoyl-1011-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[bf]azepin-10-yl acetate 10-acetoxy-1011-dihydro-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Eslicarbazepine acetate (substance) ESLICARBAZEPINE ACETATE Eslicarbazepine Acetate Eslicarbazepine acetate Eslicarbazepine acetate 丙吡胺 A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties. A class IA anti-arrhythmic agent with cardiac depressant property. Disopyramide blocks the fast sodium channel in normal cardiac cell membranes within atrial and ventricular tissues. This slows the rate and amplitude of phase 0 depolarization and thus prolongs the duration of the action potential, thereby reducing cell excitability and conduction velocity. Further, disopyramide directly decreases the rate of diastolic (phase 4) depolarization in cells with normal or augmented automaticity. Disopyramide also blocks potassium channel and results in prolonged QT interval, thus increases the effective refractory period. This agent also possesses anticholinergic property. Disopyramide Disopyramide (substance) 2-Pyridineacetamide alpha-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)-alpha-phenyl- Diisopyramide Disopiramida Disopyramide-containing product Disopyramidum Product containing disopyramide (medicinal product) Disopyramide 肾上腺素能β2受体激动剂 Compounds bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS. Beta-2 adrenergic receptor blocker beta2-Adrenergic Antagonists Adrenergic beta2-Antagonists Adrenergic beta 2 Receptor Antagonists Adrenergic beta2 Antagonists Antagonists Adrenergic beta-2 Product containing beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist (product) Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Blockers beta 2 Adrenergic Blocking Agents Substance with beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) Adrenergic beta-2 Antagonists beta2-Antagonists Adrenergic Adrenergic beta 2 Receptor Blockers beta2 Adrenergic Antagonists beta-2 Adrenergic Blocking Agents Beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist Antagonists beta2-Adrenergic beta-2 Antagonists Adrenergic Beta-2 adrenergic receptor blocker-containing product Adrenergic beta 2 Antagonists Beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist-containing product Adrenergic beta 2 receptor agonists 癫痫发作频率可能在以下3个阶段中增加：围产期（最常见）、排卵期以及黄体缺陷（无排卵）周期的后半段（in the second half of the cycle during a defective (anovulatory) luteal phase）。 Epileptic seizure frequency may be higher in any of 3 phases: perimenstrual (the most frequent), periovulatory, and in the second half of the cycle during a defective (anovulatory) luteal phase. Mauri Llerda JA, Suller Marti A, de la Peña Mayor P, Martínez Ferri M, Poza Aldea JJ, Gomez Alonso J, Mercadé Cerdá JM. The Spanish Society of Neurology's official clinical practice guidelines for epilepsy. Special considerations in epilepsy: comorbidities, women of childbearing age, and elderly patients. Neurologia. 2015 Oct;30(8):510-7. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.002. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25618222. 不能分类的发作 Includes all seizures that cannot be classified because of inadequate or incomplete data and some that defy classification in hitherto described categories. This includes some neonatal seizures, e.g., rhythmic eye move- ments, chewing, and swimming movements cannot be classified Unclassified 家族史 A record of a patient's background regarding health and disease events of blood relatives. A patient's family medical history may be important in diagnosing existing conditions. Although there is an increased risk of seizures in children of parents with epilepsy, children, young people and adults with epilepsy should be given information that the probability that a child will be affected is generally low.However, this will depend on the family history. [2004] 尽管患有癫痫的父母的孩子癫痫发作的风险增加，但应告知癫痫患者（包括儿童、青少年和成人）儿童受影响的可能性通常较低，尽管这将取决于他的家族史。 [2004] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 family medical history Family history with explicit context (situation) Family Histories Health Family History of Family history of FH - Family history Family Medical History Family Histories Medical Medical History Family Health Family History Family history Family Medical Histories Family History Validation Family Health Histories Medical Family History Family history (finding) Medical Histories Family Medical Family Histories Family History Health Health History Family FH Family History Health Histories Family Health Family Histories Family History Medical Family medical history family history Epidemiology Family Medical History Family history of clinical finding (situation) FAMILY HISTORY Family history with explicit context Family history of clinical finding Family Health History Family history 抽动症 Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany another another condition. (From DSM-IV, 1994) Involuntary sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movement or vocalization. Tics Tic disorder (disorder) Tic Disorders Habit disorder Tic NOS Tic disorder unspecified Tic disorder NOS tic Tic disorder Tic TIC DISORDER Tic (finding) TICS Habit tic TIC Tic disorders TIC DIS Habit tic (disorder) Tic Disorder Tics 苯妥英钠 An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The sodium salt form of phenytoin, a hydantoin derivate and non-sedative antiepileptic agent with anticonvulsant activity. Phenytoin sodium promotes sodium efflux from neurons located in the motor cortex, thereby stabilizing the neuron and inhibiting synaptic transmission. This leads to a reduction in posttetanic potentiation at synapses, an inhibition of repetitive firing of action potentials and ultimately inhibits the spread of seizure activity. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 55-Diphenyl-24-imidazolidinedione Monosodium Salt phenytoin sodium Diphenylhydantoin sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Sodium Phenytoin sodium (substance) Dilantin Sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Dihydan Diphenylhydantoin Hydantol Epanutin Difenin 55-diphenylimidazolidine-24-dione Fenitoin Antisacer 55-Diphenylhydantoin Epamin Phenytoin sodium 诊断标准 A standard from which a judgment concerning a medical diagnosis can be established. diagnostic criteria Diagnostic Criteria DXCRIT Diagnostic criteria 美西律 Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties. A local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic (Class IB) agent structurally related to lidocaine. Mexiletine exerts its antiarrhythmic effect by inhibiting the inward sodium current in cardiac cells, thereby reducing the rate of rise of the cardiac action potential (phase 0) and decreases automaticity in the Purkinje fibers. This slows nerve impulses in the heart and stabilizes the heartbeat. Mexiletine's anesthetic activity is due to its ability to block sodium influx in peripheral nerves, thereby reducing the rate and intensity of pain impulses reaching the central nervous system. 1-methyl-2-(26-xylyloxy)ethanamine 2-Propanamine 1-(26-dimethylphenoxy)- Mexiletine Product containing mexiletine (medicinal product) 1-(26-dimethylphenoxy)-2-propanamine Mexilétine Mexiletina Mexiletine (substance) Mexiletine-containing product (±)-1-(26-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-amine Mexiletinum (2RS)-1-(26-dimethylphenoxy)-2-aminopropane 1-Methyl-2-(26-xylyloxy)ethylamine 1-(26-dimethylphenoxy)-2-aminopropane Mexiletine 马普替林 A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use. maprotiline Maprotilin Product containing maprotiline (medicinal product) Maprotilinum Maprotiline (substance) Dibencycladine 910-Ethanoanthracene-9(10H)-propanamine N-methyl- Maprotilina N-Methyl-910-ethanoanthracene-9(10H)-propylamine Maprotiline-containing product Maprotylina Maprotiline 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. The sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproate sodium is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, valproate sodium increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproate sodium may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect. Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 结节性硬化 Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease. Hereditary disease characterized by seizures, mental retardation, developmental delay, and skin and ocular lesions. First signs usually occur during infancy or childhood but in rare cases may not occur until 2nd or 3rd decade. Cerebral Sclerosis Tuberous sclerosis complex Sclerosis Tuberous tuberous sclerosis syndrome Bourneville Pringles Disease TS Phakomatosis Bourneville BOURNEVILLE-PRINGLE SYNDROME TUBEROSE SCLEROSIS epiloia Sclerosis Tuberose Sclerosis Cerebral Tuberous sclerosis syndrome (disorder) Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Bourneville Phakomatosis Bourneville-Pringles Disease tuberous sclerosis TS - Tuberous sclerosis Bourneville Pringle Disease Tuberous sclerosis Epiloia Disease Bourneville-Pringles Bourneville Phacomatosis adenoma sebaceum syndrome cerebral sclerosis Bournevilles Disease Bourneville-Pringle Disease PHAKOMATOSIS BOURNEVILLE Sclerosis Tuberosa TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS Disease Bourneville-Pringle Bournevilles disease EPILOIA TSC Bourneville syndrome tuberous sclerosis complex Bourneville Syndrome Epiloya Bournevilles Syndrome TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX Tuberous Sclerosis Phacomatosis Bourneville Syndrome Bourneville Tuberous Sclerosis Syndrome Syndrome Bournevilles BOURNEVILLE DIS Adenoma sebaceum syndrome Brain sclerosis Bournevilles syndrome Tuberose Sclerosis Tuberous sclerosis syndrome Bourneville-Pringles Disease Cerebral Scleroses BOURNEVILLES DIS Bourneville disease Bourneville Disease Tuberous Sclerosis 索他洛尔 An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias. An ethanolamine derivative with Class III antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive properties. Sotalol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor and potassium channel antagonist. In the heart, this agent inhibits chronotropic and inotropic effects thereby slowing the heart rate and decreasing myocardial contractility. This agent also reduces sinus rate, slows conduction in the atria and in the atrioventricular (AV) node and increases the functional refractory period of the AV node. Sotalol Sotalol (substance) 4-(1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl)methane sulfonanilide Methanesulfonamide N-(4-(1-hydroxy-2-((1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)phenyl)- Sotalolum Sotalolo Sotalol-containing product Product containing sotalol (medicinal product) Sotalol 托吡酯 A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss. A sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide with anticonvulsant property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, topiramate antagonizes kainate/AMPA subtype of the glutamate receptors, which are ligand-activated cation channels that mediate the fast component of excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurons of the central nervous system. This antagonistic action results in stabilizing hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and decreasing propagation of synaptic impulses, thereby impedes seizure occurrences. In addition, this agent augments gamma-aminobenzoic acid (GABA) activity and thereby attenuating GABAnergic inhibitory transmission. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Epitomax USL255 McN 4853 McN4853 McN-4853 Topiramate Tipiramate Tipiramato 23:45-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate beta-D-Fructopyranose 23:45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)- sulfamate TPM Topamax Product containing topiramate (medicinal product) Topiramate-containing product 23:45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate Topiramato 23-45-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate Topiramate (substance) Topiramatum 97240-79-4 Topiramate 氨己烯酸 An analogue of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and is used as an anticonvulsant. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed) [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] All methods of contraception may be offered to women taking non-enzyme-inducing AEDs (e.g. sodium valproate, levetiracetam, gabapentin, vigabatrin, tiagabine and pregabalin). 【推荐等级：C】所有避孕方法都适用于服用非酶诱导AEDs的WWE（丙戊酸钠、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、氨己烯酸、替加宾、普瑞巴林）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ gamma-Vinyl-GABA Vigabatrin gamma vinyl gaba Product containing vigabatrin (medicinal product) Gamma vinyl gamma aminobutyric acid Vinyl Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 4-Amino-5-hexenoic Acid gamma-Vinyl-gamma-Aminobutyric Acid MDL 71754 gamma-Vinyl GABA Vigabatrine RMI-71754 Vigabatrinum 5-Hexenoic Acid 4-Amino- GVG Vigabatrina Vigabatrin (substance) MDL-71754 Vigabatrin-containing product Sabril Sabrilex Vigabatrin 躯体共患病的诊断 A diagnosis is an assertion that a patient has somatic comorbidities. somatic comorbidities diagnosis Diagnosis of somatic comorbidities 碳酸锂 A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. The carbonate salt of lithium, a soft alkali metal, with antimanic and hematopoietic activities. Lithium interferes with transmembrane sodium exchange in nerve cells by affecting sodium, potassium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase); alters the release of neurotransmitters; affects cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations; and blocks inositol metabolism resulting in depletion of cellular inositol and inhibition of phospholipase C-mediated signal transduction. The exact mechanism through which lithium exerts its mood-stabilizing effect has not been established. In addition, lithium stimulates granulocytopoiesis and appears to increase the level of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells by stimulating the release of hematopoietic cytokines and/or directly acting on hematopoietic stem cells. Lithium carbonate Escalith Eskalith Lithane Lithotabs Carbonate Dilithium Lithium carbonate (substance) Lithium Carbonic acid dilithium salt Lithonate Carbonate Lithium Lithii carbonas Lithium carbonate-containing product Dilithium carbonate Lithobid Product containing lithium carbonate (medicinal product) Lithium carbonate 受口服避孕药影响的抗癫痫药物 Antiseizure medications affected by oral contraceptives (备注：参考ISBN 978190910344、https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137、https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg68/、PMID: 25618222) Antiseizure medications affected by oral contraceptives 抗焦虑药物 Agents that alleviate ANXIETY, tension, and ANXIETY DISORDERS, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. Any agent used to treat anxiety. Agent, Anti-Anxiety Agent, Anxiolytic Agents, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Anxiolytic Agents, Minor Tranquilizing Agents, Minor Tranquillizing Anti Anxiety Agents Anti Anxiety Agent Anti Anxiety Drugs Anti Anxiety Drug anti-agents Anti-Anxiety Agents Anti-Anxiety Agent Anti-Anxiety Drugs Anti-Anxiety Drug antianxiety agents antianxiety agent antianxiety tranquilizers Anxiolytic agent (substance) anxiolytic agents Anxiolytic Agent anxiolytics anxiolytic Drug, Anti-Anxiety Drugs, Anti-Anxiety Medicinal product acting as anxiolytic agent (product) Minor Tanquilizer minor tranquilizers Minor Tranquilizing Agents Minor Tranquillizing Agents Tranquilizing Agents, Minor Tranquillizing Agents, Minor Anti-anxiety drugs 夸西泮 Kwazepam 吡格列酮 A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. An orally-active thiazolidinedione with antidiabetic properties and potential antineoplastic activity. Pioglitazone activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a ligand-activated transcription factor, thereby inducing cell differentiation and inhibiting cell growth and angiogenesis. This agent also modulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes, inhibits macrophage and monocyte activation, and stimulates adipocyte differentiation. (±)-5-((4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-24-thiazolidinedione Pioglitazone Pioglitazone (substance) 5-{4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]benzyl}-13-thiazolidine-24-dione Pioglitazonum Pioglitazona Pioglitazone-containing product Product containing pioglitazone (medicinal product) 5-(4-(2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy)benzyl)-24-thiazolidinedione U-72107A Pioglitazone Hydrochloride U72107A AD-4833 Actos AD 4833 AD4833 U 72107A Pioglitazone 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 仅有全面强直-阵挛发作性癫痫 Subtype of idiopathic/genetic generalized epilepsies EGTCS Epilepsia apenas com crises tónico-clónicas generalizadas Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures only 物质补充 Material supplement 胎儿健康状况监测 Physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the fetus. It is usually done during LABOR, OBSTETRIC and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. It may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery. How should the fetus be monitored in pregnancy? What are the effects of AEDs on cardiotocography? 妊娠期应如何监测胎儿？AEDs对胎监有何影响？ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:B] Serial growth scans are required for detection of small-for-gestational-age babies and to plan further management in WWE exposed to AEDs. 【推荐等级：B】连续生长扫描（serial growth scans）是检测小于胎龄儿必需的，同时也是进一步规划暴露于AEDs的WWE的护理计划所必需的。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] There is no role for routine antepartum fetal surveillance with cardiotocography in WWE taking AEDs.（evidence level 2-：A small study comparing the cardio-tocography pattern in pregnant WWE taking AEDs did not show any difference in fetal heart rate parameters such as baseline heart rate, number of accelerations or duration of high and low variation episodes.） 【推荐等级：D】对服用AEDs的WWE进行常规产前心分娩力描记法（fetal surveillance with cardiotocography）没有作用。（2-证据比较了服用AEDs的WWE的胎儿心率参数，没有发现任何差异） https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ What is the optimum method and timing of screening for detection of fetal abnormalities? 筛查胎儿先天畸形的最佳方法和时机 Early pregnancy can be an opportunity to screen for structural abnormalities. The fetal anomaly scan at 18+0–20+6 weeks of gestation can identify major cardiac defects in addition to neural tube defects. 早期妊娠（early pregnancy）是筛查胎儿结构异常的机会。妊娠18+0-20+6周除了可发现胎儿神经管缺损外，还可发现心脏缺损。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] All WWE should be offered a detailed ultrasound in line with the National Health Service Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme standards. 【推荐等级：D】应向所有WWE提供符合国家卫生服务胎儿异常筛查计划标准（National Health Service Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme standards）的详细超声检查。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ A detailed assessment of fetal anatomy to detect fetal congenital abnormalities should be offered to all pregnant women with epilepsy at 18–20 weeks gestation. 所有妊娠18-20周的女性癫痫患者都应进行详细的胎儿解剖学（fetal anatomy）评估以发现胎儿先天异常。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Monitoring Fetal Fetal Monitorings Monitorings Fetal Fetal monitoring 加巴喷丁 A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME. A synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid with anticonvulsant activity. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, gabapentin appears to inhibit excitatory neuron activity. This agent also exhibits analgesic properties. (NCI04) [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Convalis Gabapentino 60142-96-3 Neurontin gabapentin Product containing gabapentin (medicinal product) 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic Acid Gabapentinum Gabapentina Gabapentin-containing product Gabapentin (substance) Gralise Gabapentine Apo-Gabapentin ApoGabapentin Gabapentin Hexal Apo Gabapentin Novo Gabapentin Novo-Gabapentin Gabapentin Ratiopharm NovoGabapentin Gabapentin-Ratiopharm Gabapentin Stada PMS-Gabapentin Gabapentin 雌孕激素周期序贯治疗 The use of two or more consecutive treatment modalities. sequential treatment Sequential Treatment 绝经期女性癫痫患者的骨质疏松问题也不容忽视，老龄、绝经和部分AEDs的不良反应都是骨质疏松发生的原因。因此，对更年期癫痫女性推荐应用无肝酶诱导作用的AEDs。并且对长期服用AEDs的绝经期及绝经后癫痫女性常规监测骨密度，鼓励其改变生活习惯来预防和阻止骨质疏松的发展，如适度增加体育锻炼；补充钙剂及维生素D；此外二膦酸盐、降钙素、雷洛昔芬都是可能的有效选择。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 维生素D A vitamin that includes both CHOLECALCIFEROLS and ERGOCALCIFEROLS, which have the common effect of preventing or curing RICKETS in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in SKIN by action of ULTRAVIOLET RAYS upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ERGOSTEROL, and acts on VITAMIN D RECEPTORS to regulate CALCIUM in opposition to PARATHYROID HORMONE. A family of lipo-soluble steroids important to the absorption, metabolism, and function of calcium and phosphorus and the growth and development of bone and tooth enamel. Found naturally in animal tissues, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is formed in the skin when ultraviolet light activates cholesterol conversion into vitamin D3. Ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol (plant vitamin D) forms ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). (NCI04) Vitamin D unspecified form Calciol Vitamin-D 62792 VITAMIN D 67-97-0 D Vitamin Vitamin D [EPC] 3-[2-[7a-methyl-1-(145-trimethylhex-2-enyl)-1233a5677a-octahydroinden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexan-1-ol Vitamin D Compound VIT D Vitamins - Vitamin D Vitamin D NOS Calciferol Vitamin D-class Agent Vitamin D A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313) Epilepsies Seizure Disorder Seizure Disorders Awakening Epilepsy Epilepsy Awakening Epilepsy Cryptogenic Cryptogenic Epilepsies Cryptogenic Epilepsy Epilepsies Cryptogenic Aura Auras Epileptic syndroms 放松训练 Treatment to improve one's health condition by using techniques that can reduce PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS; or both. Relaxation Techniques Ecotherapies Therapeutic Relaxation Technic Relaxation Therapy Nature Relaxation Technics Relaxation Therapeutic Therapy Relaxation Techniques Relaxation Nature Therapies Nature Therapy Relaxation Technique Technique Relaxation Relaxation Technic Ecotherapy Relaxation training 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. The sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproate sodium is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, valproate sodium increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproate sodium may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect. Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 阿卡波糖 An inhibitor of ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES that retards the digestion and absorption of DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES in the SMALL INTESTINE. A pseudotetrasaccharide and inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase and pancreatic alpha-amylase with antihyperglycemic activity. Acarbose binds to and inhibits alpha-glucosidase, an enteric enzyme found in the brush border of the small intestines that hydrolyzes oligosaccharides and disaccharides into glucose and other monosaccharides. This prevents the breakdown of larger carbohydrates into glucose and decreases the rise in postprandial blood glucose levels. In addition, acarbose inhibits pancreatic alpha-amylase which hydrolyzes complex starches to oligosaccharides in the small intestines. Acarbose Glucobay 56180-94-0 Acarbose (substance) D-glucose O-46-dideoxy-4-(((1S-(1 alpha4 alpha5 beta6 alpha))-456-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)amino)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyr anosyl-(1-4)- O-46-dideoxy-4-[[(1S4R5S6S)-456-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]amino]-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-glucose Acarbose-containing product Acarbosum Bay g 5421 Precose Product containing acarbose (medicinal product) Acarbosa Glumida Prandase Glucor Acarbose 度洛西汀 A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA. N-methyl-3-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-3-(2-thiophene)propanamide Duloxetine duloxetine Duloxetine (substance) N-methyl-3-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-2-thiophenepropanamine Product containing duloxetine (medicinal product) Duloxetine-containing product DULoxetine DULOXETINE Duloxetina LY227942 LY-227942 LY248686 Hydrochloride Duloxetine Duloxetine (+)-isomer Cymbalta Duloxetine HCl LY 248686 LY-248686 LY 227942 Duloxetine Ethanedioate (1:1) (+-)-isomer - T353987 HCl Duloxetine Duloxetine 代偿法 Compensation method(备注：参考ISBN9787117158626) Compensation method 妊娠：孕妇除定期进行产科检查外，还应定期就诊于癫痫专科医生；根据临床发作情况及时调整AEDs的剂量，尽量减少和避免发作，尤其是全面性强直-阵挛发作。孕妇也需要了解，没有证据表明局灶性、失神以及肌阵挛性发作会影响妊娠期与发育阶段的胎儿，除非患者跌倒或者受到了伤害；如果妊娠期间发作控制不佳，要充分考虑到妊娠相关因素的影响，如剧烈呕吐、依从性差等；妊娠16-20周时应该对胎儿进行详细的超声波检查，及时发现可能存在的畸形。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. 单纯部分性发作 Partial epilepsy without mention of impairment of consciousness Partial Seizures Simple Consciousness Preserved Seizures Simple Partial Partial seizure with retained awareness Simple partial seizure Partial seizure without impairment of awareness Focal aware seizures Focal seizure without impairment of consciousness or awareness Focal aware seizure Simple Partial Seizures Seizures simple partial Simple partial seizure consciousness not impaired (disorder) Simple partial seizure (disorder) Epilepsy partial NOS without impairment of consciousness Simple partial seizures Focal seizures without impairment of consciousness or awareness Partial seizures simple Focal seizure without impairment of awareness Simple partial seizure consciousness not impaired Focal seizure with retained awareness Partial Seizures Simple Focal onset aware seizure Epilepsy partial without impairment of consciousness Simple partial seizure 苯妥英钠 An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The sodium salt form of phenytoin, a hydantoin derivate and non-sedative antiepileptic agent with anticonvulsant activity. Phenytoin sodium promotes sodium efflux from neurons located in the motor cortex, thereby stabilizing the neuron and inhibiting synaptic transmission. This leads to a reduction in posttetanic potentiation at synapses, an inhibition of repetitive firing of action potentials and ultimately inhibits the spread of seizure activity. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 55-Diphenyl-24-imidazolidinedione Monosodium Salt phenytoin sodium Diphenylhydantoin sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Sodium Phenytoin sodium (substance) Dilantin Sodium Diphenylhydantoinate Dihydan Diphenylhydantoin Hydantol Epanutin Difenin 55-diphenylimidazolidine-24-dione Fenitoin Antisacer 55-Diphenylhydantoin Epamin Phenytoin sodium 苯乙肼 One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC. PHENELZINE Phénelzine Phenelzine (substance) Phenelzinum beta-Phenylethylhydrazine Fenelzina 2 Phenethylhydrazine Phenethylhydrazine Product containing phenelzine (medicinal product) 2-Phenethylhydrazine Fenelzin beta Phenylethylhydrazine Phenelzine-containing product Hydrazine (2-phenylethyl)- Phenelzin Phenelzine 去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂 Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (NRIs) are drugs that function primarily by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and/or epinephrine (adrenaline). Inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine tends to elicit stimulating effects, thereby increasing both cortical arousal and energy levels. The NRI drugs are typically prescribed to individuals that may benefit from increased arousal such as in cases of ADHD, narcolepsy, and depression NRIs Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor 低功率脑皮质电凝热灼术 Procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. It is different from ELECTROSURGERY which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit. A procedure that uses a high-frequency current for the purpose of destroying living tissue, most commonly malignant tumors. Thermocoagulation Fulguration - action (qualifier value) Galvanocautery Fulguration Endocavitary Electrocoagulation - action (qualifier value) ELECTROCOAG Diathermy - surgical (procedure) Electrocautery Fulguration DIATHERMY SURG Electrocoagulation Fulguration (procedure) Surgical Diathermy Thermocoagulation (qualifier value) Fulguration - action Diathermy Surgical fulguration Electrosection cutting THERMOCOAG SURG DIATHERMY Endocavitary Fulguration Electrocoagulation (procedure) Destruction of lesion or structure by biterminal bipolar fulguration Thermal coagulation electrofulguration Diathermy - surgical Electrocoagulation - action Electrocoagulation 噻托溴铵 The bromide salt form of tiotropium, a quaternary ammonium derivative of atropine and a muscarinic receptor antagonist, with bronchodilating activity. Although it does not display selectivity for specific muscarinic receptors, on topical application, tiotropium bromide acts mainly on M3 muscarinic receptors located on smooth muscle cells and submucosal glands, preventing smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion, thus producing a bronchodilatory effect. TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE ANHYDROUS Tiotropium Bromide Tiotropium Bromide 继发全面性发作 Secondarily generalized seizures Secondarily generalised seizures Secondarily generalized seizures (finding) Secondarily generalized seizures 可能引起焦虑的抗癫痫药物 Antiseizure medications that may trigger anxiety参考doi10.7507/2096-0247.20180033 Antiseizure medications that may trigger anxiety 导致肥胖的抗癫痫药物 ASMs associated with weight gain constitutes a serious problem in the management of people with epilepsy, including sodium valproate, pregabalin and vigabatrin. Excessive weight gain can lead to non-compliance with treatment and to an exacerbation of obesity-related conditions. The mechanisms by which ASMs cause weight gain are not fully understood. 参考ISBN9787117242479 Antiseizure medications causing obesity 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. The sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproate sodium is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, valproate sodium increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproate sodium may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect. Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 氟西汀 The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. A diphenhydramine derivative and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with antidepressant, anti-anxiety, antiobsessional and antibulimic activity and with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, fluoxetine binds to the presynaptic serotonin (5-HT) receptor resulting in negative allosteric modulation of the receptor complex, thereby blocking recycling of serotonin by the presynaptic receptor. Inhibition of serotonin reuptake by fluoxetine enhances serotonergic function through serotonin accumulation in the synaptic space, resulting in long-term desensitization and downregulation of 5-HT receptors, preventing 5-HT-mediated signaling and leading to antidepressant, anti-anxiety, antiobsessional and antibulimic effects. In addition, fluoxetine may inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6). This may prevent IL-6-mediated inflammation and cytokine storm. fluoxetine N-methyl-gamma-(4-(trifluoromethyl) -phenoxy)-benzenepropanamine Fluoxétine Fluoxetin (+-)-N-Methyl-3-phenyl-3-((alphaalphaalpha-trifluoro-P-tolyl)oxy)propylamine Fluoxetine-containing product Fluoxetine FLUOX Fluoxetinum FLUoxetine N-Methyl-gamma-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzenepropanamine (+-)-N-Methyl-gamma-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzenepropanamine FLUOXETINE Product containing fluoxetine (medicinal product) Fluoxetina Benzenepropanamine N-methyl-gamma-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)- (+-)- Fluoxetine (substance) Fluoxetin Lilly-110140 Lilly 110140 Prozac Lilly110140 N-Methyl-gamma-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzenepropanamine Fluoxetine Hydrochloride Sarafem Fluoxetine 胶体次枸橼酸铋 A mineral compound that is used to treat duodenal and gastric ulcers associated with Helicobacter pylori. colloidal bismuth subcitrate bismuth subcitrate BISSUBCIT tripotassium-dicitrato bismuthate Tripotassium dicitratobismuthate Tripotassium dicitratobismuthate (substance) bismuth tripotassium dicitrate Colloidal bismuth subcitrate (substance) Bismuth chelate Colloidal bismuth subcitrate 二甲双胍 A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289) An agent belonging to the biguanide class of antidiabetics with antihyperglycemic activity. Metformin is associated with a very low incidence of lactic acidosis. This agent helps reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and is not associated with weight gain, and prevents the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Metformin is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Dimethylbiguanidine Dimethylbiguanid Metforminum Metformin Metformin (substance) Metformin-containing product Imidodicarbonimidic diamide NN-dimethyl- NN-dimethylbiguanide 11-Dimethylbiguanide Product containing metformin (medicinal product) Dimethylguanylguanidine Metformine NN-Dimethylimidodicarbonimidic Diamide Metformina HCl Metformin Metformin HCl Hydrochloride Metformin Glucophage Metformin Hydrochloride Metformin 体重控制 Weight control behaviour Weight control behavior Weight control behavior (observable entity) Weight control behavior 氯哌噻吨 A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595) 1-Piperazineethanol 4-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)-9H-thioxanthen-9-ylidene)propyl)- Flupentixolo Product containing flupentixol (medicinal product) Flupentixol-containing product Flupentixolum cis-Flupenthixol flupentixol Flupenthixol Flupenthixole alpha-Flupenthixol Flupentixol (substance) Flupentixol 导致认知损害的抗癫痫药物 Antiseizure medications causing cognitive impairment(备注：参考ISBN9787117158626) [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Prepregnancy folic acid 5 mg/day may be helpful in reducing the risk of AED-related cognitive deficits. 【推荐等级：C】孕前补充5mg/d叶酸可能可以降低AEDs相关认知障碍的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Antiseizure medications causing cognitive impairment 拉莫三嗪 A phenyltriazine compound, sodium and calcium channel blocker that is used for the treatment of SEIZURES and BIPOLAR DISORDER. A synthetic phenyltriazine with antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Lamotrigine enhances the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which may result in a reduction of pain-related transmission of signals along nerve fibers. This agent may also inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels, suppress glutamate release, and inhibit serotonin reuptake. (NCI04) Discuss with women and girls who are taking lamotrigine that the simultaneous use of any oestrogen-based contraceptive can result in a significant reduction of lamotrigine levels and lead to loss of seizure control. When a woman or girl starts or stops taking these contraceptives, the dose of lamotrigine may need to be adjusted.[new 2012] 应当告知使用拉莫三嗪的女性，任何基于雌激素的避孕药的同时使用都可能使拉莫三嗪水平的显著下降，导致癫痫发作失控。当其开始或停止使用此类避孕药时，拉莫三嗪的剂量或需调整。 Do not routinely monitor AED levels during pregnancy. If seizures increase or are likely to increase, monitoring AED levels (particularly levels of lamotrigine and phenytoin, which may be particularly affected in pregnancy) may be useful when making dose adjustments. [new 2012] 怀孕期间不要常规监测抗癫痫药物水平。如果癫痫发作增加或可能增加，监测 AED 水平（尤其是拉莫三嗪和苯妥英的水平，其在怀孕期间可能受到特别影响）在调整剂量时可能有用。 [2012年新] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking lamotrigine monotherapy and oestrogen-containing contraceptives should be informed of the potential increase in seizures due to a fall in the levels of lamotrigine. 【推荐等级：C】应告知同时服用拉莫三嗪（单一疗法）和含雌激素避孕药的WWE，由于拉莫三嗪水平的下降，癫痫发作的风险增加。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy receiving lamotrigine: D级推荐：对于接受LTG治疗的妇女： can use progestogen-only contraceptives without restriction. These women should be made aware of signs and symptoms of lamotrigine toxicity, and have the lamotrigine dose reduced if these occur. 可不受限制地使用仅含有孕激素的避孕药（但应注意LTG中毒的临床表现，若中毒，应减少LTG剂量）； and combined hormonal contraceptives should be counselled about the reduction in circulating lamotrigine concentrations and the potential for, and consequences of, increased seizure activity. The healthcare professional should also discuss the possibility of increasing the lamotrigine dose with the patient. 若联合使用激素类避孕药，可能会降低血浆LTG浓度，可能导致癫痫发作次数增加，需要增加LTG剂量； and combined hormonal contraceptives should be warned about signs and symptoms of lamotrigine toxicity if the contraceptive is withdrawn. A reduction in lamotrigine dosing may be necessary at this time. 联合使用LTG和组合避孕药，应警惕LTG中毒症状，此时可能需要降低LTG剂量。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Lamictal Lamotrigine 35-diamino-6-(23-dichlorophenyl)-124-triazine Lamiktal 124-Triazine-35-diamine 6-(23-dichlorophenyl)- Lamotrigina Lamotrigine-containing product Product containing lamotrigine (medicinal product) Lamotrigine (substance) Lamotriginum 35-Diamino-6-(23-dichlorophenyl)-as-triazine Labileno BW430C BW 430C Crisomet BW-430C Lamotrigine 诊断方法 A question about the method to obtain the initial pathologic diagnosis. Method of Initial Pathologic Diagnosis Initial Pathologic Diagnosis Method Diagnosis method 高血压 Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more. Blood pressure that is abnormally high. high blood pressure hypertension HBP - High blood pressure Hypertension Hypertensive vascular degeneration BP - High blood pressure Hypertensive diseases Hypertensive disorder systemic arterial (disorder) Hypertension NOS Arterial hypertension HT High Blood Pressure/ Hypertension hypertensive disorder HBP Hypertensive disease HTN HT - Hypertension Systemic arterial hypertension systemic hypertension Vascular Hypertensive Disorder Hypertensive disorder systemic arterial BP+ - Hypertension hyperpiesia HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE HYPERTENSION Hypertensive disorder Complications affecting other specified body systems not elsewhere classified hypertension Blood pressure high Vascular hypertensive disorders Hypertension arterial vascular hypertension High Blood Pressure Blood Pressure High High blood pressure disorder Blood Pressures High vascular hypertensive disorder Hypertensive vascular disease HTN - Hypertension Systemic hypertension High Blood Pressures Surg comp - hypertension Hypertension arterial hyperpiesis High blood pressure Hypertension 拉莫三嗪 A phenyltriazine compound, sodium and calcium channel blocker that is used for the treatment of SEIZURES and BIPOLAR DISORDER. A synthetic phenyltriazine with antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Lamotrigine enhances the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which may result in a reduction of pain-related transmission of signals along nerve fibers. This agent may also inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels, suppress glutamate release, and inhibit serotonin reuptake. (NCI04) Discuss with women and girls who are taking lamotrigine that the simultaneous use of any oestrogen-based contraceptive can result in a significant reduction of lamotrigine levels and lead to loss of seizure control. When a woman or girl starts or stops taking these contraceptives, the dose of lamotrigine may need to be adjusted.[new 2012] 应当告知使用拉莫三嗪的女性，任何基于雌激素的避孕药的同时使用都可能使拉莫三嗪水平的显著下降，导致癫痫发作失控。当其开始或停止使用此类避孕药时，拉莫三嗪的剂量或需调整。 Do not routinely monitor AED levels during pregnancy. If seizures increase or are likely to increase, monitoring AED levels (particularly levels of lamotrigine and phenytoin, which may be particularly affected in pregnancy) may be useful when making dose adjustments. [new 2012] 怀孕期间不要常规监测抗癫痫药物水平。如果癫痫发作增加或可能增加，监测 AED 水平（尤其是拉莫三嗪和苯妥英的水平，其在怀孕期间可能受到特别影响）在调整剂量时可能有用。 [2012年新] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking lamotrigine monotherapy and oestrogen-containing contraceptives should be informed of the potential increase in seizures due to a fall in the levels of lamotrigine. 【推荐等级：C】应告知同时服用拉莫三嗪（单一疗法）和含雌激素避孕药的WWE，由于拉莫三嗪水平的下降，癫痫发作的风险增加。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Parents should be made aware of signs of toxicity in infants of breastfeeding women taking antiepileptic drugs. The possibility of sedation should be considered in infants of mothers taking high dose antiepileptic drugs, polytherapy, or regimens including primidone, levetiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate. D级推荐：应告知女性癫痫患者及其伴侣，哺乳期服用AEDs可能对新生儿/婴儿有不良影响。服用大剂量AEDs、综合疗法或采用包含扑米酮、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和托吡酯在内的治疗方案的哺乳期母亲婴儿可能会有镇静的副作用。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy receiving lamotrigine: D级推荐：对于接受LTG治疗的妇女： can use progestogen-only contraceptives without restriction. These women should be made aware of signs and symptoms of lamotrigine toxicity, and have the lamotrigine dose reduced if these occur. 可不受限制地使用仅含有孕激素的避孕药（但应注意LTG中毒的临床表现，若中毒，应减少LTG剂量）； and combined hormonal contraceptives should be counselled about the reduction in circulating lamotrigine concentrations and the potential for, and consequences of, increased seizure activity. The healthcare professional should also discuss the possibility of increasing the lamotrigine dose with the patient. 若联合使用激素类避孕药，可能会降低血浆LTG浓度，可能导致癫痫发作次数增加，需要增加LTG剂量； and combined hormonal contraceptives should be warned about signs and symptoms of lamotrigine toxicity if the contraceptive is withdrawn. A reduction in lamotrigine dosing may be necessary at this time. 联合使用LTG和组合避孕药，应警惕LTG中毒症状，此时可能需要降低LTG剂量。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Lamictal Lamotrigine 35-diamino-6-(23-dichlorophenyl)-124-triazine Lamiktal 124-Triazine-35-diamine 6-(23-dichlorophenyl)- Lamotrigina Lamotrigine-containing product Product containing lamotrigine (medicinal product) Lamotrigine (substance) Lamotriginum 35-Diamino-6-(23-dichlorophenyl)-as-triazine Labileno BW430C BW 430C Crisomet BW-430C Lamotrigine 非氨酯 A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY. A propanediol compound with anticonvulsant and antiepileptic properties. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, Felbamate may be an antagonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine-recognition site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-ionophore complex, thereby blocking the effects of the excitatory amino acids, suppressing neuronal firing, and preventing seizure activity. Felbamate also has weak inhibitory effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor binding sites which may contribute to its inhibitory effect on neuronal excitatory. Felbatol FELBAMATE Felbamate 2 Phenyl 13 propanediol dicarbamate Felbamato Product containing felbamate (medicinal product) carbamic acid 2-phenyltrimethylene ester 2-Phenyl-13-propanediol dicarbamate 13-Propanediol 2-phenyl- dicarbamate Felbamate-containing product Carbamic acid 3-carbamoyloxy-2-phenyl-propyl ester 2-Phenyl-13-propanediol Dicarbamate (3-Carbamoyloxy-2-phenyl-propyl) carbamate Carbamic Acid 2-phenyltrimethylene Ester Felbamatum felbamate 2-phenyl-13-propanediol dicarbamate Felbamate (substance) Felbamate 卡马西平 A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties. A tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine Carbamazepine (substance) TEGretol Carbamazepen Carbamazepin 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Carbamazepine 169864 Carbamazepine Anhydrous Carbamazepina 5-Carbamyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine CBZ Carbamazepinum 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine Carbamazepine-containing product Carbamazépine 298-46-4 Product containing carbamazepine (medicinal product) 5-carbamoyl-5H-dibenz[bf]azepine Epitol Finlepsin Carbamazepine Dihydrate Carbamazepine Hydrochloride Neurotol Carbamazepine L-Tartrate (4:1) Carbamazepine Acetate Carbamazepine Sulfate (2:1) Carbamazepine Phosphate Carbazepin Amizepine Carbamazepine 超声检查 The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. A technique in which high-frequency sound waves are bounced off internal organs and the echo pattern is converted into a 2 dimensional picture of the structures beneath the transducer. Pregnant women and girls who are taking AEDs should be offered a high-resolution ultrasound scan to screen for structural anomalies. This scan should be performed at 18–20 weeks' gestation by an appropriately trained ultrasonographer, but earlier scanning may allow major malformations to be detected sooner. [2004] 应为服用 抗癫痫药物的女性提供高分辨率超声扫描以筛查结构异常。该扫描应由受过规范培训的超声医师在妊娠 18-20 周时进行，但早期扫描可以更快地发现主要畸形。 [2004] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] All WWE should be offered a detailed ultrasound in line with the National Health Service Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme standards. 【推荐等级：D】应向所有WWE提供符合国家卫生服务胎儿异常筛查计划标准（National Health Service Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme standards）的详细超声检查。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ sonography Ultrasonography ULTRASOUND ultrasound Diagnostic ultrasound ultrasonography sound measurement 2D-US Ultrasound 2-Dimensional Grayscale Ultrasound Imaging Sonography Medical Ultrasound scan ultrasound scanning USS - Ultrasound scan Sonogram ULTRASONOGR Sonography ECHOGR Diagnostic Ultrasound Ultrasonographic Imaging Ultrasounds Echography GEN.US US Ultrasound Medical Ultrasound procedure Imagings Ultrasound ultrasound imaging/scanning echography Diagnostic ultrasonography US - Ultrasound Diagnostic sonar 2-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging Diagnostic ultrasonography (procedure) Diagnostic echography Imagings Ultrasonographic ultrasound imaging Ultrasound scan NOS Echotomography Ultrasonogram Diagnostic Ultrasounds sonogram Ultrasonographic Imagings Ultrasound Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging Imaging Ultrasound ultrasound test Ultrasonic Imaging General ultrasound Imaging Ultrasonographic Ultrasound Test ECHOTOMOGR Ultrasounds Diagnostic Imaging Ultrasonic diagnostic ultrasound Medical Sonography Ultrasonography 毛发 A filament-like structure consisting of a shaft which projects to the surface of the SKIN from a root which is softer than the shaft and lodges in the cavity of a HAIR FOLLICLE. It is found on most surfaces of the body. The filamentous outgrowth of the epidermis. hair HAIR Set of hairs Hair set of hairs Pili Hair - material (substance) Hair structure (body structure) Hair - material Hair structure Hairs set Hairs Hair 噻加宾 A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] All methods of contraception may be offered to women taking non-enzyme-inducing AEDs (e.g. sodium valproate, levetiracetam, gabapentin, vigabatrin, tiagabine and pregabalin). 【推荐等级：C】所有避孕方法都适用于服用非酶诱导AEDs的WWE（丙戊酸钠、左乙拉西坦、加巴喷丁、氨己烯酸、替加宾、普瑞巴林）。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Tiagabine Hydrochloride Gabitril NO 328 NO-328 NO 329 (R)-(44-bis(3-Methyl-2-thienyl)-3-butenyl)-3-piperidinecarboxylic acid Hydrochloride Tiagabine (S)-isomer NO-329 tiagabine N-(44-di(3-Methylthien-2-yl)but-3-enyl)nipecotic acid Tiagabine-containing product Tiagabine (substance) Tiagabina Product containing tiagabine (medicinal product) Tiagabinum 3-Piperidinecarboxylic acid 1-(44-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)-3-buten-1-yl)- (3R)- Tiagabine 核磁共振 Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. Imaging that uses radiofrequency waves and a strong magnetic field rather than x-rays to provide detailed pictures of internal organs and tissues. The technique is valuable for the diagnosis of many pathologic conditions, including cancer, heart and vascular disease, stroke, and joint and musculoskeletal disorders. TOMOGR MR MRI - Magnetic resonance imaging NMR TOMOGR Magnetic resonance imaging - action (qualifier value) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance study Magnetic resonance imaging NMR Imaging Magnetic resonance technique NMR Steady-State Free Precession MRI Magnetic resonance imaging - action Imaging NMR Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Zeugmatography magnetic resonance imaging TOMOGR NMR NMR Tomography nuclear magnetic resonance imaging Imaging Magnetic Resonance MR NMR - Nuclear magnetic resonance Medical Imaging Magnetic Resonance / Nuclear Magnetic Resonance MR Imaging MR Tomography Tomography NMR ZEUGMATOGR Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan Steady State Free Precession MRI NMR imaging Nuclear magnetic resonance Magnetic Resonance Imaging MR imaging Tomography MR Magnetic resonance imaging (procedure) NMRI MR TOMOGR MRI scan MRI MRI Scan MR - Magnetic resonance Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging 克罗恩病 A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients. A gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic inflammation involving all layers of the intestinal wall, noncaseating granulomas affecting the intestinal wall and regional lymph nodes, and transmural fibrosis. Crohn disease most commonly involves the terminal ileum; the colon is the second most common site of involvement. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (CROHN DISEASE) 1 Crohns Enteritis REGIONAL ENTERITIS CD - Crohns disease granulomatous enteritis RE - regional enteritis CROHN DIS Granulomatous enteritis and colitis Crohns disease Crohns disease (disorder) Crohns disease NOS Crohns IBD1 Crohn disease Crohn disease unspecified DISEASE CROHNS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE REGIONAL ENTERITIS Inflammatory Bowel Disease 1 Crohns disease unspecified Crohn disease [regional enteritis] CROHNS DIS enteritis (regional) eleocolitis Morbus Crohn Crohns disease [regional enteritis] Crohns regional enteritis Crohn disease 去甲肾上腺素和特异性5-HT能抗抑郁药 Norepinephrine and specific 5-HT antidepressants 参考https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00370 Norepinephrine and specific 5-HT antidepressants 劳拉西泮 A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. A benzodiazepine with anxiolytic, anti-anxiety, anticonvulsant, anti-emetic and sedative properties. Lorazepam enhances the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid on the GABA receptors by binding to a site that is distinct from the GABA binding site in the central nervous system. This leads to an increase in chloride channel opening events, a facilitation of chloride ion conductance, membrane hyperpolarization, and eventually inhibition of the transmission of nerve signals, thereby decreasing nervous excitation. If there is doubt whether a seizure in labour is due to eclampsia or epilepsy, a slow intravenous bolus of 4 g magnesium sulphate over five minutes followed by 1 g/hour for 24 hours is recommended in addition to midazolam, lorazepam or diazepam. 如果不能明确分娩过程中的痫性发作是由子痫引起还是由癫痫引起，建议在米达唑仑、劳拉西泮或地西泮的基础上，5min内缓慢静注硫酸镁4g，之后1g/h，持续24h。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html lorazepam o-Chlorooxazepam 7-Chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1 3-Dihydro-3-Hydroxy-14- Benzodiazepin-2-one LORazepam Wyeth Orfidal Orfidal Wyeth Ativan LORAZEPAM 846-49-1 Product containing lorazepam (medicinal product) 289758 Lorazepam (substance) o-Chloroxazepam Loracepam Témesta Lorazepam-containing product 7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1 3-dihydro-3-Hydroxy-14- benzodiazepin-2-one Lorazepam 2H-14-Benzodiazepin-2-one 7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-13-dihydro-3-hydroxy- Lorazepam 阿莫沙平 The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression. A tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzoxazepine class. Amoxapine exerts its antidepressant effect by inhibiting the re-uptake of norepinephrine and, to a lesser degree, of serotonin, at adrenergic nerve endings and blocks the response of dopamine receptors to dopamine. This drug is used to treat symptoms of depression and may cause tardive dyskinesia. Amoxapine also binds to alpha-adrenergic, histaminergic, and cholinergic receptors which accounts for many of the side effects seen with this agent. Défanyl Amoxapine-containing product Dibenz(bf)(14)oxazepine 2-Chloro-11-(1-piperazinyl)- 2-Chloro-11-(1-piperazinyl)dibenz(bf)(14)oxazepine Asendin Amoxapine (substance) Demolox Desmethylloxapine amoxapine Amoxepine Product containing amoxapine (medicinal product) Amoxapin Amoxapinum Desmethylloxapin Amoxapina Asendis Amoxapine 体外受精 An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro. Fertilization of an ovum outside of the body. Test tube ovum fertilization In vitro fertilisation procedure Fertilization in Vitro Test tube ovum fertilisation In vitro fertilisation In Vitro Fertilizations In Vitro Fertilization Fertilizations Test-Tube Fertilization Test-Tube Artificial Fertilization Other Procedures @ Physiological Systems and Anatomical Regions @ Other Procedures @ None @ External @ Other Method @ In Vitro Fertilization Fertilizations in Vitro Test tube baby technique IVF in-vitro fertilization Test-Tube Fertilizations In vitro fertilization procedure Test Tube Fertilization Test-Tube Fertilization Test tube ovum fertilization (procedure) In vitro fertilization 根除幽门螺旋杆菌 A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405). Bacteria that cause stomach inflammation (gastritis) and ulcers in the stomach. This bacteria is the most common cause of ulcers worldwide. It is often referred to as H. pylori. H. pylori infection is usually acquired from contaminated food and water and through person to person spread. The infection is common in crowded living conditions with poor sanitation. In countries with poor sanitation, 90% of the adult population can be infected. In the U.S., 30% of the adult population is infected. One out of six patients with H. pylori infection develops ulcers of the duodenum or the stomach. This bacteria is also believed to be associated with stomach cancer and a rare type of lymph gland tumor called gastric MALT lymphoma. Infected persons usually carry the infection indefinitely, unless treated with medications to eradicate the bacteria. (MedicineNet.com) Helicobacter pylori 因妊娠期血药浓度易波动，建议癫痫孕妇每3个月根据AEDs血药浓度监测结果调整用药。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 妊娠期生理变化可影响AEDs的代谢。因此，妊娠期需定期监测AEDs血药浓度，并结合临床发作情况及药物不良反应调整AEDs剂量，尽量控制癫痫发作。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 药物浓度监测 How should women taking AEDs be monitored to avoid worsening of seizures? For WWE taking AEDs, is dose escalation better than expectant management? 如何对WWE进行AEDs监测？计量递增（dose escalation）比预期管理（expectant management）更好吗？ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on current evidence, routine monitoring of serum AED levels in pregnancy is not recommended although individual circumstances may be taken into account. 【推荐等级：C】根据目前的证据，不建议常规监测妊娠期AEDs血清浓度。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ For pregnant women with epilepsy, routine monitoring of AED concentrations is not indicated. However, the measurement of AED concentrations can be useful in the following circumstances: for adjustment of phenytoin dose, assessment of AED adherence and suspected AED toxicity. 对于妊娠期女性癫痫患者，不建议常规监测AEDs浓度，但在以下情况下，AEDs浓度的监测可能有用：调整PHT剂量、评估AEDs依从性、怀疑AEDs中毒。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Issues relating to AED blood level monitoring must be discussed with the patient. 与AEDs血药浓度监测相关的问题必须与患者讨论。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Monitoring, Drug Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Drug Monitoring, Therapeutic Monitoring, Therapeutic Drug Therapeutic drug monitoring 帕罗西汀 A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. Piperidine 3-((13-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)- (3S-trans)- paroxetine (-)-(3S4R)-4-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-((34-(methylenedioxy)phenoxy)methyl)piperidine PARoxetine Paroxetine-containing product Paroxetinum BRL 29060 Product containing paroxetine (medicinal product) (-)-trans-4-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-((34-(methylenedioxy)phenoxy)methyl)piperidine Paroxetina (-)-(3S4R)-4-(p-Fluorophenyl)-3-((34-(methylenedioxy)phenoxy)methyl)piperidine Paroxetine (3S-trans)-3-((13-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidine BRL29060 PAROXETINE Paroxetine (substance) BRL-29060 Paroxetine Maleate Paroxetine cis-(+)-Isomer FG-7051 FG 7051 Paroxetine Hydrochloride Anhydrous Paroxetine Hydrochloride Hemihydrate Paxil Aropax Paroxetine Hydrochloride Paroxetine trans-(+)-Isomer Paroxetine cis-(-)-Isomer Paroxetine Acetate FG7051 Seroxat Paroxetine 丙戊酸钠 A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. The sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproate sodium is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, valproate sodium increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproate sodium may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect. Discuss with women and girls of childbearing potential (including young girls who are likely to need treatment into their childbearing years), and their parents and/or carers if appropriate, the risk of AEDs causing malformations and possible neurodevelopmental impairments in an unborn child. Assess the risks and benefits of treatment with individual drugs. There are limited data on risks to the unborn child associated with newer drugs. Specifically discuss the risk of continued use of sodium valproate to the unborn child, being aware that higher doses of sodium valproate (more than 800 mg/day) and polytherapy, particularly with sodium valproate, are associated with greater risk.[new2012] 请告知有生育潜力的女性患者（包括可能需要治疗至育龄期的年轻女孩）及她们的父母和/或照料人有关抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对胎儿的致畸和引起神经发育障碍的风险。并请评估使用特定药物治疗的风险与益处。目前新药对胎儿的风险数据较少。请特别讨论持续使用丙戊酸钠对未出生的孩子的风险，注意更高剂量的丙戊酸钠（超过 800 毫克/天）和综合疗法（特别是使用了丙戊酸钠时）可能与更大的风险有关。 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] WWE and their partners need to be informed about the possible adverse impact on long-term neurodevelopment of the newborn following in utero exposure to sodium valproate. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，宫内暴露于VPA可能对其长期神经发育产生不利影响。 Exposure to sodium valproate and other AED polytherapy should be minimised by changing the medication prior to conception, as recommended by an epilepsy specialist after a careful evaluation of the potential risks and benefits. 孕前使用VPA和其他AEDs综合治疗的患者，应根据癫痫专家的评估和建议下，在孕前即更换药物，以最大限度减少风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ Wherever possible sodium valproate should be avoided during pregnancy.For women of childbearing potential, particularly those women contemplating pregnancy, other antiepileptic drugs should be considered in preference to sodium valproate. However, sodium valproate might be the only effective antiepileptic drug for some women, and this should not preclude its use. 妊娠期间应尽可能避免使用VPA或包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案。对于育龄期女性，尤其是有计划怀孕的女性，应优先考虑除了VPA以外的AEDs（但在某些不得不使用VPA的情况下，仍应使用VPA）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] Women with epilepsy should be informed that sodium valproate is associated with a higher rate of teratogenicity compared to other antiepileptic drugs.Antiepileptic drug polytherapy regimens including sodium valproate are associated with higher rates of congenital malformations compared to regimens not including sodium valproate. D级推荐：应告知所有女性癫痫患者，与其他AEDs相比，使用VPA有更高的致畸率；与不包括VPA在内的综合治疗方案相比，包含VPA的综合治疗方案致畸率更高。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html Sodium dipropylacetate Depacon DPA sodium VALPROATE SODIUM 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt Sodium Valproate Sodium alpha-propylvalerate Ergenyl Valproate sodium (substance) Convulsofin Vupral Magnesium Valproate Valproic Acid Sodium Salt (2:1) Semisodium Valproate Calcium Valproate Depakote Divalproex Sodium Valproate Calcium Dipropyl Acetate Sodium valproate 卒中 A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810) A sudden loss of neurological function secondary to hemorrhage or ischemia in the brain parenchyma due to a vascular event. cerebrovascular accident stroke Stroke/cerebrovascular accident Stroke/cerebrovasc accident Vascular Accidents Brain Cerebral Infarction CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident) Stroke not specified as haemorrhage or infarction Apoplexy cerebral vascular accident Cerebrovascular accident CVA - Cerebrovascular accident Stroke syndrome Stroke/CVA Accident cerebrovascular Brain Vascular Accidents Cerebral Stroke Stroke Syndrome Cerebral Strokes APOPLEXY Strokes Cerebral CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT Vascular Accident Brain Stroke NOS Cerebrovascular Strokes Cerebrovascular Stroke Brain Vascular Accident Cerebrovascular Accidents Cerebrovascular accidents STROKE CEREBRAL VASCULAR ACCIDENT Apoplexy Cerebrovascular Cerebrovascular accident NOS Brain attack Stroke apoplexy Stroke not specified as hemorrhage or infarction CVA UNDETERMINED STROKE Cerebrovascular Apoplexy Stroke Cerebral Stroke Cerebrovascular CVA (cerebral vascular accident) Strokes Cerebrovascular Accident ACCIDENT CEREBROVASCULAR APOPLEXY CEREBRAL Brain Attack Cerebral vascular events CVAs (Cerebrovascular Accident) Strokes Cerebrovascular Cerebrovascular accident (disorder) Stroke 孕前咨询：告知患者癫痫发作及AEDs对妊娠及胎儿风险。妊娠期使用AEDs可能对癫痫女性后代智力发育造成影响，尤其是苯巴比妥和丙戊酸。目前尚无足够的证据来评估新型AEDs（加巴喷丁、左乙拉西坦、噻加宾、托吡酯、氨己烯酸）的致畸性。大剂量丙戊酸（超过800mg/天）以及联合丙戊酸的多药治疗的致畸风险明显增加；告知患者补充叶酸和维生素K的必要性。如果孕妇或者配偶有癫痫疾病，尤其是有特发性癫痫及癫痫及相关遗传病家族史者，应当进行遗传咨询。 Li, S. and Hong, Z., 2015. Lin chuang zhen liao zhi nan. Beijing: Ren min wei sheng chu ban she. Does prenatal vitamin K supplementation reduce the risk of hemorrhagic disease in the newborns of WWE taking AEDs？（产前补充VitK是否能降低服用AEDs的WWE所生新生儿患出血性疾病的风险？） 结论：没有足够的证据能够证明WWE产前补充VitK可减少新生儿发生出血性疾病的风险。但对于宫内暴露于酶诱导AEDs的新生儿，应常规在分娩时接受VitK治疗。 建议：没有足够的证据能够证明WWE产前补充VitK可减少新生儿发生出血性疾病的风险（Level U）。 Conclusion: Evidence is inadequate to determine if prenatal vitamin K supplementation in WWE reduces neonatal hemorrhagic complications. Recommendation:There is insufficient evidence to support or refute a benefit of prenatal vitamin K supplementation for reducing the risk of hemorrhagic complications in the newborns of WWE (Level U). Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):142-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b325. Epub 2009 Apr 27. PMID: 19398680; PMCID: PMC3475193. 新生儿出生后，足月儿立即予1 mg维生素K。肌注。对体质量<1.5 kg的早产儿，剂量可减至0.5 mg，并在第3-5天、4周时再次重复予维生素K1肌注，以减少新生儿发生出血性疾病风险。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. 卡马西平、奥卡西平、苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、托吡酯等肝微粒体酶诱导的AEDs，可透过胎盘促进胎儿体内维生素K1氧化降解，导致新生儿出血性疾病的风险增加。建议患者在妊娠最后一个月，每日口服20 mg维生素K1，以减少胎儿发生出血性疾病的风险。 中国医师协会神经内科分会癫(癎)专委会. "妊娠期女性抗癫(癎)药物应用中国专家共识." 中国医师杂志 17.7(2015):969-971. AEDs致维生素K缺乏：服用酶诱导型AEDs的癫痫孕妇的产儿易出现新生儿维生素K缺乏，建议癫痫女性在妊娠最后1个月每天口服维生素K 10 mg，并应在新生儿出生后立即肌内注射维生素K以避免新生儿出血。 "关于成人癫痫患者长程管理的专家共识." 中华神经科杂志 .07(2013):496-499. 维生素K A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K. The term \"vitamin K\" refers to a group of chemically similar fat-soluble compounds called naphthoquinones: vitamin K1 (phytonadione) is found in plants and is the primary source of vitamin K for humans through dietary consumption, vitamin K2 compounds (menaquinones) are made by bacteria in the human gut, and vitamin K3 (menadione) is a water-soluble preparation available for adults only. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the clotting factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z; vitamin K deficiency can result in deficiencies of these coagulation factors and excess bleeding. An injection of vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, also known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults but may result from chronic malnutrition or an inability to absorb dietary vitamins. All children born to mothers taking enzyme-inducing AEDs should be given 1 mg of vitamin K parenterally at delivery. [2004] 所有服用酶诱导型抗癫痫药物的母亲所生的孩子都应在分娩时肠胃外给予 1 mg 维生素 K。 [2004] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 What is the role of vitamin K in preventing haemorrhagic disease of the newborn and maternal haemorrhage in WWE taking AEDs? 对于服用AEDs的WWE，VitK在预防新生儿出血性疾病和母体出血方面的作用 All babies born to WWE taking enzyme-inducing AEDs should be offered 1 mg of intramuscular vitamin K to prevent haemorrhagic disease of the newborn. 所有服用酶诱导AEDs的WWE所生产儿都应进行1mg VitK肌肉注射以预防新生儿出血性疾病。 [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine maternal use of oral vitamin K to prevent haemorrhagic disease of the newborn in WWE taking enzyme-inducing AEDs. 【推荐等级：D】没有充分的证据显示孕妇常规口服VitK可预防服用酶诱导AEDs的WWE所生新生儿的出血性疾病。 There is insufficient evidence to recommend giving vitamin K to WWE to prevent postpartum haemorrhage. 没有足够的证据建议WWE服用VitK可预防产后出血。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D] All infants of women with epilepsy should be offered vitamin K1,1 mg intramuscularly at birth,unless there are contraindications. D级推荐：在没有禁忌证的情况下，所有女性癫痫患者的产儿在出生时都应肌肉注射注射1mg VitK1。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:D]If there are additional risk factors for haemorrhagic disease of the newborn (for example maternal liver disease, anticipated premature delivery) consideration should be given to the maternal administration of oral vitamin K1(phytomenadione 10 mg daily) in the third trimester of pregnancy. D级推荐：如果还有其他新生儿出血性疾病的危险因素（如产妇肝脏疾病、预期早产等），孕妇在妊娠晚期即开始口服VitK1（phytomenadione 10mg/d）。 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults. SIGN 143. Edinburgh, SIGN, 2015. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/143/index.html vitamin K 2-methyl-3-(371115-tetramethylhexadec-2-enyl)naphthalene-14-dione Vitamin K Drug Class Vitamin K 现病史 HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS History of present illness (finding) History of present illness 鱼油 Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the LIVER. Those from the liver are usually high in VITAMIN A. The oils are used as DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. They are also used in soaps and detergents and as protective coatings. An oil derived from the tissues of oily fish. Fish oil is considered valuable due to its high content of omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Such fatty acids are not actually produced in fish, but are accumulated from phytoplankton which produce omega-3 fatty acids. Fish Oils Fish oil (substance) Oils Fish Omega-3 fish oil Fish oils fish oil Fish derived omega 3 fatty acid-containing product Fish oil containing omega-3 acids Product containing fish derived omega 3 fatty acid (medicinal product) Seafood Oil FISH OIL Oil Fish Fish Oil Fish oil fish oils Fish oil 糖皮质激素 A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. A corticosteroid that supports a variety of cardiovascular, metabolic, immunologic, and homeostatic functions, and which binds specifically to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR; NR3C1). Glucocorticoid binding to GR leads to the transportation of the activated receptor-glucocorticoid complex to the nucleus, after which it binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) and regulates the expression of GR-responsive genes. Product containing glucocorticoid (product) glucocorticoid Glucocorticoid hormone Glucocorticoid (substance) glucocorticoids Glucocorticoid hormone (substance) Glucocorticoid-containing product Glucocorticoid 失神 A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736) Epilepsy characterized by very brief episodes of sudden cessation of activity, usually associated with eye blinking. There is no loss of the muscle tone. Women and girls should be reassured that there is no evidence that focal[20],absence and myoclonic seizures affect the pregnancy or developing fetus adversely unless they fall and sustain an injury. [2004, amended 2012] 应该向女性患者保证，没有证据表明局灶性[20]、失神和肌阵挛发作会对妊娠或胎儿发育产生不利影响，除非她们跌倒并受伤。 [2004 年，2012 年修订] nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 PETIT MAL EPILEPSY PRIMARY GENERALIZED EPILEPSY MINOR PETIT MAL Absence Seizure EPILEPSY MINOR Absence Epilepsy Petit mal seizure Seizures absence Juvenile absence epilepsy Absence seizure (disorder) petit mal seizure Typical absence seizures Absence Epilepsy Juvenile Childhood absence epilepsy (disorder) Childhood absence epilepsy Petit mal convulsion Epilepsy petit mal Petit mal unspecified without grand mal seizures Petit mal seizures Typical absence seizure Epilepsy Petit Mal Childhood absence seizures Epilepsy Juvenile Absence Epilepsy Juvenile Absence Absence Epilepsy Childhood Petit Mal Epilepsy Petit mal Generalised non-motor (absence) seizure EPILEPSY PETIT MAL Pykno-epilepsy Seizure Absence Typical absence Childhood - juvenile - absence epilepsy Generalised non-motor seizure Petit Mal Convulsion Epilepsy Absence Epilepsy juvenile absence Absence seizure Convulsion Petit Mal Pyknolepsies EPILEPSY IDIOPATHIC PETIT MAL pyknolepsy EPILEPSY PETIT MAL Pykno Epilepsy Petit-mal epilepsy Absence seizures ABSENCE EPILEPSY JAE Generalized non-motor (absence) seizure Absences typical Petit mal epilepsy Petit-mal seizure Juvenile Absence Epilepsy Juvenile absence epilepsy (disorder) Pyknolepsy Convulsion petit mal PETIT MAL CONVULSION Childhood Absence Epilepsy Absence Seizures Minor epilepsy Brief seizures with staring spells Epilepsy Childhood Absence PYKNOEPILEPSY Pykno-Epilepsy Petit Mal Epilepsy 经颅磁刺激 A technique that involves the use of electrical coils on the head to generate a brief magnetic field which reaches the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is coupled with ELECTROMYOGRAPHY response detection to assess cortical excitability by the threshold required to induce MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS. This method is also used for BRAIN MAPPING, to study NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, and as a substitute for ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY for treating DEPRESSION. Induction of SEIZURES limits its clinical usage. A procedure that uses electromagnets to stimulate neuronal activity, allowing for both imaging and study of the brain's functioning. Stimulation Transcranial Magnetic Magnetic Stimulations Transcranial Transcranial Magnetic Stimulations Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation TMS transcranial magnetic stimulation Stimulations Transcranial Magnetic Transcranial magnetic stimulation Transcranial magnetic stimulation (procedure) Magnetic Stimulation Transcranial Transcranial magnetic stimulation 环孢素 A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). A natural cyclic polypeptide immunosuppressant isolated from the fungus Beauveria nivea. The exact mechanism of action of cyclosporine is not known but may involve binding to the cellular protein cytophilin, resulting in inhibition of the enzyme calcineurin. This agent appears to specifically and reversibly inhibit immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0-or G1-phase of the cell cycle. T-lymphocytes are preferentially inhibited with T-helper cells as the primary target. Cyclosporine also inhibits lymphokine production and release. (NCI04) Cyclosporine A Ciclosporinum ciclosporin Ciclosporin (substance) 27-400 Ciclosporina Cyclosporine Ciclosporin-containing product 59865-13-3 290193 cyclosporin CsA Product containing ciclosporin (medicinal product) Sangcya SandIMMUNE Ciclosporin A CYSP neoral OL 27-400 cyclosporin A Cyclosporine-containing product Cyclosporine Modified OL 27 400 Ciclosporine Sandimmun Gengraf CyA OL 27400 Cyclosporine 奥卡西平 A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4. A dibenzazepine carboxamide derivative with an anticonvulsant property. As a prodrug, oxcarbazepine is converted to its active metabolite, 10-monohydroxy. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, electrophysiological studies indicate this agent blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby stabilizing hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and decreasing the propagation of synaptic impulses. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 28721-07-5 Trileptal Oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine-containing product 1011-Dihydro-10-oxo-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Product containing oxcarbazepine (medicinal product) Oxcarbazepinum OCBZ Oxcarbazepine (substance) Oxcarbazepina 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide 1011-dihydro-10-oxo- Timox GP 47680 Oxcarbazepine 诱发因素 Predisposing Factors Factor Predisposing Predisposing Factor Factors Predisposing Predisposing factors 消化性溃疡 Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). A mucosal erosion that occurs in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and bleeding. ULCER GASTRODUODENAL peptic ulcer PUD - Peptic ulcer disease Ulcer gastroduodenal Peptic ulcer syndrome Gastroduodenal Ulcer Ulcers Gastroduodenal Peptic ulcer disease Gastroduodenal Ulcers PEPTIC ULCER peptic ulcer NOS Peptic ulcer Ulcer Peptic GDU gastroduodenal ulcer SYNDROME PEPTIC ULCER Peptic Ulcer Peptic Ulcer (Ulcer) Peptic ulcer (disorder) PU - Peptic ulcer Peptic ulceration Ulcer Gastroduodenal Gastroduodenal ulcer Ulcer peptic Peptic Ulcers PEPTIC ULCER SYNDROME Syndrome peptic ulcer ULCER PEPTIC PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE PUD Ulcer syndrome peptic gastroduodenal ulcer NOS Peptic ulcer site unspecified ULCER SYNDROME PEPTIC Peptic Ulcer Disease Ulcers Peptic Sore in the lining of gastrointestinal tract Peptic ulcer 卡马西平 A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties. A tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Based on limited evidence, in utero exposure to carbamazepine and lamotrigine does not appear to adversely affect neurodevelopment of the offspring. There is very little evidence for levetiracetam and phenytoin. Parents should be informed that evidence on long-term outcomes is based on small numbers of children. 【推荐等级：C】应告知WWE及其伴侣，关于宫内暴露于AEDs产生的长期神经发育结果是基于少数儿童的。有限的证据表示，宫内接触CBZ和LTG似乎不会影响后代神经生长发育；使用LEV和PHT的证据很少。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ [GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION:C] Women taking enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and eslicarbazepine) should be counselled about the risk of failure with some hormonal contraceptives. 【推荐等级：C】应告知服用酶诱导型AEDs（卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、扑米酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、艾司利卡西平）的WWE避孕失败的风险。 https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/browse-all-guidance/green-top-guidelines/epilepsy-in-pregnancy-green-top-guideline-no-68/ 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenz(bf)azepine Carbamazepine (substance) TEGretol Carbamazepen Carbamazepin 5H-Dibenz(bf)azepine-5-carboxamide Carbamazepine 169864 Carbamazepine Anhydrous Carbamazepina 5-Carbamyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine CBZ Carbamazepinum 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenzo(bf)azepine Carbamazepine-containing product Carbamazépine 298-46-4 Product containing carbamazepine (medicinal product) 5-carbamoyl-5H-dibenz[bf]azepine Epitol Finlepsin Carbamazepine Dihydrate Carbamazepine Hydrochloride Neurotol Carbamazepine L-Tartrate (4:1) Carbamazepine Acetate Carbamazepine Sulfate (2:1) Carbamazepine Phosphate Carbazepin Amizepine Carbamazepine 利拉鲁肽 An analog of GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1 and agonist of the GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR that is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT and supplemental therapy in the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS by patients who do not respond to METFORMIN. A long-acting, fatty acylated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog administered subcutaneously, with antihyperglycemic activity. Liraglutide's prolonged action and half-life of 11-15 hours are attributed to the attachment of the fatty acid palmitic acid to GLP-1 that reversibly binds to albumin. Albumin binding protects liraglutide from immediate degradation and elimination and causes GLP-1 to be released from abumin in a slow and consistent manner. This agent may cause thyroid C-cell tumors and increases the risk of acute pancreatitis. N26-(Hexadecanoyl-gamma-glutamyle)-(34-arginine)glucagon-like-peptide-1-(7-37)-peptide NN-2211 Liraglutida Liraglutide (rDNA origin) Liraglutidum Liraglutide (genetical recombination) N²⁶-(N-Hexadecanoyl-L-gamma-glutamyl)-[34-L-arginine]glucagon-like peptide 1-(7-37)-peptide NN 2211 liraglutide N²⁶-(hexadecanoyl-gamma-glutamyle)-[34-arginine]GLP-1-(7-37)-peptide Liraglutide-containing product Victoza Liraglutide recombinant NN2211 Product containing liraglutide (medicinal product) 2211 NN Liraglutide (substance) Arg34Lys26-(N-ε-(γ-Glu(N-α-hexadecanoyl)))-GLP-1[7-37] 204656-20-2 Liraglutide 过敏 Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. An immune response that occurs following exposure to an innocuous antigen, but that does not require the presence of preformed antibodies to the antigen. Allergic reaction Hypersensitivity/Allergic reaction Hypersensitivity NOS Allergy unspecified Allergy HYSN Hypersensitivities Hypersensitivity Reaction Allergies Hypersensitivity reaction (NOS) Hypersensitivity reaction Hypersensitivity symptom REACTION HYPERSENSITIVITY (NOS) Allergic disorders HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION (NOS) Hypersensitive Allergic disposition (finding) Hypersensitivity reaction (disorder) Sensitivity Allergic disposition allergy Allergic disorder Hypersensitivity Allergic disorder (disorder) Reaction hypersensitivity (NOS) hypersensitivity Sensitive Allergies 3.0 Version date: September 9, 2022